Technical English Vocabulary

1
SUBOTICA TECH
SUBOTICA 2010
TECHNICAL VOCABULARY
IN PRACTICE
Compiled by: Agnes Szabo
Kszlt a Szlfld Alap tmogatsval

Szerz:
Lektorlta:
Mr. Szab gnes

fiskolai tanr
Orsolya Mance, M. A.
Kiad:
Szabadkai Mszaki Szakfiskola

24000 SZABADKA,
Marko Orekovi 16
+381 24 552 501
www.vts.su.ac.rs
Felels vezet:
Dr. Matijevics Istvn
Mszaki szerkeszt: Mr. Boros Istvn s
Mr. Szab Anita
UNIT 1
LOWER-INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING
Motor vehicles are crucial in international economy. The automotive industry is a large industrial sector
in the modern economy. Universities acknowledge the industrys need for well-trained personnel. The
popularity of Formula 1 encourages universities to offer special programs in engineering.
Good aerodynamicists are always necessary. The first experts from aerodynamics came mainly from
industry. They were mechanical engineers. The latest generation of engineers are young men who came to
Formula 1 straight from university.
Today City University of London offers courses for future engineers in motor sport. During their studies
students participate in a competition. It is a project for students. They build a small racing car. The main goal is
to test the students knowledge, creativity, and imagination. The students have to produce a prototype car. It
must be cheap, easy to maintain and reliable and they must take into account factors such as aesthetics and
comfort. Through this competition students gain experience and professionalism. They try not to exceed the
given budget. The prototype car must be safe and reliable. Students find this competition very useful.
Companies who sponsor this competition can see these young engineers in action.
VOCABULARY STUDY
Translate these words and phrases into Serbian or Hungarian
acknowledge
always
automotive industry
cheap
comfort
competition
crucial
during
easy
encourage
exceed
expert
gain experience
given
goal
have to
imagination
industrial sector
international economy
knowledge
large
main
mainly
maintain
mechanical engineer
motor vehicle
necessary
need (n)offer (v)participate
personnel
popularity
produce
racing car
reliable
safe
small
straight
studies
take into account
4
the latest generation
through
try (v)-
useful
well-trained
VOCABULARY DRILL
Complete the text with the missing words
City University of London ..(nudi / ajnl, nyjt Present Simple)
courses for future engineers in motor sport.
Companies who sponsor this (takmienje / verseny,
vetlked) can see these young engineers in action.
During their studies students .(uestvovati / rszt venni) in a
competition.
Good aerodynamicists are always .(potreban /szksges).
They build a small .(trkaki automobil / versenyaut).
Students find this competition very .(koristan / hasznos).
Students must ....(uzeti u obzir / tekintetbe,
figyelembe venni) factors such as aesthetics and comfort.
They
..(pokuati
/
megprblni)
not
to
(prekoraiti / tllpni) the given budget.
The automotive industry is a (veliki / nagy) industrial
sector in the modern economy.
Universities
acknowledge
the
industrys
need
for
well-trained
(osoblje / szemlyzet).
The first experts from aerodynamics came (uglavnom / fleg )
from industry.
The latest generation of engineers are young men who came to Formula 1
.(pravo, direktno / egyenesen) from university.
The main .(cilj / cl) is to test the students
..(znanje / tuds) , creativity, and imagination.
The popularity of Formula 1 .(hrabriti,
podsticati / sztnzni Present Simple ) universities to offer special programs in
engineering.
The prototype car must be (bezbedan / biztonsgos) and
..(pouzdan / megbzhat).
The car must be ..(jeftin / olcs ) and easy to maintain.
He was a (mainski inenjer / gpszmrnk) .
Through this competition students (stei
iskustvo / tapasztalatot szerezni) and professionalism.
IF YOU HAVE A FEW EXTRA MINUTES

Solve this crossword to practise your vocabulary
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3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
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ACROSS
DOWN
1. vozilo (jrm)
6. cilj (cl)
7. uvek (mindig)
8. pravo, direktno (egyenesen)
10. lak (knny)
11. stei (nyer, szerez, szert tesz)
12. velik (nagy)
13. odravati (karbantartani)
14. pouzdan (megbzhat)
15. osoblje (szemlyzet)
16. nuditi (felajnl)
17. kreativnost (kreativits)
18. potreban (szksges)
2. strunjak (szakember, szakrt)

3. industrija (ipar)
4. uestvovati (rszt venni)
5. mata (fantzia, kpzelet)
9. iskustvo (tapasztalat)
UNIT 1
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING
Motor vehicles play a crucial role in the international economy. The automotive
industry is one of the largest industrial sectors in the modern economy and universities
acknowledge the industrys need for well-trained personnel. The popularity of Formula 1
racing encourages many institutions for higher education to offer degree programs in
automotive and motor sport engineering.
Good aerodynamicists are always in demand. The first ones were recruited mainly
from industry. They were mechanical engineers who taught themselves aerodynamics and
joined the team. The latest generation of engineers, however, are young men recruited
into Formula 1 straight from university.
City University of London is one of the universities that offers courses for future
engineers in motor sport. During their studies students participate in the international
Formula Student competition. It is a project for engineering students to design and build a
small single-seater racing car. The project usually forms part of their academic studies,
and culminates in a competition where student teams from all over the world come
together to compete against each other. The main goal is to test the students knowledge,
creativity, and imagination. The students have to produce a prototype car with good
acceleration and braking characteristics. Another requirement is that the car is low in
cost, easy to maintain, and reliable. In addition, factors such as aesthetics and comfort
should also be taken into consideration, because they affect the marketing of the car. The
challenge to the team is to design and fabricate a prototype car that best meets these
objectives. Through Formula Student, students develop experience, skills and
professionalism. They try to give their best not exceeding the budget, yet ensuring safety
and reliability. It is not only students who find this competition very useful. Companies
who are sponsors of the Formula Student competition can see these highly skilled young
engineers in action, and it is a potential recruiting opportunity.
VOCABULARY STUDY
Explain the following words and phrases in your mother tongue
play a crucial role
acknowledge the need
well-trained personnel
offer degree programs
good aerodynamicists
be in demand
7
straight from university
the latest generation
single-seater racing car
form part of
the main goal
be low in cost
take into consideration
fabricate a prototype car
meet the objectives
give someones best
exceed the budget
recruiting opportunity
highly-skilled engineers
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Choose the appropriate word/phrase to complete the sentences
Motor vehicles play a in the international economy.
a) complete project b) braking requirement c) degree program d) crucial role
Universities . the industrys need for
a) see / well-trained project b) have / well-organized degree c) acknowledge / welltrained personnel d) acquire / well-taught competition
The popularity of Formula 1 racing many institutions for higher education to offer
programs in automotive and motor sport engineering.
a) encourages / degree b) generation / recruit c) aerodynamics / degree d) encourages /
straight
Good aerodynamicists are always in ; the first ones were recruited . from industry.
a) acknowledged / the most b) demand / together c) demand / mainly d) depend / mainly
They were engineers who themselves aerodynamics and joined the
team.
a) mechanics / taught b) mechanical / thought c) mechanical / thoughed d) mechanical /
taught
The generation of engineers, however, are young men recruited into Formula 1
from university.
a) later / straight b) latest / straight c) newest / direct d) new / direct
The project usually .. of their academic studies, and in a competition.

a) keeps part / develops b) has a part / tops c) forms a role / affects d) forms part /
culminates
The students have to produce a prototype car with good and .. characteristics.
a) breaking / prototype b) acceleration / braking c) skills / break d) exceeding / safety
Another is that the car is low in cost, easy to .., and reliable.
a) requirement / maintain b) require / keep c) consideration / hold d) effect / have
Factors such as aesthetics and should also be , because they affect the
marketing of the car.
a) competition / have into account b) comfortable / given into account c) comfort / taken
into consideration d) skill / in action
Students try to give their best not to the budget and yet ensuring safety and
.
a) access / rely b) exceed / reliability c) excess / relay d) rely / access
Companies who are sponsors of the Formula Student competition can see the ..
young engineers in action, and it is a potential opportunity.
a) mechanics / job b) top-degree / employ c) high-degree / recruiting d) highly-skilled /
recruiting
UNIT 1
UPPER-INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
FROM UNIVERSITY STUDENT TO FORMULA 1

ENGINEER
Motor vehicles play a crucial role in the international economy through the
movement of people and goods. The automotive industry is one of the largest industrial
sectors in the modern economy and universities acknowledge the industrys need for
well-trained personnel. The growing popularity of Formula 1 racing encourages many
facilities in higher education to offer degree programs in automotive and motor sport
engineering.
Lets take a
specific
example:
aerodynamics.
Since
this is one the most
important parts of the
design of the modern
Formula 1 car, good
aerodynamicists
are
always in demand. But
where can a F1 team,
like
Renault
for
example, find one?
Renaults
first
generation of Formula
1 aerodynamicists were
Teamwork: the Renault engineers
recruited mainly from industry. Two of the major names in the field of F1 aerodynamics,
Jean-Claude Migeot and Henri Durand were aeronautical engineers in France's aerospace
program in Toulouse when they were hired by Renault in the early 1980s. Others were
mechanical engineers who taught themselves aerodynamics and joined the team. Like
drivers, talented aerodynamicists may switch from one team to another. Migeot is the
head of Fondmetal Technologies, a company that cooperates with the Minardi team,
while Durand is currently the technical director with the Jordan team. This also means
that there is a constant need for new aerodynamicists on the team. The latest generation
of engineers joining Renault, however, are young men recruited into Formula 1 straight
from university. The real questions is: Do fresh graduates have the necessary training and
experience to work on a F1 team? If so, where did they gain their experience?
City University of London is one of a series of universities that offer courses in
motor sport engineering with a real-life touch: participation in the international Formula
Student competition. Formula Student is a project for engineering students to design and
build a small single-seater racing car. The project usually forms part of their academic
10
studies, and culminates in a competition where student teams from all over the world
come together to race and compete against each other. There are restrictions on the car
frame and engine, but the main goal is to test the students knowledge, creativity, and
imagination.
To take an exam or to build an engine? That is the question

The students have to
imagine the following situation:
their team got a commission
from a manufacturing firm to
produce a prototype car for
evaluation. This firm is planning
to produce 1000 cars per year at
a cost below 21,000. The car
must
show
very
high
performance in the areas of
acceleration,
braking,
and
handling. Another requirement is
that the car is low in cost, easy to
maintain, and reliable. In
addition, factors such as
aesthetics and comfort should also be taken into consideration, because they affect the
marketing of the car. The challenge to the team is to design and fabricate a prototype car
that best meets these objectives. Each design is compared and judged with other
competing designs to determine the best overall car. The vehicles are judged in three
different categories: static inspection and engineering design, solo performance trials, and
track endurance.
But taking part in Formula Student means much more than just building a race
car. Young engineering students and graduates are exposed to marketing, time
management, project management, team building, budgeting, presentation skills, and
other management issues. Through Formula Student, they develop experience, skills and
professionalism as hands on engineers, and get a taste of the pressure of performing
well, not exceeding the budget and yet ensuring safety and reliability. The benefit to
students is great and this is a good experience for newly graduated engineers who are
considering a career in motor sport or the automotive industry.
11
How to get from working on this car

It is not only students who find this competition very useful. Companies who are
sponsors of the Formula Student competition can see these highly skilled young
engineers in action, and it is a potential recruiting opportunity. The Annual Formula
Student Event is held in the UK at the end of each academic year (early July) over three
days. Here the teams can demonstrate their work and industry specialists come to judge
the cars design and performance.
12
THE CAR QUIZ

CARS NAMED AFTER ANIMALS
Automakers are often inspired by the natural world when naming new vehicles.
How many of these auto names do you recognize? Write the name of the car making
company in brackets
The Barracuda is just one of

many cars that bears the name of an animal.
Beetle (..)
Bronco ()
Fox (and..)
Honey Bee (.)
Mustang (..)
Rabbit (..)
Ram (.)
Spider/Spyder (..)
Thunderbird (..)
Wildcat (..)
WORD FORMATION
Complete the text using the appropriate form of the word given in brackets
Motor vehicles have a crucial role in the international economy through the
(move)
of
people
and
goods.
The
growing
.(popular) of Formula 1 racing encourages facilities in higher
.(educate) to offer degree programs in automotive and motor
sport engineering.
City University of London offers a ..(possible) for students to
(participation) in the international Formula Student
(compete). Formula Student is a project for engineering students
to design and build a small single-seater ..(race) car. The main goal is
13
to
test
the
students
(know),
..(creative), and imagination. The car must show very high
(perform) in the areas of (accelerate),
braking, and handling. Another ..(require) is that the car is
low in cost, easy to maintain, and ..(rely). Companies who
are sponsors of the Formula Student competition can see these
..(high) skilled young engineers in action, and it is a potential
recruiting opportunity.
SYNONYM SEARCH
Find synonyms to the words underlined in these sentences
In the 40s sports cars became more common on U.S. roads and public interest grew.
GROW
1. Domestic automakers mostly satisfied the huge demand with versions before the war.
MOSTLY
HUGE
2. But most foreign automakers had been ravaged by war and needed to export for
dollars.
RAVAGE
3. Producers began to realize that sports cars were making an impression in affluent
America.
PRODUCER
AFFLUENT
4. Globalization was heralded as the new millennium's Big Thing in most industries.
HERALD
5. Competition was rough, the stakes enormous.
ROUGH
STAKE
6. India and China were emerging as huge new markets

EMERGE
7. Daimler-Benz made business history by merging with Chrysler Corporation in 1998 to
form German-dominated DaimlerChrysler.
MERGE
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8. Lamborghini was making vast strides in engineering and quality, thanks to the
financial might and greater production discipline of their big new owners.
VAST STRIDE
MIGHT-
10. As expected of Porsche, the Carrera GT is full of high technology, much of it lifted
directly from the racetrack.
EXPECT
LIFT
11. Chrysler Corporation unleashed a slick new Dodge Viper in 2003.

UNLEASH
SLICK
CARS AND DRIVING VOCABULARY

Give the names of these car parts in Serbian or Hungarian
ENGLISH
chassis
bonnet (hood)
windscreen
boot (trunk)
damper (shock absorber)
radiator
spare wheel
headrest
rear-view mirror
battery
passenger seat
headlight
indicator light
gear stick
clutch
accelerator
brake
SERBIAN
HUNGARIAN
15
UNIT 2
SOME TECHNICAL DETAILS OF FORMULA 1

The headquarters is the centre of a Formula 1 car. Engineers there design a high
tech machine. The factory is as clean as pharmacy. Before the races, the team puts
everything on trucks. The cleanness of the trucks is very important to keep teams
prestige. If it is necessary, they wash the trucks five times per day.
At every race the mechanics must build a mini headquarters. When the pilots arrive they
prepare for the competition. Usually each driver has ten mechanics. When the car stops in
the box, engineers measure the tyre's temperature. They check if the angle of the wheels
is suitable or not. When a car stops two mechanics lift up the car, one directs the pilot and
pays attention to the work. One person wipes the visor. Two people refuel the racing car.
The car and the engine can be the best, but if the tyres are unsuitable, the work of
the team is useless. In Formula 1 every thousandth second is important.
Manufacturers make soft, hard and medium-hard materials for tyres. It is very
important how the tyre can endure the load.
Another crucial factor is the suitable working temperature. The pressure in the
tyre is important. For this reason, in the Formula 1 they do not use air, but a special
mixture of different gases. When the pressure is smaller the car lies on to the road better,
but it is often not a very pleasant feeling. Besides the dry tyres there are also rain tyres
and intermediate tyres. Teams can use these tyres only when the director of the race
permits it.
VOCABULARY STUDY
angle
arrive
before
besides
birthplace
check
clean
cleanness
crucial
direct (v)
dry
endure
engine
factory
five times
hard
headquarters
important
intermediate
lie (v)
lift up
load (n)
manufacturer
measure
medium-hard
necessary
16
pay attention
permit (v)
pharmacy
pleasant
prepare
pressure
prestige
race (n)
refuel
road
soft
suitable
temperature
thousandth
truck
tyre (tire)
unsuitable
useless
usually
visor
wash (v)
wheel
wipe
working temperature
VOCABULARY DRILL
(obino / ltalban ) each driver has ten mechanics.
.(proizvoai / gyrtk) make soft, hard and mediumhard materials for tyres.
Another important factor is the suitable ..(radna
temperatura / zemi hmrsklet).
Before the races, the team puts everything on .(kamioni /
teherautk).
If
it
is
.(potrebno
/
szksges),
.(oprati / (meg)mosni) the trucks five times per day.
they
In Formula 1 every thousandth second is ..(vaan / fontos ).

In the Formula 1 they do not use air, but a special ..
(meavina / keverk) of (razliit / klnbz) gases.
It is very important how the tyre can ..(izdrati / kibrni )
the (optereenje / terhels).
The .. (fabrika / gyr) is as clean as
(apoteka / gygyszertr).
The (pritisak / nyoms) in the tyre is important.
The car and the engine can be .(najbolji / a legjobb), but if
the tyres are ..(neodgovarajui / nem megfelel ), the work of
the team is ..(beskoristan / haszontalan, hibaval).
The cleanness of the trucks is very .(vaan / fontos) to keep
the teams prestige.
They
.(proveriti
/
ellenrizni
)
.(ugao / szg) of the wheels is suitable or not.
if
the
Two people (ponovo napuniti gorivom / jratlteni

zemannyaggal) the racing car.
17
When a car stops two mechanics (podii
felemelni ) the car, and one directs the pilot.
When the car stops in the box, engineers (izmeriti / meg/lemr)

the tyre's temperature.
When
the
pilots
(stii
/
megrkezni
. (pripremiti se / fel/elkszlni) for the competition.
they
DID YOU KNOW
Early Formula One cars used
wooden steering wheels
The steering wheel was made as large a diameter as possible to reduce the
effort needed to turn.
The first buttons to appear on the steering wheel were the neutral button (vital
for taking the car out of gear in the event of a spin) and the on-board radio
systems push-to-talk button.
Modern racing cars have a GPS mounted on their steering wheel which
displays warning lights to alert drivers to approaching hazards, such as an
accident, on the track ahead.
Earlier Formula One helmets weighed around 2 kg. Current Formula One
helmets are much lighter (about 1.25 kg).
The helmet design must
provide ventilation for the driver. This is achieved

through the use of various small air intakes. To prevent small particles of track
debris entering the helmet these intakes are equipped with special filters.
espite the cutting edge materials used in their construction Formula One
helmets are still painted by hand, an incredibly skilled job requiring hundreds of
hours of work for more complicated patterns and designs.
18
IF YOU HAVE A FEW EXTRA
MINUTES
Solve this crossword to check your vocabulary

1
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
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ACROSS
DOWN
2. pripremiti (elkszteni)
3. usmeriti (irnytani)
5. obino (ltalban)
6. fabrika (gyr)
9. stii (megrkezni)
11. sve (minden)
13. podii (felemelni)
15. mehaniar (mechanikus)
16. toak (kerk)
17. vizir (szemellenz veg)
18. motor
1. ist (tiszta)
2. apoteka (gygyszertr)
4. odgovarajui (megfelel)
7. proizvoa (gyrt)
8. proveriti (ellenrizni)
10. izmeriti (megmrni)
12. kamion (teheraut)
14. ugao (szg)
16. obrisati (megtrlni)
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UNIT 2
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
SOME TECHNICAL DETAILS OF FORMULA ONE

