Assa North

The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited
Operator of the NNPC/Shell/Agip/TEPNG Joint Venture
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) OF THE

ASSA NORTH - OHAJI SOUTH GAS DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT (THE FACILITIES) AT OHAJI/EGBEMA LGA,
IMO STATE
FINAL REPORT
SUBMITTED TO THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF

ENVIRONMENT, ABUJA
SEPTEMBER 2015
Environmental Impact Assessment of Assa North Ohaji South Gas Development Project (Facilities)
Status Page
Title: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) OF THE ASSA NORTH OHAJI SOUTH GAS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (THE FACILITIES) AT
OHAJI/EGBEMA LGA, IMO STATE
Originator: THE SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY OF NIGERIA

LIMITED (SPDC), PORT HARCOURT, RIVER STATE.
Approved by:
Document No.:
Date: September 2015
Version: 02
Security: Non-Confidential
Change history:
Version
Second Issue
Date
September 2015
Pages
All
REASON
Final report
Copyright:
This document is the property of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria
Limited, and the copyright therein is vested in Shell Petroleum Development Company of
Nigeria Limited. All rights reserved Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be
disclosed to others or reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by
any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic recording or otherwise) without prior
written consent of the copyright owner.
ii
Table of Contents
Status Page ............................................................................................................................. ii
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. iii
List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... vii
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... xv
List of Plates ....................................................................................................................... xix
Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................... xxi
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... xxviii
EIA Preparers ................................................................................................................. lxxiv
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... lxxv
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1
1.1: Background ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2: Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment .............................................................. 1
1.3: EIA Report Volumes ....................................................................................................... 3
1.4: Location and Setting ........................................................................................................ 4
1.5: Project objectives ............................................................................................................. 6
1.6: Objectives of the Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment .................................. 6
1.7: Scope of Work ................................................................................................................. 7
1.7.1: Project Zone of Influence (ZOI) ................................................................................... 8
1.7.2: Temporal Boundaries .................................................................................................... 8
1.8: Legal and Administrative Framework ............................................................................. 9
1.8.1: Relevant International Conventions, Guidelines and Standards ................................. 10
1.8.2: Guidelines of International Financing Institutions ..................................................... 12
1.8.3: Federal Regulations/Guidelines .................................................................................. 13
1.8.4: State Regulations ........................................................................................................ 17
1.8.5: Guidelines of International Financing Institutions ..................................................... 17
1.8.6: Guidance Note ............................................................................................................ 18
1.8.7: SPDC Policies ............................................................................................................. 19
1.9: Structure of the Report ................................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 24
PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ........................................................................................... 24
2.1: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 24
2.2: Need for the Project ....................................................................................................... 24
2.3: Benefits of the project .................................................................................................... 26
2.4: Value of the Project ....................................................................................................... 26
2.5: Envisaged Sustainability ................................................................................................ 26
2.5.1: Environmental Sustainability...................................................................................... 26
2.5.2: Technical Sustainability.............................................................................................. 26
2.5.3: Economic Sustainability ............................................................................................. 27
2.5.4: Social Sustainability ................................................................................................... 27
2.6: Project Options and Alternatives ................................................................................... 27
2.6.1: Project Options ........................................................................................................... 27
2.6.2: Project Alternatives..................................................................................................... 28
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CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................ 35

PROJECT AND/ OR PROCESS DESCRIPTION .......................................................... 35
3.1: Project Overview ........................................................................................................... 35
3.2: Project objectives ........................................................................................................... 36
3.3: Project Location and Existing Facilities ........................................................................ 36
3.4: Proposed project Scope .................................................................................................. 40
3.4.1: Primary Treatment Facility (PTF) and Field Logistics Base (FLB) Scope ................ 40
3.4.2: Well Scope .................................................................................................................. 44
3.5: Project Activities............................................................................................................ 58
3.5.1: Site Preparation (Pre-construction/pre Drilling) ......................................................... 58
3.5.2: Construction Plans for the PTF ................................................................................... 60
3.5.3: Commissioning & Handover ...................................................................................... 68
3.5.4: Operation and Maintenance Activities ....................................................................... 69
3.6: Relationship with other nearby projects ........................................................................ 70
3.7: Decommissioning and Abandonment Plan .................................................................... 70
3.8: Waste Management Plan ............................................................................................... 72
3.9: Project Schedule ............................................................................................................ 75
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................... 81
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................... 81
4.0: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 81
4.1: Literature review ............................................................................................................ 82
4.2: Current Data Acquisition ............................................................................................... 82
4.2.1: Quantity of samples acquired ..................................................................................... 83
4.2.2: Sampling Methodology............................................................................................... 83
4.2.3: Quality assurance/ Quality control of samples ........................................................... 87
4.2.4: Description of Sampling Locations ............................................................................ 87
4.3: Study Methodology........................................................................................................ 89
4.4: Baseline Environmental Conditions .............................................................................. 90
4.4.1: Climate and Meteorology ........................................................................................... 90
4.4.2: Air Quality .................................................................................................................. 98
4.4.3: Noise levels ............................................................................................................... 106
4.4.4: Soils .......................................................................................................................... 111
4.4.4.1: Soil Physicochemistry ........................................................................................... 111
4.4.4.2: Soil Microbiology .................................................................................................. 144
4.4.5: Land use .................................................................................................................... 155
4.4.6: Vegetation ................................................................................................................. 158
4.4.7: Wildlife ..................................................................................................................... 179
4.4.8: Geology and Hydrogeology ...................................................................................... 187
4.4.8.1: Geology.................................................................................................................. 187
4.4.8.2: Seismicity and Geohazards .................................................................................... 189
4.4.8.3: Hydrogeology ........................................................................................................ 191
4.4.9: Ground water Quality ............................................................................................... 204
4.4.10: Aquatic Studies ....................................................................................................... 217
4.4.10.1: Surface Water ...................................................................................................... 217
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4.4.10.2: Sediment .............................................................................................................. 237

4.4.10.3: Hydrobiology ....................................................................................................... 252
4.4.10.4: Fisheries Studies .................................................................................................. 266
4.4.11: Socio-economic Environment................................................................................. 268
4.4.11.1: Social Spatial and Temporal Boundaries ............................................................. 268
4.4.10.2: Language and History .......................................................................................... 269
4.4.10.3: Intangible and Tangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) ................................................ 269
4.4.10.4: Population and Socio-demographic Characteristics ............................................ 271
4.4.10.5: Local Economy and Livelihood ........................................................................... 286
4.4.10.6: Infrastructure ........................................................................................................ 290
4.4.10.7: Natural resource acquisition, ownership and management ................................. 298
4.4.10.8: Lifestyle and Values ............................................................................................ 299
4.4.10.9: Social Organization and Traditional Governance ................................................ 300
4.4.10.10: Security, Safety and Conflict Resolution ........................................................... 302
4.4.10.11: Community Perceptions and Expectations ........................................................ 304
4.4.11: Health Environment ................................................................................................ 305
4.4.11.1: Community Health and Safety............................................................................. 306
4.4.11.2: Healthcare Infrastructure and Services ................................................................ 314
4.4.11.3: Reproductive Health ............................................................................................ 319
4.4.11.4: Potable Water and Sanitation ............................................................................... 321
4.4.11.5: Nutritional Status ................................................................................................. 327
4.4.11.6: Public Participation/Stakeholder Consultations (include Scoping Workshop and
Inter-Agency Workshop, July 2012 and May 2013) .......................................................... 329
4.4.11.7: Stakeholders Identification .................................................................................. 331
4.4.11.8: Identified Needs of the Communities .................................................................. 337
CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 340
POTENTIAL, ASSOCIATED AND CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
............................................................................................................................................. 340
5.1: Introduction .................................................................................................................. 340
5.2: Potential Impact Identification and Evaluation ........................................................... 340
5.2.1: Impact Identification ................................................................................................. 341
5.2.2: Impact Qualification ................................................................................................. 347
5.2.3: Risk Assessment for Environmental Consequences ................................................. 348
5.3: Impact Assessment Methodology ................................................................................ 350
5.4: Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment .......................................................... 372
5.4.1: Identification of Valued Ecosystem/Social Components (VECs/VSC) ................... 372
5.4.2: Boundaries ................................................................................................................ 375
5.4.3.1: Past and Existing Activities ................................................................................... 379
5.4.3.2: Future/Planned Projects ......................................................................................... 387
5.4.4: Cumulative Impact Assessment Methodologies ....................................................... 392
5.4.5: Cumulative Impacts .................................................................................................. 401
5.4.5.1: Air Quality ............................................................................................................. 439
5.4.5.2: Noise ...................................................................................................................... 474
5.4.5.3: Surface Water Quality ........................................................................................... 490
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5.4.5.4 Local Hydrology ..................................................................................................... 491

