Chemistry 6th Edition

6e
CHEMISTRY
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in
A Molecular
View of Our World
nivaldo J. Tro
Westmont College
With special contributions by
Don neu
St. Cloud State University
Australia
84476_fm_ptg01.indd 1
Focus
Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States
16/09/14 6:46 PM
Chemistry in Focus: A Molecular View of Our

World, Sixth Edition
Nivaldo J. Tro
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Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2014
16/09/14 6:46 PM
To Annie
16/09/14 6:46 PM
About
the Author
Nivaldo J. Tro received his BA degree from Westmont College
and his PhD degree from Stanford University. He went on to a
postdoctoral research position at the University of California at
Berkeley. In 1990, he joined the chemistry faculty at Westmont
College in Santa Barbara, California. Professor Tro has been
times (1994, 2001, and 2008). He was named Westmonts
outstanding researcher of the year in 1996. Professor Tro lives
in the foothills of Santa Barbara with his wife, Ann, and their four
children, Michael, Alicia, Kyle, and Kaden. In his leisure time,
Professor Tro likes to spend time with his family in the outdoors.
He enjoys running, biking, surfing, and snowboarding.
honored as Westmonts outstanding teacher of the year three
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Brief Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Molecular Reasons 1
11
12
13
The Air Around Us 283
14
15
16
17
18
Oxidation and Reduction 363
The Chemists Toolbox
26
Atoms and Elements 50

Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Reactions
82
Chemical Bonding 109

Organic Chemistry 137
Light and Color 176
Nuclear Chemistry 200
Energy for Today 231
Energy for Tomorrow: Solar and Other Renewable Energy
Sources 262
The Liquids and Solids Around Us: Especially Water
311
Acids and Bases: The Molecules Responsible for Sour

and Bitter 343
The Chemistry of Household Products
383
Biochemistry and Biotechnology 410

Drugs and Medicine: Healing, Helping, and Hurting 454
The Chemistry of Food 487
To access the following online-only material, enter ISBN

9781305084476 at www.cengagebrain.com and visit this books
companion website.
19
Nanotechnology 519
Appendix 1: Significant Figures A-1

Appendix 2: Answers to Selected Exercises
A-5
Appendix 3: Answers to Your Turn Questions A-29

Glossary G-1
Index I-1
v
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vi
Preface
Contents
What if . . .
Why Should Nonscience Majors
Study Science? 5
What if . . .
Observation and Reason 9
The Molecular Revolution

Seeing Atoms 19
Molecular Reasons
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
Firesticks 2
Molecular Reasons 3
The Scientist and the Artist 4
The First People to Wonder About Molecular Reasons 7
Immortality and Endless Riches 8
The Beginning of Modern Science 8
The Classification of Matter 9
The Properties of Matter 13
The Development of the Atomic Theory 14
The Nuclear Atom 16
SUMMARY 20
KEY TERMS 20
CHAPTER 1 SELF-TEST 21
ExERCISES 22
FEATURE PROBLEMS AND PROJECTS 24
CHAPTER 1 SELF-CHECK AND SELF-TEST ANSWERS 25
C H A PTE R 2
Molecular Thinking
Feynmans Ants 29
The Molecular
Revolution
Measuring Average Global
Temperatures 30
The Chemists Toolbox
26
2.1 Curious About Oranges 27

2.2 Measurement 28
2.3 Scientific Notation 31
2.4 Units in Measurement 33
2.5 Converting Between Units 35
2.6 Reading Graphs 37
2.7 Problem Solving 41
2.8 Density: A Measure of Compactness 42
SUMMARY 44
C H A PTE R 1
KEY TERMS 45
ExERCISES 46
C H A PTE R 3
What if . . .
Complexity Out of Simplicity 61
Atoms and Elements
50
3.1 A Walk on the Beach 51

3.2 Protons Determine the Element 53
3.3 Electrons 56
vi
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vii
Contents
What if . . .
Philosophy, Determinism, and
Quantum Mechanics 67

