Faculty of Engineering, Science and the

Built Environment
Session: 2011/2012

Ref: 657

Course:

BEng (Hons) Electrical And Electronic Engineering

(501SES.4/502SES.4)
BEng (Hons) Building Services Engineering (2090.4/2072.4)

Mode:

Full Time/Part Time

Module:

Systems for Environmental Services and Lighting

Module Code:

EUC_6_117

Author:

Manoj Ponugubati

Date:

1 June 2012

Time:

10:00

Length:

Three hours

Instructions to Candidates
Answer FIVE questions, choose at least TWO from Section-A and TWO from
Section-B
All questions carry equal marks.
Start each answer/section on a new page and write the question number clearly in
the left margin.
Calculators may be used at the discretion of the examiner provided they are
noiseless, cordless, not pre-programmed by the candidate and cannot receive or
transmit data remotely.

Systems for Environmental Services and Lighting 2011/2012 EUC-6-117

SECTION-A: Answer at least TWO questions from this section:

Q.A1
An industrial site with an uncorrected power factor of 0.75 lag is fed at medium voltage by a
3-phase transformer rated at 1250 kVA. An automatic multi-stage power factor correction scheme
is to be designed for the installation which will ensure that the overall power factor is a minimum
of 0.95 lag at the maximum load capability of the transformer. The size of individual capacitors is
to be 130 kVAr. The hysteresis setting on the control relay is 4/5 of the kVAr switched.
(a)

Determine the minimum number of separate capacitor stages required.

(4 marks)

(b)

Draw the relationship between real power (kW) and quadrature power (kVAr) for the
automated scheme in (a) above showing how the quadrature power varies as individual
capacitors are switched in response to the load rising and falling.
(6 marks)

(c)

Determine the lagging power factors when each of the capacitors is switched in. (10 marks)
(Total QA1: 20 marks)

Q.A2
(a)

Briefly explain the following lift control systems and state their basic differences:

Simplex

Duplex
(6 marks)

(b)

A building has 13 floors (including the main terminal) and is serviced by four 8-passenger
lift cars. The inter-floor distance is constant at 4.0 m. The contract speed is 2.0 m/sec, the
door operating time is 2.5 sec, the door closing time is 2.5 sec, the single floor jump time is
5.0 sec and the passenger transfer time is 1.5 sec. Calculate the following:
(i)

The average highest floor reached, H,

(4 marks)

(ii)

The average number of stops per trip, S,

(3 marks)

(iii) The round trip time, R.T.T.

(4 marks)

Hence, work out the maximum time a passenger will have to wait before the next car
comes after they have pressed a landing button, assuming an additional passenger delay of
10 sec. Comment on the results and list any assumptions made in the method used.
(3 marks)
(Total QA2: 20 marks)
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Systems for Environmental Services and Lighting 2011/2012 EUC-6-117

Q.A3
(a)

Sketch a typical arrangement and name the various components for each of the following
UPS configurations:

Isolated Redundant

Parallel Redundant (N+1)

Distributed Redundant.
(10 marks)

(b)

Compare and contrast the difference in the operation of Isolated and Parallel redundant
UPS configurations. Also state the various advantages and disadvantages.
(10 marks)
(Total QA3: 20 marks)

Q.A4
(a)

Name the different types of voltage surge that may occur on an electrical installation and
briefly explain their characteristics.
(8 marks)

(b)

Describe each of the following propagation modes using a neat sketch:

(c)

Common mode

Differential mode

(4 marks)

Name the categories of primary and secondary surge protection devices. Explain the
operation of one device in each category with sketches where necessary.
(8 marks)
(Total QA4: 20 marks)
END OF SECTION-A

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Systems for Environmental Services and Lighting 2011/2012 EUC-6-117

SECTION-B: Answer at least TWO questions from this section:

Q.B1
(a)

How is the visual environment affected by the colour appearance of the light source used,
and how is this related to correlated colour temperature?
(5 marks)

(b)