5.4.5.5: Fisheries ................................................................................................................ 495
5.4.5.6 Groundwater ........................................................................................................... 496
5.4.5.7: Land Use and Vegetation ....................................................................................... 498
5.4.5.8 Wildlife ................................................................................................................... 502
5.4.5.9 Soil .......................................................................................................................... 503
5.4.5.10 Socio-Economic Environment .............................................................................. 505
5.4.5.11: Human Health Environment ................................................................................ 515
CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................. 522
MITIGATION MEASURES............................................................................................ 522
6.1: Introduction .................................................................................................................. 522
6.2: Mitigation Measures .................................................................................................... 522
CHAPTER SEVEN ........................................................................................................... 543
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................. 543
7.0: Introduction .................................................................................................................. 543
7.1: Project EMP ................................................................................................................. 543
7.1.1: Objectives of EMP ................................................................................................... 543
7.2: Cumulative Environmental Action Plan ...................................................................... 566
7.2.1: Cumulative Biophysical Impacts .............................................................................. 566
7.2.2: Cumulative Social Impacts ....................................................................................... 567
7.2.3: Cumulative Health Impacts ...................................................................................... 569
7.3: Environmental Monitoring Plan .................................................................................. 583
7.4: Decommissioning and Abandonment Plan .................................................................. 583
7.5: SPDCs Corporate HSE Programme ........................................................................... 584
7.6: Resourcing ................................................................................................................... 584
7.7: Environmental Audits .................................................................................................. 584
7.8: Responsibilities and Training ...................................................................................... 584
7.9: Waste Management...................................................................................................... 585
7.10: Emergency Response Programme ............................................................................. 585
7.11: Contractor Management ............................................................................................ 585
7.12: Fire Emergency Plan .................................................................................................. 586
7.13: Security Plan .............................................................................................................. 586
7.14: Remedial Measures/Plan............................................................................................ 586
CHAPTER EIGHT ........................................................................................................... 587
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................. 587
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 588
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List of Tables
Table 1.1: Local Government Areas in Imo and River States ................................................ 5
Table 1.2: World Bank Guidelines (Leq 1 hour dB(A) ......................................................... 18
Table 3.1a: Coordinates of the top H1000 Wells .................................................................. 45
Table 3.1b: Coordinates of the top H4000 Wells ................................................................. 46
Table 3.1c: Key Reservoir/Drilling Risks ............................................................................. 49
Table 3.1c: Key Reservoir/Drilling Risks Contd................................................................. 50
Table 3.2: Drilling Fluid Types to be used ........................................................................... 50
Table 3.3: Summary of Learning from Assa North Offset Wells ......................................... 52
Table 3.4: Estimate Of Power Generators Required During Construction ........................... 62
Table 3.5: Estimate of Distribution Panels ........................................................................... 62
Table 3.6: Summary of Project Phases and Activities .......................................................... 72
Table 3.7: Level 1 Project Schedule ..................................................................................... 76
Table 3.8a: Shell RACI (Responsible, Accountable, Consult, Inform) Waste Management
Chart ..................................................................................................................................... 79
Table 3.8b: Shell RACI (Responsible, Accountable, Consult, Inform) Waste Management
Chart...................................................................................................................................... 80
Table 4.1: Primary field data collection profile in the Project area ...................................... 81
Table: 4.2: Quantities of samples to be obtained during fieldwork ...................................... 83
Table 4.3: Environmental Components and Methods/Instruments used for sampling/
measurement/ analysis .......................................................................................................... 84
Table 4.1a: Proposed Effluent discharge points ................................................................... 87
Table 4.1b: 2006 Appraisal well drilling location, mothballed Assa flow station and Burrow
pit .......................................................................................................................................... 87
Table 4.1c: Samples around Relevant facilities (third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005
and OBRI-003)) .................................................................................................................... 88
Table 4.1d: Sampling stations around SPDC wells .............................................................. 88
Table 4.1e: Sampling point around the proposed for PTF and FLB ..................................... 88
Table 4.1f: Ahia Manifold flow station ................................................................................ 88
Table 4.1g: Samples around project zone of influence (12 15km radius outside the
pipelines and facilities) ......................................................................................................... 88
Table 4.1h: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality in the communities ...................................... 89
Table 4.2a: Environmental Sample Collection Methodologies ............................................ 89
Table 4.2b: Measured Microclimatic Parameters in the Study Area .................................... 92
Table 4.2c: Monthly Summary of Hourly Wind Speed of the Study Area........................... 93
Table 4.2a: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality at the proposed Effluent discharge point ..... 98
Table 4.2b: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality at the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location,
mothballed Assa flow station and Burrow pit....................................................................... 98
Table 4.2c: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around Relevant facilities (third party
facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)) ................................................................. 99
Table 4.2d: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around SPDC wells ..................................... 99
Table 4.2e: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around the proposed for PTF, FLB and
Storage basin ....................................................................................................................... 100
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Table 4.2f: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around project zone of influence (12 15km
radius outside the pipelines and facilities) .......................................................................... 101
Table 4.2g: Comparison of the air quality parameters in the AN-OH project area and control
............................................................................................................................................. 101
Table 4.2h: Comparison of the Wet and dry season in the proposed project area .............. 102
Table 4.2i: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality in the Project Zone of Influence* ............... 102
Table 4.2j: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality in the communities (Assa, Itu and Okansu) 103
Table 4.2k: Dry Season Ambient Air Quality in the Project Zone of Influence ................ 104
Table 4.2l: Air Quality Index Classification ....................................................................... 105
Table 4.2m: Summary of Air Quality Index in the Study Area .......................................... 106
Table 4.3a: Wet Season Ambient noise level at the proposed Effluent discharge point .... 106
Table 4.3b: Wet Season Ambient noise level at the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location,
mothballed Assa flow station and Burrow pit..................................................................... 107
Table 4.3c: Wet Season Ambient noise level around Relevant facilities (third party facilities
(IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)) .............................................................................. 107
Table 4.3d: Wet Season Ambient noise levels around SPDC wells ................................... 107
Table 4.3e: Wet Season Ambient Noise Levels around the proposed for PTF and FLB ... 108
Table 4.3f: Wet Season Ambient Noise Levels around project zone of influence (12 15km
radius outside facilities and pipelines) ................................................................................ 108
Table 4.3g: Comparison of wet season noise levels in the Study Area and Control Stations
............................................................................................................................................. 108
Table 4.3h: Comparison of the wet and dry season in the proposed project area ............... 109
Table 4.3i: Wet Season Ambient Noise in the Project Zone of Influence* ........................ 109
Table 4.3j: Dry Season Ambient Noise in the Project Area of Influence* ......................... 110
Table 4.3k: Comparison of the Wet and Dry season of Noise levels at the project area of
influence using Unpaired Student t test .............................................................................. 110
Table 4.4a: Soil Physico-chemical Properties of Assa North Field .................................... 111
Table 4.4b: Soil Trending Values for Assa North CEIA .................................................... 114
Table 4.4c: Rating scale for nutrients in soils ..................................................................... 116
Table 4.4d: Historical data for soil nitrate levels in the project area .................................. 121
Table 4.4e: Limits for metals and hydrocarbons in soils .................................................... 123
Table 4.4f: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of the proposed effluent
discharge point .................................................................................................................... 126
Table 4.4g: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of 2006 Appraisal well drilling
location and mothballed Assa flow station and proposed engineered storage basin .......... 128
Table 4.4h: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Samples around Relevant
facilities (third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003) .............................. 130
Table 4.4i: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Sampling station around
SPDC wells ......................................................................................................................... 132
Table 4.4j: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of sampling points around the
proposed PTF and FLB ....................................................................................................... 136
Table 4.4k: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Samples around Ahia
Manifold flow station .......................................................................................................... 139
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Table 4.4l: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Samples around project zone
of influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) .................................. 141
Table 4.4m: Comparison of the physicochemical properties of the study area and the control
stations ................................................................................................................................ 143
Table 4.4n: Population density of microorganisms in the Soil of Assa North Field .......... 145
Table 4.4o: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of the proposed effluent
discharge point .................................................................................................................... 146
Table 4.4p: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of 2006 Appraisal well drilling
location and mothballed Assa flow station and engineered storage basin .......................... 147
Table 4.4q: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Samples around Relevant
facilities (third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003) .............................. 148
Table 4.4r: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of sampling station around
SPDC wells ......................................................................................................................... 149
Table 4.4s: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Sampling point around the
proposed for PTF and FLB ................................................................................................. 151
Table 4.4t: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Sampling Station SS32
within Ahia Manifold flow station. ..................................................................................... 152
Table 4.4u: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Samples around project
zone of influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) .......................... 153
Table 4.4r: Comparison of the soil microbiological parameters of the study area and the
control stations .................................................................................................................... 154
Table 4.5: Comparison of the soil microbiological parameters of Wet and Dry season .... 154
Table 4.6a: Plant Species List - Trees ................................................................................. 159
Table 4.6b: Plant Species List - Shrubs .............................................................................. 161
Table 4.6c: Plant Species List - Climbers ........................................................................... 162
Table 4.6d: Plant Species List - Herbs ................................................................................ 163
Table 4.6e: Plant Species List - Grasses ............................................................................. 163
Table 4.6f: Plant Species in the Cassava/ Yam Farm Areas ............................................... 164
Table 4.6g: Bush Fallow Forest Thickets Plant Species ..................................................... 165
Table 4.6h: Oil Palm Plantations with Undergrowth Forest Species.................................. 166
Table 4.6i: Rubber Plantations with Natural Forest Undergrowth ..................................... 167
Table 4.6j: Plant Species of the Sacred Grooves/Sanctuaries within Village Settlements . 168
Table 4.6k: Multipurpose Trees in Home Steads................................................................ 169
Table 4.6l: Mean Concentration of Heavy Metals in Plant Species ................................... 173
Table 4.6m: Ethnobotanical/Economic uses of plants in the study area............................. 175
Table 4.6n: Checklist of Pathological Incidences Observed in Various Plants in the project
Area ..................................................................................................................................... 177
Table 4.7a: Wildlife Species checklist and Status - Mammalia.......................................... 181
Table 4.7b: Wildlife Species Inventory and Status - Reptilia............................................. 182
Table 4.7c: Wildlife Species Inventory and Status - Aves ................................................. 183
Table 4.7d: Wildlife Species Inventory and Status - Amphibia ......................................... 184
Table 4.7e: Wildlife Species Inventory and Status - Gastropoda ....................................... 184
Table 4.7f: Wildlife Species Inventory and Status - Chilopoda ......................................... 184
Table 4.7g: Indicators of Hunting Pressure ....................................................................... 185
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Table 4.7h: Trend analysis for wildlife in the project region ............................................. 186
Table 4.8a: Borehole Design Data for the Boreholes Drilled At Ahia Field ...................... 192
Table 4.8b: Aquifer and Dar-Zarouk parameters of geoelectric sections ........................... 199
Table: 4.8c: Groundwater levels in Assa-Ibigwe area, November 2003 ............................ 200
Table 4.8d: Hydraulic conductivity of soils at various depth in project area ..................... 200
Table 4.9a: Summaries of physico-chemical properties of groundwater in project area.... 205
Table 4.9a: Classification of water (Source: Davies and Dewiest, 1966) .......................... 208
Table 4.9b: Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater samples around relevant
facilities third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003) ................................ 211
Table 4.9c: Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater samples around project zone of
influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) ....................................... 212
Table 4.9d: Comparison of physicochemical characteristics of ground water in the study and
control areas ........................................................................................................................ 214
Table 4.9e: Population of microbes in the groundwater of Assa North.............................. 215
Table 4.9f: Microbiology of groundwater samples around relevant facilities (third party
facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003) ................................................................ 215
Table 4.9g: Microbiology of groundwater samples around the project zone of influence (12
15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities). ............................................................ 216
Table 4.9h: Comparison of microbiological parameters of the study area and control ...... 216
Table 4.9i: Comparison of microbiological parameters of the Wet and Dry season .......... 217
Table 4.10a: Physico-Chemical Results of Surface Waters within the Project Area ......... 217
Table 4.10b: Surface Water Trending Values for Assa North CEIA ................................. 220
Table 4.10c: Heavy Metal Concentrations in Surface waters within the area .................... 227
Table 4.10d: Physicochemical characteristics of surface water within the 2006 Appraisal
well drilling location and mothballed Assa flow station .................................................... 228
Table 4.10e: Physicochemical characteristics of surface water within sampling stations
around SPDC wells ............................................................................................................. 229
Table 4.10f: Physicochemical characteristics of surface water around the project zone of
influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) ....................................... 231
Table 4.10g: Comparison of the physicochemical characteristics of the surface in the study
area and control stations...................................................................................................... 232
Table 4.10h: seasonal changes in the population of microorganisms in the water bodies of
Assa North field .................................................................................................................. 234
Table 4.10i: Microbiology of the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location and mothballed Assa
flow station.......................................................................................................................... 234
Table 4.10j: Microbiology of the Sampling stations around SPDC wells .......................... 235
Table 4.10k: Samples around project zoneX of influence (12 15km radius outside the
pipelines and facilities......................................................................................................... 236
Table 4.10l: Comparison of microbiology of surface water of study area and control ...... 236
Table 4.10m: Summary of the Physico-Chemical Results of the Bottom Sediment .......... 237
Table 4.10n: Typical porosity ranges for unconsolidated sediments .................................. 238
Table 4.10o: Sediment Trending Values for Assa North CEIA ......................................... 239
Table 4.10p: Summary of the Heavy Metals Results of the Sediment Samples................. 242
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Table 4.10q: Physicochemical characteristics of the sediment sample at the 2006 Appraisal
well drilling location and mothballed Assa flow station .................................................... 243
Table 4.10r: Physicochemical characteristics of the sediment sample at the sample station
around SPDC wells ............................................................................................................. 244