The Reactivity of Chlorine and the
Depletion of the Ozone Layer 68
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
Molecular Thinking
Neutrons 57
Specifying an Atom 58
Atomic Mass 59
The Periodic Law 61
A Theory That Explains the Periodic Law: The Bohr Model 62
The Quantum Mechanical Model
for the Atom 66
Families of Elements 68
A Dozen Nails and a Mole of Atoms 71
SUMMARY 74
Is Breathing Helium Dangerous? 69
KEY TERMS 75
ExERCISES 76
C H APTE R 4
What if . . .
Problem Molecules 89
Molecular Focus
Calcium Carbonate 91

Engineering Animals to Do
Chemistry 100
Molecular Thinking
Campfires 103
Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical

Reactions
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
82
Molecules Cause the Behavior of Matter 83

Chemical Compounds and Chemical Formulas 84
Ionic and Molecular Compounds 86
Naming Compounds 89
Formula Mass and Molar Mass of Compounds 93
Composition of Compounds: Chemical Formulas as Conversion
Factors 94
Forming and Transforming Compounds: Chemical Reactions 97
Reaction Stoichiometry: Chemical Equations as Conversion
Factors 99
SUMMARY 103
KEY TERMS 104
ExERCISES 105
C H APTE R 5
Molecular Thinking
Fluoride 113
Molecular Focus
Ammonia 120

AIDS Drugs 128
Chemical Bonding
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
109
From Poison to Seasoning 110

Chemical Bonding and Professor G. N. Lewis 112
Ionic Lewis Structures 113
Covalent Lewis Structures 115
Chemical Bonding in Ozone 121
The Shapes of Molecules 122
Water: Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules 126
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viii
Contents
SUMMARY 131
KEY TERMS 132
ExERCISES 133

The Origin of Life 141

Determining Organic Chemical
Structures 155
What if . . .
Alcohol and Society 161
Molecular Focus
Carvone 163
Molecular Thinking
What Happens When We Smell
Something 168
Organic Chemistry
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
137
Carbon 138
A Vital Force 140
The Simplest Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbons 141
Isomers 149
Naming Hydrocarbons 152
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Kekules Dream 154
Functionalized Hydrocarbons 156
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Pesticides and Solvents 158
Alcohols: To Drink and to Disinfect 159
Aldehydes and Ketones: Smoke and Raspberries 161
Carboxylic Acids: Vinegar and Bee Stings 164
Esters and Ethers: Fruit and Anesthesia 165
Amines: The Smell of Rotten Fish 167
A Look at a Label 168
SUMMARY 169
KEY TERMS 170
ExERCISES 171
C H A PTE R 7
Molecular Thinking
Changing Colors 179
What if . . .
x-RaysDangerous
or Helpful? 185
What if . . .
The Cost of Technology 189
What if . . .
The MindBody Problem 190
Light and Color

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
176
C H A PTE R 6
A New England Fall 177

Light 180
The Electromagnetic Spectrum 182
Excited Electrons 184
Identifying Molecules and Atoms with Light 186
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Spectroscopy of the Human Body 187
Lasers 191
Lasers in Medicine 194
SUMMARY 195
KEY TERMS 196
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ix
Contents
ExERCISES 197
Watching Molecules Dance 193
Molecular Focus
Retinal 194
C H APTE R 8
What if . . .
The Ethics of Science 214
Fusion Research 219
Molecular Thinking
Radiation and Smoke
Detectors 222
What if . . .
RadiationKiller or Healer? 225
Nuclear Chemistry
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
200
A Tragedy 201
An Accidental Discovery 202
Radioactivity 204
Half-Life 207
Nuclear Fission 210
The Manhattan Project 212
Nuclear Power 214
Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy 217
Fusion 218
The Effect of Radiation on Human Life 219
Carbon Dating and the Shroud of Turin 222
Uranium and the Age of the Earth 224
Nuclear Medicine 225
SUMMARY 226
KEY TERMS 226
ExERCISES 228
C H APTE R 9
Molecular Thinking
Campfire Smoke 246
Molecular Focus
Sulfur Dioxide 251
Molecular Thinking
Are Some Fossil Fuels Better Than
Others? 254

Taking Carbon Captive 255
Energy for Today

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
231
Molecules in Motion 232

