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Algebra 1
In this section we will look at
- the meaning of symbols
- the language of algebra
- substituting numbers into algebraic expressions
- simplifying algebraic expressions
- the meaning of equations
- rearranging equations
- solving equations
Videos
All the examples in this worksheet and all the answers to questions
are available as answer sheets or videos.
etc.
etc.
2 + 3 +1
where represents 1 biscuit. This is algebra!
We can then simplify this, since 2 biscuits and 3 biscuits and another biscuit is
6 biscuits, so we can write
2 + 3 + 1 = 6
Notice though that it doesnt matter what symbol we use. As long as we state
what the symbol means. So now lets use the letter a to represent one biscuit.
Now we write 2 biscuits plus 3 biscuits plus 1 biscuit equals 6 biscuits as
2a + 3a +a = 6a
Notice that a on its own is the same as 1a. We could also have used z
2z + 3z + z = 6z
Or any other letter, lets use the Greek letter theta (pronounced th eater )
2 + 3 + = 6
www.mathsupport.wordpress.com Jackie Grant, Birkbeck College, 2012
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2S + 1E + 1T + 1S + 2E + 3T + 1S + 1E + 3T
Notice we can simplify this and write the whole breakfast order as
4S + 4E + 7T
Which means the total amount is 4 sausages, 4 eggs, and 7 pieces of toast.
Example 2. Suppose you work for a large company and need to know how
many boxes of paper and envelopes are in stock. You count 50 boxes of paper
in one office, 20 boxes of paper in the next and 30 boxes in a third office. You
also count 7 boxes of envelopes, but someone then takes 4 of the boxes of
envelopes and 10 boxes of paper to use.
Using p for each box of paper and e for each box of envelopes we can write
90p + 3e
So the total amount is 90 boxes of paper and 3 boxes of envelopes.
Language
Here we will look at the meanings of five key words used in algebra. These are:
expression, constant, variable, operation and simplify.
Expression: In algebra we often put different things together in a list.
2. Substitution
Here we introduce anther common word substitution. Substitution is used
when we know the value of our variables (or symbols).
Example: if we order four cups of tea and two cakes we can write the cost as
4T + 2C
Where T means the cost of a cup of tea, and C means the cost of a cake. If
someone then tells us that a cup of tea is 1 and each cake is 1.50 then we
can substitute these values into our algebraic expression.
www.mathsupport.wordpress.com Jackie Grant, Birkbeck College, 2012
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4T + 2C = 4 x 1 + 2 x 1.50
We can then calculate the total using BIDMAS rules. (If you want to review the
BIDMAS rules visit the Numbers section at www.mathsupport.wordpress.com)
4T + 2C = 4 x 1 + 2 x 1.50 = 4 + 3 = 7
We have also shown each step of our working here.
3. More on simplifying
We will now start to use all the operations of BIDMAS with algebra. Remember
that BIDMAS tells you the order of each operation. It is short for Brackets,
Indices, Division and Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction.
Example 1: There are 3 tables of customers in a cafe. The people at the first
table order 2 lasagnes and one salad. The second table orders 3 lasagnes,
each with chips and the third table orders 2 salads, each with chips. Lets use L
for lasagne, S for salad and C for chips. We can then write
Table 1 orders 2L + S and table 2 orders 3(L + C) and table 3 orders 2(S + C)
Remember the brackets in 2(S + C) mean that there are two lots of salad and
two lots of chips. We can add these together to get an expression for the total
2L + S + 3 (L+C) + 2 (S+C)
Since whatever is outside the bracket multiplies everything inside the brackets,
2(S + C) means 2x(S + C), which is 2S + 2C. So multiplying out brackets gives
2L + S + 3L + 3C + 2S + 2C
This can then be simplified further by combining all the Ls, Ss and Cs to get
5L + 3S + 5C
This is the same as the original expression, but now in its simplest form.