Table 4.10s: Physicochemical characteristics of the sediment samples around project zone
of influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) .................................. 246
Table 4.10t: Comparison of physicochemical characteristics of sediments between the Study
area and control stations...................................................................................................... 247
Table 4.10u: Microbiology of sediment at the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location,
mothballed Assa flow station and engineered storage basin .............................................. 249
Table 4.10v: Microbiology of sediment at the sampling stations around SPDC wells ...... 249
Table 4.10w: Microbiology of sediment samples around project zone of influence (12
15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) ................................................................ 251
Table 4.10x: A comparison of sediment microbiology in the study and control areas ...... 251
Table 4.11a: Phytoplankton Distribution in Assa North/Ohaji South Area........................ 252
Table 4.11b: Historical data on plankton and macrobenthos in the project area ................ 256
Table 4.11e: Zooplankton distribution in Assa North-Ohaji South Area ........................... 263
Table 4.11f: Macrobenthic fauna distribution in Assa North/Ohaji South Area ................ 264
Table 4.11g: Shell and finfish encountered in Assa North/Ohaji South Area .................... 267
Table 4.11h: Fish Tissue Analysis ...................................................................................... 268
Table 4.11i: Trend analysis for fisheries in the project area ............................................... 268
Table 4.12a: Cultural Values in Some of the Study Communities ..................................... 270
Table 4.12b: Study Communities in Imo State by their Local Government Areas ............ 272
Table 4.12c: Study Communities in Rivers State by Their Local Government Areas ....... 272
Table 4.12d: Local Government Areas and their Population in AN-OH Project Area ...... 273
Table 4.12e: Distribution of Population Growth of Assa-North-Ohaji Project Area ......... 273
Table 4.12f: Distribution of Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex in Ohaji/Egbema
............................................................................................................................................. 274
Table 4.12g: Distribution of Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex in Owerri West
LGA .................................................................................................................................... 275
Table 4.12h: Distribution of Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex in ONELGA 275
Table 4.12i: Distribution of Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex in Emohua .... 276
Table 4.12j: Distribution of Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex in Ahoada East
............................................................................................................................................. 277
Table 4.12k: Educational Attainment by age in IMO State ................................................ 279
Table 4.12l: Educational Attainment by Age in Rivers State ............................................. 281
Table 4.12m: Percentage of crop grown in the area ........................................................... 287
Table 4.12n: Income Inequalities in Imo and Rivers State Compared to Zonal and National
Values for 2004 and 2010. .................................................................................................. 289
Table 4.12o: Distribution of Poverty Rates (%) by States .................................................. 290
Table 4.12p: Percentage of ownership of appliances by households in the ZOI communities
............................................................................................................................................. 290
Table 4.12q: Inventory of Social Infrastructures in the Study Communities ..................... 294
xi
Table 4.12r: Farm Land (Time Lapse Change) Trend in Imo-Rivers Area of Project
Influence ............................................................................................................................. 299
Table 4.12s: Oil Spillage, Volume and causes from 2005 - 2010 in Niger Delta .............. 302
Table 4.13a: Comparison of ChildhoodMortality Rates in the Project Area ...................... 310
Table 4.13b: Selected Health Indicators for Children Under-5 years in the AN-OH
Communities, Region and the Nation ................................................................................. 311
Table 4.13c: Indicators for Pregnant Women ..................................................................... 312
Table 4.13d: Healthcare facilities availability, staffing and capabilities in the study
communities ........................................................................................................................ 316
Table 4.13e: General cleanliness of the environment ......................................................... 324
Table 4.13f: Percentages of Stunting, Wasting and Under-nutrition in Study Area, compared
with State, Regional and National values. .......................................................................... 328
Table 4.13g: Communities in the project area .................................................................... 330
Table 4.13h: Community Needs in Order of Preference .................................................... 337
Table 5.1: Associated and Potential Impacts of AN-OH Project (Proposed Facilities) ..... 342
Table 5.2: Further definition of consequence severity rating for risk matrix .................. 350
Table 5.3: Impact Value and Rating ................................................................................... 352
Table 5.4: Potential and Associated Impacts of Proposed AN - OH Gas Project .............. 353
Table 5.5: Risk Summary/Analysis for Route 1 (Preferred Route) .................................... 360
Table 5.6: Risk Summary/Analysis for Route 3: East-West Road ..................................... 361
Table 5.7: Identification of Valued Ecosystem and Social Components (VECs/VSCs) .... 373
Table 5.8: Local Government Areas and States within the Project Area of Influence ....... 376
Table 5.9: Oil and gas infrastructure in the Zone of Influence ........................................... 379
Table 5.10: Existing, planned and future wells in the AN-OH ........................................... 382
Table 5.11: Land take of existing infrastructure with the ZOI ........................................... 382
Table 5.12: Land use change in the ZOI ............................................................................. 382
Table 5.13: Typology of social Infrastructures ................................................................... 383
Table 5.14: Status of Protected Areas Associated within 50 km radius of the Project Area of
Influence ............................................................................................................................. 385
Table 5.15: Planned and future projects within the ZOI ..................................................... 389
Table 5.16: On-going and future developments in the study area ...................................... 392
Table 5.17 (a): Summary of Cumulative Assessment Criteria ........................................... 395
Table 5.17b: Summary of Cumulative Socio-economic Assessment Criteria .................... 396
Table 5.17c: Summary of Cumulative Socio-economic Assessment Criteria .................... 397
Table 5.17d: Summary of Cumulative Human Health Assessment Criteria ...................... 398
Table 5.18: Class Matrix for determination of effects significance.................................... 400
Table 5.19: Cumulative Effects Assessment Matrix........................................................... 402
Table 5.20: Valued Social Components.............................................................................. 410
Table 5.21a: Scenario 1 Predicted Location of Maximum Ground Level Concentrations . 450
Table 5.21b: Scenario 2 Predicted Location of Maximum Ground Level Concentrations 450
Table 5.21c: Scenario 3 Predicted Location of Maximum Ground Level Concentrations . 450
Table 5.21d: Scenario 4 Predicted Location of Maximum Ground Level Concentrations 451
Table 5.22a: Scenario 5 Predicted Maximum Ground Level Concentrations .................... 462
Table 5.22b: Scenario 6 Predicted Maximum Ground Level Concentrations .................... 462
xii
Table 5.22c: Scenario 7 Predicted Maximum Ground Level Concentrations .................... 462
Table 5.22d: Scenario 8 Predicted Maximum Ground Level Concentrations .................... 462
Table 5.23a: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 1-Hr Averaging Period TSP ...... 463
Table 5.23b: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 24-Hr Averaging Period TSP .... 464
Table 5.23c: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 1-Hr Averaging Period CO ....... 464
Table 5.23d: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 8-Hr Averaging Period CO ....... 464
Table 5.23e: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 24-Hr Averaging Period CO ..... 465
Table 5.23f: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 24-Hr Averaging Period VOCs . 465
Table 5.23g: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 24-Hr Averaging Period NOX ... 465
Table 5.23h: Scenarios 3, 4, 7 and 8 Maximum Impacts of Project on Ambient Air Quality
............................................................................................................................................. 466
Table 5.24a: Impacts of the Proposed Project on Ambient NOX ........................................ 468
Table 5.24b: Impacts of the Proposed Project on Ambient VOCs ..................................... 468
Table 5.24c: Impacts of the Proposed Project on Ambient CO .......................................... 468
Table 5.24d: Impacts of the Proposed Project on Ambient TSP ........................................ 469
Table 5.24e: Impacts of the Proposed Project on Ambient SO2 ......................................... 469
Table 5.24f: Cumulative Impacts from the Proposed Project on Ambient NOX ................ 470
Table 5.24g: Cumulative Impacts from the Proposed Project on Ambient VOCs ............. 470
Table 5.24h: Cumulative Impacts from the Proposed Project on Ambient CO.................. 471
Table 5.24i: Cumulative Impacts from the Proposed Project on Ambient TSP ................. 471
Table 5.25a: VOCs Emission Factor of Some Facilities in the Proposed Project* ............ 472
Table 5.25b: Emission Factor of Some Transport Facilities............................................... 472
Table 5.25c: Estimated CO2 Emissions from the Project Zone of Influence*.................... 473
Table 5.26: Distance for 90 dB(A) FMEnv 8-hour Limit to be Attained ........................... 486
Table 5.27a: Distance for 70 dB(A) Industrial Area World Bank Limit to be Attained .... 487
Table 5.27b: Distance for 55 dB(A) Day-Time World Bank Limit to be Attained ............ 487
Table 5.27c: Distance for 45 dB(A) Night-Time World Bank Limit to be Attained.......... 487
Table 5.28a: Determination of Surface Water Quality Index and level of impact ............. 490
Table 5.28b: Water Quality Index Classification ............................................................... 490
Table 5.28c: Assessment of cumulative impact on water quality in the project area of
influence .............................................................................................................................. 491
Table 5.29: Average Discharge Capacities of some Rivers in the Area ............................. 492
Table 5.30: Sandfilling requirement of the project ............................................................. 493
Table 5.31: Water Quality Index (WQI) for groundwater in the project area .................... 498
Table 5.32: Spatial trend analysis of Assa North/Ohaji South Field and Environs (19862007) in Land cover Types in the Zone of Influence (% in parentheses) ........................... 499
Table 5.33a: Determination of soil quality index and level of impact ................................ 503
Table 5.33b: Soil Quality Index Classification ................................................................... 504
Table 5.34: Assessment of cumulative impact on soil quality in the project area of influence
............................................................................................................................................. 504
Table 5.35: Infrastructure index rating ............................................................................... 506
Table 5.36: Police-Population Ratio (i.e. Number of persons to one police) ..................... 508
Table 5.37: Population distribution by Gender in AN-OH Project Zone of Influence ....... 510
Table 5.38: Distribution of Population in AN-OH Area of Influence by Status ................ 513
xiii
Table 6.1: Impact Mitigation Measures for Proposed AN-OH Gas Development Project 523
Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) of AN-OH Facilities ...................... 545
Table 7.2: Environmental Action Plan (Cumulative Impacts Management and Monitoring)
Biophysical ......................................................................................................................... 572
Table 7.3: Environmental Action Plan (Cumulative Impacts Impact Management and
Monitoring) Socio Economics ......................................................................................... 574
Table 7.4: Environmental action plan (cumulative impacts impact management and
monitoring) - Health ........................................................................................................... 579
xiv
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1: Map of Proposed Project Area showing SPDC Concessions. .................................. 4
Fig. 1.2: Map of Nigeria Showing Imo and Rivers States. ..................................................... 5
Fig. 1.3: Satellite Image of proposed Assa North Ohaji South project area ........................ 6
Fig 2.1: Subsurface Map of Assa North - Ohaji South ......................................................... 25
Fig 3.1: Map of Nigeria showing the Assa North/ Ohaji South Project area........................ 37
Fig 3.2: Satellite imagery of the Assa North/ Ohaji South Project area ............................... 37
Fig 3.3: Map of the Assa North field showing the position of the Assa-1, Assa North-1,
Aggah-2, Appraisal well (SPDC) and Ohaji South-1 & 2 wells (Chevron). ........................ 39
Fig. 3.4: Process Block Diagram .......................................................................................... 42
Fig. 3.5: Process Flow Schematic ......................................................................................... 43
Fig. 3.6: Schematics of Assa North H1 and H4 Well Completion ....................................... 48
Fig. 3.7: Assa North Well Schematic (Cross-sectional Drawing) ........................................ 48
Fig 3.9: Schematics of the central drainage and storage system........................................... 64
Fig. 3.8: Proposed Waste management strategy ................................................................... 78
Fig. 4.1a: Monthly Rainfall Distribution in the Study Area (NIMET, 2013) ....................... 91
Fig. 4.1b: Monthly Relative Humidity Variation in the Study Area (NIMET, 2013) .......... 92
Fig. 4.1c: Monthly Air Temperature Distribution in the Project Area (NIMET, 2013) ....... 93
Fig. 4.1d: Wind Rose of the Project Area (Lakes Environmental, 2013) ............................. 94
Fig. 4.1f: Cloud Cover in the Study Area (NIMET, 2013) ................................................... 95
Fig. 4.1g: Mean Monthly Visibility Variation in the Proposed Project Area ....................... 95
Fig. 4.1h: Rainfall and concurrent evaporation at Project area............................................. 96
Fig. 4.1i: Trajectory of 2012 Flood wave around the project area of influence ................... 97
Fig. 4.3: Ambient Noise Levels with Reference to the Limits ........................................... 111
Fig. 4.4a: Soil texture in the project area ............................................................................ 113
Fig. 4.4b: Distribution of pH in soils of the project area .................................................... 116
Fig. 4.4c: Distribution of conductivities in soils of the project area ................................... 117
Fig.4.4d: Historical trend of TOC in the project area ......................................................... 118
Fig.4.4e: Historical values of available phosphorus in the project area ............................. 119
Fig. 4.4f: Historical trend of sulphates in soils of the study area........................................ 120
Fig. 4.5a: Satellite imagery covering the study area ........................................................... 156
Fig. 4.5b: Land use changes in the study area .................................................................... 157
Fig. 4.5c: Land use and land cover classification of the study area.................................... 157
Fig. 4.7: Trend analysis for wildlife in the region .............................................................. 187
Fig. 4.8a: Map of the South Atlantic showing the Mid Atlantic Ridge .............................. 188
and the Coastal Basins. ....................................................................................................... 188
Fig. 4.8b: Ecological zones within the Niger Delta (SPDC, 1997) .................................... 189
Fig. 4.8c: Global distribution of earthquake activity and seismic hazard in the earths crust
............................................................................................................................................. 190
Fig. 4.8d: Conceptual design of the monitoring wells drilled in the project area. .............. 192
Fig. 4.8e: Correlations of lithologs of boreholes drilled at the various sites ...................... 193
Fig. 4.8f: Stratigraphy of the shallow sub-surface on the Kolo Rumuekpe Pipeline.......... 194
Fig. 4.8g: Stratigraphy of shallow Subsurface in the Proposed Project Area ..................... 195
Fig 4.8h: Geo-electric Curves of 15no. Vertical Electric Soundings in project area.......... 197
xv
Fig. 4.8i: Generalized lithologic log and geoelectric section of the Assegment of the study
area. ..................................................................................................................................... 198
Fig. 4.8j: Borehole Water Levels and direction of groundwater flow at the study area ..... 201
Fig. 4.8k: Particle Size Distribution of Soil Samples from Assa-Ibiwe Field .................... 203
Fig. 4.8l: Particle Size Distribution of Sandy Layers ......................................................... 204
Fig. 4.9a: Spatial variation in the Physico-chemical parameters within project area for
facility ................................................................................................................................. 207
Fig. 4.10a: Historical trend of pH in the project area. ........................................................ 219
Fig. 4.10b: Historical trend of electrical conductivity in the project area .......................... 222
Fig. 4.10c: Historical trend of total Alkalinity of surface waters in the project area .......... 224
Fig. 4.11a: Phytoplankton density and species distribution in the project area .................. 253
Fig. 4.11b: Distribution of phytoplankton taxa in the project area ..................................... 254
Fig. 4.11c: Variation in phytoplankton diversity and richness in the project area ............. 254
Fig. 4.11d: Historical data on plankton and benthos .......................................................... 263
Fig. 4.11e: Percentage distribution of macrobenthos in the project area ............................ 265
Fig. 4.11f: Spatial distribution of macrobenthos in the project area ................................... 265
Fig. 4.11g: Spatial distribution of mcrobenthic species diversity and richness indices in the
project area. ......................................................................................................................... 266
Fig. 4.12a: Number of primary and Secondary Schools in Rivers state over years ........... 283
Fig. 4.12b: Number of primary and Secondary Schools in Imo State over years............... 284
Fig. 4.12c: Primary School enrolment in Rivers State ....................................................... 284
Fig. 4.12d: Primary school enrolment in Imo State ............................................................ 284
Fig. 4.12e: Secondary School enrolment in Imo and Rivers States compared over years . 285
Fig. 4.12f: Pupil-Teachers ratio in both Rivers state and Imo state compared over years . 285
Fig. 4.12g: Number of Pupil per classroom in Rivers and Imo States compared over years
............................................................................................................................................. 285
Fig. 4.12h: Respondents Perception of crop yield trend in recent years in Rivers and Imo
States communities. ............................................................................................................ 287
Fig. 4.12i: Range of Income Distribution in the Study Area .............................................. 288
Fig. 4.12j: Modes of land acquisitions in the ZOI communities ........................................ 299
Fig. 4.12k: Socio-Political Organization and Traditional Governance Structure in project
Communities ....................................................................................................................... 301
Fig. 4.12l: Reported cases of Armed Robbery in both Rivers and Imo States ................... 303
Fig. 4.12m: Numbers of kidnap cases of oil workers ......................................................... 303
Fig. 4.12n: RespondentsPerception of Importance of Resources. ..................................... 305
Fig. 4.13a: Common causes of Morbidity in children. ....................................................... 306
Fig. 4.13b: Proportional distribution of childhood illnesses treated at the health facilities.307
Fig. 4.13c: Proportional distribution of common causes of ill health among adults. ......... 307
Fig. 4.13d: Reported Malaria and Severe Aneamia Cases 2006 - 2010 ............................. 308
Fig. 4.13e: Peak Flow Rate among Sampled Adults Compared to standard for Age ........ 309
Fig. 4.13f: Causes of Under- Five Deaths.......................................................................... 310
Fig. 4.13g: Trends in Infant and Under 5 Mortality Rates 1990 2011............................. 311
Fig. 4.13h: Selected Health Indicators for Children Under-5 years in the AN-OH
Communities, Region and the Nation ................................................................................. 312
xvi
Fig. 4.13i: Indicators for Pregnant Women ........................................................................ 313