The headquarters is the birthplace of a Formula 1 car. Engineers there design a
high tech machine. The factory is as clean as pharmacy. Before the races, the team
loads the accessories on trucks and travels to the track. The cleanness of these trucks is
very important to keep the teams own prestige. If it is necessary, they wash all the trucks
five times per day. Within the headquarters there is a mobile luxury restaurant for serving
the members and the guests of the team. The team employs public relation persons, chefs,
and girls for photographs.
At every race the mechanics must build a mini headquarters. When the pilots arrive they
can prepare for the competition. Usually each driver has ten mechanics. When the car
stops in the box, engineers take the tyre's temperature on the two edges and in the centre.
It follows from this whether the angle of the wheels is suitable or not. Maybe the most
interesting event in a race is the pit stop. It requires co-ordinated work of minimum 19
mechanics. Two to lift up the car, one that directs the pilot and pays attention to the work
and to the traffic in the box. Beside every tyre there are three men for changing it. One
who wipes the visor. Two for refuelling and the controller of the filling system.
Formula 1 is a good technological laboratory for BMW. The engine factory is
built in the neighbourhood of the developing centre of BMW. The quality of the engine
block, the cylinder head and the gearbox considerably depend on the quality of the
casting. With high-tech technology engineers can manufacture light but very stiff parts.
the team is useless. Maybe we do not think that these parts of a race car can decide the
result of the championship. They are more complicated than in the streetcars. On them
there are four longitudinal channels. These grooves are symmetrically placed on the
tyres running surface. At 300 km/h great grip is not the primary aim, because it causes
loss of time. In Formula 1 every thousandth second is important.
The three main components of the material for tyres are carbon, oil, and sulphur.
Combining these constituents engineers can make soft, hard and medium hard mixtures.
The structure of the tyre is made by nylon and polyester with difficult processes. It is
very important how the tyre can endure the load.
Another crucial factor is the suitable working temperature. For the best sticking
this temperature must evenly disperse on the running surface of the tyre and also between
the four wheels.
Moreover the pressure in the tyre is important. For this reason, in the Formula 1 they do
not use air, but a special mixture of different gases. When the pressure is smaller the car
lies on to the road better. Besides the dry tyre there are also rain tyres and intermediate
tyres. On the rain tyre there are special channels, which suck out the water from under
the car. Teams can use these tyres only when the director of the race permits it.
20
VOCABULARY STUDY
high-tech machinepharmacyaccessoriesto load something on truckskeep the prestigeheadquartersmovable restaurantpublic relation personcheftake the tyres temperaturesuitable anglepit stop
coordinated workvisorrefuel the carin the neighbourhoodconsiderablymanufacture light but stiff partslongitudinal channelsprimary aimloss of timeendure loadworking temperaturesuck out watergrip-
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Choose the appropriate word / phrase to complete the sentences
Before the races, the team .. the accessories on trucks and travels to the .
a) places / pit b) loads / track c) puts / tack d) builds / box
At the pit stop one person . the , and two .. the car.
a) wipes / visor / refuel b) wipes / wisor / refilling c) vipes / visor / lift up d) wipes /
vision / refill
The quality of the engine block, the cylinder head and the .. considerably depend on
the quality of the .
a) gearbox / casting b) tyres / grooves c) racing car / grip d) surface / grooves
The grooves are .. placed on the tyres . surface.
21
a) completely / working b) longitudinally / disperse c) symmetrically / running d) tightly /
holding
It is very . how the tyre can the load.
a) exciting / carry b) key / take c) important / endure d) fundamental / hand
For the best ...... this temperature must . on the running surface of the tyre and also
between the four wheels.
a) gripping / specially maintain b) sticking / directly dilute c) gripping / dilute straight d)
sticking / evenly disperse
In the Formula 1 they do not .. air, but a special .. of different gases.
a) get / combination b) use / mixture c) take / dilution d) fill up / combination
DID YOU KNOW
Early Grand Prix cars ran on a mixture of powerful chemicals and additives,
often featuring large quantities of benzene, alcohol and aviation fuel. Indeed
some early fuels were so potent that the car's engine had to be disassembled
and washed in ordinary petrol at the end of the race to prevent the mixture from
corroding it!
During a typical season a Formula One team will use over 200,000 litres of fuel
for testing and racing, and these can be of anything up to 50 slightly different
blends, tuned for the demands of different circuits - or even different weather
conditions.
22
UNIT 2
SOME TECHNICAL DETAILS OF FORMULA ONE

People who are not interested in motor sports usually think that a racing team only
consists of a driver and mechanics that change the tyres. The reality is far from this
opinion. Hundreds of people work in the flying circus from race to race and also
between them. They travel thousands of kilometres from one place to another. But not the
whole team. A bigger group is always at the headquarters of the team. They have
constant contact with the others anywhere they are on the earth.
The headquarters is the birthplace of a Formula 1 car. Engineers there design a
high tech machine with high tech instruments, computer programs, simulators, and
wind canals. In that building there are about 15 kilometres of computer wires. The
manufacturing also occurs there with high subtlety. The factory is as clean as pharmacy.
Every finished component is tested in special machines. Before the races, the team loads
the accessories on trucks and travels to the track. The cleanness of these trucks is very
important to keep teams own prestige. If it is necessary, they wash all the trucks five
times per day. One of these vehicles is the motor home, a mobile luxury restaurant for
serving the members and the guests of the team. Within a team there are public relation
persons, chefs, and nice girls for photographs employed. We can see that Formula 1 is a
typical example of team sports.
At every race the mechanics must build a mini headquarters. When the pilots
arrive they can prepare for the competition. Usually each driver has ten immediate
mechanics. They set up the pressure in tyres, angles of wings and numerous other things
in order for the car to become the fastest possible. When the car stops in the box,
engineers immediately take the tyre's temperature on the two edges and in the centre. It
follows from this whether the angle of the wheels is suitable or not.
The most interesting event in a race is the pit stop. It requires co-ordinated work
of minimum 19 mechanics. Two to lift up the car, one that directs the pilot and pays
attention to the work and to the traffic in the box. Beside every tyre there are three men
for changing it. One who wipes the visor. Moreover two for refuelling and the controller
of the filling system. This is the secret of the six-second-pit stop. In every lap the cars
computer sends 40 megabytes of data about itself. Based on that information engineers
can tell the driver what he must do to be faster.
The BMW Williams team is one of the most determinant teams in Formula 1. It
was founded by Frank Williams and Patrick Head in 1977.
They ran their first Grand Prix in Argentina in 1978. Since then the team has won
the constructors championship nine times and the drivers championship seven times.
23
They have had 108 race wins. 670 engineers, mechanics and others work in
the BMW Williams F1 project. 450 members of Williams work in Grove in England
and 220 employees of BMW in Munich.
The teams number on every race weekend is about 100. 70 from Williams, 20
from BMW and 10 people for catering. For every race they carry about 25 tons of
accessories: spare parts, tools, and 170 wheels. To European places they arrive with two
trucks and a motor home. BMW delivers about 6 tons of accessories. It contains 10
engines, parts and tools. Computers require 500 meters of wire for data processing and
300 meters for power supply.
The Williams team make the whole car except the engine and the tyres. For the
year 2004 they built a new construction. Engineers altered the aerodynamics, therefore
the front part of the car became more unusual than other cars in the field. In the course of
developing the new FW25 car the Williams team collaborated with BMW, because they
have modern equipment for testing the parts of every new car. In Munich BMW makes
one of the most powerful engines in Formula 1.
Until now rules have allowed teams to use more engines on a weekend, but from
this season they must use only one. It increases the lifetime of the engine to 800
kilometres instead of 400. It is a big task for engineers. Mario Theissen, the motor sport
director of BMW explains the situation: if an engine has to have longer lifetime, then
their parts must be stronger. Therefore the device becomes bigger and heavier, which
reduces the achievement and the maximum revolutions per minute. They started the
development of the new P84 engine in November in 2002, a year and a half before its
first use. There were many prototypes before the final version and the first tests were
performed in September in 2003. The maximum revolution per minute of the previous
engine reached 19200, and with 900 horse powers it was reliable.
Formula 1 is a good technological laboratory for BMW. The engine factory is
built in the neighbourhood of the developing centre of BMW. The quality of the engine
block, the cylinder head and the gearbox depend considerably on the quality of the
casting. With high-tech technology engineers can manufacture light but very stiff parts.
The electronics have important role in the engine. They control processes within it.
the team is useless. The tyres in Formula 1 have a more important role than a great many
people think.
This season will undoubtedly be about the tyres. Maybe we do not think that these
parts of a race car can decide the result of the championship. Two factories deliver for
Formula 1 teams: Michelin and Bridgestone. They have great technical background for
designing and manufacturing tyres. The tyres have four longitudinal channels. These
grooves are symmetrically placed on the tyres running surface.
The three main components of the tyres material are carbon, oil, and sulphur.
Combining these constituents engineers can make soft, hard and medium hard mixtures.
The structure of the tyre is made by nylon and polyester with difficult processes. It is
very important how the tyre can endure the load. At high speeds the aerodynamic forces
can be great
Another important factor is the suitable working temperature. It is about 100 C.
For the best sticking this temperature must evenly disperse on the running surface of the
tyre and also between the four wheels. Moreover the pressure in the tyre is important. For
this reason, in the Formula 1 they do not use air, but a special mixture of different gases.
Beside the dry tyre there are also rain tyres and intermediate tyres. On the rain tyre there
are special channels, which suck out the water from under the car. The pattern of these
24
channels is formed with the help of computer simulators. Teams can use these
tyres only when the director of the race permits it.
THE LAMBORGHINI QUIZ

Visit http://www.mc.maricopa.edu and read about Lamborghinis life, then solve
the following quiz
1. Ferruccio Lamborghini was born
a) in Bologna in 1929
b) near Bologna in 1916
c) in Rome in 1930
d) on the island of Capri in 1920
2. His parents
a) were doctors
b) owned a garage
c) were farmers
d) sold tractors
3. During the Second World War Ferruccio Lamborghini was in charge of
a) vehicle maintenance in Rhodes, Greece
b) an enterprise on the island of Sicily
c) a group of soldiers near Rome
d) a military building not far from the place where he was born
4. After the war Lamborghini bought old military vehicles and converted them into
a) new ones
b) vans
c) luxury cars
d) tractors
5. Besides cars Lamborghini was in love with
a) airplanes
b) helicopters
c) motorcycles
d) scooters
6. He began to produce them, but he had to stop because
a) the government did not grant him a licence
b) he couldnt find the necessary parts
c) other manufacturers were better on the market
d) he didnt know much about the method of production
7. The Lamborghini company was in deep crisis between
a) 1972 and 1990
b) 1972 and 1980
c) 1980 and 1990
d) 1980 and 1983
25
8. The new owners who rebuilt the Lamborghini company and invested into
new products and skilled workforce were
a) well-known in the car industry
b) tycoons in food industry
c) small business entrepreneurs
d) totally unknown people
9. In 1987 the Lamborghini company was sold again to
a) Ferrari because the growth rate was fast
b) Mazda because the management wanted to modernize production
c) Saab because they wanted to shift the market to northern Europe
d) Chrysler because it was impossible for private individuals to satisfy the demands
10. The Diablo VT model has the ability to
a) turn the traction of the vehicle into a four-wheel drive mode when required
b) switch off the traction of the vehicle when four-wheel mode is required
c) speed up the drive of the front wheels when two-wheel mode is required
d) speed up the drive of the rear wheels when two-wheel mode is required
SYNONYM SEARCH
1. The Santa Monica freeway in Los Angeles comes to a halt at rush hour virtually every
day.
FREEWAY
HALT
VIRTUALLY-
2. Government transportation agencies are looking for new, cheaper technology to

replace the high-priced sensors and other technologies that have been used in the past.
LOOK FOR-
CHEAP-
3. Loop detectors are wires embedded in the road that detect small changes in electrical
voltage caused by a passing vehicle.
EMBED-
DETECT-
4. If the detectors sense a slowdown or an increased quantity in traffic, workers can use
video cameras to get a better understanding of what's causing it.
SENSE-
QUANTITY-
5. Messages can be displayed on electronic signs to warn motorists of congestion ahead

and to advise of alternate routes.
WARN-
CONGESTION-
ALTERNATE-
26
6. Installing detectors, cameras and signs has been a long process to complete, and is
costing billions of dollars for state and federal governments to implement.
COMPLETE-
IMPLEMENT-
7. The radio signals emitted from these devices can reveal our location at anytime.
EMIT-
REVEAL-
8. This ability to locate cell-phone users will become a vital component of future trafficmanagement systems.
VITAL-
MANAGEMENT-
27
UNIT 3
GEARS AND ENGINES IN MOTORSPORT

Victory is the most important thing in motor sports. Designers want to make the
best equipment for the cars.
The pit stop is one of the most important parts of a race, because drivers can win
time with it. Changing the four wheels and filling up the car with enough fuel requires
fantastic speed and co-ordinated work from the team. They practice these routine
movements more than several thousand times.
When a driver arrives in the box, it is important to stop in the suitable space. This
place is marked with adhesive tape. The tape is very resistant against the loads. It must
endure the force effects of the tyre, which appear when the driver leaves the box. One
person directs the driver. The mechanics lift the car 5 centimetres off the ground when
they change the wheels. When the new wheels are on the car, they lower the car back on
the ground. They tighten the screws when the car is on the ground. The change of wheels
is the fastest part of this procedure.
The lid of the tank opens automatically when the driver arrives to the pit lane and
pushes a button. A man places a shield of plexiglass behind the car to prevent the fuel
catching fire because of the hot exhauster. The plexiglass is transparent. The teams use
the same filling system. The quantity of the fuel is programmed. Each mechanic has a fire
extinguisher.
The strongest part of the car is the place where the driver is sitting. This part of
the car is made of a material which is light but stiff. This takes the forces of the frontal
collisions.
VOCABULARY STUDY
Translate these words and phrases into Serbian and or Hungarian
adhesive tape
appear
arrive
behind
catch fire
change (v)
endure
enough
equipment
exhauster
filling up
force (n)
frontal collision
fuel (n)
ground (n)
hot
lane
leave
lid of the tank
lift off
load (n)
lower (v)
mark (v)
movement
28
pit stop
place (v)
practice (v)
prevent
push a button
require
resistant
screw (n)
several times
shield (n)
space
speed
the same
tighten
transparent
victory
wheel
win
VOCABULARY DRILL
.(pobeda / gyzelem) is the most important thing in motor
sports.
Designers want to make the best .(oprema / felszerels) for
the cars.
Changing the four wheels and filling up the car with enough
..(gorivo / zemanyag) requires fantastic speed and co-ordinated
work from the team.
They
practice
these
routine
movements
more
than
(nekoliko hiljada puta / tbbezer, nhny
ezerszer).
When a driver arrives in the box, it is important to stop in the
(odgovarajue / megfelel) space.
This place is marked with .(lepljiva traka /
ntapad szalag).
The tape is very .(otporan / ellenllo) against the
.(optereenja / teher, terhels).
It must .(izdrati / kibrni) the force effects of the tyre,
which .(pojaviti se / megjelenni) when the driver leaves
the box.
The mechanics lift the car 5 centimetres off the .(zemlja /
fld) when they change the .(tokovi / kerekek).
When the new wheels are on the car, they ..(spustiti /
leengedni) the car back on the ground.
They (zategnuti vijke / meghzni, megszortani a
csavarokat) when the car is on the ground.
29
MINUTES

1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
ACROSS
DOWN
2. spustiti (leengedni)
4. krut (merev)
7. sila (er)
8. koliina (mennyisg)
10. nekoliko (nhny)
12. sudar (sszetkzs)
13. izdrati (kibrni)
15. pobeda (gyzelem)
17. oprema (felszerels)
20. napustiti, otii (elmenni, elhagyni)
21. promeniti (kicserlni)
1. lak (knny)
3. toak (kerk)
6. traka (szalag)
9. lepljiv (ragads)
11. stii (megrkezni)
14. odgovarajui (megfelel)
16. pokret (mozdulat)
18. hteti, eleti (akarni)
19. obeleiti (megjellni)
30
UNIT 3
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
GEARS AND ENGINES IN MOTORSPORTS

Victory is the most important thing in motor sports, therefore the designers want
to make the very best equipment for the cars.
The pit stop is one of the most important parts of a race, because drivers can win
or lose time with it, if there is some trouble. Changing the four wheels and filling up the
car with enough fuel within 7-12 seconds requires fantastic speed and co-ordinated work
from the team. They practice these routine movements more than several thousand times
in the course of one season.
When a driver arrives in the box, it is important to stop in the suitable space. It is
marked with adhesive tape. The tape is very resistant against the loads, because it must
endure the force effects, which appear because of the rotation of tyres, when the driver
leaves the box. On the centre of this place there are two metallic wires, which have the
task to take off the static electricity from the car. The man with the lollipop navigates
the driver who drives out from the pit. They must lift the car 5 centimetres off the ground
to be able to change the wheels. When the new wheels are on the car, it is not necessary
to keep the car high, whats more, they have to lower the car back on the ground, because
only in that way can the screws be tightened perfectly. The change of wheels is the fastest
part of this procedure.
pushes a button. A man positions a shield of plexiglass behind the filling gap to prevent
the fuel catching fire because of the hot exhauster. The plexiglass is transparent so that
the lollipop man can see when the mechanic has finished his work. Two men place the
filling tube to the car. Each team use the same filling system. The quantity of the fuel,
which is necessary for the filling up is programmed. Each mechanic has a fire
extinguisher.
The strongest part of the car is the so-called coffin. This is the part where the
driver is placed. This gives the stiffness to the car. On the front of the coffin there is the
bumper disc. This is made of a special material, which is very light and stiff. This takes
the forces of the frontal collisions. This disc is 20 centimetres thick and has a similar
effect as the bumper in ordinary streetcars.
31
VOCABULARY STUDY
the best equipmentpit stopfill up with enough fuelpractice these routine movementsin the course of one seasonstop in the suitable spacemark with adhesive taperesistant against loadsendure force effectstake off static electricity from the carnavigate the driverthe man with the lollipoplift the car off the groundtighten the screwslid of the tankpit laneto position a shield behind the filling gapcatch firehot exhausterfire extinguisherstiffness of the carbumper-
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Changing the four wheels and the car with .. within 7-12 seconds requires
fantastic speed and co-ordinated work from the team.
a) driving / sufficient electricity b) lowering / a pit lane c) maintaining / braking d)
filling up / enough fuel
The members of the team practice the routine .. more than several thousand times
.. of one season.
a) perfections / at the process b) moves / during c) movements / in the course d) shifts /
on the advance
When a driver in the box, it is important to stop in the ..
a) arrives / suitable space b) comes / common lane c) shows up / driving lane d) brakes /
centre
The .. is very .. against the loads, because it must endure the force effect.
32
a) lollipop / resistant b) adhesive tape / resistant c) navigator / stable d) driver / light
The mechanics must .. the car to be able to change the .
a) lift off / wheels b) lift over / lane c) take over / coffin d) take off / brakes
They have to the car back on the ground, because only in that way can the screws
be . perfectly.
a) higher / secured b) put / squeezed c) lower / tightened d) put back / taken down
A man positions a . of plexiglass behind the filling gap to prevent the fuel .
because of the hot exhauster.
a) hose / firing b) pipe / get into flames c) shell / taking fire d) shield / catching fire
The plexiglass is .. so that the lollipop man can see when the . has finished his
work.
a) transparent / mechanic b) transported / workers c) filmy / driver d) stiff / organizer
The .., which is necessary for the filling up is programmed and each mechanic
has a .
a) quantity of the fuel / fire extinguisher b) quantity of the gasoline / disc c) quality of the
gasoline / bumper disc d) amount of filling / special material
GEAR-UP YOUR VOCABULARY

If you engage a different gear in a vehicle while driving you .gear.
a) turn b) move c) shift d) lever
A gear is a kind of cogwheel.
a) driving b) wheel c) make d) brake
If you put the vehicle into a lower gear you gear
a) away b) below c) down d) low
If everything is in gear it means it
a) has equal levers b) is inside the gearbox c) works smoothly d) goes in neutral
gear
33
UNIT 3
GEARS AND ENGINES IN MOTORSPORTS

Victory is the most important thing in motor sports, therefore the designers want
to make the very best equipment for the cars. The pit stop is one of the most important
parts of a race, because drivers can win or lose time with it, if there is some trouble.
Changing the four wheels and filling up the car with enough fuel within 7-12 seconds
requires fantastic speed and co-ordinated work from the team. They practice these routine
movements more than several thousand times in the course of one season. For this they
inevitably make use of special tools.
When a driver arrives in the box, it is important to stop in the suitable space. It is
marked with adhesive tape. The tape is very resistant against the loads, because it must
endure the force effects, which appear because of the rotation of tyres, when the driver
leaves the box. On the centre of this place there are two metallic wires, which have the
task to take off the static electricity from the car. The man with the lollipop navigates
the driver who drives out from the pit. The rod of the lollipop is made of carbon material
to be as light as possible.
The car in the box stops in front of the frontal lever. The mechanics must lift the
car 5 centimetres off the ground to be able to change the wheels. When the new wheels
are on the car, it is not necessary to keep the car high, whats more, they have to lower
the car back on the ground, because only in that way can the screws be tightened
perfectly.
The change of wheels is a procedure. The teams use different nuts, therefore the
heads of the pistols are also different.
pushes the speed limiter button. Behind the filling gap a man positions a shield of
plexiglass to prevent the fuel catching fire because of the hot exhauster. The plexiglass is
transparent so that the lollipop man can see when the mechanic has finished his work.
The quantity of the fuel, which is necessary for the filling up is programmed. The tube is
coated with heat resistant material to keep the fuel cool. It must be 10C less than the
temperature of the environment. Each mechanic has a fire extinguisher. One mechanic
waits with a fire extinguisher with 60 litres capacity in the background. There are two
filling tubes at every team. If something happens with one of them, the other is
immediately brought out.
Besides the speed and the victory, the safety of the human body is also of primary
importance. In the history of Formula One so far 26 drivers, 30 onlookers, one race judge
and two race stewards have died. These figures indicate that this is a very dangerous
sport. To solve this problem the headquarters must bring new rules. Bernard Ecclestone
has been the head of the Formula One for the last two decades. He introduced new rules
and there have been no more deadly accidents on the auditorium. There is an association,
called Advisory Expert Group, which deals with creating new rules on scientific basis.
Nowadays cars must have a black box, which gives important data from the car to the
engineers.
34
The strongest part of the car is the so-called coffin. This is the part where
the driver is placed. It is made of carbon-enhanced composite. This gives the stiffness to
the car. On the front of the coffin there is the bumper disc. This is made of a special
material, which is very light and stiff. This takes the forces of the frontal collisions. This
disc is 20 centimetres thick and has a similar effect as the 1.5 meter-long bumper zone in
ordinary streetcars. For testing the quality of the coffin there are rigorous requirements.
Engineers make this test with several tons loading. The material for the coffin and the
tank was taken from rocket science.
The Pit Stop