Our Absolute Reliance on Energy 233
Energy and Its Transformations: You Cannot Get Something
for Nothing 235
Natures Heat Tax: Energy Must Be Dispersed 237
Units of Energy 239
Temperature and Heat Capacity 242
Chemistry and Energy 244
Energy for Our Society 245
Electricity from Fossil Fuels 248
Smog 248
Acid Rain 250
Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil-Fuel Use: Global
Warming 252
SUMMARY 256
KEY TERMS 257
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Contents
ExERCISES 258
Molecular Thinking
Hydrogen 272
What if . . .
Legislating Renewable Energy 273

Fuel Cell and Hybrid Electric
Vehicles 277
What if . . .
Future Energy Scenarios 277
Energy for Tomorrow: Solar and Other

Renewable Energy Sources
262
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
Earths Ultimate Energy Source: The Sun 263

Hydroelectric Power: The Worlds Most Used Solar Energy Source 264
Wind Power 266
Solar Thermal Energy: Focusing and Storing the Sun 266
Photovoltaic Energy: From Light to Electricity with No Moving
Parts 269
10.6 Energy Storage: The Plague of Solar Sources 271
10.7 Biomass: Energy from Plants 272
10.8 Geothermal Power 273
10.9 Nuclear Power 274
10.10 Efficiency and Conservation 274
10.11 2050 World: A Speculative Glimpse into the Future 276
SUMMARY 278
KEY TERMS 279
ExERCISES 280
C H A PTE R 1 1
Molecular Thinking
Drinking from a Straw 288
Molecular Focus
Ozone 302

Measuring Ozone 302
The Air Around Us

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
283
Air Bags 284

A Gas Is a Swarm of Particles 285
Pressure 286
The Relationships Between Gas Properties 288
The Atmosphere: What Is in It? 293
The Atmosphere: A Layered Structure 295
Air Pollution: An Environmental Problem in the Troposphere 296
Cleaning Up Air Pollution: The Clean Air Act 298
Ozone Depletion: An Environmental Problem in the Stratosphere 300
The Montreal Protocol: The End of Chlorofluorocarbons 304
Myths Concerning Ozone Depletion 305
C H A PTE R 1 0
SUMMARY 306
KEY TERMS 307
ExERCISES 308
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xi
Contents
C H APTE R 1 2
Molecular Thinking
Making Ice Cream 316
Molecular Thinking
SoapA Molecular Liaison 321
Molecular Thinking
Flat Gasoline 324
Molecular Focus
Trichloroethylene (TCE) 332
What if . . .
Criticizing the EPA 336
The Liquids and Solids Around

Us: Especially Water
311
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
No Gravity, No Spills 312

Liquids and Solids 313
Separating Molecules: Melting and Boiling 315
The Forces That Hold Usand Everything ElseTogether 317
Smelling Molecules: The Chemistry of Perfume 322
Chemists Have Solutions 324
Water: An Oddity Among Molecules 326
12.8
Water: Where Is It and How Did It Get There? 327
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
Water: Pure or Polluted? 328

Hard Water: Good for Our Health, Bad for Our Pipes 329
Biological Contaminants 330
Chemical Contaminants 330
Ensuring Good Water Quality: The Safe Drinking Water Act 333
Public Water Treatment 334
Home Water Treatment 335
SUMMARY 337
KEY TERMS 338
ExERCISES 339
C H APTE R 1 3
Molecular Focus
Cocaine 347
What if . . .
Practical Environmental
Protection 358

Neutralizing the Effects of Acid
Rain 358
Acids and Bases: The Molecules Responsible

for Sour and Bitter
343
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
13.11
If It Is Sour, It Is Probably an Acid 344

The Properties of Acids: Tasting Sour and Dissolving Metals 344
The Properties of Bases: Tasting Bitter and Feeling Slippery 346
Acids and Bases: Molecular Definitions 348
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 349
Specifying the Concentration of Acids and Bases: The pH Scale 351
Some Common Acids 352
Some Common Bases 354
Acid Rain: Extra Acidity from the Combustion of Fossil Fuels 355
Acid Rain: The Effects 356
Cleaning Up Acid Rain: The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 357
SUMMARY 359
KEY TERMS 359
ExERCISES 360
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Contents
C H A PTE R 1 4
Molecular Thinking
The Dulling of Automobile Paint 368
Molecular Focus
Hydrogen Peroxide 369