Fig 4.13j: Number of Cases Reported on Road Accidents by States, 2006 2010............ 314
Fig. 4.13k: Trends in the National Total Fertility Rates. .................................................... 319
Fig. 4.13l: Awareness of Sexually Transmissible Infections in the Study Communities ... 320
Fig. 4.13m: Trends in the HIV/AIDS Prevalence in the Study States Compared with
National Average. ............................................................................................................... 321
Fig. 4.13n: Common sources of drinking water in AN-OH communities .......................... 322
Fig. 4.13o: Sources of Improved water ............................................................................... 323
Fig. 4.13p: Access to an Improved Source of Water Supply .............................................. 324
Fig. 4.13q: Access to Improved Sanitation, 2012/2013. ..................................................... 326
Fig. 4.13r: common sewage disposal practices ................................................................... 327
Fig. 4.13r: Distribution of nutritional status indicators compared with States, regional and
National values.................................................................................................................... 329
Fig. 5.2: Risk Assessment Matrix ....................................................................................... 349
Fig. 5.3: Fatalities in Shell Group, 2003 - 2012.................................................................. 366
Fig. 5.4: Injuries in Shell Group Operations 2003-2012 .................................................... 367
Fig. 5.5: AN-OH Area of Influence (Purple Line).............................................................. 377
Fig. 5.7: AN-OH and other reservoirs for future development........................................... 390
Fig. 5.8: Foreseeable projects linked to the NGMP (notice the OB3 pipeline and CPF) ... 391
Fig. 5.9f: Predicted 24-Hr NOX Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 1 .................... 441
Fig. 5.13a: Predicted Ambient Noise Levels of Earthmoving Equipment ......................... 476
Fig. 5.13b: Predicted Ambient Noise Level of Materials Handling Equipment ................. 477
Fig. 5.13c: Predicted Ambient Noise Level of Stationary Equipment ............................... 478
Fig. 5.13d: Predicted Ambient Noise Level of Impact Equipment..................................... 479
Fig. 5.13e: Predicted Ambient Noise Level of Other Construction Equipment ................. 480
Fig. 5.13f: Anticipated Ambient Noise Level of Drilling Rig ............................................ 481
Fig. 5.13h: Anticipated Ambient Noise of Scenario 1 PTF Operation ............................... 482
Fig. 5.13i: Anticipated Ambient Noise Level of Scenario 2 PTF Operation ...................... 483
Fig. 5.13j: Anticipated Cumulative Ambient Noise Levels from Scenario 3 ..................... 484
Fig. 5.13k: Anticipated Cumulative Ambient Noise Levels from Scenario 4 .................... 484
Fig. 5.13l: Anticipated Ambient Noise Level from the Helipad......................................... 485
Fig. 5.14: Temporal trend in water quality in the project area of influence ....................... 491
Fig. 5.15: Hydrograph of Orashi River at Mbiama ............................................................. 492
Fig. 5.16: Proposed sources of sand supply ........................................................................ 493
Fig. 5.17: Topographic map of the facility project area ..................................................... 494
Fig. 5.18: Schematics showing routing of project site drainage ......................................... 495
Fig. 5.19: Trends of forest and farmland ............................................................................ 500
Fig. 5.20: Trends of settlement, bare soil and water bodies ............................................... 501
Fig. 5.21: Temporal trend in Soil quality in the project area of influence .......................... 504
Infrastructure ....................................................................................................................... 506
Fig.5.22: Population Trend in the Zone of Influence before, during and after AN-OH Project
............................................................................................................................................. 510
Fig.5.23: Trend of Cumulative Population Sex Ratio in AN-OH Project Impacted
Communities ....................................................................................................................... 511
xvii
Fig. 5.24 Cumulative trend of age-Sex Ratios in AN-OH Project Communities in Imo and
River States ......................................................................................................................... 512
Fig. 5.25: Cumulative Relative Poverty trend in Assa North-Ohaji Gas Project Area ....... 515
Fig. 5.26: Prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting in AN-OH zone compared with
Global Thresholds and Benchmark. .................................................................................... 520
Fig 7.1: Project EMP implementation organogram for the project .................................... 544
xviii
List of Plates
Plate 3.1: A Typical Pipe-rack .............................................................................................. 63
Plate 4.4a: A Soil Profile Pit Established in the Study Area. ............................................. 112
Plate 4.6a: Swamp forest vegetation Plate 4.6b: Swamp riparian vegetation ................. 158
Plate 4.6c: Timber exploitation in the area Plate 4.6d: Rubber plantation .................... 171
Plate 4.6e: Oil palm plantation........................................................................................... 171
Plate 4.6f: Cassava farm ..................................................................................................... 172
Plate 4.6g: Vegetable Home Garden at Assa ...................................................................... 173
Plate 4.6h: A homestead in Obite with well established compound farm. ......................... 173
Plate 4.7a: Royal python (Python regius) Plate 4.7b: A forest bird ................................ 180
Plate 4.7c: Snails collected for sale
Plate 4.7d: Maxwells Duiker, Cephalophus
maxwelli. ............................................................................................................................. 180
Plate 4.7e: Brushtailed Porcupine, Atherurus africanus ..................................................... 180
Plate 4.7f: Little Bee-Eater, Merops pusillus ...................................................................... 180
Plate 4.7g: Red-eyed Dove, Streptopelia vinacea .............................................................. 181
Plate 4.10a: Children displaying their catch. ...................................................................... 267
Plate 4.10b: Typical basket fish trap used in the area. ........................................................ 267
Plate 4.10c: Finfish displayed for sale.
Plate 4.10d: Smoked fish on display. .......... 267
Plate 4.12a: A historic brick building at the palace of Nye Nwe Ali in Egbeda /Ubimini
community. ......................................................................................................................... 270
Plate 4.11a: Garri processing in Egbeda/Ubumini Community.......................................... 286
Plate 4.11b: Palm Oil Processing at Assa community ........................................................ 286
Plate 4.11c: Garden Egg Farm at Awarra ........................................................................... 287
Plate 4.11d: An Evening Market for Vegetable (Ugu) and Plantain at Awarra ................. 289
Plate 4.11e: A Dilapidated primary school in Assa Community ........................................ 293
Plate 4.11f: Hand pump (monopump) supply water to most project communities ............ 293
Plate 4.12a: A primary health centre
at Akpabu ....................................................... 318
Plate 4.12b: Post-natal ward at Avu PHC ........................................................................... 318
Plate 4.12c: Well at Idoke ................................................................................................... 323
Plate 4.12d: Monopump at Assa ......................................................................................... 323
Plate 4.12e: Hand pump at Awarra by NDDC .................................................................... 323
Plate 4.12f: Bushy environment at Assa ............................................................................. 325
Plate 4.12g: Open and dirty drain at Alimini ...................................................................... 325
Plate 4.12h: Poor drainage at Amafor-breeding site for vectors. ........................................ 325
Plate 4.12i: Open dumping of refuse .................................................................................. 325
Plate 4.12j: Open dumping of refuse at OkansuOkprukpruali ............................................ 325
Plate 4.12k: Latrine at Egeda .............................................................................................. 326
Plate 4.12l: Bathroom at Idoke ........................................................................................... 326
Plate 4.12m: Assa Community Forum during the consultation: (sitting L - R) 2nd person Mrs
N Onumajulu, Perm. Sec. Min. Of Petroleum and Environment Imo State, 3rd person,
Special Assistant to Imo State Governor on Niger Delta, Hon. Eric Ihezie. The Honourable
Commissioner Ministry of Petroleum and Environment (Imo State) Hon. Emmanuel
Ekweremba (standing) addressing the forum, Prof. E. Nwachukwu and Nurah Oyekan. .. 332
Plate 4.12n: Primary Stakeholder engagement at a Community forum in Obile................ 332
xix
Plate 4.12o: Visit to Eze A.N Osoh JP, Eze- Ali Usomini II of Ogbaland ......................... 332
Plate 4.12p: FGD and Household Questionnaires Administrations.................................... 332
Plate 4.12q: Consultation visit at the palace of Eze A.I Obodo of Umunwaku .................. 333
Plate 5.1a: Typical Forest Canopy in the Study Area ......................................................... 488
Plate 5.1b: Typical Forest Canopy in the Study Area ......................................................... 489
Plate 5.1c: Typical Forest Canopy in the Study Area ......................................................... 489
xx
Abbreviations and Acronyms

%
C
g
m
A.I
AAS
ABCMs
ADT
AES
AGG
AIDS
ALARP
ANOH
API
APHA
ARP
ASSN
Bara
Barg
BAT
BAP
BCG
BDL
BH
BHA
BHA
BOD5
BOGT
BOP
BOPD
Bscf
Ca
CAPEX
CASHES
CBO
CCTV
CDC
CDP
CEIA
Cfu
Cfu/g
Cfu/ml
CIMCI
ClCLO
cm
CNL
_
-
Percentage
Degree Celsius
Microgramme
Micrometer
Abundance Index
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Activity Based Cost Models
Asset Data Template
Agricultural Extension Services
Associated Gas Gathering
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
As Low as Reasonably Practicable
Assa North Ohaji South
Air Quality Index
American Public Health Association
Asset Reference Planning
Assa North
Bar atmosphere
Bar gauge
Best Available Technology
Biodiversity Action Plan
Bacillus Calmette Guerin
Below Detectable Limit
Borehole
bottom-hole assembly
Bottom-Hole Assembly
Five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Bonny Oil and Gas Terminal
Blow Out Preventer
Barrels of Oil Per Day
Billion standard cubic feet
Calcium
Capital Expenditure
Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and Security
Community-Based Organisations
Closed Circuit Television
Community Development Committee
Community Development Project
Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment
Colony forming units
Colony forming units/gramme
Colony forming units/milliliter
Community Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses
Chloride ion
Community Liaison Officer
Centimetre
Chevron Nigeria limited
xxi
CO
Co
CO2
COD
CORPS
CPCC
CPF
CPR
Cr
CRA
d B (A)
DDC
DEP
DEM 1&2
DG
DG3
DO
DPR
DRB
DS
DSO
E& P
E.A
EA
EC
EC
EER
EGASPIN
EGP
EIA
EMP
EMS
ENVHRA
EP
EPA
EPI
EPIC
ESD
ESP
F&G
FAO
FDP
Fe
FEED
FEPA
FGD
FGDM
FLB
Carbon monoxide (Carbon II Oxide)

Cobalt
Carbon Dioxide (Carbon IV Oxide)
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Community Resource Persons
Central Production Control Centre
Central Processing Facility
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate
Chromium
corrosion resistant alloy
Decibel
Defensive Driving Courses
Design and Engineering Practice
Design and Engineering Manual 1 & 2
Decision Gate
Decision Gate 3
Dissolved Oxygen
Department of Petroleum Resources
Decision Review Board
Dissolved solids
Domestic Supply Obligation
Exploration and Production
Exchangeable Acidity
Environmental Assessment
Energy Components
Electrical Conductivity
Environmental Evaluation Report
Environmental Guidelines and Standards for Petroleum Industries in Nigeria
External Gravel Pack
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Management Plan
Environmental Management System
Environmental and Human Health Research Association
Extraction Procedure
Environmental Protection Agency
Expanded Programme on Immunization
Engineering Procurement, Installation & Commission
Emergency Shut Down
Emergency Shut-Down Procedure
Fire and Gas
Food and Agricultural Organization
Field Development Plan
Iron
Front End Engineering Design
Federal Environmental Protection Agency
Focus Group Discussion
Fire & Gas Detection Mapping
Field Logistics Base
xxii
FLKO
FMEnv
FOT
FTO
g
GMoU
GOR
GPS
GSG &EE
GWDP
H2S
HAART
Ha
HAZID
HAZOP
HC
HC-DP
HEMP
HET/B
HFE
HIA
HIV
HP
Hr
HRA
HSE
HSES MSHSES
HSM
HSSE
HUB
IA
ICH
IFC
IMR
IOGP
IPF
IPSC
ISO
ITCZ
ITD
IUCN
IVMS
JT-LTS
JMP
K
kg
Flare Liquid Knock Out

Federal Ministry of Environment
Federal Ocean Terminal
Freedom to Operate
Gramme
Global Memorandum of Understanding
Gas Oil Ratio
Global Positioning System
Green House Gas and Energy Efficiency
Global Well Delivery Process
Hydrogen Sulphide
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Hectare
Hazard identification
Hazard and Operability
Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon Dew pointing
Hazard and effect management process
Heterotrophic bacteria
Human Factors Engineering
Health Impact Assessment
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
High Pressure
Hour
Health Risk Assessment
Health, Safety and Environment
Health, Safety, Environment and Security Management System
Health, Safety, Environment and Security
Hazards and Sensitivities Matrix
Health, Safety, Security, Environment
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria
Impact Assessment
Intangible and Tangible Cultural Heritage
International Finance Corporation
Infant Mortality Rate
Integrated Oil and Gas Development Project
Instrumented Protective Function
Integrated Production System Capacity
International Standard Organization
Inter Tropical Convergent Zone
Inter-Tropical-Discontinuity
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources Guidelines
In-vehicle Monitoring System
Joule Thomson- Low Temperature Separation System
Joint Monitoring Programme
Potassium
Kilogram
xxiii
km
km2
L
LGAs
LLI
LLIN
LIRA
LNG
LOFR
LP
m
MDG-4
MDGs
Meq
mg
mg
mg/kg
mg/l
MICS
ml
mm
MMscf/d
Mn
MOU
MPP
N
NA
NA
Na
NACA
NAG
NAOC
NAPIMS
NBS
NCDMB
NCHS
ND
NE
NEGAS
NGLs
NGMP
NGO
Ni
NISER
NISS
NLNG
N-NH4
N-NO2
Kilometre
Square Kilometre
Litre
Local Government Areas
Long Lead Items
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets
Logistics & Infrastructure Resource Assessment
Liquefied Natural Gas
Lower Orashi Forest Reserve
Low Pressure
meter
Mid-Decade Goals 4
Millenium Development Goals
Milli-equivalent
Magnesium
Milligramme
Milligramme per kilogramme
Milligramme per litre
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
Millilitre
Milimetre
Million Standard Cubic Feet Per Day
Manganese
Memorandum of Understanding
Micro Project Programme
North
Not applicable
Not Available
Sodium
National Action Committee on AIDS
Non Associated Gas
Nigerian Agip Oil Company
National Petroleum Investment Management Services
National Bureau of Statistics
Nigerian content development and management board
National Center for Health Statistics
Not Detected
North East
National Environmental Guidelines and Standards
Natural Gas Liquids
Nigeria Gas Master Plan
Non-Governmental Organization
Nickel
Nigerian Social and Economic Research
Nutrition information and Surveillance Systems
Nigerian Liquefied Natural Gas
Ammonium Nitrogen
Nitrite Nitrogen
xxiv
N-NO3
NNPC
NOx
NPC
NTF
NTU
NW
OB-OB
OB3
OCC
OH
OML
OMPADEC
OMS
ORS
ORP
PARs
PA
PAUs
PAC
PAEAS/PAGA
PAS
PAH
Pb
Pc
PCBs
PFS
PFR
pH
PHC
PMS
PO
POBM
PPE
ppm
PR
PSD
psi
PTF
PTW
QA
QM
QoL
R
RAM
RoW
RPE
RPM
Nitrate Nitrogen
Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation
Nitrogen Oxides
National Population Commission
Non-timber Forest Products
Turbidity unit
North West
Obrikom-Obiafu
Obrikom-Obiafu-Oben
Operations Control Centre
Occupational Health
Oil Mining Lease
Oil Mineral Producing Areas Development Commission
Operation Management System
Opportunity Realization Standards
Opportunity Realization Process
Pre-Assembled Pipe-Racks
Public Affairs
Pre-Assembled Units
Project Advisory Committee
Public Address and Emergency Alarm System
Process Automation System
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Lead
Protective capacity
Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls
Process Flow Scheme
Peak Flow Rate
Hydrogen ion concentration
Primary Health Center
Project Management System
Purchase Order
Pseudo Oil Based Mud
Personal Protective Equipment
Parts per million
Public Relation
Particle Size Distribution
Pounds per square inch
Primary Treatment Facility
Permit to Work
Quality Assurance
Quality Management
Quality of Life
Correlation Coefficient
Risk Assessment Matrix
Right of Way
Respiratory Protection Equipment
Relative Poverty Measurement
xxv
RSEPA
RTAs
RTIs
S
SACA
SAP
SAU
SAFOB
SCD
SCE
SCHO
SCiN
SD
SECC
SE
SGBP
SHOC
SIA
SIEP
SIPM
SLE
SMI
SO2
SO42SOX
SP
sp
SPDC
SPM
Spp
SPU
SS
SSS
SSSIV
STDWS
STIs
SW
SWL
TDS
TDU
TEG
TEPNG
TF
THB
THC
TNP
TOC
Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency (now Rivers State

Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources)
Road Traffic Accidents
Respiratory Tract Infections
South
State Action Committee on AIDS
Systems Application Program
Supplier Assembled Units
Safety & Operationability Study
Sustainable Community Development
Safety Critical Equipment
Senior Community Health Officer
Shell Companies in Nigeria
Sustainable Development
Survival and Early Child Care
South East
Shell Group Statement of General Business Principles
Safe Handling of Chemicals
Social Impact Assessment
Shell International Exploration and Production B.V.
Shell International Petroleum Maatschappij, B.V;
School Life Expectancy
Safe Motherhood Initiatives
Sulphur dioxide
Sulphate ion
Oxides of Sulphur
Social Performance
Species (Sing.)
Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited
Suspended particulate matter
Species (Pl.)
Supplier Packaged Units
Suspended solids
Single String Single
Sub-Surface Safety Isolation Valve
Short Term Drilling & Work Over Sequence
Sexually Transmissible Infections
South West
Soil Water Level
Total Dissolved Solids
Thermal Desorption Unit
Tri-ethylene glycol
Total Exploration and Production Nigeria
Total Fungi
Total Heterotrophic Bacteria
Total hydrocarbon
Trans-Niger Pipeline
Total Organic Carbon
xxvi
TOR
TP
TSD
Tscf
TSS
TT
TVP
UNDP
UNEP
UNESCO
UNICEF
UOC
USDA
USEPA
UR
V
VAR
VAR3
VCT
VEC
VES
VOCs
VSC
W
WDG
WFS
WH
WHO
WQI
Yr
Zn
ZOI
Terms of Reference
Technology & Projects
Two-string dual
Trillion cubic of gas
Total Suspended Solids
Tetanus Toxoid
True Vapour Pressure
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Education, Scientific, Cultural Organization
United Nations Children Education Fund
Unit Operating Cost
United States Department of Agriculture
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Ultimate Recovery
Vanadium
Value Assurance Review
Value Assurance Review- 3
Voluntary Counselling and Testing
Valued Ecosystem Components
Vertical Electrical Sounding
Volatile Organic Compounds
Valued Social Components
West
Waste Disposal Guidelines
Well Functional Specification
Well Head
World Health Organization
Water Quality Index
Year
Zinc
Zone of Influence
xxvii
Executive Summary
ES1.1: Introduction
The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC), as the Operator of
the Nigerian National Petroleum Company/Shell/Total/Nigerian Agip Oil Company Joint
venture and as the Operator of the Assa North Ohaji South Unit Venture of SPDC / CNL
JV, on behalf of its partners, plans to embark on the development of Assa North Ohaji
South Gas fields. The Assa North field is contiguous with Chevrons Ohaji South field, and
the reservoirs are straddled between both fields. The hydrocarbon reserves in the Assa
North field are in the North-Eastern segment of OML 21 and extend into the Southern
segment of OML 53 (operated by Chevron Nigeria Limited) where it is known as the Ohaji
South Field.
It is situated about 25 km from Owerri, the Imo State capital and 70km from Port Harcourt
Rivers State capital. The development is part of a major expansion of Nigerian gas
production that is targeted to deliver gas to the domestic markets. The project scope
includes; Primary Treatment Facility (PTF); Field Logistics Base (FLB) and wells. Others
are pipelines, flow lines and manifolds.
Project EIA history
In line with National legislation, Shell Petroleum Development Company started the Impact
Assessment (IA) process of Assa North - Ohaji (AN-OH) South Gas Development Project
in 2006. This process was stalled in February, 2008 due to fund constraint after the
following major milestones were covered:
Several engagements (sensitization, and scoping workshops) with various
stakeholders (communities, Government, and NGOs);
Data gathering exercise completed by Lighthouse Petroleum and Environmental
Company (LPEC);
Laboratory analysis of data gathered; and
Institutional Stakeholders engagement workshop.
The EIA process of AN-OH project was therefore recommenced in June 2011. The
regulators (FMEnv and DPR) were notified about the continuation and request was made
for approval of one season data gathering exercise to augment previously acquired data. The
regulators granted approval for one season data gathering and requested the update of the
old approved ToR to incorporate the new project scope. The ToR was updated and approval
secured from the regulators (FMEnv and DPR) and commended by NAPIMS. Two new
pipeline routes were added to the old scope. To this end, a stakeholders
engagement/scoping workshop was embarked upon on 11th and 12th July 2012 for Rivers
and Imo states communities respectively to bring the new and old stakeholders to the same
level of understanding on the project status and Impact Assessment forward plan.
xxviii
ES 1.2: Value of the Project