In motorsports, a pit stop is where a racing vehicle stops during a race for refuelling, new
tires, repairs, mechanical adjustments, a driver change, or any combination of the above.
By making pit stops cars can carry less fuel, and therefore be lighter and faster, and use
softer tires that wear faster but provide more grip. Teams usually plan for each of their
cars to pit following a planned schedule, the number of stops determined by the fuel
capacity of the car, and tire lifespan.. Choosing the optimum pit strategy of how many
stops to make and when to make them is crucial in having a successful race. It is also
important for teams to take competitors' strategies into account when planning pit stops,
to avoid being "held up" behind other cars and unable to overtake them. An unscheduled
or extended stop, such as for a repair, can be very costly for a driver's chance of success,
because while the car is stopped for service, cars remaining on the track can rapidly gain
distance on the stopped car.
Pit strategy
In any racing series that permits scheduled pit stops, pit strategy becomes one of the most
important features of the race; this is because a race car travelling at 160 kilometers per
hour will travel approximately 45 meters per second. During a ten-second pit stop, all of
a car's competitors will gain approximately one-half kilometer over the stopped car.
However, the car that made the additional pit stop will run faster on the race track than
cars that did not make the stop, both because it can carry a smaller amount, and thus
lower weight, of fuel, and will also have less wear on its tires, providing more traction
and allowing higher speeds in the corners. In racing series where teams have their choice
of different compound tires, the lower tire wear may be enough to allow the team to
choose to use a tire with a softer rubber compound that provides increased grip at the
expense of faster wear; going longer between stops may even cause enough wear on the
softer tire to cause the tires to fail. Because of this, race teams plan a pit strategy prior to
the start of every race. This is a schedule for each car's planned pit stops during the race,
and takes into account factors such as rate of fuel consumption, weight of fuel, cornering
speed with each available tire compound, rate of tire wear, the effect of tire wear on
cornering speed, and even expected changes in weather and lighting conditions. The pit
strategy does not just include a schedule of when pit stops will happen; it also includes
what service and adjustments are scheduled for each pit stop. However, a team's pit
strategy is subject to change during the race and takes into account the unpredictable
events that happen in every race.
35
WORD FORMATION
Complete the text by using the appropriate form of the word given in brackets
During a (schedule) pit stop, the team's pit crew services the car
as .(swift) as possible, completing a number of different services.
The most visible services performed are (refuel) the car and
changing tires. Other services (perform) in routine pit stops include
(clean)
the
windshield;
and
making
..(adjust) to tire ..(press), suspension
settings,
and
.(aerodynamics)
devices
to
(optimum) the car's ..(perform) for
the current conditions. Unscheduled pit stops may see other service performed; because
such stops are usually due to damage or .(mechanic)
problems, they ..(frequent) see emergency repairs performed
on the car.
When the car is .(approximate) one lap away from
making its stop, the team's pit crew will set up fresh tyres and all needed pit
..(equip). A pit stop .(involvement) about
twenty mechanics, with the aim of completing the stop as ..(quick) as
possible. It lasts for six to twelve seconds ..(depend) on how
much fuel is put into the car. However, if there is a problem, such as a fuel pump failing
or the engine ..(stall), or repairs having to be made, it can take
much ..(long). Cars are .(fuel) at a rate of
..
(much)
than
12
litres
per
second.
This
is
(accomplish) by a (fair) complex
..(close) system that pumps air out of the car's fuel tank as the fuel
is being pumped in. As refuelling is a potentially ..(hazard)
situation, the mechanics are all wearing fire-..(resist) multi-layer
suits and gloves,
Complete the quiz

Who are these people in the race team?
1) The man who holds the teams pit sign, helping the driver identify his pit stall. He also
gives the driver the sign to depart his pit stall by raising the sign from in front of the
driver. That man is called a ..
2) The sole responsibility of these men are to use a pneumatic wrench and remove the
locking nut from each tyre, then reinstall it back on the new tyre. These are the
..
3) These people are assigned the task of removing the old tyre from the car and install the
new tyre on it. These men are the
4) This man has the responsibility of attaching and removing the refueling hose to the
car's fuel receptacle, and must hold it in place during the entire fueling operation. He is
the .
36
5) These men use simple jacks to lift the
car and permit the changing of tyres. They
are called ..
6) This man does not actually work on the car; instead, he tries to stop any accidental
fires that may occur during a stop. He is the ..
7) This man does not normally work on the car. His job is to stand ready with a starter
tool to restart the car should the driver stall his engine during the stop. He is called a
..
37
EXTRA UNIT 1
ADDITIONAL READING
PRE- AND UPPER-INTERMEDIATE LEVELS
NONSTOP ROBOT
In some of the scariest science fiction scenarios, evil robots refuse to die, no matter how
fiercely people fight back. Now, science fiction has edged into science fact. For the first
time, researchers have created a robotic machine that can take a beating and keep on
trucking. The new robot looks like a spider with four legs. Until now, even the most
advanced robot was almost certain to break down when damaged. That's because its
internal computer simply doesn't know how to operate the machine after its shape has
changed. To get around this problem, the spidery robot's developers equipped their
invention with eight motors and two sensors that read how the machine is tilting. The
motors and sensors all provide electrical signals to the machine's software.
This four-legged robot can teach itself to walk, even

changing how it walks after it has suffered damage.
Using this information, the system follows a new procedure to figure out the machine's
shape at any given moment. The program chooses from among 100,000 possible
arrangements of parts. From there, the computer considers a wide variety of possible next
steps, and it calculates how best to move the robot forward the longest possible distance,
before trying to move again.
The new strategy is a major advance in robotics, and it's far from scary. The technology
may someday help researchers create better artificial limbs that give new freedom to
38
people who lack arms and legs. The new knowledge might also help scientists
understand how people and animals figure out their own sense of place in space.
SPORT CARS OF THE 1940s

The sports cars of the 1940s were mostly British. For most Americans in 1945, sports
cars seemed as foreign as the people who drove them. Though Detroit had long offered
some single-seater models and even some two-seaters, only a small group of people knew
about the genuine sports cars available from England and Europe.
Little by little, sports cars became more common on U.S. roads and public interest grew.
Of course, most any new car was of interest right after World War II, because Americans
hadn't had any to buy for nearly four years. Domestic automakers mostly satisfied the
huge demand with warmed-over prewar versions, which was enough until about 1950.
But most foreign automakers had been ravaged by war and desperately needed to export
for dollars.
The MG was the first car that captured Americas heart,

though this did not translate into big sales.
They resumed production as quickly as possible, but began to realize that sports cars
were making an impression in affluent America. Meantime, more and more U.S. dealers
were starting to take up the sports-car cause. One was Max Hoffman, who bravely
opened a New York showroom in 1946 to sell pricey French Delahayes, though he soon
added more affordable cars, including Jaguars. Over the next 25 years, Hoffman
introduced the U.S. to dozens of other foreign models, notably the VW Beetle and the
first Porsches.
In fact, Hoffman did more to grow the U.S. foreign-car market than anyone else except
Kjell Qvale, who served the West Coast market from his San Francisco-based British
Motor Car Distributors starting in 1947. By the end of the 1940s, sports cars were
definitely on the American scene, if not in many Americans' garages. Even Detroit could
see something new.
39
SPORT CARS AFTER 2000

The automotive world had seen many changes already. Competition is now rougher than
ever, the stakes enormous. Failures are not an option. Though India and China are
emerging as huge new markets, the rest of the world has found itself with too many
factories able to make more cars than there are people to buy.
Happily, globalization did not mean fewer or less-interesting sports cars in the new
century. On the contrary, choices multiplied, and power and performance reached levels
that would have seemed impossible even 10 years before. In addition, smaller producers
like Aston and Lamborghini were making vast strides in engineering and quality, thanks
to the financial might and greater production discipline of their big new owners.
The Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren is successful

collaboration between two historic automakers.
Porsche's latest weapon for the supercar war is with some 600 horses. As expected of
Porsche, the Carrera GT is full of high technology, much of it lifted directly from the
racetrack.
Detroit was far from idle. Chevy delivered a "pure performance" Corvette, the Z06, for
2001, then gave it more power. Chrysler Corporation unleashed a slick new Dodge Viper
for 2003, followed by the stylish Mercedes-based Chrysler Crossfire hatchback.
Whatever the future may hold, we can be sure that sports cars will be a part of it.
40
STOP AND CHECK 1

REVISION OF UNITS 1,2 AND 3
LOWER-INTERMEDIATE AND/OR INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
Choose the appropriate word pair to complete the sentences below
Universities the industrys .. for well-trained personnel.
a) understand / gain
b) acknowledge / need
c) offer / creativity
d) came / goals
e) take into account / economy
Through this .. students .. experience and professionalism.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
competition / gain
prototype / get
project / mechanical
popularity / have
generation / offer
The students have to . a prototype .

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
produce / program
fabricate / truck
make / need
produce / car
drive / industry
The prototype car must be .. and .

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
straight / reliable
brief / the latest
main / creativity
special / popular
safe / reliable
41
The popularity of Formula 1 . universities to . special programs
in engineering.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
avoids / get
encourages / offer
has / do
tests / offer
takes / try
The main . is to test the students , creativity, and imagination.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
motive / know
project / competition
goal / knowledge
account / project
try / factors
Students find this .. very .

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
competition / economy
studies / in action
project / important
competition / much
project / racing
The prototype car must be , easy to maintain and .

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
cheap / reliable
easy / participate
sponsor / easy
in action / necessary
good / offer
During their studies students in a ...

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
see / course
take / university
participate / competition
offer / engineers
try / course
42
Which word is missing? Complete the
from the box
sentences below by choosing a word
necessary, mechanics, competition, measure, angle, suitable, refuel, engine, important,

manufacturers, endure
.. make soft, hard and medium-hard materials for tyres.
At every race the must build a mini headquarters.
If it is ., they wash the all trucks five times per day.
In Formula 1 every thousandth second is ..
It is essential how the tyre can .. the load.
The car and the . can be the best, but if the tyres are unsuitable,
the work of the team is useless.
They check if the .. of the wheels is or not.
Two people .. the racing car.
When the car stops in the box, engineers the tyre's
temperature.
When the pilots arrive
.
they
immediately
start
preparing
for
the
Consult your dictionary and fill in the table with the suitable forms of the words
Meaning in
Word from the text Serbian/Hungarian Noun form
important
necessary
prepare
compete
require
develop
stiff
decide
symmetrically
lose
endure
mix
press
permit
Meaning in
Serbian/Hungarian
43
UNIT 4
MOTORBIKES
The first motorcycle was designed and built in 1885. The first petroleum-powered vehicle
was a motorized bicycle. If we count two wheels with steam propulsion as a motorcycle,
then the first motorcycle was American. One such machine was demonstrated at fairs and
circuses in the eastern U.S.A. in 1867. In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmller became the
first motorcycle that people could buy. In the early period of motorcycle history, many
producers of bicycles adapted their designs to accommodate the new internal combustion
engine. As the engines became more powerful, the number of motorcycle producers
increased.
Until the First World War, the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world was Indian,
producing over 20,000 bikes per year. In 1920, Harley-Davidson became the leading
manufacturer. The company sold its motorcycles in 67 countries.
Today, the Japanese manufacturers, Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha dominate the
motorcycle industry, but Harley-Davidson still has a high degree of popularity in the
United States.
The competition between the Japanese "Big Four" (Suzuki, Yamaha, Honda, Kawasaki)
is so intense, that they must completely redesign their models every other year.
VOCABULARY STUDY
petroleum-powered
eastern
count
steam propulsion
demonstrate
fair
circus
accommodate
internal combustion engine
powerful
increase (V)
until
First World War
manufacturer
leading
high-degree
popularity
intense
completely
redesign
every other year
44
VOCABULARY DRILL
As the ..(motori / motorok) became (snaan,
moan / ers), the number of motorcycle producers increased.
If we (brojati / szmolni) two wheels with
(parni pogon / gzmeghajts) as a motorcycle, then the
first motorcycle was American.
In 1920, Harley-Davidson became the (vodei / vezet)
manufacturer.
In the early period of motorcycle history, many producers of bicycles adapted their
designs to accommodate the new .(motor
sa unutranjim sagorevanjem / bels gs motor).
One such machine was demonstrated at a ..(sajam / killts) in
the (istoni / keleti) part of the U.S.A. in 1867.
The ..(takmienje / verseny) between the "Big Four" is
so intense, that
they must completely (ponovo
konstruisati / jratervezni) their models every other year.
Today, the Japanese ..(proizvoai / gyrtk), Honda,
Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha dominate the motorcycle industry, but Harley-Davidson
still has a (visok stepen / magasfok) of popularity in the
United States.
Until the .(Prvi svetski rat / az Els Vilghbor),
the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world was Indian.
DID YOU KNOW
William Harley and Arthur Davidson were just 20 years old when they built their first
motorized bicycle in 1901.
In the first two years of motorcycle production, William and Arthur managed to produce
only three motorcycles.
The first motorcycle was built in Davidsons garage which was only 10 by 15 feet.
45
MINUTES

1
2
4
5
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
ACROSS
DOWN
1. u potpunosti (teljesen)
5. istoni (keleti)
6. stepen (fok)
10. prikazati (bemutatni)
13. unutranje sagorevanje (bels gs)
14. proizvoditi (gyrtani)
1. brojati (szmolni)
2. para, parni (gz)
3. jak (ers)
4. pogon (meghajts)
7. motor
8. sajam (killts)
9. intenzivan (ers, intenzv)
11. poveati se (nvekedni, nni)
12. visok (magas)
46
UNIT 4
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
MOTORBIKES
The first real motorcycle was designed and built in 1885. The first petroleum-powered
vehicle was essentially a motorized bicycle. However, if one counts two wheels with
steam propulsion as being a motorcycle, then the first one may have been American. One
such machine was demonstrated at fairs and circuses in the eastern U.S. in 1867, built by
Sylvester Howard Roper from Massachusetts. In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmller became
the first motorcycle available for purchase. In the early period of motorcycle history,
many producers of bicycles adapted their designs to accommodate the new internal
combustion engine. As the engines became more powerful, and designs outgrew the
bicycle origins, the number of motorcycle producers increased.
producing over 20,000 bikes per year. By 1920, this honor went to Harley-Davidson,
with their motorcycles being sold by dealers in 67 countries.
motorcycle industry, although Harley-Davidson still maintains a high degree of
popularity in the United States.
Suzuki has long had a reputation for building cutting-edge sport bikes. Ever since the
debut of the Suzuki GSXR in the 1980s, each year they have come out with something
faster, lighter, and better. The competition between the Japanese "Big Four" (Suzuki,
Yamaha, Honda, Kawasaki) is so intense, that in order to keep up, they must do a
complete redesign of their flagship models every other year. But for 1999, Suzuki Motors
have really outdone themselves. They have probably decided to beat the competition by
introducing their special millennium models one year early. Each of the new bikes is a
major leap forward, in style, and technology.
VOCABULARY STUDY
petroleum-powered vehicleessentially a motorized bicyclesteam-propulsiondemonstrate at fairsavailable for purchaseinternal combustion enginemaintain high-degree of popularitycutting-edge sport bikesthe debut of Suzukiintense competitionto keep up with the competition-
47
do a complete redesignflagship models
beat the competitiona major leap forward-
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
If we . two wheels with .. as being a motorcycle, then the first one may have
been American.
a) count / steam propulsion b) take / vapour-driven c) manufacture / refueled drive d)
buy / engine drive
In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmller became the first motorcycle for ..
a) possible / buy b) available / purchase c) taken / power d) design / sold
In the early period of motorcycle history, many producers of bicycles . their designs
to the new internal . engine.
a) accommodated / adapt / burning b) adhered / keep / combustible c) adapted /
accommodate / combustion d) powered / suit / burn
Until the First World War, the largest motorcycle .. in the world was Indian, ..
over 20,000 bikes per year.
a) manufacturer / producing b) producer / doing c) worker / producting d) maker /
having
Today Harley-Davidson still a high .. of popularity in the United States.
a) keeps / low b) holds / step c) enjoys / grade d) maintains / degree
The competition between the Japanese "Big Four" is so ., that in order to . ,
they must do a complete redesign of their flagship models every other year.
a) big / keep to b) great / keep along c) extreme / keep with d) intense / keep up
48
UNIT 4
MOTORBIKES
The first real motorcycle was designed and built in 1885. The first petroleum-powered
vehicle was essentially a motorized bicycle. However, if one counts two wheels with
steam propulsion as being a motorcycle, then the first one may have been American. One
such machine was demonstrated at fairs and circuses in the eastern U.S. in 1867, built by
Sylvester Howard Roper from Massachusetts. In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmller became
the first motorcycle available for purchase. In the early period of motorcycle history,
many producers of bicycles adapted their designs to accommodate the new internal
combustion engine. As the engines became more powerful, and designs outgrew the
bicycle origins, the number of motorcycle producers increased.
producing over 20,000 bikes per year. By 1920, this honor went to Harley-Davidson,
with their motorcycles being sold by dealers in 67 countries.
motorcycle industry, although Harley-Davidson still maintains a high degree of
popularity in the United States.
Suzuki has long had a reputation for building cutting-edge sport bikes. Ever since the
debut of the Suzuki GSXR in the 1980s, each year they have come out with something
faster, lighter, and better. The competition between the Japanese "Big Four" (Suzuki,
Yamaha, Honda, Kawasaki) is so
intense, that in order to keep up,
they must do a complete redesign
of their flagship models every
other year. But for 1999, Suzuki
Motors have really outdone
themselves. They have decided to
beat
the
competition
by
introducing
their
special
millennium models one year
earlier. Each of the bikes is a major
leap
forward,
in
style,
performance, and technology.
Motorcycles have become bigger and heavier, while sport bikes reach levels of
performance that are too high for the streets, sacrificing rider comfort for alwaysincreasing speed. The side effect of this, however, is that we get bikes that are good only
for Saturday night or Sunday morning, but dont have real-world usefulness when we are
faced with Monday morning traffic jams. As a result of this, the Standard motorcycle is
beginning to make a comeback. The Suzuki SV-650 fits nicely into the middleweight
class of this genre of fun, yet practical motorbikes.
49
The engine of the SV-650 produces a torque from around 2000 rpm to a
maximum of 10,500 rpm. The vibration of the engine is minimal. The aluminium frame
is extremely light and rigid, it forms the basis for the chassis.
The seating position on this model is very much in the sporting-standard tradition. Wide,
flat handle bars make the rider lean slightly forward. The foot pegs are placed just far
enough back to allow a balanced, athletic position
that will not tire the rider. The seat itself is very
comfortable, wide and supportive. Brakes are
sport bike quality, stopping quickly and safely.
The clutch is a little abrupt when changing the
gears.
This bike is light and agile, it is perfect for the
urban commuter who has to deal with the
increasing volume of city traffic. You can cruise,
tour, commute, and even road race on this bike. It seems that Suzuki made all the right
compromises to build a bike that would suit so many missions so perfectly. They are
selling very fast, and the price is going to remain around the introductory $5,699 for very
long. There is a sport version of this motorbike available overseas and in Canada.
THE HELMET QUIZ

Riders use different types of helmets. Read the definitions of each type of helmet
and choose the appropriate name from the box
Shorty helmet, Hybrid helmet, Open-face helmet, Full-face helmet
Easy to recognize because of their protection around the chin. This kind of helmet
construction gives it extra strength. However they can easily get warm and foggy.
______________________
These helmets allow you to open the chin part and slide it upwards. Often very useful for
people with glasses.
_____________________
These helmets are also known as three quarter motorcycle helmets. They are aimed to
protect the ears and the side of the face. However they do not have any chin protection.
Visors are often detachable.
_________________________
These are also known as half helmets and are the simplest. There is no side and chin
protection.
___________________________
50
SYNONYM SEARCH
1. On a short stretch of highway in Calgary, Alberta, Cell-Loc is testing out its new cellphone tracking technology.
STRETCH-
TRACK-
2. In July 2001, the company sent a known vehicle down a 2-km section of a major
highway, through the heart of the town, to test the accuracy of its system.
HEART-
ACCURACY-
3. The company collected data from both the GPS receiver in the vehicle, and from the
system that was monitoring the cell phone remotely.
COLLECT-
REMOTE-
4. Engineers compared the two and found them to be, not the same, but quite close.
THE SAME-
QUITE-
5. Listening posts are put all over the city, either next to a cell-phone base station or in
independent locations.
PUT-
ALL OVER-
6. Three listening posts are needed to get a two-dimensional position of a cell-phone user.
NEED-
GET-
51
UNIT 5
THE HISTORY OF MICROSOFT

It is hard to talk about Microsoft without mentioning the name of Bill Gates. He is the
founder and leader of Microsoft Corporation.
In elementary school Bill Gates was better in many subjects than his friends. He was
especially good mathematics and science. In the spring of 1968, he first saw a computer.
At that time, computers were large and expensive for schools but some companies
allowed the students to use their machines. Bill Gates and his friend, Paul Allen stayed in
the computer room and wrote programs and read computer manuals. They learned to
change and crash files. Later a computer company hired Bill and his friends to find
weaknesses in their computer system.
In the fall of 1973, Gates went to Harvard University. He studied law, but spent all his
time in the computer centre, programming. Allen moved to Boston to be closer to Gates,
so they could continue working on projects. Allen told Gates to leave school and work
with him full-time.
One year later, Paul Allen saw the first microcomputer in a magazine. He showed it to
Gates. They realized the time was right. Bill Gates called some manufacturers. He told
them that he had a software program. They stayed up for nights and wrote the software
program. Within a year, Gates had left Harvard and Microsoft was formed.
Microsoft wrote software for businesses. In 1986 Bill Gates became a 31-year old
billionaire. The next year, they introduced first version of Windows. In 1995, the Internet
Explorer browser became a bestseller. Today, Microsoft software is everywhere, and it is
synonymous with the terms "computer" and "Internet."
VOCABULARY STUDY
allow
continue
crash (v)
elementary school
especially
expensive
fall (n)
founder
full time
hard
hire (v)
introduce
large
law
leader
manual (n)
mention
move (v)
realize
science
spring
stay
stay up
subject
52
talk about
weakness
within a year
without
VOCABULARY DRILL
Allen moved to Boston so they could .(nastaviti / folytatni)
working on projects.
At that time, computers were big and ..(skup / drga) for
schools.
Bill Gates is the
Corporation.
(osniva / megalapt) of Microsoft
He studied .(pravo / jog).