Here are some more worked examples. Since we are practicing simplifying
now, so we will just consider the expressions without explaining the symbols.
www.mathsupport.wordpress.com Jackie Grant, Birkbeck College, 2012
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4z 8y 8(z 2 y)
We start with the brackets (remember the order is BIDMAS)
4z 8y 8z + 16y
Notice that the 8 outside the bracket multiplies both the terms in the brackets,
and since negative multiplied by negative gives positive, we have + 16y. There
are no indices, multiplication or division that can be simplified, so we add and
subtract to get
4z + 8y
4z2 + 8y 8z 16y
We have to be careful because z2 is different to z. So 4z2 and 8z cannot be
added. But we can add the 8y and the 16y. So the simplified expression is
4z2 8z 8y
4y2 + 2y 2y + 8 8 + 16y2
We can only add or subtract y with other y (we cant add or subtract y with an
y2). So the 2y 2y gives zero and 8 8 gives zero and we get the simplest
version of the original expression as
20y2
www.mathsupport.wordpress.com Jackie Grant, Birkbeck College, 2012
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were we have cancelled the common terms (in red). To revise cancelling
fractions visit the Numbers section at www.mathsupport.wordpress.com
Simplifying the second term gives:
where we have just multiplied out brackets. The third term
cannot be
plus another
Here we multiply out the brackets and simplify, showing our workings as
Practice is the key: Like all things, if you practice it will help your understanding.
There are exercises below to help you (answers will full workings are available)
so dont worry if you dont get the right answers first time.
www.mathsupport.wordpress.com Jackie Grant, Birkbeck College, 2012
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4. Equations
Here we start dealing with equations. Equations are two algebraic expressions
linked by an equals sign. The equal sign means that the two expressions have
the same value, in other words they balance. Here are some examples
Equation example 1:
T = 6.00
This could mean that the price of a t-shirt (T) is 6.00, or the time (T) is 6.00am.
It is the simplest type of equation as it has one variable T on the left-hand side
and the value for it on the right-hand side.
Equation example 2:
2T y = 10
Here we have two variables T and y. This could mean that the price of 2 t-shirts
minus a discount y is 10. We cant tell the value of T or y from this equation on
its own, but if we know either T or y we can calculate the other value
Equation example 3:
E = mc2
This is a famous equation first written by Einstein who used the symbols E for
energy, m for mass and c for the speed of light.
Equation example 4:
This is the equation used for calculating the average ( ) of 4 values of . Where
the first value is
others like it are used a lot in statistics, and will be covered in the Statistics
section at www.mathsupport.wordpress.com
Key point: The important thing about an equation is that there are two
expressions (one on the right-hand side and one on the left-hand side). These
expressions are linked by the equals sign and so both expressions have the
same value.
www.mathsupport.wordpress.com Jackie Grant, Birkbeck College, 2012
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2T y
equals
10
We can now follow the BIDMAS rules and do anything to the see-saw as long
as we do the same to both sides as this will keep the see-saw balanced.
Keeping the see-saw balanced means that we keep everything on the righthand side equal to everything on the left-hand side: so the equation is still valid.
In the following steps we are going to add and subtract using the BIDMAS rules
to re-arrange the equation to find y. We need to add and subtract things to get
the y on its own and positive, there are many ways to do this. Here is one way
Step 1: Since y is negative and on the left-hand side, we can remove it from the
left-hand side by adding y to both sides, this would give us
2T y + y = 10 + y
Step 2: Since y + y is zero, simplifying the expression gives
2T = 10 + y
Step 3: We now have y + 10 on the right-hand side and if we remove the 10 we
will have y on its own, which is what we want. To remove the 10 which is
adding, we need to do the opposite, which is subtracting. So we subtract 10
from the right-hand side, but to keep the see-saw balanced we have to do this
to both sides
2T 10 = 10 + y 10
www.mathsupport.wordpress.com Jackie Grant, Birkbeck College, 2012
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2T 10 = y
Step 5: Since both sides are still equal we can swap them over, giving
y = 2T 10
So we started out with 2T y = 10 and re-arranged to get y = 2T 10. Both
equations represent the same thing, but in the final version y is the subject.
Example: Re-arrange the following to make z the subject
y = 3z +7
We want to remove everything from around the z on the right-hand side, so that
just the z remains on its own.
Step 1: Remove the +7. To do this we subtract from both sides, shown in red:
y 7 = 3z +7 7
Simplifying then gives
y 7 = 3z
Step 2: We now want to remove the 3 that is multiplying the z. To do this we
divide both sides by 3 (shown in red) as this is the opposite of multiplying by 3.