The Assa North - Ohaji South Project will boost the potentials of SPDC and Chevron as
major players in the development of the Nations gas resource. The project is expected to
significantly improve the economic base of the country and be a catalyst to further promote
foreign participation in the countrys industrialisation efforts. Furthermore, the Projects
activities will lead to a creation of many businesses and employment opportunities through
direct and indirect involvement of consultants, contractors, suppliers and other professionals
at different stages of the project. The total value of the projects contribution to the
economy equals the sum of the investment and associated deliverables and the projects
direct and indirect benefits. These contributions are expected to be enormous.
ES 1.3: Objectives of the CEIA
The objectives of the EIA are to:
Acquire new ecological socio-economic and health data of the project area (areas
specifically including existing facilities and proposed facilities for potential
impacts estimation. It will also include entire project zone of influence for CEIA)
and use the new data to describe and characterize the study area;
Obtain previous ecological, social and health data from existing Environmental
reports from the area and juxtapose it with the new data for the estimation of
CEIA);
Determine and evaluate the potential impacts of the proposed project activities
(construction of FLB, Primary treatment facilities and gas wells) on the identified
environmental sensitivities and the interactions between the sensitivities;
Provide an assessment of cumulative environmental impacts (impact of past
(mothballed flow station), existing (Ahia manifold and flowstation, pipelines and
wells) and proposed SPDC (AN-OH project) and third party facilities (Total E&P,
CNL, NAOC); and
Develop cost effective mitigation measures and appropriate Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) for both potential impacts and cumulative impacts.
ES 1.4: Project Objectives
The objectives of this project include:
Development of the gas reserves in SPDCs Assa North and Chevrons Ohaji
Southfields to provide platform for gas growth;
Implementation of Sustainable Development (SD) initiatives in the proposed
project area;
Maximising profitability of the project by optimising the ultimate recovery from
all reservoirs developed and timely delivery of the project; and
Generating revenue for the Federal Government of Nigeria.
ES 1.5: Legal and Administrative Framework
The EIA was carried out in accordance with the Mineral Oil (Safety) Regulations, 1963, Oil
Pipelines Ordinances (CAP) 145, 1956 and Oil Pipelines Act, 1965, Petroleum (Drilling and
Production) Regulations (1969), Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Now FMEnv)
xxix
Act No. 58, 1988, FMEnv Sectoral and Procedural Guidelines for Oil and Gas (1995), S.I.
15 - National Environmental Protection Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes
Regulation (1991) (FMEnv), Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992
(FMEnv), FEPA (Now FMEnv) National Guidelines for Spilled Oil Fingerprinting (Act 14
of 1999), FEPA (Now FMEnv) National Guidelines on Waste Disposal through
Underground Injection (1999), FEPA (Now FMEnv) Nigeria's National Agenda 21 (1999),
FEPA (Now FMEnv) National Policy on the Environment (1989), National Oil Spill
Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA), 2006 and National Environmental Standards
Regulatory and Enforcement Agency (NESREA), 30th July, 2007.
Other regulations are the National Inland Waterways Authority Act No 13 of 1997,
International Laws and Regulations (World Bank Guidelines on Environmental Assessment
{EA} 1991), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
Guidelines, Convention on the Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention),
Convention of Biological Diversity, Convention Concerning the Protection of the World
Cultural and National Heritage Sites (World Heritage Convention), Basel Convention on the
Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal and United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)), Associated Gas Re-Injection
Act No. 99 of 1979 (CAP 26), Nigerian Ports Authority Act No 38 of 1999, Endangered
Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Act 11 of 1985
Imo State Environment Protection Agency Law of 1992 (Amended, 1997), Imo State
Environmental Protection Agency (ISEPA) Guidelines and Standards for Environmental
Pollution Control (A highlight), 1997, the Imo State Basic Environmental Law. Law No. 1
of 2004, Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency Edict No 2 of 1994, Rivers State
Private Health and Allied Establishments Authority Law, 2001, Rivers State Public Health
Law, 1999, Rivers State Noise Pollution Control Law of 1984, Rivers State Environmental
Protection Agency Law No. 2 of 1994 and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Process A Manual for EIA Execution in SPDC, SPDC 99-201, 2000. This document sets
down the guidelines for an enhanced, cost effective and improved EIA process in SPDC,
which fully incorporates Social Impact Assessment (SIA), Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
and effective consultation with all the Stakeholders in the EIA.
ES 2.0: Need for the Project
This project will enable SPDC to supply up to 500 MMscf/d of processed natural gas to the
Domestic Gas Market and other markets. There are existing and ongoing power plant
projects in Nigeria and the West African sub region that the gas from this project can feed
into. The Federal Government of Nigerias determination to harness its gas resources as
well as end gas flaring will significantly increase gas availability for domestic consumption
and economic integration of the West African Region. The Assa North-Ohaji South gas
fields development shall enable the country achieve these objectives. In addition the project
shall generate 40 Mbbl/d condensate and provide much needed revenue to the Government
and people of Nigeria.
xxx
ES 2.1: Envisaged Substainability

The project is sustainable economically, environmentally and technically. SPDC has
experience built over the years in drilling, upstream oil & gas development, liquefied
natural gas (LNG) projects and in estate management (SPDC residential areas in Warri, Port
Harcourt, Lagos, Abuja and other site/ camp accommodations).
Environmental Sustainability
The aim is to ensure that current use of the environment and its natural resources does not
damage prospects for use by future generations. SPDC shall comply with all statutory
regulations and its own corporate guidelines on Environmental Sustainability, continuously
striving for performance improvement. Adequate incentives are therefore needed to ensure
that the cost of enhancing environmental performance does not inhibit business growth.
Technical Sustainability
The SPDC and Chevron have demonstrated appropriate technological know-how over time
in their operations in Nigeria and worldwide. They have extensive experience in oil/ gas
drilling and operating Non Associated Gas (NAG) facilities, LNG, pipelines, refineries and
other hydrocarbon production and processing facilities. The gas pipeline project is
technically sustainable in view of SPDC records and strict adherence to internationally and
nationally acceptable engineering design and construction standards. Innovative
technologies that are economically viable and having minimal environmental, social and
health impacts shall be utilised in the execution of the proposed project.
Economic Sustainability
There is abundant natural gas in the Assa north Ohaji south fields to assure the economic
viability of the project. In addition, there is increase in the world energy demand, the price
of LNG, as well as a ready market for LNG which is expected to play an increasingly
important role in the natural gas and global energy markets in the next several years. The
Nigerian proven gas reserve is about 5.1 trillion cubic meters (BP Statistical Review of
World Energy June 2012, bp.com/statistical review). This is about 2.5% of world proven
reserves. The estimated volume of gas in the AN-OH project fields is ~3.1 Tcf. The local
demand for gas for both domestic and industrial uses is growing. The favourable gas policy
in Nigeria will lead to the utilization of the gas reserves in the Blocks and hence revenue
generation for the Companies and Government. These factors make the project
economically sustainable.
Social Sustainability
Numerous construction activities during the life cycle of this project will provide benefits to
the host communities such as provision of power and water supply, promotion of human
capital development, basic social amenities to the host communities and the promotion of
good relationship between SPDC and the host communities. The project will provide
employment opportunities for young people during all phases of the development. The
extension of electric power to the host communities will enhance socioeconomic activities
in the project area.
xxxi
ES 2.2: Project Options and Alternatives

Several Field Development options were analysed and several technology development
alternatives were also considered for the PTF, FLB and Wells construction.
Project Options
No Project Option
Decision not to go ahead with this proposed Field Development will deny the Federal
Government and the other Unit Partners opportunity to monetize the hydrocarbon resources
and contribute to the Gas and Power Agenda of the Federation.
Delayed Project Option
The delay project option will lead to a delay in schedule dates for the proposed Field
development and hence loss of expected revenue for that period of time to Government and
SPDC.
Resource Development Options:
Resource Options considered were Gas Only, Oil Only and Oil + Gas development.
Considering the nature of hydrocarbon Initially-In-Place, Target Reservoirs and Forecast
Production Plateau Gas Only Development was selected.
Facility Siting Options
Two locations were considered as options for the Surface Facilities as follows:
Option 1: site close to the proposed Assa North development well location.
Option 2: Flow the well fluids about 90km to Gbaran and process at the existing CPF.
Option 1 was chosen. It had the following advantages; proximity to the liquid export
trunkline which will reduce the length of the proposed condensate export pipeline. The well
cluster drilling location is within the facility; therefore Assa North flowlines will be very
short (+/- 500m).
Field Logistics Base (FLB) Options
Option 1: The No FLB Options;
Option 2: Use of existing Assa North Camps Accommodation;
Option 3: Use of existing Shell housing in Port Harcourt or Egbema; and
Option 4: Construction of a new logistics base and the PTF.
Option 4 was chosen. It will involve the acquisition of 20 Ha of land for the construction of
a FLB facility with a new residential camp for about 200 personnel adjacent to the PTF and
50 Ha for the PTF itself. It had the following advantages:
It will ensure quick response to plant emergencies at the PTF and also field
interventions, thus enhancing the operational effectiveness of the staff;
xxxii
It will enhance efficiency of the operations team covering the Assa North nodal
activities by locating O&M staff near the plant and within driving distance of the
other remote facilities; and
It will reduce the movement of shift personnel from outside the Assa node to the
facilities.
Well Engineering and Drilling options

Two options were considered, the first phase development and the second location. The
drilling of first phase development will, require land take and additional footprint, out-step
of wells, drilling and tie-back and increased cost. The second location option will minimise
land take and the costs, risks and delays of securing and constructing multiple surface
locations. Wellhead to wellhead distance envisaged is 45 m to avoid any shutdown of the
well in case the neighboring well needs work over.
Project Alternatives
Sub Surface Alternatives
Many subsurface development alternatives and configurations were considered; which
include Target Reservoirs, Number of Wells, Reservoir Sequence, Well type, Well
Placement Depletion Compression Timing, Forecast Plateau Rate, Gas Rate per well, etc.
Primary Treatment Facility
About eleven technical and operational scenarios were considered and 2 x 300 MMscf/d
plant configuration was selected to enable domestic gas supply contract duration of a
minimum of 15 years to support gas and power agenda of the Federal Government of
Nigeria.
Liquid Hydrocarbon Evacuation Alternatives
Considerations include Deep NGL Extraction, NGL Evacuation Route, Condensate
Evacuation Protection, Secondary Gas Evacuation Route, Condensate Endurance capacity
and 3rd Party Sale at Fence. Third Party Sale at Fence with Condensate Endurance Storage
Tanks.
ES 2.3: Project Location
The Assa North field, situated at some 25 km Southwest of Owerri, is located in SPDCs
OMLs 21 with some of its reservoirs in communication with Chevrons OML 53
reservoirs, called Ohaji South. It is located in the Ohaji/Egbema Local Government Area of
Imo State. Assa North-Ohaji South is a unitised asset by DPR regulations because of its
communicating reservoirs. An unitisation and Unit Operating Agreement (UUOA) between
SPDC JV and Chevron JV has been fully executed with SPDC appointed as the Operator. A
total of six (6) wells have been drilled: four by SPDC within OML-21 and two by Chevron
within OML-53. These wells are exploration and appraisal gas wells; out of which four have
been plugged and abandoned; while 2 are suspended. The project spans two states (Imo and
Rivers States) and five Local Government Areas (two in Imo State Ohaji/Egbema, Owerri
xxxiii
West and three in Rivers State Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Emohua and Ahoada East). The PTF
is located in Imo State (Ohaji/Egbema LGA), while the pipelines span Imo State and Rivers
State. The communities are twelve from in Imo State, consisting of eleven (Assa, Awara,
Obile, Obitti, Umudike, Etekwuru, Amafor, Obegwe, ADA Palms, Obosima, and Ochia) in
Ohaji/Egbema LGA while the remaining community, Avu is in Owerri West LGA. From
the Rivers State area, are twelve (13) out of twenty-three (23) communities (Ede, Ohiauga,
Akaputa, Obiyebe, Ogbogu, Obite, Okpurukpua-Ali, Obor, Obirikom, Okansu, Ebegoro,
Edia, Omoku) in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni LGA; and nine other communities namely Ubumini,
Egbeada, Umudioga, Akpabu, Itu, Alimini, Ekutche-Rumekpe, Imoga-Rumekpe, and OvieRumekpe in Emohua LGA, while Idoke community belongs to Ahoada East LGA. The
Assa North and Ohaji South fields lie in the geographical region that can be approximately
defined by the following coordinates (Nigeria mid-belt projection): Eastings 475,000
490,000 m and Northings 140,000 160,000 m.
ES 3.0 Project Description
Project Scope
The scope of this project includes drilling of nine (9) gas wells drilling/completion and
construction of a Primary Treatment Facility (dehydration, conditioning, compression,
metering). The PTF will will have a total capacity of 600 MMscf/d gas and 45,000 bbl/d of
hydrocarbon liquids. The Project scope includes product evacuation pipelines and a Field
Logistic Base. The FLB is primarily to provide storerooms, workshops, warehouses, office
space, transportation requirements, car parking, diesel storage, medical clinic, living
quarters and recreational facilities. In addition the FLB will require helicopter operations
facilities including a landing pad. The FLB will provide accommodation for 200 persons.
The Project scope includes a Central drainage and storm water storage and reuse system and
a network of roads dividing the site into residential, mess/recreational and Industrial area.
Well Locations/Access Roads Preparations
The well location activities will also include construction of campsite, which will be
situated in the vicinity of the well location.
Drilling of Wells
To minimize land-take and other impacts on the environment, cluster drilling strategy has
been adopted for the project with the re-use of existing location. Where existing well
location is not found suitable for the drilling, land (approximately 60 m x 110 m) would be
selected within the acquired area for a new drilling location. The target reservoirs for this
project are the H1000 (H1) and H4000 (H4); while the other smaller reservoirs are not part
of this proposed development. The initial development wells for the H1000 reservoir (4
nos.) and H4000 reservoir (2 nos.) will all be conventional wells, pre-drilled from a single
drilling center and channeled via individual flowlines to three inlet manifolds in the Primary
Treatment Facility. The inlet manifolds will feed inlet separators which separate gas from
liquids. The liquid and gas will then be channeled appropriately for further processing.
xxxiv
Land Use Optimization

All the wells planned for development will be drilled from a single well site cluster, located
adjacent to the PTF, along its North side. The well site will be large enough to
accommodate the nine (9) proposed wells. A well head spacing for Non Associated Gas
(NAG) wells of 45 m, a total well site plot size of 260 m x 140 m (36,400m2) is estimated to
be required for the 9 planned wells. The well spacing will be such that can accommodate
concurrent operations to go on without interrupting gas supply.
Process Description
Gas processing comprises of dehydration and hydrocarbon dewpointing to meet sales gas
specifications. Liquids processing consists of condensate stabilization and dehydration to
meet condensate sales specifications. The gas stream separated at the inlet separators is
dehydrated in a two-train dehydration system. The gas is cooled and dehydrated by contact
with triethylene glycol (TEG) to reduce its water content below 7lb/MMscf.
The dehydrated gas is subsequently hydrocarbon dewpointed in a four-train turboexpanderbased hydrocarbon dewpointing system. Each hydrocarbon dewpointing train consists of a
Gas/Gas heat exchanger, Gas/Liquid Heat Exchanger, Inlet Scrubber, Turboexpander, and a
Low Temperature Separator. The gas undergoes expansion in the turboexpander to achieve
a hydrocarbon cricondentherm of 5C while maintaining an output pressure of 92 barg. A
Joule-Thomson valve capable of the full flow through the hydrocarbon dewpointing unit is
installed parallel to the turboexpander on each train. The hydrocarbon dewpointed gas is
then exported from the PTF through a gas export pipeline to a remote metering facility
where the gas is fiscally metered and ready for custody transfer.
Liquids separated at the inlet gas separators are stabilized in a two-train flash stabilisation
system where the pressure is lowered in four successive stages (XHP, HP, LP and SV
stages). The liquid is heated just upstream of the SV stage to remove sufficient light end
components in order to achieve the required true vapor pressure specification of 12.5psia.
The liquid from the condensate stabilization system is cooled and undergoes final
dehydration in a coalescer before being metered for export. Flash gas from the condensate
stabilisation trains and other process units are compressed in a three-train flash gas
compression system and returned to the gas processing system.
ES 3.2: Project Activities
Below is a summary of the Project activities:
Pre-Construction Activities
Front End Engineering Design (FEED)
Environmental Impact Assesment
Hazards Identification/Mitigation
Risks Assesments/Mnagement
Land Acquisition
Detailed Engineering
Procurement
xxxv
Site Preparation
Site Clearing and De-stumping
Dredging and Sand filling
Temporary Construction Campsite
Construction of Central Drainage and Storage System
Drilling Activities
Location Preparation
Setup of drilling campsite
Rig Move (including personnel, equipment and supplies logistics)
Drilling Campaign
Casing and cementing
Completion and perforation
Well testing
Flowline hook up
Site Demobilisation
Construction Activities
Construction of Central Drainage and Storage System
Commissioning
Site restoration
Operation and maintenance
Decommissioning
Facilities hook up at Assa North - Ohaji South
Demobilisation
Commissioning
Operations & Maintenance
De-commissioning/Closure
ES 3.3: Project Planning and Scheduling
The overall objective is to align First Gas and Final Investment Decision dates with feasible
Gas demand profile and timing. The project is scheduled for 6 years (2015 to 2021); while
the Operational Phase is for 30 years, commencing from the 1st gas date of December 2018.
ES 3.4: Waste Management
The proposed waste streams from the project activities include but not limited to the
following:
Construction generated waste: Pipe offcuts, Weld electrodes stubs, hydrotest
water, discarded consumables.
Non pipeline waste: Discarded consumables such as scrap metals used in
construction, sachet water bags, vegetation from site clearing.
Drilling waste: Drill cuttings/excess or spent drilling mud and completion fluids,
Cementing waste, Rig wash, drilling effluents.
xxxvi
Details of the proposed waste managment strategy are presented in figure 3.8 (Page 71).
ES 4.0: Description of the Existing Environment
The current status of the ecology, health and social characteristics of the project area is
presented in order to establish, before the execution of the project, the status of the various
environmental components that are likely to be affected by the project. It also includes the
immediate project impact areas and the wider regional areas of possible cumulative impacts.
The study involved a one season (2012 wet season) data gathering to complement the data
acquired in 2007(dry season) respectively for proper characterization of the environment.
The fieldwork (2012 wet season) was undertaken from 10th to 21st of October 2012.
A cumulative impact assessment to consider the effects of past, existing and proposed
developments acting together with the contribution of the present project in its area of
influence was conducted. Current data obtained in 2012 (wet season) was compared with
the following: previous data obtained in 2007 (dry season) within the Project Area, 2003
EER of Ahia Flow Station, 2004 EER of Ibigwe Marginal Field, 2004 Environmental
Impact Assessment of the 20 x 37 km Kolo Creek Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement
Project, 2006 EIA of Assa North Appraisal Well, 2006 EIA of Okordia Rumuekpe
Trunkline, 2006 EIA of Etelebu Rumuekpe Trunkline and 2009 EIA of Egbema Egbema
West.
Valued Ecosystem Components/Valued Social Components (VECs/VSCs) were considered
to highlight how they have been shaped in the area by other human activities and natural
events, beginning from the identified past temporal boundaries, over time up to the present
(baseline) situation and projecting into the future to accommodate the 30-year lifespan of
the proposed project. To enable an assessment of cumulative effects with other projects,
trends in development of the resources, carrying capacities and thresholds for each VEC,
where applicable, are discussed.
Field Data acquisition
The field data gathering exercise for this study area employed random and targeted
sampling which covered a number of locations. The study area consisted of the Proposed
Project area and the entire Project zone of influence. This Project area consisted of the
following land area housing the following proposed and existing facilities; proposed
effluent discharge points, the 2006 appraisal well drilling location, proposed PTF, proposed
FLB, proposed storage basin (depressed land a few metres from the proposed FLB location,
SPDC wells (proposed and existing), the Assa mothballed flow station, burrow pit and the
Ahia flow station/manifold. The entire project zone of influence consisted of the proposed
Project area, third party facilities such as those belonging to Total, NAOC, Government and
non -government facilities such as the former RISON palm plantation and areas within
20km radius of the Assa mothballed flow station). For air quality modelling the study area
consisted of areas within 50km radius of the Assa mothballed flow station.
xxxvii
Quantity of samples acquired

