September,2013

MACAURO
NEWSLETTER TO EDUCATE AND EMPOWER
1st TO 30th JUNE 2015

A STUDY ON DEVEPLOMENT OF
TELECOMMUNICATION TO
DIGITAL INDIA PROGRAMME
Vinutha H R*
Kusumitha B R**
ABSTRACT:
In
the
emerging
global
economy,
telecommunication sector has made a significant impact on
economic growth. This sector plays very significant role in the
development of various sectors of the economy in India. The
paper attempts to investigate the causal relationship between
telecommunication development and various sectoral
components of GDP in India with reference to digital India
programme. The results of the study reveal a long run
relationship between growth of telecommunication and
economic growth at aggregate level as well as at sectoral
levels. The study indicates that there is causal relationship
between telecommunication growth and growth of
manufacturing sector as well as services sectors.
Indias recent telecom growth has been the dynamism of the
service sector, particularly information technology (IT) and IT
enabled services (ITES). Connectivity also fosters social
development, including improved education, health and
increased
citizen
participation
in
civil
society.
Telecommunication helps in providing access to health care
and allied services.
Another beneficiary of the telecom revolution is the financial
services industry, which has been on a growth trajectory.
Mobile phones provide consumers an opportunity to transact
anytime and anywhere. M-commerce finds its applications
across various end markets such as banking and financial
institutions, paying bills for utilities such as power and gas,
booking tickets for transportation services such as trains and
taxis and online shopping.

Volume I

INTRODUCTION
TO
TELECOMMUNICATION
TOWARDS DIGITAL INDIA

Digital India is an ambitious programme of government of

india projected @ 113000 crore. This will be for preparing the india
for the knowledge based transformation and delivering good
governance to citizens by synchronized and co-ordinationated
engagement with both central and state government.
This programme has been anvisaged by department of electronics
and information technology and impact ministry of communication
and IT , ministry of rural development, ministry of human resource
development , ministry of health and others.
The digital india vision provides the intensified impetus for future
momentum and progress for e-governance and would promote
inclusive growth that covers electronic service, product, devices,
manufacturing and job opportunities.
Meaning; The electronic transmission of information over
distances, called telecommunications, has become virtually
inseparable from computers: Computers and telecommunications
create value together.
A telecommunications network is an arrangement of
computing and telecommunications resources for communication of
information between distant locations
Telecommuting, remote
work, telework, or teleworking is

a work arrangement in
which employees do not commute to a central place of work. A
person who telecommutes is known as a "telecommuter,"
"teleworker," and sometimes as a "home-sourced," or "work-athome" employee. Many telecommuters work from home, while
others, sometimes called "nomad workers," use mobile
telecommunications technology to work from coffee of shops or
other locations.
A telecommunications service provider (TSP) is a type of
communications service provider that has traditionally provided
telephone and similar services. This category includes incumbent
local exchange carriers, competitive local exchange carriers, and
mobile wireless communication companies.

-2-

COVER ARTICLE
Objectives of the Study:
1.
2.
3.

To study the competition analysis of major market players in telecom industry.

To know about the customer behaviour.
Network study of touchtel in specified area.

METHODOLOGY:
This paper throws light on the evolution of telecom sector in India. It is descriptive in nature where the focus is on
providing and understanding the growth, importance, facilitating factors and challenges of telecom sector. For this
purpose, secondary data has been collected through books, journals, websites, etc.
OBJECTIVES:

Ability to communicate, work together, solve problems and just keep in touch.
The other basic goal is for the companies involved in this work to make profit.
The main objective of telecommunication is to provide reliable communication.
Telecommunicating can be used as a recurring tool and also one of the sector having high forward and backward
linkage.

ROLES:
Backbone network :
The indian long distance telephone work mostly used 4-wires or 6- wires analong trunks, along with FDM analong multiplexers.
the introduction of digital multiprxing, and later of optical fiber, changed this situation.

Switch technology :
The digital electronics exchange today consist of switching matrix processor[computers] with associated software, and subscriber
and trunk line interfaces. The main exchange technology becoming primarily software intensive, the cost per line comes down
when usage base is high.

Access technology :
The twisted server subscribers located upto 8 kms away. It was difficult to maintain such long loop and as the price of copper rose
every year due to inflation, the cost of the local loop became a singnificant part of the telephone network.

Scope \ Importance:
Empowered by research into semiconductors and digital electronics in the telecommunications industry, analog representations of
voice, images, and video have been supplanted by digital representations.
The biggest consequence has been that all types of media can be represented in the same basic form (i.e., as a stream of bits) and
therefore handled uniformly within a common infrastructure (most commonly as Internet Protocol, or IP, data streams).