He was (posebno / klnsen) good mathematics and
(prirodne nauke / termszettudomnyok).
In .(osnovna kola / elemi iskola), Bill Gates was better in
many subjects than his friends.
In the .(prolee / tavasz) of 1968, he first saw a computer.
It is (teko / nehz) to talk about Microsoft without mentioning
the name of Bill Gates.
The next year, they ..(uvesti / bevezetni) first version of Windows.
53

Complete this crossword with the infinitive or past tense forms of the given verbs
1
6
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
ACROSS
DOWN
1. videti (past) nzni (past)

4. nai (infinitive) megtallni (inf.)
5. itati (past) olvasni (past)
7. imati (past) van (past)
9. otii, napustiti (past) elmenni (past)
11. provesti vreme (infinitive) idt
tlteni (inf.)
12. pokazati (inf.) megmutatni (inf.)
13. rei (past) mondani (past)
14. postati (past) valamiv vlni (past)
15. predstaviti (inf.) bemutatni (inf.)
1. videti (infinitive) ltni, nzni (inf.)

2. zaposliti (infinitive) alkalmazni,
munkt adni (inf.)
3. otii, napustiti (inf.) elmenni,
elhagyni (inf.)
4. nai (past) megtallni (past)
6. imati (inf.) van (inf.)
8. postati (inf.) - valamiv vlni (inf)
10. rei (inf.) mondani (inf.)
11. provesti (past) idt tlteni (past)
12. pokazati (past) megmutatni (past)
Complete these sentences by using the past tense forms of the verbs given in
brackets
In the spring of 1968, Bill first (see) a computer. At that time, computers were
large and expensive for schools but some companies (allow) the students
to use their machines. Bill Gates and his friend, Paul Allen stayed in the computer room
and (write) programs and (read) computer
manuals. Later a computer company .(hire) Bill and his friends. In
the fall of 1973, Gates ..(go) to Harvard University. He
(study) law, but .(spend) his time in the
computer centre. Allen ..(tell) Gates to leave school. Paul Allen
..(notice) the first microcomputer in a magazine.
He
(show) it to Gates. Bill ..(tell) them that he had
a software program. Within a year, Gates (leave) Harvard. In 1995,
the Internet Explorer browser (become) a bestseller.
54
UNIT 5
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

It is hard to deal with the birth of Microsoft without mentioning the name of Bill Gates,
the founder and leader of Microsoft Corporation.
Early in his elementary school days, Bill Gates consistently scored higher than his peers
in most subjects, but especially math and science. In the spring of 1968, he was first
introduced to computers. At that time, computers were still too large and expensive for a
school to buy its own computer, but various corporations allowed the students to use
theirs. Bill Gates, his buddy Paul Allen and a few others quickly took to computing. In
fact, they began to skip classes, instead they stayed in the computer room and wrote
programs, read computer books and found out exactly how these machines worked. They
soon learned to hack the system, and altered and crashed valuable files until they were
banned from the computer room. Soon, however, Bill and his friends were actually hired
by the computer company to explore weaknesses in the system. Instead of paying the
boys for their time, they were given something even better - unlimited computer time.
They studied manuals, explored the system, and bothered the employees with questions
until they had formed a base of knowledge that would one day lead to the formation of
Microsoft.
This computer company went out of business in 1970, and the boys had to find different
sources for computer time. They were soon hired by Information Sciences Inc. to write a
program for payroll. This time they earned money and enjoyed the unlimited computer
time. The group became notorious for their skill in computer programming. They were
hired by various organizations. Each job helped Gates and his friends learn their skill and
go ever deeper into the world of programming.
In the fall of 1973, Gates left for Harvard University. He enrolled as a law student, but
spent most of his time in the campus computer centre, programming. He stayed in touch
with Paul Allen and they talked about future projects and maybe one day having their
own business. Allen even moved to Boston to be closer to Gates, so they could continue
working on projects. Allen urged Gates to quit school and work with him full-time.
One year later, Paul Allen saw the first microcomputer on the cover of a magazine. He
bought the magazine and went immediately to show it to Gates. They realized the time
was right. The home PC business was about to explode and someone would need to
provide software for the machines. Gates arranged a meeting with the manufacturers. He
had called them to tell them that he had a program written for them. After the
appointment was made, Gates and Allen stayed up for nights, writing the program they
had promised. It worked perfectly at the meeting, and everyone was impressed. They sold
55
the program, and realized that they could do this as their job. Within a year, Gates
had left Harvard and Microsoft was formed.
The company had some difficult first years, but eventually licensed MS-DOS to IBM.
The IBM PC was a great success with the public, and this signalled the success of
Microsoft. They continued writing software for businesses as well as the consumer
market. In 1986 Bill Gates became a 31-year old billionaire. The next year, the first
version of Windows was introduced, and by 1993 a million copies per month were being
sold.
In 1995 Gates knew that the Internet was the next area of focus, and the course of
Microsoft shifted dramatically. The popular Internet Explorer browser soon became a
bestseller. Today, Microsoft software is everywhere, and indeed, is almost synonymous
with the terms "computer" and "Internet."
VOCABULARY STUDY
founder and leaderelementary schoolscore consistently hire in most subjects than his peerstake to computingskip classesalter and crash valuable filesbe banned from the computer roomexplore weaknesses in the system
be given unlimited computer timestudy manualsbother employeesgo out of businesswrite a program for payrollbecome notorious for their skillenroll to university as a law studentstay in touch withcover of a magazineprovide softwarearrange a meetingmake an appointmentstay up for nightsconsumer marketthe course of the company shifted-
56
MINUTES
Solve the crossword to practice your vocabulary

1
5
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
ACROSS
DOWN
5. osniva (alapt)
6. zloglasan (hrhedt)
7. obezbediti (ellt, biztost)
10. uznemiravati (zaklat, hborgat)
11. uspeh (siker)
14. zabraniti (betiltani)
15. promeniti, izmeniti (megvltoztatni,
talaktani)
16. puno radno vreme (teljes munkaid)
17. prirunik (kziknyv)
18. stalno, uvek (llandan, mindig)
19. slabost (gyengesg)
1. naslovna strana (fedlap, cmoldal)

2. potrosa (fogyaszt)
3. izvor (forrs)
4. proizvodja (gyrt)
7. platni spisak (fizetsi lista)
8. umesto (valami helyett)
9. nastaviti (folytatni)
12. ...in touch (ostati u kontaktu) - in
touch (kapcsolatban maradni valakivel)
13. neogranien (korltlan)
57
58
UNIT 5

Bill Gates is chairman of Microsoft Corporation, the worldwide leader in software,
services and solutions that help people and businesses realize their full potential.
Microsoft employs more than 78,000 people in 105 countries and regions.
In July 2008 Gates made a transition out of a day-to-day role in the company to spend
more time on his global health and education work at the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation. After July 2008 Gates will continue to serve as Microsofts chairman and an
advisor on key development projects.
In his junior year, Gates left Harvard University to devote his energies to Microsoft.
Guided by a belief that the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop
and in every home, they began developing software for personal computers. Gates'
foresight and his vision for personal computing have been central to the success of
Microsoft and the software industry.
Under Gates' leadership, Microsoft's mission has been to continually advance and
improve software technology, and to make it easier, more cost-effective and more
enjoyable for people to use computers. The company is committed to a long-term view,
reflected in its investment of approximately $7.1 billion on research and development in
the 2007 fiscal year.
Early in his elementary school days, Bill Gates consistently scored higher than his peers
in most subjects, but especially math and science. In the spring of 1968, that he was first
introduced to computers. At that time, computers were still too large and expensive for a
school to buy its own computer, but various corporations allowed the students to use
theirs. Bill Gates, his buddy Paul Allen and a few others quickly took to computing. In
fact, they began to skip classes, instead they stayed in the computer room and wrote
programs, read computer books and found out exactly how these machines worked. They
soon learned to hack the system, and altered and crashed valuable files until they were
banned from the computer. Soon, however, Bill and his friends were actually hired by the
computer company to find bugs and explore weaknesses in the system. Instead of paying
the boys for their time, they were given something even better - unlimited computer time.
They studied manuals, explored the system, and bothered the employees with questions
until they had formed a base of knowledge that would one day lead to the formation of
Microsoft.
59
This computer company went out of business in 1970, and the boys had to find
different sources for computer time. They were soon hired by Information Sciences Inc.
to write a program for payroll. This time they earned money and enjoyed the unlimited
computer time. The group became notorious for their skill in computer programming.
They were hired by various organizations to find bugs and fix them. Each job helped
Gates and his friends learn their skill and go ever deeper into the world of programming.
In the fall of 1973, Gates left for Harvard University. He enrolled as a law student, but
spent most of his time in the campus computer centre programming. He stayed in touch
with Paul Allen and they talked about future projects and maybe one day having their
own business. Allen even moved to Boston to be closer to Gates, so they could continue
working on projects. Allen urged Gates to quit school and work with him full-time.
One year later, Paul Allen saw the first microcomputer on the cover of a magazine. He
bought the magazine and went immediately to show it to Gates. They realized the time
was right. The home PC business was about to explode and someone would need to
provide software for the machines. Gates arranged a meeting with the Altair
manufacturers. He had called them to tell them that he had a program written for them.
After the appointment was made, Gates and Allen stayed up for nights, writing the
program they had promised. It worked perfectly at the meeting, and everyone was
impressed. They sold the program, and realized that they could do this as their job.
Within a year, Gates had left Harvard and Microsoft was formed.
The company had some difficult first years, but eventually licensed MS-DOS to IBM.
The IBM PC was a great success with the public, and this signalled the success of
Microsoft. They continued writing software, for businesses as well as the consumer
market. In 1986 Bill Gates became a 31-year old billionaire. The next year, the first
version of Windows was introduced, and by 1993 a million copies per month were being
sold.
In 1995, Gates knew that the Internet was the next area of focus, and the course of
Microsoft shifted dramatically. The popular Internet Explorer browser soon became a
bestseller. Today Microsoft software is everywhere, and indeed, is almost synonymous
with the terms "computer" and "Internet."
60
HACKING A DIFFERENT
APPROACH
Being a hacker implies curiosity, and looking at how you can use tools in different ways.
Hackers are the pioneers in this electronic frontier. They see the dangers, the weak spots,
the unethical, inappropriate business behaviour of computing companies. Hacking is
about exploring. It is about finding new corners in cyberspace. Robert Steele is the
founder and president of the computer company Open Source Solutions, Inc. He says:
One of the reasons why I support hackers is that they have been telling us for over 10
years We have found a mistake! Hackers have been identifying major vulnerabilities in
Microsoft products and all kinds of computer and communications products. And nobody
has wanted to listen.
Hackers are made up of bright, but antisocial teenage boys who will obtain information
illegally, damage computer systems or want to bring down governments. Most people
will say that those who destroy data, hack for money or with illegal intent should be
called crackers, not hackers.
Hacking requires a totally different set of skills from virus writing. In general, hackers
dont like virus writers. After all, hacking involves a good knowledge of computer
systems and skill. Hackers look down upon virus writers because when they create their
viruses, their only goal is to damage systems and they dont need much skill for that.
THE YAHOO QUIZ

Read about the creation of Yahoo on http://docs.yahoo.com/info/misc/history.html
and then complete the text with the words in the box
core, dissertations, keep track, purchase, links, categories, guide, electrical engineering,
communicate, evolve, subcategories, access, founders, brand, hobby
Yahoo! began as a student . and . into a global
. that has changed the way people with each
other, find and . information and . things. The
two . of Yahoo!, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.D. candidates in
.
at
Stanford
University,
started
their
.. in a campus trailer in February 1994 as a way to
. of their personal interests on the Internet. Before long they were
spending more time on their home-brewed lists of favorite .. than on
their doctoral .. Eventually, Jerry and David's lists became too
long, and they broke them out into .. When the categories
became too full, they developed ... and the
.. concept behind Yahoo! was born.
WORD FORMATION
Complete the following text with the appropriate form of the words in brackets
In the next ten years, the Internet is expected to be . (enormous)
bigger than it is today. It will ..(penetration) more homes than
television and radio programming. Computer chips are now being .(build)
that
..(implementation)
the
TCP/IP
protocols
and
61
.(recent)
a university announced a two-chip web
server. Chips like this are ..(extreme) small and cost very little. And
they can be put into anything. Many of the devices .(connect) to
the Internet will be Internet-enabled appliances (cell phones, fax machines, household
appliances, hand-held organizers, digital cameras, etc.) as well as
..(tradition) laptop and desktop computers. Information access
will be (direct) to ..(digit) objects of all
kinds and services that help to create them.
Wireless
..(communicate)
has
exploded
in
..(recently) years with the rapid .(grow) of cellular
telephony.
Increasingly,
however,
Internet
access
is
becoming
.(availability)
over
these
networks.
Recent
..(develop) in high data rate systems appear ..(like)
to offer ubiquitous wireless data services in the 1-2 Mbps range. It is even possible that
wireless Internet access may one day be the .(prime) way most people
get access to the Internet.
THE WEB OR THE NET? ARE THEY THE SAME? Check your
knowledge on some basic terms and definitions
The two terms world wide web and internet are
a) two synonymous terms which are interrelated
b) not synonymous terms though they are related
c) sometimes synonymous terms depending on their position
The infrastructure that connects millions of computers together globally is called the
a) world wide web
b) protocol
c) internet
Information that travels over the internet does so via a variety of languages known as
a) protocols
b) language networks
c) explorer
A way of accessing information over the medium of the internet is called
a) the world wide web
b) the protocol
c) the information
The Web is just a portion of the Internet
a) true
b) false
c) sometimes true
62
The Internet Explorer and Netscape are used to
a) access internet infrastructure
b) access Web documents
c) transmit data
d) overview the Internet
Web pages are connected to each other via
a) hyperlinks
b) browsers
c) a variety of languages
The . used for Email.
a) Web is
b) Internet is
c) web and the Internet are both
SYNONYM SEARCH
1. The lines that tie the globe together by carrying phone calls and Internet traffic are just
two-thirds of an inch thick.
TIE-
GLOBE-
2. This week the lines were disrupted in the Mediterranean Sea.

DISRUPT3. The network is fairly resilient.
FAIRLY-
RESILIENT-
4. Most telecom companies have capacity at multiple systems, so if one goes out, they
simply reroute to a different system.
MOST-
REROUTE-
5. The slim fiber-optic cables that carry the world's communications are much like ships,
in that they're the cheapest way for carrying things over long distances.
SLIM-
CHEAP-
6. Pulling cables overland is much more expensive and calls for negotiation with
landowners and governments.
CALL FOR-
NEGOTIATION-
63
7. Fiber-optic cables that go from Europe to India take the sea route via Egypt's Suez
Canal.
VIA8. The terrain is rugged, Pakistan is politically unstable, and India and Pakistan are not on
good terms.
RUGGEDNOT BE ON GOOD TERMS-
DID YOU KNOW
he name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol which refers to the

number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros (ten raised to the hundredth
power 10100).
oogle began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page, a Ph.D. student at
Stanford who explored the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web focused on
the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page,
64
UNIT 6
HOW JOYSTICKS WORK

Joysticks are used in all kinds of machines. We use them in computer games.
The joystick translates the movement of a plastic stick into electronic information that a
computer can process.
Joysticks differ in how much information they pass on. The simplest joystick design is
just a specialized electrical switch.
This basic design consists of a stick. Under the stick is the base with a circuit board. The
circuit board consists of several "printed wires," which connect to several contact
terminals.
The printed wires form a simple electrical circuit. They consist of several small circuits
carrying electricity from one contact to another. When the joystick is in the neutral
position all individual circuits are broken, except one. When you move the stick, it
pushes down on one of the buttons, and this closes the circuit and electricity can flow
down a wire from the computer, through the printed wire, and to another wire leading
back to the computer.
VOCABULARY STUDY
Translate these words and phrases into Serbian and or Hungarian
translate
movement
stick (n)
differ
pass on
switch
consist of
circuit board
several
wire
connect
several
individual
except
push down
close the circuit
through
VOCABULARY DRILL
Electricity can flow down a wire from the computer, (kroz /
keresztl, t) the wire.
Joysticks .(razlikovati se / klnbzni) in how much information
they pass on.
The joystick ..(pretvara /talakt) the movement of a plastic stick
into electronic information that a computer can process.
65
The simplest joystick design is just a specialized
electrical
.(prekida / kapcsol).
This basic design .(sastoji se od / valamibl ll, tevdik
ssze ) a stick.

Solve this crossword to practise your vocabulary
1
4
5
10
11
12
13
14
15
ACROSS
DOWN
1. tap (rd)
3. pojedinani (egyes, egyedi)
4. pomerati (mozgatni)
5. vrsta (fajta, fle)
6. prekida (kapcsol)
8. struja (ram)
11. nekoliko (nhny)
13. pokret (mozgs)
15. tampana ploa (nyomtatott
ramkr)
2. pretvoriti, prevesti (talaktani,

lefordtani)
7. kroz (keresztl, t)
8. izuzev (kivve)
9. tei (folyni)
10. razlikovati se (klnbzni)
12. sastojati se od (valamibl ll)
14. voditi (vezetni)
66
UNIT 6
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
HOW JOYSTICKS WORK

Joysticks are used in all kinds of machines, including computer games.
The basic idea of a joystick is to translate the movement of a plastic stick into electronic
information that a computer can process.
The various joystick technologies differ mainly in how much information they pass on.
The simplest joystick design is just a specialized electrical switch.
This basic design consists of a stick that is attached to a plastic base with a flexible
rubber sheath. The base houses a circuit board that sits directly underneath the stick. The
circuit board is made up of "printed wires," which connect to several contact terminals.
The printed wires form a simple electrical circuit made up of several smaller circuits. The
circuits just carry electricity from one contact point to another. When the joystick is in the
neutral position - when you're not pushing one way or another -- all individual circuits are
broken, except one. The conductive material in each wire doesn't connect, so the circuit
can't conduct electricity.
Each broken section is covered with a simple plastic button containing a tiny metal disc.
When you move the stick in any direction, it pushes down on one of these buttons,
pressing the conductive metal disc against the circuit board. This closes the circuit -- it
completes the connection between the two wire sections. When the circuit is closed,
electricity can flow down a wire from the computer (or game console), through the
printed wire, and to another wire leading back to the computer.
VOCABULARY STUDY
Explain these words and phrases in your mother tongue
including computer gamestranslate the movement of the stickdiffer mainlypass on informationattached to a plastic baseflexible rubber sheathto house a circuit boardsit directly underneath the stickform a simple electrical circuitbreak the circuitconduct electricitycontain a tiny metal diskconductive metal disk-
67
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
The basic idea of a joystick is to the movement of a plastic stick into
information that a computer can .
a) translate / electronic / process b) choose / electric / run c) change / mechanical / do d)
run / computer / screen
The various joystick technologies .. mainly in how much . they pass on.
a) vary / time b) change / volume c) modify / data d) differ / information
This basic design consists of a stick that is .. to a plastic base.
a) rod / manufactured b) handle / put c) stick / attached d) sheath / tied
The base a circuit board that sits directly the stick.
a) keeps / above b) houses / underneath c) has / shakes d) groups / under
The .. wires form a simple electrical circuit several smaller circuits.
a) tied / consisting b) linked / make c) cut / bond d) printed / made up of
When the joystick is in the .. position - when you're not pushing one way or another
-- all individual circuits are , except one.
a) inner / joined b) neutral / broken c) external / taken d) outside / broke
The .. material in each wire doesn't connect, so the .. can't conduct electricity.
a) conductive / circuit b) plastic / board c) metal / screen d) joystick / switch
When you close the circuit it the between the two wire sections.
a) hold / finishes b) press / link c) completes / connection d) makes / break
When the circuit is closed, electricity can .. down a wire from the computer (or game
console), through the printed wire, and to another wire .. back to the computer.
a) run / taking b) travel / breaking c) take / going d) flow / leading
Choose the word from the box which best suits the noun given in column B
neutral, close, press, circuit, printed, electrical
A
B
board
position
wire
switch
a button
the circuit
68
UNIT 6
HOW JOYSTICKS WORK