Simplifying the right-hand side is simple, as the 3s cancel to leave z. The lefthand side cannot be simplified, but we can swap the two sides around to give
If you want to review and practice working with fractions visit the Numbers
section of www.mathsupport.wordpress.com
www.mathsupport.wordpress.com Jackie Grant, Birkbeck College, 2012
Creative Commons Copyright : Attribution, Noncommercial, Share Alike
) to temperature in
) is
We can re-arrange this to make temperature in Celsius the subject. The aim is
to get
around
) happens
reverse order.
Step 1: We first remove the
to subtract
Simplifying gives
. There are
Notice the brackets on the left-hand side; we include these because we need to
multiply EVERYTHING on the left-hand side by .
Simplifying gives
Notice that we have dropped the multiplication sign outside the bracket on the
left-hand side. Also that the right-hand side simplifies to just
is the same as one. We can now swap the sides, so that
because
is the subject,
It can help to work through algebra re-arranging in steps like this. Remember if
you want to make a variable the subject of an equation, you need to remove all
the variables and constants from around it using the BIDMAS rules.
6. Solving equations
To solving an equation we use the same method as re-arranging equations.
The only difference is that there is just one variable, so you can re-arrange the
equation to find the numerical value of this variable. This is called solving.
Example 1: Solve the following equation to find
We want to make
the
opposite of subtracting
we
is adding
to both sides.
Which is the solution, so only needed one step. The great thing about maths is
we can always check our answer. To do this we substitute
original equation. This gives
is right.
into the
Simplifying gives
Simplifying gives
This is the answer! As in the previous example we can check that this is correct.
To do this we substitute
6) 2z 7z + 4y + 2y
2) 7a 3a
7) a2 3a2 + b 4b
3) 8z + 1z + 5a
8) a2 3a2 + a 4a
4) 5a + 10a 2z
9) b2 3b2 + 4b b
5) 2a a 8a
10) z2 3a2 + b 4a
B) 4a2 + 2b 7a +3b + 8b 9 (a 2) + 18
1) List all the constants in the expression written above
2) List all the variables in the expression written above
3) Write the algebraic expression above in its simplest form
C) Substitution
Substitute values into the expressions below to calculate the total value of the
expression: a = 7, b = -2 , y = 3, z = 1. Note you should get the same answers
if you substitute the values into your answers for part A).
1) 2a + 3a
6) 2z 7z + 4y + 2y
2) 7a 3a
7) a2 3a2 + b 4b
3) 8z + 1z + 5a
8) a2 3a2 + a 4a
4) 5a + 10a 2z
9) b2 3b2 + 4b b
5) 2a a 8a
10) z2 3a2 + b 4a
7)
2) 3(z 2) 2(z + 3)
8) 2 (z2 2) + (2z)2 + 4
3) 3(a 2) 2(b 3)
9)
4) 2 (z2 2) + 2(z 4)
5)
6) 2 (y2 2) + (2 y)2 + 4
10)
11) 3a(b a2) a2(2 3a)
12)
the subject
1) b + 4 = a
7) 2 (b2 2) = 4
2) 4b = y
8) 4 = b +2y
3) 4b = y + a
9)
4) 3b y = 2a
5) 3b a = 5a
6) 3(b a) = 9a
10)
11)
12)
7) 3(2 b) = 12
2) 3b 2 = 7
8)
3) 3(b 2) = 9
9) 3(b 2) + 2b = 9
4)
10)
5) b + 2 = 8
11) 3( b 2) = 9
6) b2 9 = 7
12)
where T is the time in minutes needed to cook a turkey, and p is the weight in
pounds.
a) How many minutes does it take to cook a 10 pound turkey
b) Re-arrange the equation to make p the subject, and then calculate how
many pounds the turkey is if the cooking time is 4 hours.
2) The total cost of borrowing money can be calculated using the formula
Where
is the number of years the money is borrowed for, is the interest rate
as a decimal,
that is repaid.
a) If the amount borrowed is 10,000, the interest rate is 5% (or 0.05 as a
decimal) and the number of years is 10. Calculate the total amount that is
repaid.
b) Re-arrange the equation to make the subject, and then calculate the
interest rate needed if the amount borrowed is 1,000, the number of years
is 3 and the total amount to be repaid is 10,000.
All answers and workings are available at www.mathsupport.wordpress.com