Fuel Cell Vehicles 375
What if . . .
Oxidation and Reduction

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
363
Rust 364
Oxidation and Reduction: SomeDefinitions 365
Some Common Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 368
Respiration and Photosynthesis 369
Batteries: Making Electricity withChemistry 370
Fuel Cells 373
Corrosion: The Chemistry of Rust 375
Oxidation, Aging, and Antioxidants 377
SUMMARY 378
The Economics of New

Technologies and Corporate
Handouts 376
KEY TERMS 378

ExERCISES 379
C H A PTE R 1 5
Molecular Focus
Polyoxyethylene 389
Molecular Thinking
Weather, Furnaces, and Dry
Skin 393
What if . . .
Consumer Chemistry and
Consumerism 397

Conducting Polymers 402
The Chemistry of Household Products
383
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
Cleaning Clothes with Molecules 384

Soap: A Surfactant 385
Synthetic Detergents: Surfactants forHard Water 387
Laundry-Cleaning Formulations 388
Corrosive Cleaners 390
Hair Products 390
Skin Products 392
Facial Cosmetics 394
Perfumes and Deodorants: Producing Pleasant Odors and
Eliminating Unpleasant Ones 394
15.10 Polymers and Plastics 398
15.11 Copolymers: Nylon, Polyethylene Terephthalate,
and Polycarbonate 401
15.12 Rubber 403
SUMMARY 404
xii
KEY TERMS 405

ExERCISES 406
C H A PTE R 1 6
Molecular Focus
Raffinose 423
Biochemistry and Biotechnology

16.1
16.2
410
Brown Hair, Blue Eyes, and Big Mice 411

Lipids and Fats 412
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Contents
Molecular Thinking
Wool 432

The Human Genome Project 441
What if . . .
The Ethics of Therapeutic Cloning
and Stem Cell Research 444
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
xiii
Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, andSawdust 417

Proteins: More Than Muscle 423
Protein Structure 428
Some Common Proteins 431
Nucleic Acids: The Blueprint forProteins 433
Recombinant DNA Technology 439
Cloning 442
SUMMARY 444
KEY TERMS 445
ExERCISES 447

C H APTE R 1 7
Molecular Thinking
Generic or Name Brands?
460
Molecular Focus
Azidothymidine (AZT)
463
What if . . .
The Controversy of Abortion 465
What if . . .
Alcoholism 469
What if . . .
The Danger of Street Drugs 474
What if . . .
Prescription Drug Abuse 480
Drugs and Medicine: Healing, Helping,

and Hurting
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
17.10
17.11
17.12
17.13
17.14
454
Love and Depression 455

Relieving Pain, Reducing Fever, and Lowering Inflammation 456
Killing Microscopic Bugs: Antibiotics 458
Antiviral Drugs and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 460
Sex Hormones and the Pill 464
Steroids 465
Chemicals to Fight Cancer 466
Depressants: Drugs That Dull the Mind 468
Narcotics: Drugs That Diminish Pain 471
Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamine 473
Legal Stimulants: Caffeine and Nicotine 475
Hallucinogenic Drugs: Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide 477
Marijuana 478
Prozac and Zoloft: SSRIs 479
SUMMARY 481
Consciousness 480
KEY TERMS 482

ExERCISES 483
C H APTE R 1 8
Molecular Thinking
Sugar Versus Honey 491
The Chemistry of Food

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
487
You Are What You Eat, Literally 488

Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, andFibers 489
Proteins 493
Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol 495
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Contents

Does Sugar Make Children
Hyperactive? 493
What if . . .
The Second Law and Food
Energy 494
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
Caloric Intake and the First Law: ExtraCalories Lead to Fat 498
Vitamins 500
Minerals 503
Food Additives 507
The Molecules Used to Grow Crops: Fertilizers and Nutrients 510
The Molecules Used to Protect Crops: Insecticides and
Herbicides 511
Molecular Focus
SUMMARY 514
Ammonium Nitrate 510
KEY TERMS 515

