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Bismillahirrahamanirraheem

Subject Name

Heat and Mass Transfer


Teacher Incharge

Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah


Mechanical Engineering Department
UET, Lahore
anaeems@uet.edu.pk

ME - 472 Heat & Mass Transfer (3, 1)

Introduction to conduction, convection and radiation


heat transfer
Fouriers law, Newtons law of cooling, Stefan
Boltzmanns law, Thermal conductivity
Heat diffusion equation in Cartesian, Cylindrical &
Spherical coordinates
One dimensional steady state heat conduction
through plane composite walls, cylinders and spheres
with and without heat generation sources
Insulation and R values of materials
Critical radius/thickness of insulation

Course Contents Cont.

The overall heat transfer co-efficient


Fins, heat transfer through fins/extended surfaces
Thermal contact resistance
Unsteady-state conduction, Lumped-heat-capacity
system
Principles of convection, Viscous flow, Laminar
boundary layer on a flat plate
The thermal boundary layer, Relation between fluid
friction and heat transfer
Heat transfer in laminar tube flow, Bulk temperature,
Turbulent flow in a tube

Course Contents Cont.

Non-dimensional parameters related to convective


heat transfer and their applications; Shear stress
Empirical and practical relations for forced convection
heat transfer; empirical relations for pipe and tube flow
Flow across cylinders & spheres
Radiation heat transfer Radiation properties, black
body radiation, absorptivity, reflectivity, transmissivity
Wiens law, Kirchoffs law, Grey body radiation,
Radiation shape factor and relations between shape
factors

Course Contents Cont.

Heat exchange between non-blackbodies, Infinite


parallel planes, Radiation shields
Heat exchangers - overall heat transfer co-efficient,
fouling factors, types of heat exchangers
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD) and
Effective-NTU methods
Compact heat exchanger, Heat exchanger design
considerations
Mass transfer - Ficks law of diffusion, diffusion in
gases, liquids and solids

Course Contents Cont.

Analogy between momentum, heat and mass transfer


Simultaneous heat & mass transfer
Evaporation processes in the atmosphere

Recommended Books
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Heat Transfer by J. P. Holman, 10th Edition


Engineering Heat Transfer by William S. Janna
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by
Incropera & Dewitt, 7th Edition
Heat Transfer, a practical approach by Y. A. Cengel,
2nd Edition
Principles of Heat Transfer by F. Kreith, 7th Edition

Heat Transfer
Energy in transit; e.g. toasting bread,
heating water, heat treatment of steel,
dissipating waste heat from a power plant, etc.

Modes of heat transfer


Conduction
Convection
Radiation

Modes of HT Cont.

Conduction a microscopic perspective

without perceptible motion of substance itself


Due the contact of one molecule with another
Owing to the interactions between the particles
Conduction in solids free electrons (for metals) &
lattice waves (for non-metals). Also, magnetic excitation
and electromagnetic radiations

Modes of HT Cont.
Conduction as primary mode of HT in fluids
Random motion of molecules causing collisions both in
liquids and gases

Modes of HT Cont.

Convection a macroscopic or bulk motion


phenomenon

Large numbers of molecules move collectively


Also, HT between solid surface & a fluid
Convection Vs advection
Free convection Vs forced convection

Modes of HT Cont.

Radiation associated with electromagneticwaves

Substances to emit radiant heat


Emissions from solid, liquid and gases
No requirement of material medium
Governing Laws

Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction


Flow of heat per unit area is proportional
to the temperature difference per unit
length i.e.
qx
dT
K
A
dx

In above relation, term (dx/KA) is the conductive resistance

Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction Cont.

K being a material property, is a function of


temperature i.e. K = a + bT +cT2 + ..
K may be different in X, Y or Z-directions
K may be measured experimentally for different
materials under the units (watt/m.C)
In gases, KTG may predict K, as K is strongly
dependent of temperature (in general)
K in gases varies as T

Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction Cont.

Newtons Law of Cooling


The heat transfer by convection is found
to
be proportional to the temperature difference
(Tw - T) i.e.
qc = hc A (Tw - T);
Where hc is called the average convection heat transfer coefficient or the
film conductance; (1/hcA) be the convective resistance

Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Heat emitted by an ideal radiator is
proportional to the fourth power of its
absolute temperature i.e.
qr = AT4
Where is Stefan-Boltzmann constant; = 5.67 10-8 w/m2.K4

Stefan-Boltzmann Law Cont.

In case of real bodies exchanging the heat by


radiation only, the net heat exchanged is:

qr = A11(T 1-T 2)
4

With the consideration of view factor or


configuration factor, above equation becomes:

qr = A1F121(T 1-T 2)
4

(1/ A1F121) is called radiative resistance

The Heat Conduction Equations


Objectives

Temperature field/temperature distribution


Heat flux
Structural integrity
Thickness optimization of insulating
material
Compatibility of coatings or adhesives

Heat Conduction/diffusion Equation


in Cartesian Co-ordinates (x,y,z)

Let
dx, dy, dz = thickness along x, y, & z axes of a unit volume.
The energy balance for unsteady state conditions along with
heat source yields:
qin + qgen qout = rate of change of I. E.

HCE in Cartesian Co-ordinates Cont.


(qx q y qz ) (qx dx q y dy qz dz ) qV Vc

T
(1)
t

By Taylors Expansion theorem with the


discard of higher terms:
qx dx qx

(qx )dx
x

Similarly with the expansion of qy+dy & qz+dz,


Eqn. (1) leads to:

HCE in Cartesian Co-ordinates Cont.

T
(qx )dx (q y )dy (qz )dz qV Vc
(2)
x
y
z
t

But, q = -KA(dT/thickness), where A = area


perpendicular to the heat flow
So, Eq. (2) yields

T
T
( KA )dx ( KA )dy ( KA )dz qV Vc
(3)
x
x
y
y
z
z
t

Simplifying & dividing by KV,


where V = dxdydz

HCE in Cartesian Co-ordinates Cont.


If thermal diffusity of the material is defined as
K

Eq. (3) leads to the following expression:

T T T q 1 T
2 2
(4)
2
x
y
z
K t
2

Eqn. (4) is called the heat conduction or FourierBiot equation

HCE in Cartesian Co-ordinates Cont.


NOTE
Steady-state (called the Poissons equation)

2T 2T 2T q
2 2 0 (i)
2
x
y
z
K
Transient, no heat generation (called the diffusion equation)
2T 2T 2T 1 T
2 2
(ii )
2
x
y
z
t
Steady-state, no heat generation (called the Laplace equation)

2T 2T 2T
2 2 0 (iii )
2
x
y
z

Heat Flow through a slab or plane wall


(Concept of over all H.T Coefficient)

Heat transfer through composite


slab/wall

Heat transfer through composite slab/wall cont.

THANKS

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