A lamp comprises three LEDs with peak output at specific wavelengths, as shown in
Table QB1. The table also shows the colour-matching function values for these
wavelengths.
Calculate:
(i)

the total tristumulus values X, Y and Z for the lamp,

(6 marks)

(ii)

the luminous flux output of the lamp in lumens, recognising that the colour-matching
function is identical to the relative spectral sensitivity V ,
(3 marks)

(iii) the chromaticity coordinates for the light output of the lamp, and plot on the attached
CIE chromaticity chart on p8 (which you should attach to your answer book).(6 marks)
Table QB1. LED light output
Colour-matching functions
Wavelength Radiant power
y
z
x
LED 1
470 nm
0.96 W
0.195
0.091
1.288
LED 2
525 nm
0.97 W
0.110
0.793
0.057
LED 3
629 nm
1.44 W
0.664
0.276
0.000
Note that the maximum possible luminous efficacy is 683 lm/W.
(Total QB1: 20 marks)
Q.B2
(a)

Describe how electrical energy is converted to luminous flux in each of the following lamp
types:

tungsten incandescent

sodium gas discharge

light-emitting diode (LED).

(9 marks)

(b)

Compare the colour-rendering performance and efficacy of these lamp types and suggest in
which applications each would be particularly appropriate.
(6 marks)

(c)

Outline the functions of the control circuit needed for operation of the sodium gas discharge
lamp.
(5 marks)
(Total QB2: 20 marks)

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Systems for Environmental Services and Lighting 2011/2012 EUC-6-117

Q.B3
(a)

Explain the function of aspect factors, AF, in the calculation of direct horizontal illuminance
from linear light sources using the equation:
E=

(b)

I ( ) cos 2
AF( )
lh

(7 marks)

A linear luminaire of length, l, 1.2 m is ceiling-mounted at a height, h, of 2.2 m above the

horizontal working plane. There is no other light source. The parallel-plane aspect factors
for the luminaire are shown in Table QB3. The luminous intensity, I, in the downward
direction, i.e. at = 0, is 500 cd.
Calculate the illuminance on the working plane, shown in plan view in Figure QB3:
(i)

at a point A directly beneath one end of the light source,

(5 marks)

(ii)

at a point B in line with the axis of the luminaire, but a distance 1 m beyond the end of
the luminaire.
(8 marks)
Table QB3. Parallel plane aspect factors
Angle (degrees)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45

Aspect Factor
0.000
0.087
0.171
0.251
0.326
0.395
0.457
0.512
0.559
0.599

1.2 m
1m

Figure QB3. Plan view of luminaire and points A and B

(Total QB3: 20 marks)

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Systems for Environmental Services and Lighting 2011/2012 EUC-6-117

Q.B4
A room is occupied continuously from 9 am to 5.30 pm. The minimum corrected daylight factor
in the room is 1%, and the maintained internal illuminance is to be 500 lux. The lighting
switching behaviour of occupants is described by Hunts curves shown in Figure QB4a.
The load factor for the lighting is defined as:
load factor =

energy actually used

energy used if lighting were left on all day

(a)

A control system switches lighting off at 1 pm, but allows manual switching on again as
required. Estimate the new load factor if this control system were installed.
(10 marks)

(b)

A daylight-linked photoelectric control system performs as predicted by the BRE Digest 498
curves shown in Figure QB4b. Estimate the load factor if this were installed in place of any
manual switching.
(4 marks)

(c)

Compare the effect of the alternative control systems in (a) and (b), and comment on the
outcome.
(6 marks)
(Total QB4: 20 marks)

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Systems for Environmental Services and Lighting 2011/2012 EUC-6-117

Figure QB4a. Hunts Curves

Page 6 of 8

Systems for Environmental Services and Lighting 2011/2012 EUC-6-117

Figure QB4b. BRE Digest 498 Curves

Page 7 of 8

Systems for Environmental Services and Lighting 2011/2012 EUC-6-117

Student Number:

END OF SECTION-B
END OF EXAM

Page 8 of 8