The quantities of sampled obtained during the field data gathering exercise include: Surface
water: 3 and 2 controls; Groundwater: 4 and 4 controls; Sediment: 3 and 2 controls;
Vegetation: 23 and 3 controls; Soil: 24 and 3 controls; and Air quality: 15 and 3 controls.
All samples were analysed in Dukoria International limiteds laboratory, Effurun, Delta
state.
Climate and Meteorology
The study area is located in the tropical monsoon climate zone and experiences heavy
rainfall from March to October with a dry season between November and February. While
the monthly rainfall is 4.5 - 467.4 mm, its Relative humidity is 66.0 87.0%. The area
experiences relatively high air temperatures throughout the year with minimum and
maximum levels of 23 30 C and 29 34 C respectively. Its surface wind is 0.5 9.8
m/s with occasional calmness while its prevailing wind directions are the southwest and
northeast. Its monthly sunshine is 51.2 165.7 hrs with 6.9 - 7.6 Oktas monthly cloud cover
and visibility ranging between 1 and 8 km.
Air Quality/Noise
Though seven gaseous pollutants were monitored in the wet season, SO2, O3, and NH3 were
not detected in the proposed facility site location. In 2009 dry season NO2, SO2, CO, and
VOCs were detected but in 2007, those detected were NO2, SO2, CO, and VOCs. In 2004,
only NO2 and VOCs were detected but none was detected in 2002. Particulates were
detected in all the sampling locations though all within the 250 g/m3 FMEnv limit. In
2002, 2004 and 2009 wet season, the Air Quality Index (AQI) was good in 100% of the
sampling locations in the proposed facilitys project zone of influence but in 2012, it was
good in 85.2% of the sampling locations, moderate unhealthy and very unhealthy in 11.5%,
1.6% and 1.6% of the locations respectively. In the dry season, AQI was good in 2002 in
75.0% of the sampling locations but in 2004, 2007, and 2009, it was good in 93.8%, 85.0%
and 83.9% of the sampling locations respectively. Overall, AQI was good in over 75% of
the locations in the two seasons and with this, the air shed can be classified as un-degraded
air shed with high carrying capacity for the proposed facility.
In the proposed facility zone of influence, the 2012 wet season ambient noise levels in Imo
State node were 41.5 57.2 dB(A) both outdoor and indoor. In its Rivers State node, the
outdoor ambient noise was 53.9 dB(A) but 40.0 66.4 dB(A) indoor. In 2009, the noise
levels were 55.0 67.1 dB(A) in the zone but in 2004 and 2002, they were 41.7 dB(A) and
62.1 dB(A) respectively. In the dry season, the 2009 ambient noise levels were 52.4 75.2
dB(A) but in 2007, they were 36.6 51.3 dB(A). In 2004 and 2002, they were 42.0 dB(A)
and 60.1 dB(A) respectively. All these noise levels were within the 8-hour 90 dB(A) shop
floor FMEnv limit and within the 70 dB(A) industrial area ambient noise limit of the World
Bank from 2002 to date with no significant change over the periods under consideration.
With this, the study area can be described as having a high carrying capacity for the
proposed project using ambient noise levels as determinant.
xxxviii
Air Quality around Proposed and Existing Facilities

During the wet season in the following areas, (the Effluent discharge point, the 2006
Appraisal well drilling location, mothballed Assa flow station and Burrow pit, third party
facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003, along the 16 x 20 km Egbema to Assa
Trunkline/RoW including the proposed for PTF and FLB, along the 18 x 53 km Assa to
Rumuekpe Trunkline, around Ahia Manifold flow station and around project zone of
influence (Wells) ) the CO values where above the DPR regulatory limits but within FMEnv
regulatory limit. This may be attributed to vehicular emissions from the nearby major roads.
Hydrometeorology
Analysis of the components of water budget in the project area indicated that precipitation is
expended largely by evapotranspiration and that the amount of water entrained as runoff,
infiltration and differential storage is comparatively small in relation to that taken up by
evaporation. Attention has been drawn to the need for adapting to the potential impact of
flood hazards, following the scale of devastation and disruption to services and production
that was associated with the 2012 flood event. It is crucial to understand the trajectory of the
flood waters, in order to appreciate the areal coverage of the 2012 flood and to take
proactive steps to minimize and mitigate potential future impacts.
Soils
The Soil texture was dominated by sand followed by silt and clay and varied between sandy
loam, clay loam and silty loam. Soil pH was generally acidic with some areas having pH
below 4.8 which is too acidic for normal plant growth. Tropical soils are generally highly
acidic and very acidic conditions are common in peat forest ecosystem.
Soil conductivities were generally below level of 500 S/cm at which level, injury may
occur in plants. Total organic carbon levels in soils ranged between low and high levels
with no significant historical trend. A tendency towards higher values was observed beyond
1999.
Available Phosphorus and nitrogen levels were generally lower than levels that can support
optimum agricultural yields. Phosphate and nitrate showed marked decreasing trends
beyond 1999. The low nutrient levels are attributed to high leaching from increasing rainfall
and flood intensities in the area. The acidic nature of the soils is also implicated in poor
availability of phosphorus due to strong binding to soil. Sulphate on the other hand
displayed an increasing trend beyond 1999 which is an indication of increasing acidification
in the soil consequent upon organic matter degradation.
The bulk density and porosity of the soils are considered normal for the textural
characteristics of the area but continuous us of heavy machinery in major projects in the
area has a tendency to reduce the porosity and permeability thereby leading to reduction in
agricultural yields. Cation Exchange Capacity and the levels of exchangeable cations are
low and reflect cation deficiencies in potassium, calcium and magnesium with potential
negative impact on agricultural yield. The low CEC is attributed to the texture of the soils
xxxix
which is dominated by sand. Levels of all heavy metals and hydrocarbons were markedly
lower the national regulatory limits in soil.
Soil Physicochemical Characteristics around Proposed and Existing Facilities
Proposed effluent discharge point
The pH was acidic. TOC of top soil was slightly greater in top soil than bottom soil. The
soil was predominantly sandy with the bottom soil showing higher percentage of sand and
therefore had a higher porosity. Top and bottom soil physicochemical (heavy metals and
organics) parameters were all within DPR target and intervention values. The soil was
relatively pristine with regards to heavy metals and organics.
The 2006 Appraisal well drilling location, mothballed Assa flow station and proposed
engineered storage basin
The pH was acidic. The TOC was high. Some areas were predominantly silty, suggesting
human interference (built up area) while others were predominantly sandy indicating that
these areas were less disturbed. Surface and subsurface soil physicochemical (heavy metals
and organics) parameters were all within DPR target and intervention values. The soil was
Third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)
The pH was acidic. The TOC was comparatively lower than in other sample stations. The
soil composition was less sandy than most stations and had higher clay content, suggesting
the built up nature of these locations. Surface and subsurface soil physicochemical (heavy
metals and organics) parameters were all within DPR target and intervention values. The
soil was relatively pristine with regards to heavy metals and organics.
SPDC wells
The pH was acidic. The TOC was generally high. The soil was predominantly sandy
porosity was high indicating its undisturbed nature. Surface and subsurface
physicochemical (heavy metals and organics) parameters were all within DPR target
intervention values. The soil was relatively pristine with regards to heavy metals
organics.
and
soil
and
and
Proposed PTF and FLB

The pH was acidic. The TOC was high reflective of contributions of litter and humus. It was
predominantly sandy and porous suggestive of its undisturbed nature. Surface and
subsurface soil physicochemical (heavy metals and organics) parameters were all within
DPR target and intervention values. The soil was relatively pristine with regards to heavy
metals and organics.
Ahia Manifold flow station
The pH of both top and bottom soil were acidic. The soil was predominantly sandy and
bottom soil was slightly sandier than top soil. The moisture content for top soil was slightly
greater than that of bottom soil. TOC was greater in top soil than bottom soil. Surface and
xl
Comparison of the physicochemical properties of the soil in the study area and the
control stations
Both study area and control were acidic. The electrical conductivity was high, with higher
values found in top soil for both study area and control. The moisture content was similar
for both study area and control, with very little apparent variation between top and bottom
soils. The TOC was apparently higher in study area than in control, suggesting higher litter
and humus content in study areas than control soils. Both soils were predominantly sandy
with study area soil less sandy than the control areas. Porosity values were similar for both
sample types. Top and bottom soil physicochemical (heavy metals and organics) parameters
were all within DPR target and intervention values. The soil was relatively pristine with
regards to heavy metals and organics.
Soil Microbiology
During the dry season, total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) ranged from 1.3 2.9 x 105 cfu/g
in 2003 to 1.6 600 x 107 cfu/g in 2009 at the soil surface. Whereas at the subsurface, THB
ranged from 0.12 8.8 x 104 cfu/g in 2007 to 1.6 650 x 107 cfu/g in 2009. The results
show that THB population in the dry season is increasing over the years in both soil surface
and subsurface. During the wet season, THB ranged was 2.3 17 x 106 cfu/ml in 2003, 5.5
242 x 104 cfu/g in 2006, 1.7 600 x 107 cfu/g in 2009 and 0.08 3.2 x 104 cfu/g in 2012
at the soil surface. At the subsurface, during the wet season, THB was 2.80 532 x 104
cfu/g in 2006, 1.5 670 x 107 cfu/g in 2009 and 0.08 7.2 x 104 cfu/g in 2012. THB was
generally higher in the wet season than dry season. In soil surface, hydrocarbon utilizing
bacteria (HUB) was 0.1 0.23 x 104 cfu/g in 2003 and 0.12 3.0 x 104 cfu/g in 2007 in the
dry season, whereas in the wet season, it was 0.4 6.2 x 104 cfu/g in 2003, 0.23 6.20 x 104
cfu/g in 2006 and 0.11 2.07 x 104 cfu/g in 2012. At the subsurface, HUB was 0.12 3.11
x 104 cfu/g in 2007 in the dry season, whereas during the wet season, it ranged from 0.06 3.44 x 104 cfu/g in 2006, 0.12 3.11 x 104 cfu/g in 2007, and 0.07 2.43 x 104 cfu/g in
2012. In both seasons and soil strata, HUB accounted for 0.1 100% of the THB, indicating
that the study area is exposed to hydrocarbons. The predominant microbial genera
encountered in the soil of the study area include Klebsiella, Bacillus, Escherichia,
Staphylococcus, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas and Serratia. Many of these bacteria are
hydrocarbon utilizers.
During the dry season, total fungi (TF) was 1.0 2.1 x 105 cfu/g in 2003, 0.07 2.13 x 104
cfu/g in 2007 and 1.3 200 x 104 cfu/g in 2009 at the soil surface. At the subsurface, TF
was 0.07 2.13 x 104 cfu/g in 2007 and 1.3 200 x 104 cfu/g in 2009. During the wet
season, TF was 1.6 370 x 105 cfu/g in 2003, 8.0 86 x 102 cfu/g in 2006, 1.2 230 x 104
cfu/g in 2009 and 8.0 - 242 x 102 cfu/g in 2012 at soil surface and was 2.0 70 x 102 cfu/g
in 2006, 1.4 210 x 104 cfu/g in 2009 and 3.0 312 x 102 cfu/g in 2012 at the subsurface.
During the dry season, hydrocarbon carbon utilizing fungi (HUF) was quite scanty in the
xli
range of 2.0 18 x 102 cfu/g in 2003, and 4.0 126 x 102 cfu/g in 2007 at the surface and
3.0 105 x 102 cfu/g at the subsurface. In the wet season, HUF was 3.1 33 x 103 cfu/g in
2003, 0 6 x 102 cfu/g in 2006, and 5 131 x 102 cfu/g in 2012 at the surface, whereas at
the subsurface, HUF was 0 3.6 x 102 cfu/g. Hence, HUF accounted for 0.1 1.0 % of the
TF indicating that the area is exposed to hydrocarbons. The fungal predominant isolates
were Mucor, Candida, Aspergillus, Cladosporum and Penicillium.
Soil Microbiological Characteristics around Proposed and Existing Facilities
Proposed effluent discharge point
The results suggested high microbial activity within this area. The low percentage HUB
values suggested low exposure of resident microbial flora to hydrocarbons of petroleum
origin supporting the low levels of TPH compounds from the physicochemical observation.
The 2006 Appraisal well drilling location, mothballed Assa flow station and Storage
basin
The results suggested high microbial activity within this area. The low percentage HUB
values suggested low exposure of resident microbial flora to hydrocarbons of petroleum
origin supporting the low levels of TPH compounds from the physicochemical observation.
The results suggested high microbial activity within this area. The vertical variation in the
microbiological parameters was minimal. The percentage HUB was <1%, suggested low
exposure to petroleum hydrocarbon suggesting.
SPDC wells
The results indicated high microbial activity in many of the stations this area, however
sample station SS08 showed a slightly lower THB count when compared to other stations.
Probably these low values at this station may be due to previous exposure to high
concentration of hydrocarbon, resulting in toxicity effects (reduction in population). This
observation is reflected in the higher percentage HUB in this station compared to other
stations. Other stations showed percentage HUB values of less than one percent, suggesting
little exposure to hydrocarbons of petroleum origin. The physiochemical results did not
show increased hydrocarbon concentrations at this station when compared to others.
Proposed for PTF and FLB
The results indicate high microbial activity within these sample stations, however sample
stations SS09 and SS10 showed a lower THB count when compared to other stations.
Probably these low values at these stations once again may be due to previous exposure to
high concentration of hydrocarbon, resulting in toxicity effects (reduction in population).
This observation is reflected in the higher percentage HUB in these stations compared to
others. Other stations showed percentage HUB levels of less than one percent, suggesting
little exposure to hydrocarbons of petroleum origin. However physiochemical analysis did
not support this observation. DPR target and intervention values for organics were much
higher than the values observed in the soil suggesting its pristine nature.
xlii
Ahia Manifold flow station.

The microbological parameters were characteristic of the soils within the study area. THB
and TF populations were adequate to sustain soil productivity. Percentage HUB populations
were low, or less than one percent, suggesting little or historic exposure to hydrocarbons of
petroleum origin. Physiochemical analyses showed that TPH compounds were much lower
than DPR targets and intervention level in soils.
Comparison of the soil microbiological parameters of the study area within the
facilities and the control stations
The THB of the study area was apparently greater than that of the control. Similar results
were obtained in HUB, HUF and TF populations; the percentage of HUB was low in both
control and the study area suggesting probable low or no exposure of soil microflora to
petroleum hydrocarbons.
Comparison of the soil microbiological parameters of Wet and Dry season within the
facilities
The THB, TF, HUB and HUF populations were slightly higher in the dry season than the
wet season, though may not be statistically significant.
Land use
The land use and land cover of the zone of influence (ZOI) was studied using geographical
information systems and remote sensing (GIS/RS) methodology. The zone of influence
(ZOI) of the AN-OH project covers 719.84 km2. Of this, forests comprising of riparian and
secondary forests account for 73.7%. Secondary forest (forest II) is the dominant land use
type in the study area. The area occupied by settlements (rural and industrial including oil
and gas activities) is increasing with time; it occupied 2.85 km2 in 1986, decreased slightly
to 2.13 sq km in 1999 and increased to 9.29 sq km in 2007. Rivers occupied the least size in
the study area. Rivers occupied 1.37 sq km in 1986, increased to 1.99 km2 in 1999 and
further increased to 3.39 km2 in 2007
Geology and Hydrogeology
The geomorphic sediments of significance are the Quaternary and recent deposits. The
Quaternary deposits generally consist of rapidly alternating sequences of sand and silt/clay
which are revealed in the lithologs presented. The recent Niger Delta was subdivided into
seven major inter-gradational geomorphologic units consisting of Coastal sand plains,
Deltaic plain (Sombreiro & Warri), Lower Niger flood plain, Niger flood plain, Mangrove
swamp, Beach and Barrier Islands. The project straddles across Coastal sand plains, Deltaic
plain (Sombreiro & Warri) and Lower Niger flood plain which is a geographically extensive
low-lying area dominated by fluvial systems, some with braided characteristics in its lower
reaches.
Seismicity and Geohazards
Seismicity in the Niger Delta is not well known, due to the lack of historical records and of
modern seismic networks. However, any large and spontaneous subsidence could generate
xliii
seismic waves, which can result in ground motion in addition to large scale flooding of the
coastal areas. Apart from tectonically induced flooding, the project area is susceptible to
periodic and rare annual flood events of high magnitude between September and October,
as experienced in 2012, when the Niger River spilled over to Orashi and subsequently to
Sombreiro River, affecting large sections of the project area of influence, including the
OB/OB.
Hydrogeology
The borehole core analysis revealed two slightly different lithologic profiles within the
project area of influence. The lithologs indicate the susceptibility of the groundwater to
contamination in different sections of the project area. A common feature across the entire
project area of influence is a top silty clay soil with a relatively low permeability, which to
some degree has the capacity to retard infiltration into the subsurface, and in so doing
provide a certain degree of protection to the groundwater. The lithologic analysis shows a
gradual reduction in the thickness of the overburden as you move westward and southwest
of the study area. The lateritic clay to clayey overburden of the aquifer helps to inhibit
pollution of the groundwater system. However, there is evidence that the groundwater
resource in the area is highly influenced by surrounding surface water bodies.
The lithologs show that the sand and clay intercalations constitute a system of aquifers
separated by aquitard. The aquitards form a multi-aquifer system. The unconfined aquifer
zone varies in thickness from 30-40 m. The top aquifers in the study area are unconfined.
The depth to static water level in the Assa North nodal area is shallow and ranges from 6.0
ft (2 m) to 24.0 ft (6 m) across the area. In nearby Awoma-Assa, Umubi and Awara the
groundwater levels are slightly deeper. The measured groundwater level is season
dependent and fluctuates in the course of the year, with higher groundwater levels in the wet
season arising from higher infiltration rates. The high groundwater levels are attributed to
influence of high amount of precipitation recorded in the study area over the greater part of
the year.
The Direction of Ground water Movement
Groundwater flow direction was towards the geographic south direction. The hydraulic
gradient averages 0.00143. This flow direction is consistent with the regional flow pattern
that is directed towards the south. It is pertinent to mention that groundwater at this site is
subject to strong seasonal influences. Groundwater level is expected to rise significantly
during the wet season in response to increased infiltration. Recharge to this groundwater
system is mainly from rainfall. Computed groundwater flow velocity averages 1.0 x 10 5
m/sec. The predominant soil composition predisposes the superficial soils in the project
area of influence to to high leaching intensity, and on steep topography, gives rise to
accelerated or gully erosion.
Groundwater Quality
The Groundwater quality within the project area of influence is generally within WHO
guidance values. Most importantly, there is no documented scientific evidence of
xliv
groundwater contamination from oil/gas production in the study area. The groundwater in
the project area can be divided into two groups, based on the hydrogeological
characteristics. Shallow groundwater, is contained within the topmost 4 m to 10 m from the
ground level, and in most cases is separated by moderately thick clay layer, from 2.5 m to
3.25 m thick. There is also a deeper groundwater body beyond 10 m depth as suggested by
the borehole lithologs, which is naturally protected from pollution by the intervening clay
layers.
Groundwater abstraction requirement for the AN-OH and ancillary facilities is
approximately 130 m3 per day. The cumulative demand pressure on the deeper aquifer
arising from other projects or human settlement and habitation in the area is not known for
certain, but on account of the mainly rural/provincial nature of the general area is expected
to be low. Since the principal aquifer, the Benin Formation is known to be persistent and
prolific, it is expected that the cumulative water demand on the deeper aquifers will neither
deny other parties the benefits of groundwater use nor jeopardize the future use of the
aquifer.
In spite of the significant spatial variations in some physico-chemical parameters such as
TS, TSS and TDS across the project area, the parameters are all within WHO limits. The
moderately high acidity of groundwater in the region has been severally ascribed to
emissions and geology. The fact that acidity is widespread across the Niger Delta region,
irrespective of the presence of flares, makes the association of geology with groundwater
acidity more plausible.
Groundwater development in the area is still at a relatively undeveloped stage, overall
impacts from past, current and future activities are judged to be low and not significant. The
sources of impact on geology and hydrogeology were identified as excavation,
dredging/sandfiling, pipe laying, oil spills, waste disposal, pipeline rupture and drilling
activities. There is no direct evidence of groundwater contamination of either shallow or
deep aquifers from oil and gas production activities in the study area. It is not anticipated
that the operations of the project will have any long-term, adverse or cumulative effects on
the groundwater quantity and quality.
Trace Metals
Most of the metals analysed occurred in concentrations below threshold or regulatory limits.
However, the concentrations of Iron and Cadmium were slightly elevated. The elevation of
Iron was attributed to the presence of lateritic overburden in the area through which
precipitation infiltrates to recharge groundwater. Slightly elevated levels of cadmium were
attributed to natural sources and possibly leakages from waste sites along the path of the
groundwater flow system.
Nutrients
The concentration of the two main nutrients with health effects, nitrate and nitrite fall below
WHO limit. The values for ammonium (NH3 +) ranges from 0.29 mg/l to 3.54 mg/l. This
xlv
study attributes these values to biological degradation of naturally occurring nitrogenous