Joysticks are used in all kinds of machines, including computer games.
The basic idea of a joystick is to translate the movement of a plastic stick into electronic
information that a computer can process.
The various joystick technologies differ mainly in how much information they pass on.
The simplest joystick design is just a specialized electrical switch.
This basic design consists of a stick that is attached to a plastic base with a flexible
rubber sheath. The base houses a circuit board that sits directly underneath the stick. The
circuit board is made up of "printed wires," which connect to several contact terminals.
The printed wires form a simple electrical circuit made up of several smaller circuits. The
circuits just carry electricity from one contact point to another. When the joystick is in the
neutral position - when you're not pushing one way or another -- all individual circuits are
broken, except one. The conductive material in each wire doesn't connect, so the circuit
can't conduct electricity.
Each broken section is covered with a simple plastic button containing a tiny metal disc.
When you move the stick in any direction, it pushes down on one of these buttons,
pressing the conductive metal disc against the circuit board. This closes the circuit -- it
completes the connection between the two wire sections. When the circuit is closed,
electricity can flow down a wire from the computer (or game console), through the
printed wire, and to another wire leading back to the computer.
For the past five years, the Sony PlayStation (PSX) has been the dominant video game
system. Although challenged by the incredible technical features of the Nintendo 64 and
the next generation Sega Dreamcast, the PlayStation is so popular that Sony estimates
one out of every four households in the United States has one!
In 1988, Sony entered into an agreement with Nintendo to develop a CD-ROM
attachment, known as the Super Disc, for the soon-to-be released Super Nintendo. Due to
many contractual and licensing problems, the Super Disc was never released. Instead, a
modified version was introduced by Sony in 1991, in a system called the Play Station.
The original Play Station read these Super Discs, special interactive CDs based on
technology developed by Sony and Phillips called CD-ROM/XA. This extension of the
CD-ROM format allowed audio, video and computer data to be accessed simultaneously
by the processor. The Play Station also read audio CDs and had a cartridge port for
accepting Super Nintendo game cartridges. The Play Station was envisioned as the core
of a home multimedia center. Sony only manufactured about 200 of them before deciding
to retool the design.
69
The new design, dubbed the PlayStation X, or PSX, dropped the Super Nintendo
cartridge port and focused solely on CD-ROM-based games. Launched in Japan in
December of 1994, and in the United States and Europe in September of 1995, the
PlayStation quickly became the most popular system available.
WORD FORMATION
Complete the text with the appropriate forms of the words given in brackets
LUNAR LANDER was a text- ( base) ( simulate)
game. The user had to type in to what amount a lunar spacecraft should
..(acceleration)
or
decelerate.
The
computer
then
.(computer) the fuel ..(consume), landing speed and
..(high) above the lunar ground. All the information was output in
monochrome numbers on a black and white screen. More recent
..(adopt) of the basic idea of Lunar Lander add graphics and sound to
the game, which of course were not ..(availability) on 1960s
computer terminals..)
HAMMURABI (KINGDOM) simulated ..(economics) processes in a
virtual Mesopotamian kingdom. The player was asked to (numeric)
specify tax rates and other parameters. Hammurabi could be ..(consider)
a predecessor of SimCity.
HUNT THE WUMPUS consisted of a network of tunnels and rooms. Players were able
to wander around in the tunnels and they were ..(warning) whenever they
..(approach) the "Wumpus". Nobody ..(knowledge)
what a Wumpus is, but it must have been something ..(danger),
because you could read on your console when coming close to it: "You are in node x. I
smell a Wumpus. Move or shoot.
Complete the text by choosing from the phrases in the box
Handheld devices, Mouse, Video game consoles, Electronic systems, Game controller,
Video device, Computers, Personal computers, User interface,
A video game is a game that involves interaction with a to generate
visual feedback on a . The . used to
play video games are known as platforms; examples of these are
.. and ... These platforms
are broad in range, from large to small
. The input device normally used to manipulate video
games is called a ., which varies across platforms.
Many modern computer games allow the player to use a keyboard and .
simultaneously.
70
SYNONYM SEARCH
1. During the Cold War the United States and the Soviet Union considered each other
enemies.
CONSIDER2. ARPA's purpose was to give the United States a technological edge over other
countries.
PURPOSE-
EDGE-
3. In the 1950s, computers were enormous devices that filled entire rooms.
ENORMOUS-
ENTIRE-
4. Early computers had a fraction of the processing ability of todays computers.

FRACTION-
ABILITY-
5. Many computers could only read magnetic tape or punch cards, and there was no way
to network computers together.
PUNCH-
NETWORK-
6. ARPA enlisted the help of the company Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) to create a
computer network.
ENLIST-
COMPANY-
71
EXTRA UNIT 2
ADDITIONAL READING
INTERMEDIATE AND/OR UPPER-INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
HOW DID THE INTERNET START?

It was 1957 when the then Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first man-made satellite.
Americans were shocked by the news. The Cold War was at its peak, and the United
States and the Soviet Union considered each other enemies. If the Soviet Union could
launch a satellite into space, it was possible it could launch a missile at North America.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower created the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) in 1958 as a direct response to Sputnik's launch. ARPA's purpose was to give
the United States a technological edge over other countries. One important part of
ARPA's mission was computer science.
In the 1950s, computers were enormous devices that filled entire rooms. They had a
fraction of the power and processing ability you can find in a modern PC. Many
computers could only read magnetic tape or punch cards, and there was no way to
network computers together. ARPA aimed to change that. It enlisted the help of the
company Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) to create a computer network. The network
had to connect four computers running on four different operating systems.. They called
the network ARPANET. Without ARPANET, the Internet wouldn't look or behave the
way it does today -it might not even exist. Although other groups were working on ways
to network computers, ARPANET established the protocols used on the Internet today.
Moreover, without ARPANET, it may have taken many more years before anyone tried
to find ways to join regional networks together into a larger system.
WHAT ARE SEARCH ENGINES

Internet search engines are special sites on the Web that are designed to help people find
information stored on other sites. There are differences in the ways various search
engines work, but they all perform three basic tasks:
They search the Internet -- or select pieces of the Internet -- based on important
words.
They keep an index of the words they find, and where they find them.
They allow users to look for words or combinations of words found in that index.
Early search engines held an index of a few hundred thousand pages and documents, and
received maybe one or two thousand inquiries each day. Today, a top search engine will
index hundreds of millions of pages, and respond to tens of millions of queries per day.
72
FINGER-THIN
UNDERSEA CABLES
TIE WORLD TOGETHER
The lines that tie the globe together by carrying phone calls and Internet traffic are just
two-thirds of an inch thick where they lie on the ocean floor. The foundation for a
connected world seems quite fragile whenever a break in cables disrupt communications.
The network itself is fairly resilient. In fact, cables are broken all the time, usually by
fishing lines and ship anchors, and few of us notice. It takes a confluence of factors for a
cable break to cause an outage. Most telecom companies have capacity at multiple
systems, so if one goes out, they simply reroute to a different system.
The slim fiber-optic cables that carry the world's communications are much like ships, in
that they're the cheapest way for carrying things over long distances. Pulling cable
overland is much more expensive and requires negotiation with landowners and
governments. Fiber-optic cables that go from Europe to India take the sea route via
Egypt's Suez Canal, just as ships do. Another Mediterranean cable makes land not far
away, in Israel. But there's no cable overland from Israel into Jordan and to the Persian
Gulf, which could have provided a connection for the Gulf States and India. Going
overland would have been more expensive and politically difficult Israel and Arab
countries would have to cooperate. There is also no route that goes through Russia, Iran
and Pakistan to India. The terrain is rugged, Pakistan is politically unstable, and India and
Pakistan are not on good terms. With two of the three cables passing through Suez cut,
traffic from the Middle East and India intended for Europe is forced to route eastward,
around most of the globe. The main route goes through Japan and the United States,
crossing both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This is normally the cheap way to go for
Indian traffic, since capacity is high. However, the distance means more time required to
reach Europe and get a response.
The other route from India to Europe goes over China into Russia and along the TransSiberian railroad. Egypt is not the only check point in the global network. The ocean just
south of Taiwan proved to be one in December 2006, when an earthquake cut seven of
eight cables passing through the area, slowing down communications in Hong Kong and
other parts of Asia for months.
Another possible vulnerability is the U.S. island of Guam in the Pacific Ocean. It is the
spider at the center of a web of cables from the United States, Japan, Australia, the
Philippines and China. Both cables that connect the United States to Australia and New
Zealand run over Hawaii, creating another choke point.
These bottlenecks are likely to go away, however, as telecoms build more and more lines.
Another U.S.-Australia line is scheduled to be completed soon and a U.S.-China line that
bypasses Japan is also in the works.
But it will be years before the network across Asia is as resilient as the trans-Atlantic
network, where multiple high-capacity lines over different routes provide a connection
that's almost impossible to disrupt. And the factors that make the Suez Canal a vulnerable
point now will likely remain.
73
This should be a "wake-up call" for governments and professionals to divert
more resources to protect vital infrastructure. This shows how easy it would be to attack
communications networks.
COMMUNICATION BEYOND EARTH

You can talk to almost anyone, in any corner of the world, almost instantly because of the
Internet and other advances in electronic communication. Scientists and space explorers
now are looking for a way to communicate almost instantly beyond Earth. The next phase
of the Internet will take us to far reaches of our solar system, and lay the groundwork for
a communications system for manned missions to Mars and planets beyond.
Satellites circling Mars could help send information back to Earth

over an interplanetary Internet.
If we ever want to find out more about other planets, we will need a better
communication system for future space missions. Today, communication in space moves
at a snail's pace compared to communication on Earth. There are several reasons for this:
Distance -- On Earth, we are only a fraction of a light second apart, making Earth
communication nearly instantaneous over the Internet. As you move farther out
into space, however, there is a delay of minutes or hours because light has to
travel millions of miles, instead of thousands of miles, between transmitter and
receiver.
Line of sight obstruction -Anything that blocks the space between the signal
transmitter and receiver can interrupt communication.
Weight -High-powered antennas that would improve communication with deep
space probes are often too heavy to send on a space mission, because the load
must be light and efficiently used.
Scientists, engineers and programmers are already working to develop an interplanetary

Internet that will connect us to probes and human space travelers, and allow more
information to be sent back to Earth.
74
Wiring the Solar System

An Internet between Mars and Earth would likely yield a data transfer rate of 11,000 bits
per second. That is still much slower than your computer's transfer rate, but it would be
enough to send back more detailed images of the Mars surface. Researchers think that the
transfer rate could eventually go to about 1 Megabyte per second and allow anyone to
take a virtual trip to Mars.
Photo courtesy NASA / JPL
Six microsatellites like this one might be put into low Mars orbit to
increase data return from Mars missions.
An interplanetary Internet is like the Earth's Internet on a grand scale and with some
improvements. Here are the three basic components of the proposed interplanetary
Internet:
NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN).

A six-satellite constellation around Mars.
A new protocol for transferring data.
The DSN is the international network of antennas used

by NASA to track data and control navigation of
interplanetary spacecraft. It is designed to allow for
continuous radio communication with the spacecraft.
An interplanetary Internet will make data move
drastically faster between Earth and the probes and other
Photo courtesy NASA / DSN
spacecraft that are millions of miles away. Engineers The DSN array of antennas would
need to overcome several challenges before we plan our be used to send and receive data
virtual journey to Mars through cyberspace. These over the interplanetary Internet.
challenges are:
75
The speed-of-light delay.

Satellite maintenance
The possibility of hacker break-ins.
On Earth, two computers connected to the Internet are only a few thousand miles away at
the most. Because light travels at 186,000 miles per second, it takes only a few fractions
of a second to send a packet of data from one computer to another. In contrast, distances
between a station on Earth and one on Mars can be between 56 million km and 400
million km. At these distances, it can take several minutes or hours for a radio signal to
reach a receiving station.
The satellites of the Mars Network will be tens or hundreds of millions of miles from
Earth and that means that it will be hard to get up there to fix things when they go wrong.
The components of these satellites would have to be much more reliable than those
circling Earth.
Hackers pose the biggest threat to an interplanetary Internet. Break-ins and corruption of
navigation or communication systems could be disastrous for space missions, and even
cause deaths in manned-spacecraft missions. Developers are taking every precaution to
design a system that will be able to control access. The protocol selected will have to be
impenetrable to hackers, something that has not been possible on Earth. Developers may
look at the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol used for financial transactions as a
model for securing the interplanetary Internet.
The interplanetary Internet will possibly wire us to Mars within the decade and to other
planets in the decades to follow. It will no longer be necessary to go into space to
experience space travel. Instead, space will be brought right to your desktop. With
enhancements made to boost data rate transfers, you and I might soon be able to take a
virtual space trip to the mountains of Mars, the rings of Saturn or the giant spot on
Jupiter.
76
STOP AND CHECK 2
REVISION OF UNITS 4,5 AND 6

LOWER-INTERMEDIATE AND/OR INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
Do the following quiz to check your knowledge on core vocabulary in units 4- 6
1. The person who sets up or establishes something for the first time is called the:
a) founder b) producer c) manufacturer d) employer
2. If you dont read something in detail, just glance or look through it you
a) propose b) browse c) permit d) hire
3.
Anything
used
as
means
of
transport
is
called
a) car b) truck c) vehicle d) driving

4. If you complete something within a year you manage to do it
a) in the course of one year b) just over one year b) at least in once annually d) on time
5. A manual is a
a) person who works with his hands b) manuscript c) a handbook or guidebook d) a list
of instructions pinned to the wall
6. If production increases, it
a) becomes less b) merges c) grows d) integrates
7. If you allow someone to use your phone, you
a) give allowance to use it b) take someones phone c) give permission to use it d)
let someone to give you your phone
8. If something is available for the public, it is
a) allowed to people to make b) at peoples disposal c) chosen by publicity d) given
to the people to maintain
77
9. When engineers accommodated their
models to suit the public they
a) adapted and fitted their models to please the people b) kept and maintained their
motorbikes for the buyers c) redesigned and reshaped the internal parts to
intensify performance d) accumulated their motorbikes in the public storage area
10. Debut of the new models means
a) debate about the new models b) reputation of the latest motorcycles c) the first
appearance of the models on the market d) discussion about the future models
11. If engineers have to redesign their flagship models, they have to
a) remake the flags on their motorbikes b) reconstruct the ships of the models c)
reconstruct the leading or superior models d) remake the motorbikes which are
shipped
12. If a company beats competition it
a) competes with other firms b) is better than its rivals c) argues with other people
d) hits the market
13. A major leap forward is
a) a minor step ahead b) a great step along c) a big jump ahead d) the main thing done
14. A millennium is a period of
a) one hundred years b) one million years c) a thousand years d) a billion years
15. Cutting-edge motorbikes are
a) made according to the latest design b) driven at the edge of the road c) motorbikes
that have outdone themselves d) motorbikes that are surpassed
16. If you purchase a car you
a) sell one b) pay one c) buy one d) rent one
17. If you outdo yourself you
a) are doing over your limit b) do work outside the company c) excel or surpass
yourself d) become an example of yourself
18. If some word is synonymous to another it
a) has the same or similar meaning to another word b) is simultaneous in meaning with
the other word c) has a simple meaning than the other word d) has a single reference to
the other word
78
19. A flexible sheath means
a) elastic shield b) elongated casing c) inflexible shift d) stretchable plate
WORD FORMATION
Make verbs from the words given in the table
word in the text
including
movement
attached
leading
printed
covered
direction
conductive
connection
various
its meaning in
Serbian/Hungarian
noun
its meaning in
Serbian/Hungarian
79
UNIT 7
HOW DIGITAL CAMERAS WORK

The digital camera is very different from its predecessor. Conventional cameras depend
on chemical and mechanical processes. You don't need electricity to operate one. All
digital cameras on the other hand have a built-in computer and all of them record images
in an entirely electronic form.
If you want to take a picture and email it to a friend you need to represent the image in
the language that computers recognize bits and bytes. In fact, a digital image is just a
long string of ones and zeros that represent all the tiny coloured dots, or pixels that
collectively make up the image.
If you want to get a picture into this form, you have two options:
You can take a photograph using a conventional film camera, process the film
chemically, print it onto a photographic paper and then use a digital scanner to
sample the print (record the pattern of light as a series of pixel values).
You can directly sample the original light that bounces off your subject,
immediately breaking that light pattern down into a series of pixel values -in other
words, you can use a digital camera.
Just like a conventional camera, it has a series of lenses that focus light to create an
image of a scene. But instead of focusing this light onto a piece of film, it focuses it
onto a semiconductor device that records light electronically. A computer then breaks
this electronic information down into digital data.
The key difference between a digital camera and a film-based camera is that the digital
camera has no film.
VOCABULARY STUDY
predecessor
conventional
depend on
operate
built-in computer
record images
entirely
prove
successful
decade
80
completely
replace
represent
recognize
in fact
string
tiny
dot (n)
collectively
make up the image

process the film
sample (v)
pattern of light
value (n)
bounce off
immediately
instead
VOCABULARY DRILL
All digital cameras have a .(ugraen / beptett) computer,
and all of them record images in a(n) ..(potpuno / teljesen)
electronic form.
Conventional cameras .(zavisiti od / fgg valamitl)
chemical and mechanical processes.
You need to represent the image in the language that computers
.(prepoznati / felismerni).
In fact, a digital image is just a long (niz / sor) of ones and zeros
that represent all the (mali, siuan / kicsi, apr) coloured
..(takice
/
pontok),
or
pixels
that
(zajedniki / egyttesen) make up the image.
Instead of focusing this light onto a piece of film, it focuses it onto a
(poluprovodniki / flvezet) device that records
light electronically.
The digital camera is very .(razliit/ klnbz) from its
(predhodnik / eld, s).
The new .(prilaz, pristup / megkzelts) has proved
successful.
It will be decades before digital cameras completely ..(zameniti /
felvltani) film cameras.
You can directly sample the original light that .(odbija
se / visszaverdik) your subject, (odmah / rgtn) breaking
that light pattern down into a series of pixel values.
81

1
MINUTES
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
ACROSS
DOWN
3. (...off) odbijati se (visszaverdni)

5. hemijski (vegyi)
7. vrednost (rtk)
8. razliit (klnbz)
11. taka (pont)
14. prilaz, pristup (megkzelts)
15. mali, siusan (apr, kicsi)
16. svetlost (fny)
17. zameniti (felvltani)
18. decenija (vtized)
19. niz (sor)
1. predak (eld, s)
2. (...on) zavisiti (fgg valamitl)
4. zajedniki (egyttesen)
6. poluprovodnik (flvezet)
9. u potpunosti (teljes mrtkben)
10. uspean (sikeres)
12. prepoznati (felismerni)
13. jezik (nyelv)
82
UNIT 7
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

In the past twenty years, most of the major technological breakthroughs in consumer
electronics have really been part of one larger breakthrough. This fundamental shift in
technology totally changed how we handle visual and audio information - it completely
redefined what is possible.
The digital camera is one of the most remarkable instances of this shift because it is so
truly different from its predecessor. Conventional cameras depend entirely on chemical
and mechanical processes -you don't even need electricity to operate one. All digital
cameras have a built-in computer and all of them record images in an entirely electronic
form.
The new approach has proved very successful. It may be decades before digital cameras
completely replace film cameras, if they ever do, but they will probably account for
around half of the U.S. market within the next few years.
Let's say you want to take a picture and e-mail it to a friend. To do this, you need the
image to be represented in the language that computers recognize - bits and bytes.
Essentially, a digital image is just a long string of ones and zeros that represent all the
tiny coloured dots -or pixels -that collectively make up the image.
If you want to get a picture into this form, you have two options:
You can take a photograph using a conventional film camera, process the film
chemically, print it onto photographic paper and then use a digital scanner to
sample the print (record the pattern of light as a series of pixel values).
You can directly sample the original light that bounces off your subject,
immediately breaking that light pattern down into a series of pixel values -- in
other words, you can use a digital camera.
At its most basic level, this is all there is to a digital camera. Just like a conventional
camera, it has a series of lenses that focus light to create an image of a scene. But instead
of focusing this light onto a piece of film, it focuses it onto a semiconductor device that
records light electronically. A computer then breaks this electronic information down into
digital data.
The key difference between a digital camera and a film-based camera is that the digital
camera has no film.
83
VOCABULARY STUDY
major technological breakthroughconsumer electronicsfundamental shift in technologycompletely redefinethe most remarkable instancetruly different from its predecessordepend entirelyrecord imagesnew approachprove successfulto account foressentiallya long string of ones and zerosrepresent the tiny dotsprocess the filmto sample the printpattern of lightcreate an imagesemiconductor devicebreak down the informationkey difference-
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
All digital cameras have a built-in computer and all of them in a(n)
electronic form.
a) change pictures / totally b) record images / entirely c) capture slides / fully d) takes
pictures / computerized
Conventional cameras . chemical and processes -you don't even need
electricity to operate one.
a) differ on / electrical b) differ from / electrical c) depend from / mechanical d) depend
on / mechanical
In the past twenty years, most of the . technological breakthroughs in
electronics have really been part of one larger breakthrough.
a) major / consumer b) main / industrial c) complete / consumer d) minor / business
You need the image to be in the language that computers .
a) shown / see b) written / read c) represented / recognize d) printed / decode
84
Essentially, a digital image is just a long . of ones and zeros that represent all the
tiny coloured dots -or pixels -that ........ the image.
a) series / put up b) string / make up c) line / show d) queue / represent
The digital camera is truly from its .
a) other / earlier b) another / pre-version c) different / predecessor d) various / ancestor
The between a digital camera and a film-based camera is that the digital camera has
.
a) main diversion / not film b) key difference / no film c) main diversion / no film d) key
difference / not film
This . in technology totally changed how we handle .. and audio information.
a) basic change / seeing b) big shift / radio c) great progress / vision d) fundamental shift /
visual
Choose the appropriate word from the box that matches the noun given in column B
mechanical, consumer, conventional, record, process, fundamental
B
electronics
shift
camera
process
an image
the film
85
UNIT 7