CONCEPTS:

E-mail
Instant messaging
Radio
Telephone

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Needs of telecommunication in India:

Telecom sector has been among the biggest employers in India.

Telecom, growing at 15% a year, will need almost four million skilled workforces by 2022. While there are plenty of
new jobs in the sector.

The challenge remains in getting skilled manpower with an ability to constantly learn new architectures and
technologies be it 3G, 4G or in future 5G and even Wi-Fi roll out, that is hugely underpenetrated in India.

Merits :
1. Potential benefits:
Telecommuting offers benefits to communities, employers, and employees. For communities, telecommuting may offer
fuller employment (by increasing the employability of circumstantially marginalized groups such as work at home
parents and caregivers, the disabled, retirees, and people living in remote areas), reducing traffic congestion and traffic
accidents, relieving pressure on transportation infrastructure, reducing greenhouse gases, reducing energy use, and
improving disaster preparedness. For companies, telecommuting expands the talent pool, reduces the spread of illness,
reduces costs including real-estate footprint, increases productivity, reduces their carbon footprint and energy usage.

2. Environmental benefits:
Telecommuting gained ground in the United States in 1996 after "clean air act amendments were adopted with the expectation of
reducing carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone levels by 25 percent." The act required companies with over 100 employees to
encourage car pools, public transportation, shortened work weeks, and telecommuting.

3. Job attitudes :
According to the job characteristic theory, the relationship between characteristics of the job and job satisfaction was moderately strong.
Of the five task characteristics, autonomy has a strong relationship with job satisfaction such that greater autonomy leads to greater job
satisfaction. Teleworkers may have increased satisfaction due to the flexibility and autonomy their jobs provide. Teleworkers were found
to have higher satisfaction than office based workers

4. Productivity and employee benefits:

Telecommuting has long been promoted as a way to substantially increase employee productivity. A working-from-homerelated experiment conducted using 242 employees of a large Chinese travel agency by professors at Stanford and Beijing
University found that employees randomly assigned to work at home for 9 months increased their output by 13.5% versus
the office-based control group. This improvement in output arose from working 9% more hours from saved commuting time
and from 3.5% improved efficiency from quieter working conditions. The study also found that home-workers reported
significantly higher job-satisfaction scores and their quit rates fell by almost 50%. However, home workers' promotion rates
dropped by half due to apparent performance declines, indicating a potential career cost of home-working.

-45. Turnover Intention:

Turnover intention or the desire to leave the organization, are lower for teleworkers. Those teleworkers who experienced
greater professional isolation actually had lower turnover intent. One study found that by increasing feedback and task
identity through clear communication of goals, objectives, and expectations, turnover intent decreased in teleworkers and
quality of work output increased.

DEMERITS:
There may be a perception of unfairness or even a risk of discrimination claims if telecommuting is not available to everyone.
It may be harder to track employees hours. For salaried employees, telecommuting means its easy for them to workand thus
trigger the requirement they be paideven when they would otherwise not be working. For hourly employees, if working time is not
tracked well, it could risk unpaid overtime wage/hour violations.
Employers often fear that employees may waste time or over report hours when there is no one to actively supervise their
workday.
Conversely, there is also a risk that employees will work too many hours due to less separation between work and home. This can
result in overtime obligations or employee burnout.
Employers face a higher data security burden when work is being done at multiple locations on multiple devices. There is a
greater risk of data being unsecure on personal devices as well.
Employers may face some up-front costs to provide equipment to work from home if the employees current office setup cannot
be used.
There is also a fear of loss of synergies from in-person interactions.
The legal line is unclear in terms of employer responsibilities for injuries at home when employees are telecommuting

SUGGESTION:
It is suggested that mobile telecom operator should provide sufficient geographic coverage, voice clarity and termination free
calls. Voice clarity has been found much important in case of mobile telecom services. It is also suggested that telecom
operators should give attention to not only the service delivery aspect but also the performance of their cellular network.

CONCLUSIONS:
The overall results of causality indicate a long run relationship between telecommunications and economic grow that
aggregate level as well as at sectoral level. Teledensity has a significant role to play in the growth of various sectors of the
economy. In todays era of globalization and privatization, Information and communication technologies are being used in
services sector (including finance, business services, and trade). The telecommunications infrastructure and its related
services are a major source of economic development. The results of causality analysis in most of the cases strongly support
the univariate causality. However, the direction of causality is different from case to case. In case of GDP percapita, direction
of causality is from teledensity to GDP which reveals that telecommunications contribute to overall economic growth. In
addition to it, in case of industry, there is no causality. In the case of manufacturing, there is bi-directional causality