What if . . .
ExERCISES 516
Pesticide Residues in FoodA

Cause for Concern? 513

To access the following online-only material, enter ISBN 9781305084476 at www.cengagebrain

.com and visit this books companion website.
C H A PTE R 1 9
Molecular Focus
Buckminsterfullerene 525
What if . . .
Value-Free Science 530

The Dark Side of
Nanotechnology 532
Nanotechnology
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
Extreme Miniaturization 520

Really Small: Whats the Big Deal? 521
Scanning Tunneling Microscope 523
Atomic Force Microscope 524
BuckyballsA New Form of Carbon 525
Carbon Nanotubes 526
GrapheneOne-Atom-Thick Material 528
Nanomedicine 529
Todays Nanoproducts 531
Nanoproblems 533
SUMMARY 533
ExERCISES 534
Appendix 1: Significant Figures A-1
519
xiv
Appendix 2: Answers to Selected Exercises A-5

Appendix 3: Answers to Your Turn Questions A-29
Glossary G-1
Index I-1
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Preface
To the Instructor
The two main goals of
this book are for students
to understand the
molecular world and to
understand the scientific
issues that face society.
A MoLEcuLAR Focus
The first goal is essential. Students should leave this course understanding that
the world is composed of atoms and molecules and that everyday processeswater
boiling, pencils writing, soap cleaningare caused by atoms and molecules. After
taking this course, a student should look at water droplets, salt crystals, and even
the paper and ink of their texts in a different way. They should know, for example,
that beneath the surface of a water droplet or a grain of salt lie profound reasons
for each of their properties. From the opening example to the closing chapter, this
text maintains this theme through a consistent focus on explaining the macroscopic world in terms of the molecular world.
The art program, a unique component of this text, emphasizes the connection between what we seethe macroscopic
worldand what we cannot seethe molecular world. Throughout the text, photographs of everyday objects or processes are
magnified to show the molecules and atoms responsible for them.
The molecules within these magnifications are depicted using
space-filling models to help students develop the most accurate
picture of the molecular world. Similarly, many molecular
formulas are portrayed not only with structural formulas but
with space-filling drawings as well. Students are not meant to
understand every detail of these formulasbecause they are not
scientists, they do not need to. Rather, they should begin to
appreciate the beauty and form of the molecular world. Such
an appreciation will enrich their lives as it has enriched the
lives of those of us who have chosen science and science education as our career paths.
cHEMisTRY in A sociETAL AnD

EnViRonMEnTAL conTEXT
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
eyedear/Shutterstock.com
Chemistry in Focus is a text designed for a one-semester college chemistry course

for students not majoring in the sciences. This book has two main goals: the first is
to develop in students an appreciation for the molecular world and the fundamental
role it plays in daily life; the second is to develop in students an understanding of
the major scientific and technological issues affecting our society.
The other primary goal of this text is to develop in students an understanding

of the scientific, technological, and environmental issues facing them as citizens
and consumers. They should leave this course with an understanding of the impact of chemistry on society and on humankinds view of itself. Topics such as
global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain, drugs, medical technology, and consumer products are covered in detail. In the early chapters, which focus primarily
xv
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xvi
Preface
on chemical and molecular concepts, many of the box features introduce these
applications and environmental concerns. The later chapters focus on these topics directly and in more detail.
Throughout the text, I have made extensive efforts to help students make
connections, both between the molecular and macroscopic world and between principles and applications. The
chapter summaries are designed to reinforce those connections, particularly
between chemical concepts and societal
impact. The chapter summaries consist
of two columns, one summarizing the
major molecular concepts of the chapter and the other, the impacts of those
concepts on society. By putting these
summaries side by side, the student can
clearly see the connections.
A Tour of the Text