Early development
Eugene F. Lally of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory published the first description of how to
produce still photos in a digital domain using a mosaic photosensor. The purpose was to
provide onboard navigation information to astronauts. The mosaic array periodically
recorded still photos of star and planet locations during transit. The concept included
camera design elements foreshadowing the first digital camera.
Texas Instruments designed a filmless analog camera in 1972, but it is not known
whether it was ever built. The first recorded attempt at building a digital camera was by
Steven Sasson, an engineer at Kodak. The camera weighed 3.6 kg, recorded black and
white images to a cassette tape, had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels, and took 23 seconds
to capture its first image. The prototype camera was a technical exercise, not intended for
production.
The arrival of true digital cameras
The first true digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was likely the
Fuji DS-1P of 1988, which recorded to a 16 MB internal memory card that used a battery
to keep the data in memory. This camera was never marketed in the United States. The
first commercially available digital camera was the 1990 Dycam Model 1. It stored
pictures digitally and connected directly to a PC for download. The first consumer
camera with a liquid crystal display on the back was the Casio QV-10 in 1995, and the
first camera to use Compact Flash was the Kodak DC-25 in 1996.
Image resolution
The resolution of a digital camera is often limited by the camera sensor that turns light
into signals, replacing the job of film in traditional photography. The pixel count alone is
commonly presumed to indicate the resolution of a camera, but this is a misconception.
There are several other factors that impact a sensor's resolution. Some of these factors
include sensor size, lens quality, and the organization of the pixels (for example, a
monochrome camera without a Bayer filter mosaic has a higher resolution than a typical
color camera). As the technology has improved, costs have decreased dramatically.
Measuring the "pixels per dollar" is a basic measure of value for a digital camera.
86
WORD FORMATION
Complete the text below using the appropriate form of the word given in brackets
All .(digit) cameras have a built-in computer, and all of them
record images in an (entire) electronic form.
At its most (basis) level, this is all there is to this camera.
Conventional cameras depend (entire) on chemical and
mechanical
processes
-you
don't
even
need
electricity
to
.(operation) one.
..(essential), the image is just a long string of ones and
zeros that represent all the tiny ..(colour) dots -or pixels -that
..(collective) make up the image.
In the past twenty years, most of the major technological breakthroughs in
..(consumption) electronics have really been part of one
larger breakthrough.
Just like a conventional camera, it has a series of lenses that focus light to
(creation) an image of a scene.
The digital camera is one of the most remarkable instances of this shift because it is so
truly .(difference) from its predecessor.
The new approach has proved very ..(success).
This (fundament) shift in technology totally changed how
we handle visual and audio information.
You
can
.(direct)
sample
the
.(origin) light that bounces off your subject, immediately
breaking that light pattern down into a series of pixel values.
You need the image to be represented in the
..(recognition) - bits and bytes.
language
that
computers
SYNONYM SEARCH
Find synonyms to the words underlined in these sentences.
1. The key innovation in batteries involves using silicon nanowires instead of the
usual carbon to store energy in a lithium-ion battery's anode.
INVOLVE-
USUAL-
2. For years, engineers have been trying to harness silicon electrodes for battery
applications.
HARNESS-
APPLICATION-
87
3. The problem with silicon is that its volume bulks up by a factor of four when
you add the lithium.
BULK UP
4. It quickly pulverizes an electrode made of silicon film or particles, rendering the
battery useless.
PULVERIZE-
RENDER-
5. The wires retain their resiliency through dozens of power cycles.

RETAIN-
RESILIENCY-
6. These batteries are better-shaped to conform to the available space.

CONFORM-
Complete the instructions on digital cameras by replacing the underlined words

with synonymous words from the box
cause, remaining, evaporate, cloth, become discoloured, penetrate, note, become
deformed, cause, place, deformed, extremely, attempt, humid, switch
Do not use or store the camera in .(very) hot, cold or
..(damp) places. In places such as in a car parked in the sun, the camera
body may .(lose its shape) and this may
(lead to) a malfunction. Under direct sunlight or near a heater
the camera body may ..(lose its colour ) or
..(lose its shape) and this may ..(lead to) a
malfunction. Be careful not to let sand or dust ..(get into) into the
camera. Wipe the lens with a soft ..(piece of material). I brought
directly from a cold to a warm ..(location), moisture may condense
inside or outside the camera. In such cases ..(turn) off the
camera and wait about an hour for the moisture to .(dry up).
.(remember) that if you ..(try) to shoot with
moisture ..(being kept) inside the lens, you will be unable to
record clear images.
88
UNIT 8
HOW GPS WORKS

A GPS is a pocket-sized gadget that will tell you exactly where you are on Earth at any
moment. If you have a GPS receiver and a clear sky, you are never lost.
When people talk about "a GPS," they usually mean a GPS receiver. The Global
Positioning System (GPS) is actually a group of satellites. The U.S. military developed
this satellite network as a military navigation system, but soon opened it up to everybody
else. Each of these solar-powered satellites circles the globe. They make two complete
rotations every day.
A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more satellites, calculate the distance to each,
and use this information to deduce its own location. At a particular time (let's say
midnight), the satellite begins transmitting a long, digital pattern. The receiver begins
running the same digital pattern also exactly at midnight. When the satellite's signal
reaches the receiver, its transmission of the pattern will lag behind the receiver's pattern.
The length of the delay is equal to the signal's travel time. The receiver multiplies this
time by the speed of light to determine how far the signal travelled. In order to make
measurements, the receiver and satellite must have clocks. Every satellite contains an
expensive atomic clock, but the receiver itself uses an ordinary quartz clock, which it
constantly resets.
The most essential function of a GPS receiver is to pick up the transmissions of at least
four satellites and figure out the receiver's position on Earth. Once the receiver makes
this calculation, it can tell you its current position. A standard GPS receiver will not only
place you on a map at any location, but will also show your path across a map as you
move. The receiver can give you several pieces of valuable information:
How far you've travelled

How long you've been travelling
Your current speed
Your average speed
VOCABULARY STUDY
89
pocket-sized
gadget
exactly
receiver
in operation
actually
develop
solar-powered
complete (adj)
locate
calculate
distance
deduce
particular
digital pattern
reach (v)
length
lag behind
delay (n)
multiply
speed of light
determine
in order to
measurement
contain
ordinary
constantly
reset
essential
at least
figure out
current position
several
valuable
current speed
average speed
VOCABULARY DRILL
A GPS is a ..(depni / zsebmret) gadget that will tell you
..(tano / pontosan) where you are on Earth.
A GPS receiver's job is to .(izraunati / kiszmolni) the
distance to each satellite.
A standard GPS receiver will show your ..(putanja / tvonal) across a
map as you move.
The receiver itself uses a(n) .(obian / kznsges) quartz
clock, which is constantly reset.
In order to make ..(merenja / mrsek), the receiver and
satellite must have clocks.
Once
the
receiver
makes
this
calculation,
it
can
tell
you
its
..(trenutni, sadanji / pillanatnyi, jelenlegi) position.
The
..
(duina
/
hosszsg)
of
the
.. (kanjenje / kss) is equal to the signal's travel time.
The most .(osnovna, bitna, sutinska / alapvet) function of a
GPS receiver is to pick up the transmissions of .(najmanje,
minimum / legkevesebb, legalbb) four satellites and .(izraunati
/ kiszmolni) the receiver's position on Earth.
The receivers ..(pomnoiti / megszorozni) the time by the
(brzina svetlosti / fnysebessg) to determine how far the
signal travelled.
The receiver can give you several pieces of information like the distance you have
covered, your current speed and .(prosena / tlagos)speed.
90

1
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
ACROSS
DOWN
4. tano (pontosan)
6. izraunati (kiszmolni)
8. duina (hosszsg)
9. putanja, put (t, tvonal)
10. kasniti,zaostajati (ksni, lemaradni)
11. kanjenje (kss)
12. sadrati (magba foglal, tartalmaz)
13. dep (zseb)
15. stalno (llandan)
16. vredan (rtkes)
18. trenutni (jelenlegi, pillanatnyi)
19. prosean (tlagos)
20. merenje (mrs)
1. razviti (kifejleszteni)
2. pomnoiti (megszorozni)
3. odrediti (meghatrozni)
5. svetlo (fny)
7. obian (kznsges)
14. osnovno, bitno (alapvet)
17. brzina (sebessg, gyorsasg)
91
UNIT 8
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
HOW GPS WORKS

Our ancestors had to go to extreme measures to keep from getting lost. They erected
monumental landmarks, laboriously drafted detailed maps and learned to read the stars in
the night sky. Things are much easier today. For less than $100, you can get a pocketsized gadget that will tell you exactly where you are on Earth at any moment. As long as
you have a GPS receiver and a clear view of the sky, you'll never be lost.
When people talk about "a GPS," they usually mean a GPS receiver. The Global
Positioning System (GPS) is actually a group of Earth-orbiting satellites (24 in operation
and three extras in case one fails). The U.S. military developed and implemented this
satellite network as a military navigation system, but soon opened it up to everybody else.
Each of these solar-powered satellites circles the globe, making two complete rotations
every day. The orbits are arranged so that at any time, anywhere on Earth, there are at
least four satellites "visible" in the sky.
A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more of these satellites, figure out the distance to
each, and use this information to deduce its own location. A GPS receiver calculates the
distance to GPS satellites by timing a signal's journey from satellite to receiver. At a
particular time (let's say midnight), the satellite begins transmitting a long, digital pattern.
The receiver begins running the same digital pattern also exactly at midnight. When the
satellite's signal reaches the receiver, its transmission of the pattern will lag a bit behind
the receiver's pattern. The length of the delay is equal to the signal's travel time. The
receiver multiplies this time by the speed of light to determine how far the signal
travelled. Assuming the signal travelled in a straight line, this is the distance from
receiver to satellite. In order to make this measurement, the receiver and satellite both
need clocks that can be synchronized down to the nanosecond. To make a satellite
positioning system using only synchronized clocks, you would need to have atomic
clocks not only on all the satellites, but also in the receiver itself. But atomic clocks cost
somewhere between $50,000 and $100,000, which makes them a just a bit too expensive
for everyday consumer use. The Global Positioning System has a clever, effective
solution to this problem. Every satellite contains an expensive atomic clock, but the
receiver itself uses an ordinary quartz clock, which it constantly resets.
The most essential function of a GPS receiver is to pick up the transmissions of at least
four satellites and combine the information in those transmissions with information in an
electronic almanac, all in order to figure out the receiver's position on Earth. Once the
receiver makes this calculation, it can tell you the latitude, longitude and altitude of its
current position. To make the navigation more user-friendly, most receivers plug this raw
data into map files stored in memory. A standard GPS receiver will not only place you on
a map at any particular location, but will also trace your path across a map as you move.
If you leave your receiver on, it can stay in constant communication with GPS satellites
to see how your location is changing. With this information and its built-in clock, the
receiver can give you several pieces of valuable information:
92
How far you've travelled

How long you've been travelling
Your current speed
Your average speed
VOCABULARY STUDY
ancestors
keep from getting lost
go to extreme measures
erect landmarks
laboriously
draft maps
pocket-sized gadget
earth-orbiting satellites
develop and implement
solar-powered satellites
circle the globe
figure out the distance
deduce the distance
time the journey of the signal
lag a bit behind
the length of the delay
assume
consumer
ordinary clock
essential function
almanac
latitude, longitude and altitude
raw data
current and average speed
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
A GPS receiver . the distance to GPS satellites by .. a signal's journey from satellite
to receiver.
a) shows / observing b) calculates / timing c) times / breaking d) follows / taking
A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more satellites, .. the distance to each, and use
this information to .. its own location.
a) figure out / deduce b) calculate / place c) count / take d) find / observe
93
A standard GPS receiver will not only place you on a map at any .., but will
also across a map as you move.
a) given event / give you a way b) particular location / trace your path c) special occasion
/ make your way d) required position / obtain a way
Each of the solar-powered satellites , making two every day.
a) circles the globe / complete rotations b) goes up the earth / full circles c) circles the
path / great advances d) goes back / full spheres
For less than $100, you can get a .. that will . . where you are on Earth at any
moment.
a) small device / say you fully b) pocket-sized gadget / tell you exactly c) tiny instrument
/ give you points d) minor device / record your space
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a group of .. satellites - 24 and
three extras in case one fails.
a) ground-circling / in operation b) planet-revolving / in work c) earth-orbiting / in
operation d) globe-trotting / in motion
The U.S. military developed and .. this satellite network as a system, but soon
opened it up to everybody else.
a) introduced / military power b) implemented / military navigation c) implemented /
military power d) put into use / soldiers navigation
To make the navigation more ., most receivers plug this into map files stored
in memory.
a) consumer-inclined / moving information b) different / series of data c) conceptual /
device d) user-friendly / raw data
Choose the appropriate word from the box that best matches the noun given in
column B
effective, satellite, straight, figure out, speed, length
A
B
network
the distance
of the delay
of light
line
solution
94
UNIT 8
HOW GPS WORKS

A typical GPS receiver calculates its position using the signals from four or more GPS
satellites. Four satellites are needed since the process needs a very accurate local time,
more accurate than any normal clock can provide, so the receiver internally solves for
time as well as position. In other words, the receiver uses four measurements to solve for
4 variables - x, y, z, and t. These values are then turned into more user-friendly forms,
such as latitude/longitude or location on a map then displayed to the user.
Each GPS satellite has an atomic clock, and continually transmits messages containing
the current time at the start of the message, parameters to calculate the location of the
satellite, and the general system health (the almanac). The signals travel at a known speed
- the speed of light through outer space, and slightly slower through the atmosphere. The
receiver uses the arrival time to compute the distance to each satellite, from which it
determines the position of the receiver using geometry and trigonometry.
Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer may be needed in some
special cases. For example, if one variable is already known (for example, a sea-going
ship knows its altitude is 0), a receiver can determine its position using only three
satellites. The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space
segment (SS), a control segment (CS), and a user segment (US).
THE SPACE SEGMENT
The space segment (SS) comprises the orbiting GPS satellites, or Space Vehicles (SV).
As of September 2007, there are 31 actively broadcasting satellites in the GPS
constellation. The additional satellites improve the precision of GPS receiver calculations
by providing redundant measurements.
THE CONTROL SEGMENT
The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by US Air Force monitoring stations along
with monitor stations operated by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
The tracking information is sent to the Air Force Space Command's master control station
in Colorado Springs. These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites
to within a few nanoseconds of each other, and adjust each satellite's internal orbital
model.
95
THE USER SEGMENT
GPS receivers come in a variety of formats, from devices integrated into cars, phones,
and watches, to dedicated devices.
The user's GPS receiver is the user segment (US) of the GPS system. In general, GPS
receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the
satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly-stable clock. They may also include a display
for providing location and speed information to the user. A receiver is often described by
its number of channels: this signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously.
Originally limited to four or five, this has progressively increased over the years so that
today receivers typically have between twelve and twenty channels.
Atmospheric conditions affect the speed of the GPS signals as they pass through the
Earth's atmosphere, especially the ionosphere. Correcting these errors is a significant
challenge to improving GPS position accuracy. These effects are smallest when the
satellite is directly overhead and become greater for satellites nearer the horizon since the
path through the atmosphere is longer. Once the receiver's approximate location is
known, a mathematical model can be used to estimate and compensate for these errors.
Humidity also causes a variable delay, resulting in errors similar to ionospheric delay, but
occurring in the troposphere. Changes in receiver altitude also change the amount of
delay, due to the signal passing through less of the atmosphere at higher elevations. Since
the GPS receiver computes its approximate altitude, this error is relatively simple to
correct. GPS signals can also be affected by multipath issues, where the radio signals
reflect off surrounding terrain; buildings, canyon walls, hard ground, etc.
GPS signals can also be interfered with by naturally occurring geomagnetic storms,
predominantly found near the poles of the Earth's magnetic field. Metal embedded in
some car windscreens to prevent icing can reduce the reception inside the car.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only fully functional Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS). Utilizing a constellation of at least 24 Medium Earth Orbit
satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, the system enables a GPS receiver to
determine its location, speed, direction, and time. Other similar systems are the Russian
GLONASS (incomplete as of 2007), the upcoming European Galileo positioning system,
the proposed COMPASS navigation system of China, and IRNSS of India.
Developed by the United States Department of Defense, GPS is officially named
NAVSTAR GPS. The satellite constellation is managed by the United States Air Force.
The cost of maintaining the system is approximately US$750 million per year, including
the replacement of ageing satellites, and research and development.
Following the shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 in 1983, President Ronald
Reagan issued a directive making the system available for free for civilian use as a
common good. Since then, GPS has become a widely used aid to navigation worldwide,
and a useful tool for map-making, land surveying, commerce, and scientific uses. GPS
also provides a precise time reference used in many applications including scientific
study of earthquakes, and synchronization of telecommunications networks.
96
WORD FORMATION
Fill in the blanks using the appropriate form of the word given in brackets
A GPS receiver (calculation) the distance to GPS satellites by
timing a signal's journey from satellite to receiver.
A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more of these satellites, figure out the
..(distant) to each, and use this information to
..(deduction) its own location.
At a particular time, the satellite begins transmitting a ..(length),
digital pattern.
Each of these solar-..(power) satellites circles the globe, making two
complete (rotate) every day.
For less than $100, you can get a pocket-sized gadget that will tell you
..(exact) where you are on Earth at any moment.
If
you
leave
your
receiver
on,
it
can
stay
in
constant
(communicate) with GPS satellites to see how your location
is changing.
In order to make this .(measure), the receiver and satellite
both need clocks.
Once the receiver makes this (calculate), it can tell you the
latitude, longitude and altitude of its current position.
The .(long) of the delay is equal to the signal's travel time.
The most essential function of a GPS receiver is to pick up the
..(transmit)
of
at
least
four
satellites
and
..(combination) the information in those transmissions with
information in an electronic almanac.
The receiver begins running the same digital pattern also .(exact)
at the same time.
The receiver must .(multiplication) this time by the speed of
light to ..(determination) how far the signal travelled.
To avoid from getting lost our ancestors erected (monument)
landmarks, (labor) drafted detailed maps and learned to read the
stars in the night sky.
To make the navigation more user-..(friend), most receivers plug this
raw data into map files .(storage) in memory.
With this information and its built-in clock, the receiver can give you several pieces of
.(value) information:
SYNONYM SEARCH
Find the synonyms to the words underlined in these sentences.
1. This is normally a cheap way to solve the problem.
CHEAP-
WAY-
97
2. Another possible weak point is the U.S.
island of Guam in the Pacific Ocean.
WEAK POINT3. The cables that connect the United States to Australia and New Zealand run over
Hawaii, creating another choke point.
CONNECT-
CHOKE POINT
4. Another U.S.-Australia line is scheduled to be finished soon and a U.S.-China line that
bypasses Japan is also in the works.
SCHEDULE-
FINISH-
5. Different routes provide a connection that's almost impossible to break.