organic matter.
Other Inorganic Species
This miscellaneous group includes metals present in non-trace quantities such as calcium,
magnesium, and sodium plus non-metals such as ions containing carbon and sulphur (for
example, bicarbonates, carbonates, and sulphates) or other species such as chlorides or
fluorides ions. The concentration of Sulphate, Phosphate, Chlorides and Carbonate all fall
below the WHO limits (2011).
Organic Contaminants
The laboratory results for the organic contaminants in the groundwater samples namely;
PAH, Aliphatics, and TPH ranges from 0.000mg/l to 0.4326 mg/l, 0.0002 mg/l to 0.9234
mg/l and 0.0852 mg/l to 1.0500 mg/l respectively. These values were below the DPR target
and intervention limits for groundwater quality.
Groundwater Physicochemical characteristics within Proposed and Existing Facilities
The pH was acidic. Most parameters were within the WHO and FMEnv standards for
domestic water acceptability. High levels of Fe observed are normal in these areas. These
results suggested that the ground water had not been impacted by these third party facilities.
Comparison of physicochemical characteristics of ground water in the study and
control areas
The pH of both study area and control were similar and acidic and did not meet regulatory
limits for domestic water acceptability. Electrical Conductivity of the study area was higher
than that of the control. Most other parameters showed similar values in both study area and
control and were within regulatory limits for domestic water acceptability. Results indicated
that ground water in both areas had generally similar characteristics. Existing facilities,
especially with the study area, had little or no impact on ground water physicochemistry.
Groundwater Microbiology
Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) in the groundwater was 0.6 3.4 x 103 cfu/ml in the dry
season and 1.15 327 x 103 cfu/ml in the wet season. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria were
not detected in the dry season and scanty in the wet season ranging from 0 100 cfu/ml.
Total fungi were scanty ranging from 0 165 cfu/ml in the dry season and 0 169 cfu/ml in
the wet season. Hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (HUF) were also scanty ranging from 0 126
cfu/ml in the dry season and 0 100 cfu/ml in the wet season. The predominant bacteria in
the groundwater were Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Serratia and the fungi were Penicillium
and Mucor.
xlvi
Groundwater Microbiological characteristics within Proposed and Existing Facilities

The THB, TF, Total Coliform and Faecal coliform counts were higher than FMEnv and
WHO limits for domestic water acceptability. These results suggested that the
microbiological quality of the groundwater samples within these locations did not meet the
regulatory limits for domestic water acceptability.
Comparison of microbiological parameters of the study area and control
The THB for the study area was slightly higher than that of control. The THB of the control
stations was within regulatory limits. Generally microbiological parameters for the control
were less than the study areas. Total coliform counts were high for both control and study
area, indicating that the water did not meet regulatory requirements for domestic water
acceptability.
Comparison of ground water microbiological parameters of the Wet and Dry season
Wet season THB and TF values were slightly less than dry season values. In both seasons,
ground water did not meet regulatory limits for domestic water acceptability
Vegetation
This subsection of the vegetation covered pipelines, facilities (existing and proposed) and
the entire zone of influence in order to address the cumulative impact component of this
study. The facilities data in this component was gathered from sample stations around the
2006 Appraisal well drilling location, mothballed Assa flow station and proposed storage
basin, SPDC wells, the proposed effluent discharge point, relevant third party facilities, the
proposed PTF and FLB sites and the Ahia Manifold flow station.
The project area falls into the Tropical Rainforest belt of Nigeria, with pockets of fresh
water Swamp Forests (Wetlands). Most of the species that dominated the ecosystem in its
pristine nature are no longer common. Over the years, most of these prime species have
been removed especially with the developmental trend of Nigeria and due to poor land use
management. The vegetation has been reduced to a secondary situation with few species
reminiscent of the old forest composition. Common species observed are Pycnanthus
angolensis, Anthocleista vogelli, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Pterocurpus osun, Pterocarpus
milbredii, Dialum gineense, Amphimas pterocarpioides, Alchonea cordifolia, Acioa barteri
Anthonota macrophylla, Milletia thoningii, Baphia nitida, Vitex ferugenea, Phyllanthus
discoideus, and Chromolaena odorata.
The fresh water swamps in the area are not rich as they have been grossly affected by
anthropogenic activities. All the fresh water swamps are fragile ecosystems that should be
protected. These are ecosystems that form breeding and nursery grounds for fish and water
fowl. They are also watersheds that recharge nearby streams and rivers during the dry
season. Common species in this ecosystem are: Mitragyna celiata, Symphonia globulifera,
Raphia vinifera, Raphia hookeri, Uapaca staudtii, Anthocleista vogelii, Pterocarpus
santalinoides, and Alstonia boonei.
xlvii
Apart from the two vegetation zones described above, most parts of the study area have
now been reduced to secondary vegetations: Cassava/yam farms with few stands of forest
trees dotted within, bush fallow, forest thickets, Oil palm plantations (with reduced
undergrowth of forest species due to plantation maintenance), and rubber plantations with
natural forest species as under growth. Also observed are sacred grooves or sanctuaries
within village settlements and multipurpose trees in homesteads. The economic plants in the
study area include; Pycnanthus angolensis, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Pterocurpus osun,
Pterocarpus milbredii, Dialum gineense, Amphimas pterocarpioides, Mitragyna celiata,
Symphonia globulifera, Raphia vinifera, Raphia hookeri, Uapaca staudtii, Baphia nitida.
Phytochemistry
The levels of some essential elements in tissues of selected plant species were generally
higher than the minimum values required for maximum plant growth. However, there were
no physiological symptoms in the vegetation that could be attributed to deficiency or
toxicity of these mineral elements. The results showed that the plants in the study area had
low levels of such elements as Cu, Zn and Pb, suggesting that the plants were essentially
free of heavy metals contamination.
Phytopathology
Visual and on-sight pathological assessment of the area showed that leaf spots, necrosis,
chlorosis and yellow sigatoka were the most dominant disease symptoms affecting several
wild plant species and economic crops in the region. Other diseases are leaf mosaic,
anthracnose, leaf blight and variegation. Laboratory pathological analysis showed that
several organisms are associated with these symptoms. Generally, fungal diseases were
most prevalent.
The state of health of the overall vegetation and the commonest species appeared quite
normal. None of the diseases isolated were unusual to the plant species. Microscopic
observation of few selected species did not reveal any abnormal histological or
histochemical features that could be attributed to environmental stress or pollution.
Trend Analysis
It has been observed that several human influences arising from farming, exploitation for
timber, and E&P activities have reduced the original forest cover to mere mosaics or
patches of grassland (eg. within the Well head areas), converted and degraded land. Without
close monitoring and adherence to Forestry regulations, many more species shall soon
disappear. Floristic composition of the area has generally been on the decline over the years.
Furthermore, past phytochemical and phytopathological studies in the region showed that
there had not been any significant change in the health status of the area.
Wildlife
A total of 47 species of mammals, 78 species of birds and 20 species of reptiles were
enumerated. The wildlife species reported in this study include species that have not been
evaluated and those that have been evaluated by the International Union for the
xlviii
Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The vertebrate wildlife includes about sixty (60)
mammalian species, 25% of the Nigerian mammalian fauna. This includes about a dozen
primate species that have been described for the region. Several of these are habitat
specialists whose existence depends upon a very narrow range of specific elements in the
surroundings (trees of particular height and associated items). There are two lorids, three
galagids and eleven cercopithecid monkeys and one pongid idenitified in the region.
Primate populations are seriously threatened by hunting and deforestation. Carnivore
diversity is very high with ten species in eight genera recorded through various sources.
This comprises mostly of small viverid species whose continued existence is due to
adaptability and compatibility with the huge habitat alterations that have come to
characterise the region. Indicative mammalian figures are enhanced by largely vagrant
species, such as bats (34 species) which are strongly mobile and shrews (10 species) with
very limited mobility.
In general, the wildlife species are under severe pressure due to increasing hunting pressure,
destruction, fragmentation and degradation of wild life habitat, and pollution resulting from
oil exploration and production activities.
Trends Analysis for Wildlife
Based on IUCN and national listing of the species, the inferred trends show that wildlife
populations are seriously threatened by hunting and deforestation in the region. Many
wildlife species in the region are on a downward trend, with over 75% of the 28 species
listed as nationally endangered. From the trend analysis, it may be safely deduced that the
population of the wildlife species found within the project zone of influence is on the
decline. This may be attributed to habitat degradation through various forms of
anthropogenic activities.
Surface Water
Surface water physico-chemistry
Levels of most physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, conductivity,
suspended solids and turbidity were within normal limits for freshwater rivers of Niger
Delta. pH was generally moderately acidic but values were within safe range for aquatic
organisms. Low conductivities reflect the generally freshwater nature of the project area.
The high coloration, turbidity and suspended solids of the water in some areas are attributed
to inputs of silt, humic and decaying materials from catchment areas during floods.
Levels of alkalinity were lower than 20 mg/l which is the desirable level for freshwater
aquatic life. There was also a tendency toward decreasing concentrations particularly
beyond 2002. Low alkalinities are attributed to the geology of the catchment area which is
low in basic cations but also due to impact of acidic precipitation in the area. Dissolved
oxygen levels in all lotic waters were low but above 2 mg/l known to be detrimental to
aquatic biota but average BOD were relatively high indicating moderate level of organic
pollution. Levels of COD were however low, indicating the absence of industrial organic
pollution. Levels of nitrate were low and below levels of 20 mg/l which would indicate
pollution. In contrast some phosphate levels were higher than the range of historical
xlix
measurements in the area. High values of phosphates are linked to poor sanitary waste
management in the area as well as inputs from catchment area during floods. Heavy metal
concentrations are generally low but some measurements of chromium, cadmium, lead and
zinc slightly exceeds regulatory limits and historical range of values in the area. All
measurements of hydrocarbons were within the range of previous measurements in the area
and below levels known to harm aquatic biota.
Surface water Physicochemical characteristics within Proposed and Existing Facilities
The 2006 Appraisal well drilling location and mothballed Assa flow station
The pH was acidic. The chloride levels were characteristic of fresh water. The COD was
low showing it had very little chemically oxidizable organic content. Heavy metals were
generally low except iron which typical of surface water in the Niger Delta. Petroleum
hydrocarbons were low indicating the low hydrocarbon burden of the surface water body
and insignificant impacts of existing Petroleum associated facilities.
SPDC wells
The pH of surface water within this area was acidic. Electrical conductivity was slightly
greater upstream than downstream. Chloride levels were suggestive of fresh water. Total
solids, TSS and TDS were similar for both stations. Heavy metals and organics (TPH, PAH
and Aliphatics) were low and similar in both stations.
Comparison of the physicochemical characteristics of the surface in the study area and
control stations
Apart from TS, TSS and turbidity, all other parameters showed minimal variation between
the study area and the control station. The former parameters showed higher levels in the
study area than in the control. The comparatively large volumes of water and length of the
aquatic systems in the study area may have been responsible for the variations.
Surface Water Microbiology
Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) and total fungi (TF) were in the range of 102 105
cfu/ml in both seasons, hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) and hydrocarbon utilizing
fungi (HUF) were in the order of 102 103 cfu/ml in both seasons. Hydrocarbon utilizers
accounted for 1 - 100% of the heterotrophic population, indicating that the area was exposed
to hydrocarbons. Total coliform was in the range of 2 8 MPN/100 ml in the dry season
and significantly higher in the wet season ranging from 20 35 MPN/100 ml. Feacal
coliform was 2 MPN/100 ml in the dry season and 2 11 MPN/100 ml in the wet season.
The predominant bacteria isolates were Bacillus sp, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus,
Serratia and Klebsiella, while the major fungi were Mucor, Aspergillus, and Penicillium.
Surface water Physicochemical characteristics within Proposed and Existing Facilities
Total fungi and HUF were not detected Total and faecal colifom counts were high
suggesting human faecal contamination of the water in this station. Percentage HUB was
low suggesting little or no previous exposure to hydrocarbons.
l
SPDC wells
No fungi were detected in the surface water in this area. The Total and faecal coliform
counts suggest human faecal contamination. The %HUB suggests little or no exposure to
petroleum hydrocarbons.
Comparison of microbiology of surface water of study area and control
The THB in the study area was less than the control. However, other parameters such as TF,
HUB, HUF, total coliforms and faecal coliforms were similar. The %HUB of the study area
was slightly higher than that of the control. This result suggested that the microbiological
parameters of surface water in the study area and control were similar
Comparison of the Wet and Dry season surface water microbiology
The seasonal variation in the surface water microbiology could not be established. This was
because of the absence of data for the dry season as a result of community unrest during the
field studies.
Sediment
Sediment Physico-chemistry
Sediment texture was dominated by sand (80-91%) followed by silt and clay. The bulk
densities and porosities of the sediments were within values considered normal for the
texture of the sediment. Under such conditions, pollutants can easily infiltrate to deeper
horizons where they could remain for long periods of time.
Sediment pH levels are generally acidic, attributable both to dissolution of carbon dioxide,
inputs of humic materials as well and acidic precipitation in the area. The electrical
conductivity of the sediment is low and reflects the freshwater nature of the environment.
Redox potentials were generally within reducing threshold. Such conditions have the
potential for release of heavy metals from sediments into overlying waters.
TOC, nitrate and phosphate levels were low. However, considering the reducing and acidic
conditions of the sediment, there is potential for significant mobilization of nutrients from
sediment into water column. Historical data shows marked reduction in nitrate
concentrations in sediment from 1999. This is attributed to increased siltation of the waster
with catchment materials deficient in nitrogen nutrients. Levels of heavy metals and
hydrocarbons were generally below national regulatory target values in sediment and well
within the range of historical measurements in the area.
Sediment Physicochemical characteristics within Proposed and Existing Facilities
The pH was acidic. Electrical conductivity and chloride levels suggest freshwater
ecosystem. The Total Organic Carbon was adequate to support biological. The sediment had
equal parts clay and silt. Heavy metals and organics (TPH, PAH and Aliphatics) were all
within DPR target and intervention levels.
li
SPDC wells
The sediment was slightly acidic. Total Hydrocarbons were low. Redox potentials were
positive, indicating oxygenation of sediments as a result of low water volume (water depth
was low). Texture was Clay Loam (equal parts clay, silt and sand). Heavy metals and
organics (TPH, PAH and Aliphatics) were all within DPR target and intervention levels.
Comparison of physicochemical characteristics of sediments between the Study area
and control stations
The study area and the control displayed similar levels of acidity. Total Organic Carbon
levels of the study area and control were similar. Redox potentials were positive and similar
for both the study area and control. Total Hydrocarbon levels in the study area and control
were similar. The texture was predominantly sandy, indicating a low depth of water. Heavy
metals and organics (TPH, PAH and Aliphatics) were all within DPR target and
intervention levels.
Sediment Microbiology
The population of THB was higher in the dry season (106 107 cfu/g) compared to the wet
season (102 106 cfu/g). HUB exhibited similar trend, being higher in the dry season (102
105 cfu/g) than wet season (102 103 cfu/g). Hence, HUB accounted for 0.01 1% in the
dry season and 0.1 - 100 % in the wet season, indicating that the study area is exposed to
hydrocarbons. The predominant bacteria in the sediment were Bacillus sp, E. coli,
Pseudomonas, Serratia and Klebsiella. TF was similarly higher in the dry season (102 107
cfu/g) than wet season (102 105 cfu/g). HUF was higher in the dry season (102 105 cfu/g)
than wet season (102 104 cfu/g). Hence, HUF accounted for 1 100% during the dry
season and 10 - 100% during the wet season, also indicating that the area was exposed to
hydrocarbons. The major genera of fungi in the area are Mucor, Aspergillus, and
Penicillium.
Sediment Microbiological characteristics within Proposed and Existing Facilities
The 2006 Appraisal well drilling location, mothballed Assa flow station and storage
basin
The THB and TF counts were normal for sediments from tropical fresh water systems. The
percentage HUB was low, suggesting little or no exposure to petroleum hydrocarbon in the
sediment
SPDC wells
The THB and TF counts were normal for sediments from tropical fresh water systems. The
percentage HUB was low, suggesting little or no exposure to petroleum hydrocarbon in the
sediment in this area
A Comparison of the Sediment Microbiology of the Study Area and Control
Total Heterotrophic Bacteria and TF were similar in the study and control areas. Percentage
HUB in both areas suggested little or no exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons.
lii
Hydrobiology
This subsection of the hydrobiology covered pipelines, facilities (existing and proposed)
and the entire zone of influence in order to address the cumulative impact component of this
study. The facilities data in this component was mainly located within sample stations
around SPDC wells.
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton was dominated by Chlorophyceae (54%), followed by Bacillariophyceae
(33%). The dominating species are common in fresh water systems in Nigeria. Other taxa,
such as Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae and Euglenophyceae which usually indicate different
types of pollution occurred only sparsely in the area. The index of species diversity was low
and corresponds to stressed environment. The stress may be associated with the flooding
event of 2012 leading to poor water quality conditions. Historical data of phytoplankton
showed an increasing trend in diversity from 1999 to 2012. A number of new species were
introduced into the rivers from catchment by the floods.
Zooplankton
Zooplankton was very scarce and sparse in the area. Only one species of hapacticoid and
two species of Cyclopoid copepods were found. Low levels of occurrence and density of
zooplankton is attributed to the rainy season and associated flooding during 2012. Historical
data showed an increasing trend in diversity with highest value in 2012 due to introduction
of new species particularly of insects into the rivers by floods.
Macrobenthic fauna
Macrobenthos was composed of 19 taxa distributed into Decapoda, Insecta and Arachnida.
Diversity index was low indicating stressed system possibly associated with the flooding
event of 2012. Historical data revealed marked decreasing trend which may be attributed to
smothering of benthos by silt materials during the flooding.
Fisheries Studies
Fisheries involve the exploitation of harvestable aquatic organisms in fresh, brackish and
marine waters. Fishing is one of the minor occupations of the people around the study area;
mainly carried out by women and children. Common fishing gears used include basket
traps, cast net, fish trap, gill net, long lines. The fisheries resources observed during this
study are of two types: shellfish and finfish. The shellfish encountered are Caridina
africana, C. gabonensis, Desmocaris trispinosa and Sesarma alberti while the finfish
encountered are Marcusenius sp, Malapterurus electricus, Mastacembelus nigromarginatus
and Epiplatys sp.
Smoking is one of the most common methods of fish preservation in the area and smoked
fish is a major protein source in most homes in the area. Tissue analysis was carried out on
three fish species collected from the study area for the determination of organics and heavy
metal concentration. The heavy metal concentration in the fish species were low and within
the WHO and FAO maximum limit in fish.
liii
Trend analysis data for fisheries in the project area showed no distinct pattern. However,
comparison of Assa North (2007) and AN-OH (2012) showed a downward trend in fish
catch. The flooding experienced in the project area in 2012 may be partly responsible for
the reduction in species abundance recorded in 2012.
Socio-economics
The area as defined by the social spatial boundaries formed a geographical coverage that
stretched across two States (Imo and Rivers) involving five local Government Areas
(LGAs) and 34 communities. These are Ohaji/Egbema, and Owerri west LGAs in Imo State
and Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Emohua, and Ahoada east in Rivers State. The communities are
twelve from in Imo State, consisting of eleven (Assa, Awara, Obile, Obitti, Umudike,
Etekwuru, Amafor, Obegwe, ADA Palms, Obosima, and Ochia) in Ohaji/Egbema LGA
while the remaining community, Avu is in Owerri West LGA. From the Rivers State area,
are twelve (12) out of twenty two (22) communities (Ede, Ohiauga, Akaputa, Obiyebe,
Ogbogu, Obite, Okpurukpua-Ali, Obor, Obirikom, Okansu, Egbokoro, and Omoku) in
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni LGA; and nine other communities namely Ubumini, Egbeada,
Umudioga, Akpabu, Itu, Alimini, Ekutche-Rumekpe, Imoga-Rumekpe, and Ovie-Rumekpe
in Emohua LGA, while Idoke community belongs to Ahoada East LGA.
The inhabitants in the area under direct project influence are a mixture of people consisting
of Igbos, Ikwerres, and Ekpeyes. Thus languages spoken consist of Igbo, Igboids, and
Ekpeye (Akoh and Upata language groups). The 2006 Nigerian Population census stated the
population of the area as 934,461 inhabitants and characterized it as a young population
with relatively large number of children and youths compared to the aged. Agriculture and
fishing are the traditional occupation of inhabitants of communities in the area. Food crops
grown include cassava, yam, cocoyam, fruits, vegetables, plantain, maize and melon. The
cash crops grown are plantain and oil palm. The people are also engaged in other
occupations such as petty trading, crafts, lumbering, commercial motorcycling by young
men (Okada riding), bricklaying, carpentry, hair dressing and hair plaiting.
There are more primary schools than secondary schools and no tertiary educational
institution in the proposed project area of influence. Enrolment into primary schools
declined from 2006 to 2009 and increased thereafter in communities located within Rivers
State axis. The enrolment into primary schools in communities in the Imo State axis of the
project influence had been on the increase since 2006. In both States, the figures reveal
steady increase in the number of secondary schools and a sharp increase in the number of
primary school. The pupil/teacher ratios for the two states are above national average of
1:35. When they are compared with the number of pupils per class it showed a worsening
accessibility to basic universal education by school age children in the project Zone of
Influence (ZOI) in a long run. The pupils per class statistic for the area reveals that the
recommended threshold population for primary school of 5,000 (UNO 1979) was exceeded
in the two States, depicting gross paucity of basic school facility in the area. The implication
is that further increase in school age population in the area will amount to pressure on s and
this will schools and may have adverse effect on total number of years of schooling
liv
(primary to tertiary) that a child can expect to receive, assuming that the probability of his
or her being enrolled in school at any particular future age is equal to the current enrolment
ratio at that age. A good mix of housing types exists in the area. There are quite a large
number of housing stock constructed with high quality building materials such as cement
blocks, burnt bricks, and zinc roof tops. Aluminium roofing sheets are easily noticeable too
in the area. In small communities, a number of houses are constructed with wood/mud with
zinc roof.
There is no public housing estate in the entire project area. The houses had toilet facilities
located within them but majority of the houses in the area had toilets sited either at the back
of their houses or far into the bushes, obviously for health reasons. The highest income
earning group constituted 24.0% of the workforce and earned more than fifty thousand naira
monthly. The mean income was about N18, 000.00 monthly. The area is dominated by
people within the low income class and therefore persons in the lower ranks of welfare since
income is directly related with volume and quality of consumption and hence a great
determinant of welfare. Across the communities issues of poverty prevailed and poverty
amongst a group or society very much corroborates with income inequality. The difference
between poor and non-poor households was more in communities in the Rivers State than
those in Imo State, and also more in both States than in households in Nigeria as a nation.
Life in the area is facilitated by both hard and soft infrastructures. Hard infrastructre
constitute the large physical networks of facilties necessary for transforming an economy
into a modern industrial one while the soft infrastructure constitute all the
institutions/facilities that are required to maintain the economic, health, cultural and social
of values of the economy.The hard infrastructures included those that serve transport,
power, water, communication and waste management. The soft infrastructures include the
service facilities like police stations, markets, industries- small and Medium scale
enterprises, public health centers, and schools. Roads are the only example of transportation
infrastructure available in the area. Almost all the communities have at least one tarred road
with Ede community having the best networks of tarred road in terms of quantity and
quality. Some of these roads are in a state of disrepair. With regards to energy and power
infrastructure, all the communities located in Imo State have electricity poles and wires with
few of them having power supply. On the other hand, more of the communities in Rivers
State have power supply ranging from the supply from the National grid, to gas turbinepowered electricity. The sources of water supply in these communities include hand pumps,
rainfall, wells, springs, streams and rivers some of which are seasonal in nature. Generally,
the supply of water is in short of its demand especially during the dry season such that some
people have to trek long distances to source for potable water. Commercial water vendors
using water tankers are at this time patronized. Different GSM service providers have their
facilities in these communities at different levels of functionalities. Receptions of
communication signals have been reported to be poor in some instances in the areas. In Imo
state communities, AIRTEL network is the easily and most widely available and used
communication line. In Rivers State, MTN, AIRTEL and GLOBACOM networks are
lv
available in all the communities. Beside the telecommunication services, there are only
three functional postal services in the area.
None of the communities have any solid waste management infrastructure, and there are no
plans by either the government or the public organizations to provide any in the nearest
future. Households currently dispose their domestic solid wastes indiscriminately in most
the communities. Therefore, waste management is a value social component that must be
considered in the proposed AN-OH project.
In terms of soft infrastructures, the entire area has only three functional police Stations
with a fourth one under construction. With a total population of 934,461 (2006 census
figure) skewed toward younger age-cohort and high incidence of crime and social vices
recorded in the recent past, the level of policing in the area can be adjudged highly
inadequate to guarantee safety and security of lives and properties in the project
communities. Markets are available but built with improvised materials in make-shift
structures with wood, sticks, palm leaves, bamboos, and other fronds. Identified markets
include Nkwo Amafor and Nkwo Obile both located along village roads leading into these
communities. These portend safety issues when heavy duty equipment will be transported
into the area during the construction phase of the project. Concerted care therefore is
required to avoid conveying project equipment on the market days except permission is
given to move them at night. Access to conventional health care is possible in 21 of the 34
AN-OH project communities, mostly as Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities.
Land resource is held in high esteem in these communities. By historical antecedents, two
forms of land ownership (family and communal land ownership) are common in the project
ZOI communities. While the communities own most of the land, individuals and families
also own land on which they build their houses for residence and for use as farmlands. The
family lands are held in perpetuity and under traditional titles that allow them to be
transferred from one generation to another. Farm land trend in the area shows that between
1986 and 1999 farm land increased in the area from 62.17 sq km to 87.2 square km, an
increase of 25.03 sq. Km or a percentage of 3.47. As the years progressed, between 1986
and 2007 between 1986 and 2007the trend showed a decrease of 28.84 sq km in the land
area or a decrease percentage of 4.64. Forests and swamps provide households in the areas
of Project influence with important livelihood resources. Non-timber Forest Products
(NTFP) are used for food, as poles for building or materials for making fish traps and as
herbs. The forest areas serve as important sources of soft and hard wood and provide
income for those engaged in the logging trade. The forests also provide ready source of
income for hunters. Abundant swamps provide rich sources of shellfish and snails and
mangrove stems. Many other forest plants produce resins and dyes useful in textile
manufactures. Canoe building thrives on the basis of these trees found in that forest. Harvest
of these products are not properly under check with the result that lumbering and
indiscriminate felling of trees for fuel purposes is fast depleting the forest.
lvi
Lifestyle of the communities is similar to that of many Niger Delta communities. Key
informant responses revealed that about 87.0% of the community members drink alcohol
especially local dry gin and about 55.0% of the young male smoke cigarettes. Other
substances abused in the communities include heroine, weeds, and cocaine, especially by
the youths. Inheritance in families is patrilineal. Men generally own most properties except
that women (wives) were allowed to own properties such as houses and cars. Prostitution is
abhorred and yet it is found to be a common trade in the communities. The people embark
on some recreational activities like jogging, trekking, dancing, wrestling, listening to music
and playing of footballs.
Traditional governance system, the communities of the AN-OH influence area is governed
on the principles of gerontocracy based on entrenched custom. The communities share a
similar system of traditional governance. Each community is headed by a paramount chief.
In the case of communities in Imo State, the paramount heads are referred to as Eze, while
communities in the Rivers State call the paramount rulers as Ochioha or Nye Nwali. The
Ezes or the Ochioha are the cultural and administrative heads of the communities. The Ezes
or Ochioha are assisted in their task of community governance by the Council of Chiefs and
Elders. In some communities such as Awarra, they are called Consultative Assemblies or
Cabinet Chiefs. In the case of Assa, this organ assists the traditional ruler for the day-to-day
administration of the community. Next on the line of power is the Community Development
Council (CDC). Others include the women groups and settlers.
Rivers State has been especially prone to violence in recent years, largely resulting from
endemic poverty, arm struggles for control of resources and for guiding inter-communal
mistrusts. These conflicts have affected many of the AN-OH communities especially the
Rumuekpe communities. According to Wilson (2013), Rumuekpe is one of the oil
producing communities in Niger Delta region of Nigeria and is noted for their peaceful
coexistence and friendly relationship with their guests and neighbours. Suddenly, the
communities were thrown into violence due to many factors including: (i) inability of the
youth leadership to display accountability of their government and operate all inclusive
government, and (ii) insincerity in activities of the oil companies operating in Rumuekpe to
effectively enforce community development programme in the community. Several forms
of sporadic eruptions of violence over resources and identity are common to many oil
project host communities in Niger Delta region. Thus the region is undergoing rapid
changes that may be linked to development processes which inevitably cause conflicts, as
significant resources and relations between groups and sectors are redefined, and new power
equations established. Pockets of inter-and intra-communal clashes are known to have
happened in the area. Communities in response have embarked on measures that ensure
security of life and properties and the general safety of their members. One such mechanism
in place in the project area is the vigilante arrangement that enable youths and other ablebodied men in the communities keep watch over the area particularly at night.
Quality of life expectations of project communities centered mostly on the following major
themes:
lvii
Provision of gainful employment for the teeming unemployed population in the