GEnERAL cHAPTER sTRucTuRE
Each chapter introduces
the material with
Questions for Thought.
Each chapter opens with a brief paragraph introducing the chapters main topics
and explaining to students why these topics are relevant to their lives. These openers pose questions to help students understand the importance of the topics. For
example, the opening paragraphs to Chapter 1 state, As you read these pages, think
about the scientific methodits inception just a few hundred years ago has changed
NOAA
MAKinG connEcTions
16/09/14 6:47 PM
human civilization. What are some of those changes? How has the scientific method
directly impacted the way you and I live?
The opening paragraphs of each chapter are followed by Questions for
Thought directly related to chapter content. These questions are answered in the
main body of each chapter; presenting them early provides a context for the
chapter material.
Most chapters, as appropriate, follow with a description or thought experiment about an everyday experience. The observations of the thought experiment
are then explained in molecular terms. For example, a familiar experience may
be washing a greasy dish with soapy water. Why does plain water not dissolve
the grease? The molecular reason is then given, enhanced by artwork that shows
a picture of a soapy dish and a magnification showing what happens with the
molecules.
Continuing this theme, the main body of each chapter introduces chemical
principles in the context of discovering the molecular causes behind everyday
observations. What is it about helium atoms that makes it possible to breathe
small amounts of helium gasas in a helium balloonwithout adverse side effects? What is it about chlorine atoms that makes breathing chlorine gas dangerous? What happens to water molecules when water boils? These questions
have molecular answers that teach and illustrate chemical principles. The text
develops the chemical principles and concepts involved in a molecular understanding of the macroscopic observations.
Once the student is introduced to basic concepts, consumer applications and
environmental problems follow. The text, however, does not separate principles
and applications. Early chapters involving basic principles also contain applications, and later chapters with more emphasis on applications build on and
expand basic principles.
Progressive Information Technologies
Preface
xvii
2 electrons
Helium nucleus
2 protons
Z52
EXAMPLEs AnD YouR

TuRn EXERcisEs
Example problems are included
throughout the text, followed by related Your Turn exercises for student
practice. In designing the text, I made
allowances for different instructor
preferences on quantitative material.
Although a course for nonmajors is
not usually highly quantitative, some
instructors prefer more quantitative material than others. To accommodate individual preferences, many
quantitative sections, including some
Examples and Your Turn exercises,
can be easily omitted. These are often
placed toward the end of chapters for
easy omission. Similarly, exercises in
the back of each chapter that rely on
quantitative material can also be easily omitted. Instructors desiring a more quantitative course should include these sections, whereas those wanting a more qualitative course can skip them. The answers to the Your Turn exercises can be found
in Appendix 3.
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xviii
Preface
BoXED FEATuREs
Boxed features show

relevance and ask
students to interact with
the material.
Molecular Thinking boxes describe an

everyday observation related to the
chapter material. The student is then
asked to explain the observation based
on what the molecules are doing. For
example, in Chapter 4, when chemical equations and combustion are discussed, the Molecular Thinking box
describes how a fire will burn hotter
in the presence of wind. The student is
then asked to give a molecular reason
based on what was just learned about
chemical equations and combustion
to explain this observation.
Molecular Focus
Molecular Focus boxes highlight a celebrity compound related to the chapters material. The physical properties
and structure of the compound are
given and its use(s) described. Featured
compounds include calcium carbonate,
hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, AZT,
retinal, sulfur dioxide, ammonium nitrate, and others.
Celebrity compounds are

highlighted.

Molecular Revolution boxes highlight
topics of modern research and recent
technology related to the chapters
material. Examples include measuring
global temperatures, imaging atoms
with scanning tunneling microscopy,
and the development of fuel cell and
hybrid electric vehicles.
Molecular Thinking
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Preface
xix
What if . . .
What if . . . boxes discuss topics with