PROVIDE-
BREAK-
6. The factors that make the Suez Canal a vulnerable point now will likely remain.
LIKELY-
REMAIN-
VULNERABLE-
7. You can talk to anyone almost instantly because of the Internet and other advances in
electronic communication.
ALMOST-
INSTANTLY-
ADVANCE-
8. Scientists and space explorers now are looking for a way to communicate almost
instantly beyond Earth.
LOOK FOR-
BEYOND-
9. We are only a fraction of a light second apart, making Earth communication nearly
instantaneous over the Internet.
FRACTION-
APART-
DID YOU KNOW
Ivan Getting, emeritus president of The Aerospace Corporation and engineer at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, established the basis for GPS, improving on the
World War II land-based radio system called LORAN (Long-range Radio Aid to
Navigation).
98
Bradford
Parkinson,
professor
of aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford
University, conceived the present satellite-based system in the early 1960s and developed
it in conjunction with the U.S. Air Force.
On
February 10, 1993, the National Aeronautic Association selected the Global
Positioning System Team as winners of the 1992 Robert J. Collier Trophy, the most
prestigious aviation award in the United States.
WORD COUNT
Find the 14 words related to GPS hidden in this table (satellite, error, atomic,
accurate, delay, nanosecond, latitude, approximate, altitude, clock, quartz, gadget,
map, network)
H
A
B
E
T
Z
X
W
E
T
Y
B
N
S
T
H
R
R
O
R
R
E
T
A
Q
A
T
O
M
I
C
J
T
K
N
U
R
B
C
A
T
Q
F
I
R
O
A
U
E
T
L
Y
I
P
L
O
S
R
C
U
G
T
O
D
K
L
W
E
T
C
A
Y
I
O
C
T
E
T
C
Z
A
A
Q
T
I
A
K
T
E
O
B
L
L
L
U
M
A
P
A
N
N
E
C
G
A
D
G
E
T
S
I
D
G
I
O
D
E
L
A
Y
L
R
L
A
T
I
T
U
D
E
W
O
E
T
A
M
I
X
O
R
P
P
A
99
UNIT 9
HOW SATELLITE TELEVISION WORKS

Satellite television is a wireless system for delivering television programming directly to
a viewer's house. Both broadcast television and satellite stations transmit programming
through a radio signal.
Broadcast stations use a powerful antenna to transmit radio waves to the surrounding
area. Viewers can pick up the signal with a much smaller antenna. The main limitation of
broadcast television is range. The radio signals used to broadcast television shoot out
from the broadcast antenna in a straight line. To receive these signals, you have to be in
the direct line of the antenna. Small obstacles like trees or small buildings aren't a
problem; but a big obstacle, such as the Earth, will reflect these radio waves.
If the Earth were perfectly flat, you could pick up broadcast television thousands of miles
from the source. But because the planet is curved, it breaks the signal. The other problem
with broadcast television is that the signal is often distorted.
Satellite television solves the problems of range and distortion by transmitting broadcast
signals from satellites orbiting the Earth. Satellite television systems transmit and receive
radio signals using specialized antennas called satellite dishes.
VOCABULARY STUDY
wireless system
deliver
viewer
broadcast (v)
transmit
through
powerful
wave
surrounding
pick up
main limitation
range (n)
shoot out
straight line
receive
solve
obstacle
reflect
flat (adj)
source
curved
distortion
distorted
orbit (v)
receive
100
IF YOU HAVE A FEW MINUTES

1
7
8
10
11
13
12
14
15
16
17
18
ACROSS
DOWN
4. snaan (ers)
6. linija (vonal)
7. prepreka (akadly)
8. izoblien (eltorztott)
10. prav (egyenes)
11. kruiti (krz, valami krl forog)
13. opseg (hattvolsg)
15. kroz (keresztl, t)
17. emitovati (sugrozni)
18. izvor (forrs)
1. preneti (tvinni, tadni)

2. zaobljen (grbe, meghajltott)
3. beian (drtnlkli)
5. ogranienje (korlt, hatr)
9. primiti (fogadni)
10. okruiti (krlvenni)
12. zgrada (plet)
14. gledalac (nz)
16. talas (hullm)
101
VOCABULARY DRILL
Broadcast stations use a powerful antenna to transmit radio (talasi / hullmok) to
the .(okolni / krnyez) area.
If the Earth were perfectly ..(pljosnat, ravan / lapos, sk), you could
pick up broadcast television thousands of miles from the (izvor /
forrs).
Satellite television is a .(bezini / drtnlkli) system for
delivering
television
programming
directly
to
the
house
of
the
..(gledalac / nz).
Satellite television solves the problems of .(opseg / hattvolsg)
and distortion.
Satellite television systems transmit and (primati, prihvatati / fogadni)
radio signals.
Small (prepreke / akadly) like trees or small buildings aren't a
problem..
The other problem with broadcast television is .(izoblienost slike
/ kptorzuls).
The radio signals used to broadcast television shoot out from the broadcast antenna in a
..(prava linija / egyenes vonal).
DID YOU KNOW
John Baird demonstrated the world's first color transmission on July 3, 1928,
The first live transcontinental television broadcast took place in San Francisco, California
from the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference on September 4, 1951.
Advertisements have been broadcast on U.S. television since 1941

I
n 1958, the CBC completed the longest television network in the world, from Sydney,
Nova Scotia to Victoria, British Columbia. Reportedly, the first continuous live broadcast
of a breaking news story in the world was conducted by the CBC during the Springhill
Mining Disaster
102
UNIT 9
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

When satellite television first hit the market, home dishes were expensive metal units that
took up a huge chunk of yard space. In these early years, only the most die-hard TV fans
would instal their own dish.
Satellite television is a wireless system for delivering television programming directly to
a viewer's house. Both broadcast television and satellite stations transmit programming via
a radio signal.
Broadcast stations use a powerful antenna to transmit radio waves to the surrounding area.
Viewers can pick up the signal with a much smaller antenna but he main limitation of
broadcast television is range. The radio signals used to broadcast television shoot out from
the broadcast antenna in a straight line. In order to receive these signals, you have to be in
the direct line of the antenna. Small obstacles like trees or small buildings aren't a problem;
but a big obstacle, such as the Earth, will reflect these radio waves.
from the source. But because the planet is curved, it eventually breaks the signal. The other
problem with broadcast television is that the signal is often distorted even in the viewing
area. To get a perfectly clear signal like you find on cable, you have to be close to the
broadcast antenna without too many obstacles in the way.
signals from satellites orbiting the Earth. Since satellites are high in the sky, there are a lot
more customers in the line of sight. Satellite television systems transmit and receive radio
signals using specialized antennas called satellite dishes.
The television satellites are all in geosynchronous orbit, meaning that they stay in one
place in the sky relative to the Earth. Each satellite is launched into space at about 11,000
kilometres per hour, reaching approximately 35,700 km above the Earth. At this speed and
altitude, the satellite will revolve around the planet once every 24 hours -- the same period
of time it takes the Earth to make one full rotation. In other words, the satellite keeps pace
with our moving planet. This way, you only have to direct the dish at the satellite once, and
from then on it picks up the signal without adjustment, at least when everything works
right.
103
VOCABULARY STUDY
hit the market
huge chunk
yard
die-hard fan
wireless system
to the viewers house
broadcast television
via
powerful antenna
surrounding area
pick up the signal
main limitation
reflect radio waves
curved
eventually
viewing area
range (n)
distortion
satellites orbiting the earth
transmit and receive radio signals
relative to the earth
launch a satellite
approximately
revolve around the planet
keep pace with
without adjustment
at least
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Both broadcast television and satellite stations programming . a radio signal.
a) give / back b) transmit / via c) receive / back to d) allow / through
Broadcast stations use a .antenna to transmit radio waves to the area.
a) powerful / surrounding b) strong / nearing c) great / environment d) wide / ranging
Since the planet is curved, it eventually breaks the signal's line of .
a) round / seeing b) rotated / viewing c) curved / sight d) sphere / view
104
Each satellite is into space at about
11,000 kph, reaching 35,700 km
above the Earth.
a) rotated / about b) pushed / around c) shot / nearly d) launched / approximately
If the Earth were perfectly .., you could pick up broadcast television thousands of
miles from the .
a) flat / source b) round / origin c) narrow / source d) flat / beginning
In other words, the satellite .. with our .
a) keeps track / rotating orbit b) keeps forward / circling earth c) keeps pace with / moving
planet / d) keeps motion / current position
Satellite television is a system for television programming directly to a
viewer's house.
a) visible / bringing b) wireless / delivering c) visual / taking d) broad / giving
Satellite television .. the problems of range and .. by transmitting broadcast signals
from satellites orbiting the Earth.
a) receives / disturbances b) solves / distortion c) solves / transmission d) picks up /
antennas
Satellite television systems radio signals using specialized antennas called .
a) load and unload / viewing aerial b) get and take / limitations c) transmit and receive /
satellite dishes d) obtain and send / broadcast stations
A big , such as the Earth, will .. radio waves.
a) problem / distort b) chunk / broadcast c) orbit / signal d) obstacle / reflect
The television satellites are all in geosynchronous .., meaning that they stay in one place
in the sky . the Earth.
a) orbit / relative to b) circle / relative with c) round / near d) circle / close to
105
Choose the appropriate word from the
box that best matches the noun given in
column B
Moving, wireless, break, revolve, powerful, reflect
A
B
system
antenna
radio waves
the signal
planet
around the planet
DID YOU KNOW

There are many different types of satellites. Here are just a few of the most
well-known types
Anti-satellite weapons, sometimes called "Killer satellites" are satellites designed to
destroy "enemy" satellites, other orbital weapons and targets.
Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and
other outer space objects.
Biosatellites are satellites designed to carry living organisms, generally for scientific
experimentation.
Communications satellites are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of
telecommunications.
Navigational satellites are satellites which use radio time signals transmitted to enable
mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location.
Reconnaissance satellites are satellites deployed for military or intelligence applications.
Little is known about the full power of these satellites, as governments who operate them
usually keep information pertaining to their reconnaissance satellites classified.
Earth observation satellites are satellites intended for non-military uses such as
environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc.
106
UNIT 9

When satellite television first hit the market, home dishes were expensive metal units that
took up a huge chunk of yard space. In these early years, only the most die-hard TV fans
would go through all the hassle and expense of putting in their own dish. Satellite TV was
a lot more difficult than broadcast and cable TV.
Today, you see compact satellite dishes perched on rooftops all over the United States.
Drive through rural areas beyond the reach of the cable companies and you'll find dishes
on just about every house. The major satellite television companies are bringing in more
customers every day with the lure of movies, sporting events and news from around the
world.
Conceptually, satellite television is a lot like broadcast
television. It's a wireless system for delivering television
programming directly to a viewer's house. Both broadcast
television and satellite stations transmit programming via a
radio signal.
Broadcast stations use a powerful antenna to transmit radio
waves to the surrounding area. Viewers can pick up the
signal with a much smaller antenna. The main limitation of
broadcast television is range. The radio signals used to
broadcast television shoot out from the broadcast antenna
in a straight line. In order to receive these signals, you
have to be in the direct "line of sight" of the antenna.
Small obstacles like trees or small buildings aren't a
problem; but a big obstacle, such as the Earth, will reflect Photo courtesy DirecTV
these radio waves.
from the source. But because the planet is curved, it eventually breaks the signal's line of
site. The other problem with broadcast television is that the signal is often distorted even in
the viewing area. To get a perfectly clear signal like you find on cable, you have to be
pretty close to the broadcast antenna without too many obstacles in the way.
signals from satellites orbiting the Earth. Since satellites are high in the sky, there are a lot
more customers in the line of site. Satellite television systems transmit and receive radio
signals using specialized antennas called satellite dishes.
107
Satellites are higher in the sky than TV antennas, so they

have a much larger "line of sight" range.
The television satellites are all in geosynchronous orbit, meaning that they stay in one
place in the sky relative to the Earth. Each satellite is launched into space at about 7,000
mph (11,000 kph), reaching approximately 22,200 miles (35,700 km) above the Earth. At
this speed and altitude, the satellite will revolve around the planet once every 24 hours -the same period of time it takes the Earth to make one full rotation. In other words, the
satellite keeps pace with our moving planet. This way, you only have to direct the dish at
the satellite once, and from then on it picks up the signal without adjustment, at least when
everything works right.
Early satellite TV viewers used their expensive dishes to discover unique programming
that wasn't necessarily intended for mass audiences. The dish and receiving equipment
gave viewers the tools to pick up foreign stations, live feeds between different broadcast
stations, NASA activities and a lot of other things transmitted using satellites.
Some satellite owners still seek out this sort of programming on their own, but today, most
satellite TV customers get their programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS)
provider, such as DirecTV or the Dish Network. The provider selects programs and
broadcasts them to subscribers as a set package. Basically, the provider's goal is to bring
dozens or even hundreds of channels to your television in a form that approximates the
competition. Unlike earlier programming, the provider's broadcast is completely digital,
which means it has much better picture and sound quality Early satellite television was
broadcast in C-band radio -- radio in the 3.4-gigahertz (GHz) to 7-GHz frequency range.
Digital broadcast satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (12 GHz to 14
GHz ).
There are five major components involved in a direct to home (DTH) satellite system: the
programming source, the broadcast centre, the satellite, the satellite dish and the receiver.
The Components
108
Programming sources are simply the channels that provide programming for
broadcast. The provider doesn't create original programming itself; it pays other
companies (HBO, for example, or ESPN) for the right to broadcast their content via
satellite. In this way, the provider is like a broker between you and the actual
programming sources. (Cable television companies work on the same principle.)
The broadcast centre is the central hub of the system. At the broadcast centre, the
television provider receives signals from various programming sources and beams
a broadcast signal to satellites in geostationary orbit.
The satellites receive the signals from the broadcast station and rebroadcast them to
the ground.
The viewer's dish picks up the signal from the satellite (or multiple satellites in the
same part of the sky) and passes it on to the receiver in the viewer's house.
The receiver processes the signal and passes it on to a standard television.
Satellite TV providers get programming from two major sources: national turnaround
channels (such as HBO, ESPN and CNN) and various local channels (the NBC, CBS,
ABC). Most of the turnaround channels also provide programming for cable television,
and the local channels typically broadcast their programming over the airwaves.
Turnaround channels usually have a distribution centre that beams their programming to a
geostationary satellite. The broadcast centre uses large satellite dishes to pick up these
analogue and digital signals from several sources.
Most local stations don't transmit their programming to satellites, so the provider has to get
it another way. If the provider includes local programming in a particular area, it will have
a small local facility consisting of a few racks of communications equipment. The
equipment receives local signals directly from the broadcaster through fibre-optic cable or
an antenna and then transmits them to the central broadcast centre.
The broadcast centre converts all of this programming into a high-quality, uncompressed
digital stream. At this point, the stream contains a vast quantity of data -- about 270
megabits per second (Mbps) for each channel. In order to transmit the signal from there,
109
the broadcast centre has to compress it.
Otherwise, it would be too big for the
satellite to handle.
WORD FORMATION
Fill in the blanks using the appropriate form of the word given in brackets
The television satellites stay in one place in the sky .(relate) to the
Earth.
Each satellite is launched into space at about 11,000 kph, reaching
(approximate)
35,700
km
above
the
Earth.
At this speed and altitude, the satellite will .(revolution) around the planet
once every 24 hours -- the same period of time it takes the Earth to make one full
.(rotate).
In other words, the satellite keeps pace with our (move) planet.
You only have to ..(direction) the dish at the satellite once, and from
then
on
it
picks
up
the
signal
without
(adjust).
Early satellite TV .(view) used their expensive dishes to
..(discovery)
unique
programming
that
wasn't
(necessary)
intended
for
mass
audiences..
Today, most satellite TV customers get their programming through a direct broadcast
satellite (DBS) ..(provide). Unlike earlier programming, the provider's
broadcast is .(complete) digital, which means it has much better picture
and sound quality
SYNONYM SEARCH
Find synonyms to the words underlined in these sentences.
1. Nanotechnologies are widely seen as having huge potential in areas as diverse as
healthcare, IT and energy storage.
HUGE-
POTENTIAL-
DIVERSE2. Governments and businesses across the world have started to invest substantially in their
development.
SUBSTANTIALLY3. Chemists have been making polymers, large molecules made up of nano-sized
components, for many decades.
BE MADE UP OF-
COMPONENT-
110
4. Nanowires have remarkable optical, electronic and magnetic properties.
REMARKABLE-
PROPERTY-
5. Such tiny particles are transparent on the skin and can absorb and reflect ultra-violet
rays.
TRANSPARENT6. Nanomaterials can be natural or manmade.
MANMADE7. It is difficult to predict the precise timescale at which different nanotechnologies will
become a reality.
PREDICT-
PRECISE-
8. Nanotechnologies could yield smaller, faster computers and sharper electronic displays.
YIELD9. Researchers are studying the ability of nanoparticles to transform dangerous chemicals
found in soil and groundwater into harmless compounds.
DANGEROUS-
HARMLESS-
111
EXTRA UNIT 3
ADDITIONAL READING
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is the science of the extremely tiny. It involves the study and use of
materials on an unimaginably small scale. Nano refers to a nanometre (nm). One
nanometre is a millionth of a millimetre or about one eighty thousandth the width of a
human hair. Nanotechnology describes many diverse technologies and tools, which dont
always appear to have much in common. Therefore it is better to talk about
nanotechnologies, in the plural. One thing that all nanotechnologies share is the tiny
dimensions that they operate on. They exploit the fact that, at this scale, materials can
behave very differently from when they are in larger form. Nanomaterials can be stronger
or lighter, or conduct heat or electricity in a different way. They can even change colour;
particles of gold can appear red, blue or gold, depending on their size.
These special attributes are already being used in a number of ways, such as in making
computer chips, CDs and mobile phones. But researchers are progressively finding out
more about the nanoscale world and aim to use nanotechnologies to create new devices
that are faster, lighter, stronger or more efficient.
Nanotechnologies are widely seen as having huge potential in areas as diverse as
healthcare, IT and energy storage. Governments and businesses across the world have
started to invest substantially in their development. However, alongside this excitement
some people have started to ask how these technologies will contribute to shaping the
world we live in.
How are nanotechnologies being used?
Some nanotechnologies have been around for hundreds of years; for example nano-sized
particles of gold and silver have been used as coloured pigments in stained glass since the
10th century AD.
Many chemicals and chemical processes have nanoscale features. Chemists have been
making polymers, large molecules made up of nano-sized components, for many decades.
Computer chips have nano-sized features etched into their surface, and nanotechnologies
have enabled computers to be made smaller and faster over the last thirty years.
More recently, researchers have produced nano-sized wires and tubes. Nanowires have
remarkable optical, electronic and magnetic properties, so its hoped they will prove useful
in storing computer data. Carbon nanotubes may lead to new building materials, being
much stronger and lighter than steel.
112
Nanoparticles - tiny particles with special
properties - have also found some areas of
application. Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide have been added to some suntan lotions and
cosmetics. These tiny particles are transparent on the skin and can absorb and reflect ultraviolet rays.
In contrast to their use in cosmetics, where they are free to move around, nanoparticles can
also be fixed into layers on surfaces, to give them new properties. Tiny particles of
titanium dioxide, for example, can be layered onto glass to make self-cleaning windows windows which repel water and use sunlight to break down dirt, so the rain washes it away
and the glass is left pristine.
How are nanomaterials made?
Nanomaterials can be natural or manmade. For example, nanoparticles are produced
naturally by plants, algae and volcanic activity. They have also been created for thousands
of years as products of cooking and burning, and more recently from vehicle exhausts.
Some proteins in the body, which control things like flexing muscles and repairing cells,
are nanosized. We can set out to make nanomaterials in a variety of different
ways. Some nanomaterials can assemble themselves from their components. Carbon
fragments, for example, can self-assemble into nanotubes in this way. Another approach,
used in the production of computer chips, is to etch nanomaterials from larger pieces of
material. Increasingly, these two methods are converging, leading to exciting new
production techniques.
Powerful microscopes have been developed which allow researchers not only to look more
closely at atoms and molecules, but also to pick them up and move them around to form
basic nanostructures. This allows some nanomaterials to be built molecule by molecule.
What does the future hold?
It is difficult to predict the precise timescale at which different nanotechnologies will
become a reality. But it is likely that, in the future, nanotechnologies could impact on
many areas of life. In the short term, nanotechnologies could yield smaller, faster
computers and sharper, more efficient electronic displays. Putting nanoparticles into paints
could reduce their weight; used on aircraft, this would reduce the overall weight and lower
fuel consumption. Researchers are studying the ability of nanoparticles to transform
hazardous chemicals found in soil and groundwater into harmless compounds.
Major applications in the medical area are likely to be longer-term. Nanoparticles could be
used to deliver drugs to specific parts of the body. They could also be used to construct
lightweight, long-lasting implants, such as heart valves and hip replacements. We may see
the development of intelligent clothing that can monitor the wearers blood pressure and
heart rate, and detect dangerous chemicals in the environment. Other potential longer-term
applications include nano-engineered membranes to create more energy-efficient water
purification processes, longer-lasting lubricants and higher performance engines.
113
A REVOLUTION IN BATTERIES
If you've ever rushed to save your files before your laptop battery gave out, or hurried to
recharge your iPod, or wished out loud for the resurrection of the electric car - relief is in
sight. The next-generation batteries could last several times as long as current ones, thanks
to nanotechnology. This idea will have a really high impact on battery technology. The key
innovation involves using silicon nanowires instead of the usual carbon to store energy in a
lithium-ion battery's anode. Silicon has more than 10 times as much charge capacity as
carbon. If commercial batteries could live up to that performance level, you could
theoretically be running your laptop for 20 to 40 hours straight rather than the typical two
to four hours. An electric car could go 400 miles on a charge rather than 40 miles. Of
course, the reality is more complex than the theory. For years, engineers have been trying
to harness silicon electrodes for battery applications. But the problem with silicon is that its
volume bulks up by a factor of four when you add the lithium - and then shrinks by the
same factor when power is extracted. That quickly pulverizes an electrode made of silicon
film or particles, rendering the battery useless. Now researchers are approaching the
problem in a different way. They grow nanowires of silicon directly on a stainless-steel
plate. Each wire is about 90 nanometers wide, or a thousandth of the width of the typical
human hair. When the filaments are filled with lithium-ion power, they thicken up
and lengthen into curls, like tiny worms - but they retain their resiliency through dozens of
power cycles. Although there was a capacity drain after the first charge the nanowires'
storage capacity was still about eight times higher than carbon. Silicon-nanowire batteries
wouldn't have to look like the battery bricks that are typically used in laptops or cell
phones. These batteries are better-shaped to conform to the available space.
A patent application has been filed for the technology, and researchers are considering
starting up a company to commercialize the concept. Silicon-nanowire batteries would
probably hit the market in the next three to five years.
INTELLIGENT HIGHWAYS
The main artery for travelling in and out of Toronto, Ontario, is Highway 401, that
expands to 12 to 14 lanes at its widest. And at over 350,000 vehicles per day, including
45,000 trucks, Highway 401 is exceeded in terms of traffic volume only by the Santa
Monica freeway in Los Angeles which comes to a grinding halt at rush hour virtually every
day. Government transportation agencies are seeking out new, cheaper technology to
replace the high-priced sensors and other technologies that have been used in the past.
Loop detectors are wires embedded in the road that detect small changes in electrical
voltage caused by a passing vehicle. Traffic speed can be determined by detecting how
quickly cars pass between two sets of loop detectors. Volume and speed data is transmitted
to a central computer, which is monitored by local transportation departments. If the
detectors sense a slowdown or an increased quantity in traffic, workers can use video
cameras to get a better understanding of what's causing it. Meanwhile, messages can be
displayed on electronic signs to warn motorists of congestion ahead and to advise of
alternate routes. Installing detectors, cameras and signs has been a long process to
complete, and is costing billions of dollars for state and federal governments to implement.
Transportation officials are now searching for cheaper alternatives for managing traffic.
114
Future Traffic Tracking
There are more than 119 million cell-phone users in the United States. The radio signals
emitted from these devices can reveal our location at anytime. This ability to locate cellphone users will become a vital component of future traffic-management systems.
On a short stretch of highway in Calgary, Alberta, Cell-Loc is testing out its new cellphone tracking technology. In July 2001, the company sent a known vehicle down a 2-km
section of a major highway, through the heart of the town, to test the accuracy of its
system. The truck carried a GPS receiver onboard to compare the system's accuracy.
The company collected data from both the GPS receiver in the vehicle, and from the
system that was monitoring the cell phone remotely. Engineers compared the two and
found them to be, not identical, but quite close.
Here's how the Cellocate system will work:
Listening posts are placed throughout a city, either next to a cell-phone base
station or in independent locations. Listening posts are comparable to half a base
station: They can detect but not transmit radio signals.
Three listening posts are needed to get a two-dimensional position of a cell-phone
user.
Listening posts detect cell-phone transmission, and decode it.
The information is quickly sent to a central computer that uses to determine the cell
phone's position on a highway.
115
STOP AND CHECK 3
INTERMEDIATE AND UPPER-INTERMEDIATE LEVELS