societal, political, or ethical implications. At the end of the discussion
there are one or more open-ended
questions for group discussion. Topics
include the Manhattan Project, government subsidies for the development
of alternative fuels, stem cell research,
and others.
Self-Check
The Self-Check boxes consist of questions that allow students to periodically check their comprehension. The
questions reinforce the key concepts
in the text, develop students critical
thinking skills, and help them relate
the material to the world around them.
Self-Test
At the end of Chapters 118 a SelfTest is provided to allow students to
further test their comprehension of the
entire chapter's material. The questions
are designed to complement the SelfCheck boxes the student has already
encountered within the chapter.
Chapter summaries
review main molecular
concepts and their
societal impacts.
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xx
Preface
cHAPTER suMMARiEs
KEY TERMs
Each chapter has a set of key terms from within that chapter for review and study.
Each of the key terms is defined in the Glossary at the end of the text.
sTuDEnT EXERcisEs
All chapters contain exercises of four types: Questions, Problems, Points to Ponder, and Feature Problems and Projects. The Questions ask students to recall many
of the key concepts from the chapter. The Problems ask students to apply what
they have learned to solve problems similar to those in the chapter Examples and
Your Turn boxes. The Points to Ponder consist primarily of open-ended short-essay
questions in which students are asked about the ethical, societal, and political implications of scientific issues. The Feature Problems and Projects contain problems
with graphics and short projects, often involving Web-based inquiry.
nEW To THis EDiTion

The sixth edition of Chemistry in Focus contains several changes from the previous
edition.
Each chapter now has a Self-Test that consists of 1015 multiple choice questions. Students can use these Self-Tests to assess their knowledge of the chapter
material and to help them prepare for exams.
Chapters end with a two-column summary of the ideas presented in the main
body of the chapter. In this summary,
students get a side-by-side review of
the chapter, with molecular concepts
in one column and the coinciding
societal impact in the other. The chapter summary allows the student to get
an overall picture of the chapter and
strengthens the connection between
principles and applications.
Interest boxes have been updated or revised to reflect progress and current issues.
See, for example, the Molecular Thinking box in Section 10.6, What If . . . box
in Section 10.7, and The Molecular Revolution boxes in Sections 10.11 and 14.6.
All real-world information in figures and tables has been updated to the latest
possible data. See, for example, Figures 2-7, 3-15, 9-2, 9-6, 9-7, 9-13, 9-14,
10-2, 11-7, 11-8, 11-14, 13-6, and 13-7; Tables 9-1, 9-7, 10-1, 10-2, 11-3, 11-4;
and Example 2-4.
Selected end-of-chapter problems have been modified, and some new problems
have been added. See, for example, problems 3.46, 3.48, 4.25, 4.26, 6.49, and 6.50.
All photos have been analyzed and updated as needed.
16/09/14 6:48 PM
Preface
xxi
Placement of margin notes has been evaluated, and pointers have been added
throughout to better connect the basal text to the margin notes.
The placement of figures has been evaluated and adjusted for ease of reference. Some previously numbered figures and existing numbered figures have
been renumbered.
The flow chart style has been revised and updated. See, for example, Figures
1-3, 1-4, 1-8, 6-4 and 12-19.
The data in end-of-chapter problems has been updated. See, for example, the
problems 2.37, 9.57, 9.58, 10.43, 17-75, and 17-76.
Below is a list of some of the specific changes in the book.
In Chapter 9, the section on nuclear waste disposal was updated to reflect the latest
recommendations of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future.
The section on the future of nuclear power has also been updated to reflect changes
in international attitudes toward nuclear power since the Fukushima accident.
The unit of radiation exposure has been changed from the REM to the SI unit,
Sievert. This change is reflected throughout the basal text, the tables, and the
end-of-chapter problems (see Section 8.10).
Section 9.2 has been updated to reflect changes in world energy consumption.
Section 10.9 has been updated to reflect changes in nuclear power.
Supporting Materials
Please visit http://www.cengage.com/chemistry/tro/cheminfocus6e for information
about student and instructor resources for this text.
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to my colleagues at Westmont College, who have given me the space
to write this book. I am especially grateful to Mark Sargent, Allan Nishimura,
David Marten, Kristi Lazar, Michael Everest, and Steven Contakes for their support.
Thanks to Don Neu for his great help with the nanotechnology chapter. I am grateful to my editor, Elizabeth Woods, who has been incredibly gracious and helpful
to me throughout this revision, and to Karolina Kiwak, who handled the creation
of the supplementary material. I am also grateful to Teresa Trego, the production
manager at Cengage Learning, and the team she worked with at MPS Limited.
Thanks also to those who supported me personally while writing this book. I
am particularly grateful to my wife, Ann, whose love healed a broken man. Thanks
to my children, Michael, Ali, Kyle, and Kadenthey are my raison dtre. I come
from a large and close extended Cuban family who have stuck by me through all
manner of difficult circumstances. I thank my parents, Nivaldo and Sara, and my
siblings, Sarita, Mary, and Jorge. Thanks also to Pammay her spirit rest in peace.
I am greatly indebted to the reviewers of each of the editions of this book, who
are listed below. They have all left marks on the work you are now holding. Lastly,
I thank my students, whose lives energize me and whose eyes continually provide
a new way for me to see the world.
Nivaldo J. Tro
Westmont College
Apple, iPhone, iPod touch, and iTunes are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the United
States and other countries.
16/09/14 6:48 PM
xxii
Preface
siXTH EDiTion REViEWERs

Gene Wubbels, University of Nebraska at Kearney
Greg Oswald, North Dakota State University
Kaiguo Chang, New Mexico Highland University
Clarke Earley, Kent State University at Stark
Anne Marie Sokol, SUNY Buffalo State
Dion Armstrong, Rowan University
Bonnie Martinez, Marietta College
Megan Tichy, Santa Clara University
Christine Seppanen, Riverland Community College

Gail Buckenmeyer, SUNY College at Cortland
Alton Hassel, Baylor University
James Marshall, University of North Texas
Matthew Wise, University of Colorado, Boulder
David Maynard, California State University, San Bernadino
Marilyn Hurst, University of Southern Indiana
Gregory Oswald, North Dakota State University
Katina Hall-Patrick, Norfolk State University
Rafael Alicea-Maldonado, Genesee Community College
David Smith, New Mexico State University
FouRTH EDiTion REViEWERs

Holly Bevsek, The Citadel
Michael J. Dorko, The Citadel
Jeannine Eddleton, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Konstantinos Kavallieratos, Florida International University
Swadeshmukul Santra, University of Central Florida
James Schreck, University of Northern Colorado
Joseph W. Shane, Shippensburg University
Christopher L Truitt, Texas Tech University
FiFTH EDiTion REViEWERs
16/09/14 6:48 PM

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6e

Chemistry in Focus: A Molecular View of Our

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Cover Image: Janice Lin/Flickr/Getty Images;

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Printed in the United States of America

honored as Westmonts outstanding teacher of the year three

The Air Around Us 283

Oxidation and Reduction 363

The Chemists Toolbox

Atoms and Elements 50

Chemical Bonding 109

The Liquids and Solids Around Us: Especially Water

Acids and Bases: The Molecules Responsible for Sour

The Chemistry of Household Products

Biochemistry and Biotechnology 410

To access the following online-only material, enter ISBN

Appendix 1: Significant Figures A-1

Appendix 3: Answers to Your Turn Questions A-29

The Molecular Revolution

The Chemists Toolbox

2.1 Curious About Oranges 27

Atoms and Elements

3.1 A Walk on the Beach 51

The Molecular Revolution

Is Breathing Helium Dangerous? 69

The Molecular Revolution

Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical

Molecules Cause the Behavior of Matter 83

The Molecular Revolution

From Poison to Seasoning 110

The Molecular Revolution

The Molecular Revolution

Light and Color

A New England Fall 177

The Molecular Revolution

Watching Molecules Dance 193

FEATURE PROBLEMS AND PROJECTS 198

CHAPTER 7 SELF-CHECK AND SELF-TEST ANSWERS 199

The Molecular Revolution

Fusion Research 219

The Molecular Revolution

Energy for Today

Molecules in Motion 232

The Molecular Revolution

Energy for Tomorrow: Solar and Other

Earths Ultimate Energy Source: The Sun 263

The Molecular Revolution

The Air Around Us

Air Bags 284

Trichloroethylene (TCE) 332

The Liquids and Solids Around

No Gravity, No Spills 312

Water: Where Is It and How Did It Get There? 327

Water: Pure or Polluted? 328

The Molecular Revolution

Acids and Bases: The Molecules Responsible