Answer these questions to check your knowledge on satellite television
When the first satellite television appeared people did not install satellite dishes on their
roofs because they
a) were wireless
b) occupied a lot of space
c) couldnt use a radio signal
In order to ensure good picture quality broadcast stations must have a
a) television range
b) wide viewing area
c) powerful antenna
Satellite television uses
a) satellites instead of antennas
b) satellite dish instead of radio signals
c) obstacles instead of antennas
In the past satellite TV viewers could
a) pick up stations and watch things which were not intended for mass audiences
b) get a better picture quality than today
c) get the satellite programs from different bands
Today satellite TV customers get their programs through
a) an earlier channel
b) a provider
c) new form of cable TV
There are five major components of the home satellite system:
a) programming source, broadcast center, satellite, satellite dish and receiver
b) programming source, signals, broadcast center, satellite dish and range
c) earth-orbiting satellites, satellite dish, television set, good programs, wireless
system
Satellite and broadcast television have something in common. They are
a) wired systems and use radio signals to transmit programming
b) geosynchronous systems and use antennas to transmit programming
c) wireless systems and use radio signals to transmit programming
116
The GPS calculates its position using data from
a) only one satellite
b) two satellites
c) at least four satellites
Atmospheric conditions, such as humidity, may affect
a) the speed of the GPS
b) the image quantity received from the satellites
c) distortion of data
Complete the text choosing synonyms to the words given in brackets
contains, constantly, determine, particular, assuming, pattern, ordinary, figure out, lag,
The task of a GPS receiver is to locate four or more
satellites,
..(calculate) the distance. At a .(certain)
time, the satellite begins transmitting a long, digital ..(model). When the
satellite's signal reaches the receiver, its transmission of the pattern will
.(fall behind, not keep pace with) a bit behind the receiver's pattern. The
length of the delay is equal to the signal's travel time. The receiver multiplies this time by
the speed of light to (find out, establish, calculate) how far the signal
travelled. (supposing) the signal travelled in a straight line, this is
the distance from receiver to satellite. Every satellite ..(has) an expensive
atomic clock, but the receiver itself uses an .(usual, normal,
standard) quartz clock, which it .(always, all the time) resets.
Read the text on digital cameras again and write the words which match the list of
synonyms given in column B.
A
C.R
CL
F.L
P..R
RE
E.Y
T.Y
S..G
B
Buyer, purchaser, shopper, client
Standard, normal, ordinary, traditional
Basic, principal, essential
Former, previous, forerunner
Extraordinary, unusual, exceptional
Fully, totally
Very small, little
Series, line
117
CORE VOCABULARY
LOWER- INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
A
accomodate prilagoditi (alkazmazkodni , igaztani valamihez)
acknowledge priznati (elismerni)
actually u stvari (valjban)
adhesive tape lepljiva traka (ragaszszalag)
allow dozvoliti, dopustiti (megengedni)
always uvek (mindig)
angle ugao (szg)
appear pojaviti se (megjelenni)
approach prilaz, pristup (megkzelts)
arrive stii (megrkezni, elrni valahov)
at least najmanje, barem (legalbb)
automotive industry industrija automobila (autipar)
average speed - prosena brzina (tlagos sebessg)
B
before pre, ranije (eltt, korbban)
behind iza (mgtt)
besides pored (mellett)
birthplace rodno mesto (szletsi hely)
bounce off odbiti se (visszaverdni)
broadcast (v) / emitovati (sugrozni)
built-in ugraen (beptett)
button dugme (gomb)
C
calculate izraunati (kiszmolni)
catch fire zapaliti se (meggyulladni)
change (v) promeniti (kicserlni)
cheap jeftin (olcs)
check proveriti (ellenrizni, tnzni)
circuit board strujno kolo (ramkr)
clean ist (tiszta)
cleanness istoa (tisztasg)
close the circuit zatvoriti strujno kolo (bezrni az ramkrt)
collectively zajedniki (egytt(esen) )
collision sudar (sszetkzs)
comfort udobnost (knyelem)
competition takmienje (verseny)
complete (adj) potpun (teljes)
completely potpuno, u potpunosti (teljesen, teljes mrtkben)
connect povezati, spojiti (sszektni)
consist of sastojati se (valamibl ll)
constantly stalno, neprekidno (llandan)
contain sadrati (magba foglal)
continue nastaviti (folytatni)
118
conventional uobiajen (hagyomnyos)
count raunati, smatrati (szmolni, tekinteni)
crash (v) unititi (tnkretenni)
crucial kljuan, bitan, veoma vaan (kulcsfontossg, nagyon fontos)
current trenutni, momentalni (jelenlegi, pillanatnyi)
curved zaobljen (grbe)
D
decade decenija (vtized)
deduce izvoditi, zakljuiti (levezet, kvetkeztet)
delay (n) kanjenje (kss)
deliver dati, isporuiti (adni, szlltani)
demonstate pokazati, prikazati (bemutatni)
depend on zavisiti od (fgg valamitl)
determine odrediti (meghatrozni)
develop razviti (fejleszteni)
differ razlikovati se (klnbzik)
direct (v) upravljati, usmeriti (irnytani)
distance razdaljina (tvolsg)
distorted izoblien (eltorztott)
distortion izoblienost (torzts, eltorzuls)
dot (n) taka (pont)
dry suv (szraz)
during za vreme, u toku (alatt, folyamn)
E
eastern istoni (keleti)
easy lak (knny)
elementary school osnovna kola (elemi iskola)
encourage ohrabriti, bodriti (sztnzni, btortani)
endure izdrati (kibrni)
engine - motor
enough dovoljno, dosta (elg, elegend)
entirely u potpunosti (teljesen, teljes mrtkben)
equipment oprema (felszerels)
especially posebno (klnsen)
essential u sutini (alapjban vve)
every other year svake druge godine (minden msodik vben)
exactly tano (pontosan)
exceed prevazii, premaiti (tllpni)
except izuzev (kivve)
exhauster izduvna cev (kipufogcs)
expensive skup (drga)
expert - strunjak (szakember, szakrt)
F
factory fabrika (gyr)
fair vaar (vsr)
fall (n) jesen (sz)
figure out izraunati, proraunati (kiszmolni)
119
fill up napuniti (feltlteni)
First World War Prvi svetski rat (Els Vilghbor)
flat (adj) ravan (egyenes)
force (n) sila (er)
founder osniva (alapt)
fuel (n) gorivo (zemanyag)
full time puno radno vreme (teljes munkaid)
G
gadget ureaj (szerkezet)
gain experience stei iskustvo (tapasztalatot szerezni)
given dat, odreen (adott, meghatrozott)
goal cilj (cl)
ground (n) zemlja (fld)
H
hard tvrd, teak (kemny, nehz)
have to mora, treba (muszj, kell)
headquarters centar, glavni tab (kzpont, fhadiszlls)
high-degree visok stepen (magasfok)
hire (v) zaposliti (alkalmazni, munkt adni)
hot vru (forr)
I
imagination mata (fantzia)
immediately odmah, smesta (rgtn, mindjrt)
important vaan (fontos)
in fact u stvari, zapravo (valjban, tulajdonkppen)
in operation u funkciji, koji radi (mkd)
in order to da bi (hogy)
increase poveati (megnvelni, nni)
individual pojedinani (egyni, egyes)
industrial sector industrijski sektor (ipari szektor)
instead umesto (helyett)
intense jak (ers)
intermediate srednji (kztes)
internal combustion engine motor sa unutranjim sagorevanjem (bels gs motor)
international economy meunarodna ekonomija (nemzetkzi gazdasg)
introduce prestaviti (bemutatni)
K
knowledge znanje (tuds)
L
lag behind kasniti, zaostajati (ksni, elmaradni)
lane traka (sv)
large velik (nagy)
law zakon (trvny)
leader voa (vezr)
leading vodei (vezet)
120
leave napustiti, otii (elmenni, elhagyni)
length duina (hosszsg)
lid poklopac (fedl )
lie (v) leati (fekdni)
lift off / up podii (felemelni)
light svetlo (fny)
load (n) optereenje (megterhels, teher)
locate - locirati, odrediti mesto (meghatrozni a helyt)
lower (v) spustiti (leengedni)
M
main - glavni (f)
mainly uglavnom (fleg)
maintain odravati (karbantartani)
make up the image sainiti sliku (kpet alkotni)
manual (n) prirunk (kziknyv)
manufacturer proizvoa ( gyrt)
mark (v) obeleiti (megjellni)
measure izmeriti (mrni)
measurement merenje (mrs)
mechanical engineer mainski inenjer (gpszmrnk)
medium- srednje (kzepes)
mention spomenuti (megemlteni)
motor vehicle motorno vozilo (gpjrm)
move (v) odseliti se (elkltzni)
movement pokret, kretanje (mozdulat, mozgs)
multiply pomnoiti (megszorozni)
N
necessary potreban (szksges)
need (n)- potreba (szksg)
O
obstacle prepreka (akadly)
offer (v)- ponuditi (felajnlani)
operate raditi, funkcionisati (mkdni)
orbit (v) kruiti (krzni, valami krl forogni)
ordinary obian (mindennapi, kznsges)
P
participate uestvovati (rszt venni)
particular odreen (meghatrozott)
pass on preneti (tvinni)
pattern mustra, model (minta, mintzat)
pay attention obratiti panju (figyelmet fordtani)
permit (v) dozvoliti (megengedni)
personnel osoblje (szemlyzet)
pharmacy apoteka (gygyszertr)
pick up hvatati (fogni)
121
pit stop boks (box)
place (v) postaviti (elhelyezni)
pleasant udoban, prijatan (kellemes)
pocket-sized depni (zsebmret)
popularity popularnost (npszersg)
powerful snaan, jak (ers)
practice (v) vebati (gyakorolni)
predecessor prethodnik (eld, s)
prepare pripremiti (elkszteni)
pressure pritisak (nyoms)
prestige ugled, presti (erklcsi tekintly, presztzs)
prevent spreiti (megakadlyozni)
process the film razviti film (elhvni a filmet)
produce proizvoditi (gyrtani)
propulsion pogon (meghajts)
prove dokazati, pokazati se kao (bebizonytani, bizonyulni)
push pritisnuti (megnyomni)
R
race (n) trka (verseny)
racing car trkaki automobil (versenyaut)
range (n) domet (hattvolsg)
reach (v) doi do, stii (elrni, eljutni)
realize shvatiti (felfogni, megrteni)
receive primiti, hvatati (kapni, fogni)
receiver prijemnik (vevkszlk)
recognize prepoznati (felismerni)
record images zapisati slike (megrkt, rgzti a kpet)
redesign rekonstruisati (jraterverzni)
reflect odbijati (visszaverdni)
refuel ponovo napuniti gorivom (jbl feltlteni zemanyaggal)
reliable pouzdan (megbzhat)
replace zameniti (felcserlni, felvltani)
represent predstaviti, predstavljati (kpviselni)
require zahtevati (megkvetelni)
reset ponovo podesiti (jralltani)
resistant otporan (ellenll)
road put (t)
S
safe bezbedan, siguran (biztonsgos, megbzhat)
same isto (ugyanaz)
sample (v) uzeti/napraviti uzorak (mintt venni)
science nauka (tudomny)
screw (n) vijak (csavar)
several nekoliko (nhny)
shield (n) tit (vdpajzs)
small mali (kicsi)
soft mekan (puha)
solve reiti (megoldani)
122
source izvor (forrs)
space prostor (tr)
speed brzina (sebessg)
spring prolee (tavasz)
stay ostati (maradni)
stay up biti budan (bren maradni)
steam para (pra)
stick (n) tap, ipka (plca, rd)
straight pravo, direktno (egyenesen, kzvetlenl)
straight line prava linija (egyenes vonal)
string niz (sor)
studies studije (tanulmnyok)
subject predmet (tantrgy)
successful uspean (sikeres)
suitable odgovarajui (megfelel)
surrounding okolina (krnyezet)
switch prekida (kapcsol)
T
take into account uzeti u obzir (figyelembe venni)
talk about priati o (beszlgetni valamirl)
tank rezervoar (tartly)
temperature temperatura (hmrsklet)
the latest poslednji (a legjabb )
thousandth hiljaditi (ezredik)
through kroz, preko, putem (keresztl, segtsgvel)
tighten zategnuti (meghz, megszort)
times puta (-szer) (five times pet puta (tszr)
tiny mali, siuan (kicsi, apr)
tire (tyre) autoguma (gumiabroncs)
translate prenositi (tvinni)
transmit prenositi (tvinni, tadni)
transparent proziran (ttetsz)
truck kamion (teheraut)
try (v)- pokuati (megprblni)
tyre (tire) autoguma (gumiabroncs)
U
unsuitable neodgovarajue (nem megfelel)
until do (-ig)
useful koristan (hasznos)
useless beskoristan (haszlhatatlan)
usually obino (ltalban)
V
valuable vredan (rtkes)
value (n) vrednost (rtk)
victory pobeda (gyzelem)
viewer gledalac (nz)
visor vizir (szemellenz)
123
W
wash (v) oprati (megmosni)
wave talas (hullm)
weakness slabost, nedostatak (gyenge pont, hinyossg)
well-trained dobro obuen (jl kpzett)
wheel volan (voln)
win pobediti (gyzni)
wipe obrisati (megtrlni)
wire ica, provodnik (huzal, drt)
wireless beini (drt nlkli)
within a year u roku od godinu dana (egy ven bell)
without bez (nlkl)
working temperature radna temperatura (zemhmrsklet)
124
TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 1
Automotive Engineering (Lower-Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Drill
Crossword Puzzle
Automotive Engineering (Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Practice
Automotive Engineering (Upper-Intermediate Level)
The Car Quiz
Word Formation
Synonym Search
Cars and Driving Vocabulary
2
2
3
4
5
5
6
8
11
11
12
13
UNIT 2
Some Technical Details of Formula One (Lower-Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Drill
Did You Know
Crossword Puzzle
Some Technical Details of Formula One (Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Practice
Did You Know
Some Technical Details of Formula One (Upper-Intermediate Level)
The Lamborghini Quiz
Synonym Search
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
20
21
23
24
UNIT 3
Gears and Engines in Motorsport (Lower-Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Drill
Crossword Puzzle
Gears and Engines in Motorsport (Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Practice
Gear Up Your Vocabulary
Gears and Engines in Motorsport (Upper-Intermediate Level)
Word Formation
The Race Quiz
26
26
27
28
29
30
30
31
32
34
35
125
Extra Unit 1 Additional Reading
Non-Stop Robot
Sport Cars of the 40s
Sport Cars after 2000
36
37
38
Stop and Check Revision of Units 1, 2, and 3
39
UNIT 4
Motorbikes (Lower-Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Drill
Did You Know
Crossword Puzzle
Motorbikes (Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Practice
Motorbikes (Upper-Intermediate Level)
The Helmet Quiz
Synonym Search
42
42
43
43
44
45
45
46
47
48
49
UNIT 5
The History of Microsoft (Lower-Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Drill
Crossword Puzzle
The History of Microsoft (Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Crossword Puzzle
The History of Microsoft (Upper-Intermediate)
The Yahoo Quiz
Word Formation
The Web or The Net-Quiz
Synonym Search
Did You Know
50
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
58
59
59
60
61
UNIT 6
How Joysticks Work (Lower-Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Drill
Crossword Puzzle
How Joysticks Work (Intermediate-Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Practice
62
62
62
63
64
64
65
126
How
Joysticks
Work
66
Word Formation
Synonym Search
(Upper-
Intermediate Level)
67
68

How Did The Internet Start?
What Are Search Engines?
Finger-Thin Undersea Cables Tie World Together
Communication Beyond Earth
69
69
69
70
71
Stop and Check 2 Revision of Units 4,5 and 6)

Word Formation
74
76
UNIT 7
How Digital Cameras Work (Lower-Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Drill
Crossword Puzzle
How Digital Cameras Work (Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Practice
How Digital Cameras Work (Upper-Intermediate Level)
Word Formation
Synonym Search
77
77
78
79
80
81
81
83
84
84
UNIT 8
How GPS Works (Lower-Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Drill
Crossword Puzzle
How GPS Works (Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Practice
How GPS Works (Upper-Intermediate Level)
Word Formation
Synonym Search
Did You Know
Word Count
86
87
87
88
89
90
91
93
95
96
97
97
UNIT 9
How Satellite Television Works (Lower-Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Crossword Puzzle
Vocabulary Drill
98
98
99
100
127
Did You Know
100
How Satellite Television Works (Intermediate Level)
Vocabulary Study
Vocabulary Practice
Did You Know
How Satellite Television Works (Upper-Intermediate Level)
Word Formation
Synonym Search
101
102
102
104
105
108
108

Nanotechnology
A Revolution in Batteries
Intelligent Highway
110
112
113
Stop and Check 3
115
Core Vocabulary
117
Texts adapted from

www.howstuffworks.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.formula1.com
www.crnano.com
www.microsoft.com
www.cnn.com

Technical English Vocabulary

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1

Compiled by: Agnes Szabo

Kszlt a Szlfld Alap tmogatsval

Mr. Szab gnes

Szabadkai Mszaki Szakfiskola

IF YOU HAVE A FEW EXTRA MINUTES

2. strunjak (szakember, szakrt)

The project usually .. of their academic studies, and in a competition.

FROM UNIVERSITY STUDENT TO FORMULA 1

To take an exam or to build an engine? That is the question

How to get from working on this car

THE CAR QUIZ

The Barracuda is just one of

6. India and China were emerging as huge new markets

11. Chrysler Corporation unleashed a slick new Dodge Viper in 2003.

CARS AND DRIVING VOCABULARY

SOME TECHNICAL DETAILS OF FORMULA 1

In Formula 1 every thousandth second is ..(vaan / fontos ).

Two people (ponovo napuniti gorivom / jratlteni

When the car stops in the box, engineers (izmeriti / meg/lemr)

DID YOU KNOW

Early Formula One cars used

wooden steering wheels

The helmet design must

provide ventilation for the driver. This is achieved

IF YOU HAVE A FEW EXTRA

Solve this crossword to check your vocabulary

SOME TECHNICAL DETAILS OF FORMULA ONE

DID YOU KNOW

SOME TECHNICAL DETAILS OF FORMULA ONE

THE LAMBORGHINI QUIZ

2. Government transportation agencies are looking for new, cheaper technology to

5. Messages can be displayed on electronic signs to warn motorists of congestion ahead

GEARS AND ENGINES IN MOTORSPORT

IF YOU HAVE A FEW EXTRA

Solve this crossword to check your vocabulary

GEARS AND ENGINES IN MOTORSPORTS

GEAR-UP YOUR VOCABULARY

GEARS AND ENGINES IN MOTORSPORTS

The Pit Stop

Complete the quiz

This four-legged robot can teach itself to walk, even

SPORT CARS OF THE 1940s

The MG was the first car that captured Americas heart,

SPORT CARS AFTER 2000

The Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren is successful

STOP AND CHECK 1

The students have to . a prototype .

The prototype car must be .. and .

The main . is to test the students , creativity, and imagination.

Students find this .. very .

The prototype car must be , easy to maintain and .

During their studies students in a ...

sentences below by choosing a word

necessary, mechanics, competition, measure, angle, suitable, refuel, engine, important,

DID YOU KNOW

IF YOU HAVE A FEW EXTRA

Solve this crossword to check your vocabulary

THE HELMET QUIZ

THE HISTORY OF MICROSOFT

(osniva / megalapt) of Microsoft

He studied .(pravo / jog).

IF YOU HAVE A FEW EXTRA MINUTES