area;
Stimulation of socio-economic development with provision of infrastructures and
ancillary services;
Availability of micro-credits and seed capital to farmers and entrepreneurs;
Human development programmes in the form of youth training for skills
acquisition and educational opportunities/ scholarships for more employment of
youths in the oil and gas industry.
Signing and implementation of an acceptable Global Memorandum of Understanding

(GMoU) was canvassed for by some of the project communities. These GMoU will go a
long way, to ensuring profitable running of the project while contributing to development of
the impacted communities. This is mutual and should be entrenched.
Consultations
In the course of planning for AN-OH Project, SPDC has established and will maintain close
and healthy relationship with the key stakeholders.
At the inception of EIA activities, SPDC prepared and sent TOR/Notification letter to the
State and Federal Government. SPDC has notified the respective Local and State
Governments within the project area, the DPR, FMEnv, NAPIMS, NGOs and CBOs of their
intention to carry out the AN-OH Project. Consultations with host communities were
initiated at the early stages of the EIA by SPDCs community development department. In
the course of execution of the AN-OH project, SPDC shall maintain regular consultation
with all the stakeholders in line with SPDC policy.
Health Status
Healthcare includes all one needs to stay healthy - be this food, clean water, a safe
environment and/ or general feeling of wellbeing. Healthcare therefore is the sum total of all
resources that individuals require to maintain, retain and promote their good health, as well
as meet challenges of ill health and disease.
Community Health and Safety
Significant number of the population perceive witchcraft and other spiritual factors as
largely responsible for most of the illnesses as such do not see the need for orthodox
medical care.
Morbidity and Mortality Rates
Malaria and respiratory infections are endemic diseases affecting both children and adults
alike. Another condition to be noted in children is diarrhoea while non-communicable
diseases such as hypertension and musculo-skeletal problems besiege the adults. The Peak
Flow Rate (PFR) on respiration was markedly below the reference value in all age groups
tested, indicating a generally compromised lung function among the sampled adult
population. This gives an alert to a continuous increase in respiratory conditions. Due to
lviii
irregular data compilation, there are no reliable records on mortality in the whole project
area. However the infant and under five mortality rates for Rivers State are 67% and 104%
and for Imo state are 109 and 199 respectively. These are the regions housing the project
communities.
Maternal, Newborn and Child Health indicators
Awareness and acceptance rate on the maternal and child health indicators such as
(attendance to antenatal care, delivery by skilled attendance and tetanus toxoid injections for
mothers and immunization, VAS and use of LLIN for children under five years) is high in
communities where Primary health care facilities exist while majority of the communities
lack knowledge and have none or minimal access to such services.
Healthcare Infrastructure and Services
Field studies indicate that only eight health facilities exist in all the communities of AN-OH
project area and these are either Primary Health Centre or Health Post which also are poorly
equipped. Most communities have no health facility at all, therefore health services are
provided mainly by patent medicine vendors (PMVs) where they exist, traditional birth
attendants and traditional medicine healers. The healthcare service indicators of medical
personnel and population ratio and number of hospital beds in the study region falls short of
the National target for 2010 and the WHO standards as well as the required threshold of
60% access to basic health services (United Nations, 2000).
Reproductive Health
Traditional birth attendants (TBA) are responsible for over 60% of delivery cases in the
project communities. A history of 23% Sexually Transmissible Infections (STI) among the
sexually active adults gives a picture of high sexual activity in the reproductive age group
(15 49 years). In addition to this, there is low contraceptive prevalence rate among the
youths and these have negative implication for the spread of sexually transmissible
infections including HIV/AIDS especially with the potential population increase.
Nutritional Status
Staple foods mostly consumed are rice, cassava, yam, cocoyam, plantain and corn with
pockets of food taboos in most communities and high consumption of medicinal herbs.
Significantly high rate of stunting, wasting and underweight in children under five years and
statistics of about 18% under nutrition in adults, give an impression of long standing high
prevalence of household food insecurity and inappropriate child caring practices such as
inadequate breastfeeding, complementary feeding practices and other appropriate child care
practices.
Access to Safe Water and Sanitation
The commonest sources of drinking water (59%) are mono pumps but at a user ratio of 1
pump to between 500-1000 persons. Field survey of 2012 recorded that 82.7% of the
communities live in unhealthy environment with bushes and shrubs very close to dwellings
and litters around the surroundings. Waste disposal is mostly (90%) by Open dumping
lix
system with stagnant drains which also harbour significant household pests that are of
public health importance. Despite the fact that80% of the communities have pit toilets in
varying degrees of unhygienic conditions, the major toilet facilities used by households are
bush/field toilet.
Public Participation/Stakeholder Consultations
In line with National legislation, SPDC started Impact Assessment (IA) process and
stakeholders engagement of AN-OH Project in 2006. Scoping of environmental issues was
undertaken on 25th July, 2006 at the Hotel Presidential in Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
Stakeholders invited for the scoping workshop include:
Regulators - Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), Federal Ministry of
Environment (FMEnv), Rivers and Imo States Ministries of Environment
(RSMEnv and IMSMPET&Env),
Representatives of Rivers and Imo States Ministries of Health.
Representatives of Rivers State Ministry of Chieftaincy and Community Affairs,
SPDC.
EIA Consultants.
Representatives of 34 stakeholder communities relevant to the project (twenty two
from Rivers State and twelve from Imo State)
After the project was put back on stream in 2011, a stakeholders engagement/scoping
workshop was embarked upon on 11th and 12th July 2012 for Rivers and Imo states
communities respectively. This was to bring the new and old stakeholders to same level of
understanding of the project status and Impact Assessment as planned.
Communities under the direct influence of the proposed project (12 in Imo State and 22 in
Rivers State) were covered. Primary Stakeholders comprised Local Councils, traditional
rulers, cabinet chiefs, CDCs, community elders, men, women and youths. Secondary
stakeholders are made up of Imo and Rivers State Governments respectively,
Representatives of Federal and State Ministries of Environment, Representative of
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), project proponents (SPDC), EIA consultants
and experts.
ES 5.0: Existing, Potential and Cumulative Impacts
The potential impacts of the proposed Project facilities within the area were determined. A
cumulative impact assessment to consider the effects of past and existing projects (SPDC
and third parties) acting together with the contribution of the proposed project (potential
impact) in its area of influence was conducted.
ES 5.1: Potential Impacts of Proposed Project
The ISO 14001 method was employed for predicting potential impacts of proposed
facilities. The potential impacts were derived from the proposed project phases/activities.
Some of these impacts were present in two or more phases/activities. A detailed list of
potential and associated impacts is presented in chapter 5 of the report. Some proposed
lx
impacts included impairment of air quality from emissions of air pollutants including
greenhouse gases, increase in incidence of STIs including HIV, increase in noise and
vibration levels, interference with land transport and kidnappings. Others include: Road
traffic accidents, change in local population, changes in culture, lifestyle and habits,
Increase in social vices, Increase in inflation level, pressure on existing infrastructures and
utilities and third party agitations.
ES: 5.3: Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment
Cumulative impacts of the AN-OH in combination with other activities were assessed for
the following identified valued ecosystem resources: Air Quality, Noise, Water Quality,
Local Hydrology, Fisheries, Groundwater, Land Use and Vegetation, Wildlife, Soil Quality,
Social Environment and Health. Evaluation of the significance of cumulative effects sought
to answer the question of how acceptable the alterations to the VEC/VSC were considered
to be. The magnitude of change in each valued resource was determined on the basis of
established thresholds, known carrying capacities of the resources or acceptable benchmarks
beyond which resource sustainability is considered threatened, professional judgement of
the assessment team or published national average values. The approach of Hegmann et al.
(2002) which matches the magnitude of change to the trend in the valued resource was
adopted as a means of determining the class of effects significance.
Air Quality
An air emission modelling study was carried out to determine the air quality impacts of the
proposed project using the ISC-AERMOD version 8.2.0 with number AER00005543. The
project specifics and cumulative impacts were considered using eight operations scenarios.
The projects normal operation as investigated in scenario 1 gives 1-hour ground level CO
of 0.03 - 3.94 g/m3 with 8-hour levels of 0.01 - 1.31 g/m3 and 24-hour concentrations of
0.01 0.70 g/m3. While its 1-hour TSP is 0.0 0.15 g/m3, its 24-hour TSP is 0.00 0.03
g/m3. The 24-hour VOCs and NOX are 0.0 0.01 g/m3 and 0.01 1.32 g/m3
respectively. In the worst case abnormal operations as investigated in scenario 4, the 1hour CO is 0.0 347.30 g/m3 with 8-hour concentrations of 2.0 85.99 g/m3 and 24hour levels of 0.96 38.31 g/m3. In the same scenario, the anticipated 1-hour TSP is 0.06
3.71 g/m3 with 24-hour level of 0.01 0.47 g/m3. While its 24-hour VOCs will be 0.40
13.40 g/m3 its 24-hour NOX levels are 0.20 9.34 g/m3. The 1-hour SO2 is 0.01 0.86
g/m3 with 24-hour level of 0.00 0.14 0.01 0.86 g/m3.
Interaction of the proposed project with the existing emission sources during its normal
operation as investigated in scenario 5 will give cumulative 1-hour CO, 8-hour CO and 24hour CO of 5.0 - 26.83 g/m3, 1.2 - 10.71 g/m3 and 0.60 - 4.47 g/m3 respectively. Its 1hour TSP is 0.08 - 0.43 g/m3 with 24-hour TSP of 0.01 - 0.06 g/m3. While its 24-hour
VOCs are 0.20 - 1.52 g/m3, its 24-hour NOX are 0.26 - 2.06 g/m3. The worst case
investigated in scenario 8 gives cumulative CO of 14.4 272.41 g/m3, 3.1 84.20 g/m3
and 1.7 37.16 g/m3 as 1-hour, 8-hour and 24-hour averaging periods concentrations
respectively. Its 1-hour and 24-hour TSP are respectively 0.17 3.00 g/m3 and 0.02 0.43
lxi
g/m3 while its 24-hour VOCs are 0.60 14.00 g/m3 with 24-hour NOX levels of 0.44
8.78 g/m3.
Noise
The noise study was investigated using the Enterprise Edition of NoiseMap 2000 Version
2.7.1 with Dongle Number 2279. From construction, the earthmoving equipment anticipated
ambient noise is 25.3 105.9 dB(A) but 20.8 86.8 dB(A) from materials handling. The
stationary equipment noise is 25.0 70.7 dB(A) while the Impact Equipment will generate
21.4 87.5 dB(A). The ambient noise of 26.7 75.0 dB(A) is expected from the other
construction equipment. Along the pipeline, the ambient noise during construction is 22.2
117.5 dB(A) but 24.7 103.0 dB(A) from well drilling. The ambient noise from facility
normal operation was predicted to be 20.3 84.9 dB(A) but 21.4 92.5 dB(A) from
abnormal operation. The normal and abnormal operations cumulative noise levels are 22.5
93.4 dB(A) and 27.0 97.5 dB(A) respectively while helicopter operation at the helipad is
anticipated to generate 28.3 80.6 dB(A) noise levels.
The resulting ambient noise from the investigated activities will attain the 90 dB(A) shop
floor 8-hour noise limit of the Federal Ministry of Environment between 10 and 80 m while
the 70 dB(A) industrial area limit of the World Bank will be attained at 20 80 m. The
anticipated noise levels will attain the 55 dB(A) day-time limit of the World Bank at 80
140 m but the night-time 45 dB(A) limit of the World Bank limit will be attained at 100
140 m from the point of generation. With the barrier attenuation in form of good forest
cover in the project site and its zone of influence, the anticipated noise levels can be
significantly lower thus making it possible for the predicted noise to attain the set limits at
shorter distances.
Soil Quality
Five (5) routine soil quality parameters were selected for the computation of Soil Quality
Index (SQI) for use in Cumulative Impact Assessment. The level of impact is given by the
percentage deviation of soil quality from the established threshold for good quality soil.
Impacts greater than 20% are adjudged significant and rated as medium or high depending
on the level of deviation from the threshold. The soil quality within the projects area of
influence showed a marginal increasing trend but the overall quality is lower than
established threshold indicating a significant negative impact. The cumulative impact on
soils is rated medium.
Local Hydrology
Two major rivers traverse the project area of influence, namely, Sombreiro and Orashi. The
principal activity that will impact on local hydrology is the supply of 0.9 x106 m3 of sand
for the project from mainly artisanal mining sources. The effects of sand mining would
aggravate the rate of river bank erosion on the outer banks. However, sand requirements
would be sourced from spatially dispersed locations and given the wide separation in space
and time of the different sand activities, the intensity of river bank erosion will be greatly
minimized. Consequently, the impacts will not cumulate.
lxii
The area occupied by rivers within the project area of influence was analyzed, based on
Land use change between 1986 and 2007. Results show that, within the period, the area
occupied by rivers more than doubled, from 1.37 km2 in 1986 to 3.39 km2 in 2007. Much of
this change has been ascribed to floods which have intensified in recent years. With or
without sand mining the increasing trend in surface water enlargement would continue due
to impact of floods. The cumulative impact of the project on surface water enlargement is
rated low and insignificant.
Water Quality
Six (6) routine water quality parameters were selected for the computation of Water Quality
Index (WQI) for use in Cumulative Impact Assessment. The level of impact is given by the
percentage deviation of water quality from the established threshold for good quality water.
Impacts greater than 16% deviation are adjudged significant and rated as medium or high
depending on the level of deviation from the threshold. The water quality within the
projects area of influence showed a significant decreasing trend and the overall quality was
lower than the established threshold indicating a significant negative impact. Without the
project, the water quality is declining. This trend will likely continue in the presence of ANOH and other foreseeable projects within the ZOI. The cumulative impact on water was
considered significant and rated medium.
Groundwater
Groundwater depletion is a direct result of over-abstraction. Groundwater abstraction
requirement for the AN-OH project and ancillary Facilities is approximately 90 m3 per day.
This amount of daily abstraction is considerably small compared to the volume in storage
and the vast potential for rapid recharge of the aquifer, and therefore will not significantly
affect groundwater levels in the area. In addition, the deep aquifer in the area, the Benin
Formation is known to be persistent and prolific. Therefore, the cumulative water demand on
the deeper aquifers will neither deny other parties the benefits of groundwater use nor
jeopardize the future use of the aquifer. The cumulative impact of the project on groundwater
storage will be low and insignificant.
Impact on the groundwater quality of the area was based on the extent of deviation from
established Water Quality Index (WQI). The quality index of the groundwater in the area
was below the threshold for good quality water. The impact was mainly related to
hydrocarbon parameters. The present project has the tendency to further deteriorate the
groundwater quality. The cumulative impact of the project on groundwater quality was
considered significant and rated medium.
Land Use and Vegetation
An assessment of cumulative effects on land use and vegetation was aided by GIS spatial
analysis of the region of influence. The cumulative effects of all projects and natural rates of
forest degradation on the vegetation cover over the project life cycle would invariably result
in loss of the vegetation in the area. This cumulative impact is significant particularly when
other indirect effects of vegetation removal such as increase in access for loggers and
lxiii
hunters and increased soil erosion potentials are considered. Out of this, large-scale
agricultural projects account for over 86.6% of the vegetation loss. The impact of the ANOH project which accounts for less than 1% of the vegetation loss, is considered low and
not significant. Due to the large expanse of forest vegetation in the area (>75% forest
cover), the area will still remain within the benchmark forest cover of 25% necessary for the
sustenance of ecological functions. The overall cumulative impact on land use and
vegetation is considered low.
Wildlife
Cumulative impact on the Wildlife population in the AN-OH area was based on deviations
from estimated wildlife densities for tropical rainforest vegetation given by Tomasik (2013).
The densities of wildlife resources in the project area, based on professional judgment and
local knowledge are lower than the benchmarks. The benchmarks are 2,813 individuals for
land mammals, 1,250 land birds, 10,240 land reptiles, 14,900 land amphibians and over
30,000 near water bodies per square kilometer. In addition, the number of established
protected areas within the project zone of influence is only 9.27 % compared to the national
recommended 25% threshold of the land area. The cumulative impact of project on wildlife
is adjudged to be significant.
Fisheries
Implementation of the Project can have impacts on the local fisheries through several
pathways which include over fishing, disruption of fishing activities, direct fish mortality
due to degraded water, tainting of fish flesh, migration and general depletion of fish stocks
through impacts on rivers. These effects have the capability to cumulate with those of past
and existing projects and natural events which have so far defined the nature of the fisheries
in the region. Planned projects also have the capability to add to these effects. In the
absence of reliable and up-to-date fisheries-relevant data in the area estimation of the
magnitude of cumulative effects was qualitative and based on professional judgment and
local knowledge.
Fish accounts for about 40% of animal protein consumption in Nigeria. The general increase
in population as a consequence of the various projects introduced in the area will also
increase the demand for fish, further putting pressure on available stocks. Considering the
low percentage of the population of the project area of influence involved in fisheries (0.420.6%), the impact of the project on fisheries activities will be low. There is a trend of
increasing enlargement of the floodplain area due to floods in the area. This provides a good
potential for aquaculture and opportunity for occupational shift towards aquaculture. The
cumulative impact on fisheries is therefore expected to be low.
Social Environment
Educational status
The increasing trend of persons within the school age cohorts in the area is reflected in the
pupils and students enrolment vis-a-vis numbers of teaching staff figures for both primary
and secondary school levels. The teacher/pupil ratios were found to be on the decrease;
lxiv
from 1:45 and 1:42 in 2006 to 1:252 and 1:120 in 2010 for Rivers State and Imo State
respectively. The figure for primary schools suggests an unfavorable teacher/pupil ratio less
than the national average of 1:35.
On the other hand, with respect to educational infrastructure in the AN-OH zone of
influence, there are 62 primary and 23 secondary schools, and with the primary and
secondary school age group (5-15 years) constituting about 21% of the total population,
access to educational facilities would be adversely affected. The pupils per class statistic for
the area reveals that the recommended threshold populations for primary school of 5,000
was exceeded in the two states, a situation that depicts gross paucity of facilities in the area.
Further population increase in the area will mount pressure on these resources, which could
result into overcrowding and overstressing of school facilities.
However, population influx will not impact significantly on the school enrolment because,
going by experience from similar projects most of the expected workers and in-migrants
may not move along with their families. Additionally, the SPDC operational staff in the
PTF/FLB location will work on shift basis from their base in Port Harcourt. The cumulative
impact of AN-OH project on educational attainment in the area is adjudged not significant.
Shrines and Culturally Significant Sites (Intangible and Tangible Cultural Heritage)
To guarantee the preservation of peoples culture IFC recommends zero tolerance for
desecration and destruction cultural sites. Due to the importance of culturally significant
sites to sustainability of major projects, care is usually taken to geo-reference all such items
and make consultations with stakeholders. There are no known archaeological sites in the
region which may be affected by implementation of any projects in the region.
With the advent of Christianity which is widespread in the area, the number and importance
attached to shrines is on the decline. The AN-OH project also aims to avoid deliberate
compromise of culturally significant sites. The cumulative impact of the project on shrines
and cultural sites is considered low.
Housing
About 67.7% of all households live under conditions of overcrowding (occupancy rate of
more than one person per room) in the project area show gross housing insufficiency. The
AN-OH project will add to this pressure not only in the immediate communities of Assa,
Awara and Obile but also in the surrounding communities. Current room occupancy rates
stand at more than the international benchmark of two persons per room. The expected
population influx will exacerbate this condition as demand for housing will not be met. The
situation will result in more than 5 - 10 persons per room and the emergence of squatter
settlements within the communities. The cumulative effect of the AN-OH project and other
existing and future projects is considered significant and high
Infrastructure
One of the problems associated with population movement into any area is pressure on
infrastructure, which is a result of excess demand over supply. Accessibility to the
infrastructure can be determined either through the availability, proximity or service cost
measures. The coverage index, estimated as the quotient of number of communities with a
lxv
particular infrastructure to total number of communities, is used as a crude measure of

availability. The cumulative impact of the project on infrastructure is significant and rated
medium, suggesting a general paucity of infrastructures and public utilities in the project
influence area.
Lifestyle, Values and Customary Beliefs
The major indices for measurement of changes in lifestyle, values and customary beliefs
include alcoholism, smoking and religious belief. Presently, the people in the area are
predominantly Christians (96%) belonging to various orthodox and Pentecostal
denominations. There is evidence to show that majority of the middle aged cohort in the
area have a lifestyle of alcoholism and smoking which is alien to the culture and tradition of
the area. With the influx of population associated with AN-OH project and all other planned
future projects, there is a high prospect of culture mix, leading to further erosion of some
cultural values. The cumulative impact of AN-OH and other projects is considered
significant and high.
Security, conflict and Local Traditional governance
There is high level of youth unemployment which has degenerated into violent gangs
(cultism), kidnapping, illegal bunkering and pipeline vandalism. There are already pervasive
incidents of hostage taking, crude oil theft, inter/intra communal conflicts and other long
standing security concerns in the area. Between 2005 and 2010 in the Niger Delta, about
910 spills were recorded which resulted in the loss of about 298,000 barrels of crude oil
traceable to increased level of insecurity. During the same period, about 103 cases of
hostage taking and oil-related violence were reported in the area. On the contrast, the level
of policing in the area is abysmally low. The population of the Assa, Awara and Obile
communities, which are the Assa North PTF/FLB host, is estimated to be about 65,000, but
within the entire 34 AN-OH communities there are only 4 police units (2 stations and 2
posts) that are poorly equipped with operational personnel. The observed conflicts in the
area have over the years shown increasing trend in the area. Most of these disputes have
resulted into violent hostilities and protracted legal tussle among the parties. Thus, the
presence of the AN-OH and other planned projects could contribute to such incidents. The
cumulative effect is adjudged to be significant and high.
Increase in Population, Growth Trend and Density
The 1991 Nigerian population census gave population cumulated for the area as 743,180
inhabitants. This population by 2006 census increased to 935,320 in the area. It is expected
that the population will continue to increase throughout lifespan of this planned project.
During peak of construction work for the project it is expected that 10,000 workers will be
at site and that about twice this number of camp followers will influx into Assa, Awarra,
and Obile communities hosting the facility. The AN-OH project alone by this estimate
would have accounted for an increase of 14.6% of population of Assa, Awarra, and Obile
Communities (68,584). The planned project facility (PTF/FLB) and workers residential
quarters will occupy a land area of 252 hectare, and have a workforce population density of
39.7 persons per hectare at the peak of construction phase of the project. This value is less
lxvi
than the bench mark of 77 persons per hectare. However the regional influence of ANOH
gas investment will be felt across an area of 719.84 square kilometers with a regional
population density of over 1,299 persons per square kilometre. A regional density of this
magnitude is high.
On basis of gender distribution, the 1991 and 2006 census figures in Nigeria gave slight
gender gaps in both Imo and Rivers State communities in AN-OH projects zone of
influence. The 1991 census showed that there was slight dominance of males over females
in local government areas directly influenced. This gap widened further between 1991 and
2006, in favour of the males. The cumulative effect of the project on gender distribution in
the area is expected to be low.
Sex Ratio
The ratios of number of males to female population of these rural communities as a
percentage have shown slight positive trend. This ranged from 88.42 in communities within
Imo State in 1991 to projected 108.1 in communities in Rivers State in 2056. These
estimates are above the present Nigerian national average (97.6) for rural communities.
However, the cumulative average (104.5) was within the threshold ratio for developing
countries (Haupt and Kane, 2004) and therefore was ranked moderate.
Age-Sex Ratio
There is a relatively greater value of male and female ratios in younger age groups than it is
in the aged group in the area. Much emphasis therefore should be laid on providing social
and economic facilities that serve the needs of children and youths in the area.
Young and Old Population
The population ratios in AN-OH project communities show a growing young population
with a ratio of 52.0% (Young) and 3.81% old across the zone of projects influence. These
values would be impacted by the incoming workforce and camp followers, majority of who
are young. The resulting trend is such that the young population will be increasing faster
than the old population. The need for primary healthcare centers to cater for maternal and
child health is high in the area. There is also need for equipped primary, secondary and
tertiary educational institutions in the area. The cumulative impact on the young population
is significant and ranked high, having shown a value greater than the threshold of 40.0%,
while the old population ratio was ranked low being less than 4.0% threshold value.
Age Dependency
The impact of children and the aged on the earnings of household workforce is an
expression of burden and responsibility of the workforce to the population. Age
Dependency Ratio of 126.3% for the communities is higher than the threshold value of
70.0%, and therefore adjudged to be of high impact to the AN-OH project. This suggests a
high number of idle hands in various homes and portrays danger of insecurity in food, free
movement of people and materials in the area.
lxvii
Old Age Dependency

Old Age Dependency Ratio of 85.2% is greater than the threshold value of 3%. The
cumulative impact is therefore adjudged high, suggesting that the proportion of the aged
who depended on the workforce population in the area is above normal threshold.
Child Age Dependency
Children aged at most 15 years consisted of 486, 336 persons in the area. This number is
higher than 45.0% of the population (420,894) and therefore is within the threshold limit.
Child dependency on the workforce within these communities is therefore considered
normal. Thus, when considered separately, the burden of children is normal and acceptable
within the limits of this value. This impact was therefore not significant. However, the
burden becomes excruciating when both children and the aged are jointly considered as
burden on the workforce.
Increase in Employment, Income and Quality of Life
The unemployment rate in these largely rural communities of Imo and Rivers States to be
directly influenced by AN-OH gas project is 41.3%. This is higher than the current National
average of 27.6% for rural communities in Nigeria. In 1999 the rural unemployment rate
stood at 18.0% (NBS, 2005), growing to 21.1% in 2010, and to 23.9% in 2011. Thus we
estimate the number of unemployed in the zone of influence of ANOH project as 386,287.
The cumulative monthly average income in communities within the AN-OH project zone of
influence is N15, 000.00, a value that is lower than Nigerian National minimum wage of
N18, 000.00 per month. The AN-OH project alone is expected to engage 65.0% of her
planned 35,600 workers from within the project communities. This will reduce the
unemployed population by as much as 6% persons.
Loss of Tenancy of Natural Resource
A most important natural resource to which natives of project communities stand to transfer
its tenancy is land. Others are vegetation, aquatic lives and wildlife or game animals. Total
land required for AN-OH project will be 252 ha. Other activities outside this land take will
be carried out on existing lands hosting the Assa North appraisal wells and other pipelines.
Land take attracts compensation, entails loss of farmlands, loss of timber and other nontimber forest products (NTFP). The land take will definitely be minimal in line with
international best practice. The cumulative impact is adjudged low.
Decrease Income Inequality and Relative Poverty
The level of poverty is on the increase in the project area of influence. The cumulative
poverty level especially in communities within Imo State, without the AN-OH project is
well above the current National threshold of 64.7%. This is expected to decline with
commencement of AN-OH and others projects. Inequality in income is high since a large
number of people earned less than the minimum wage of N18,000.00. The mean income in
the area was estimated to be N15,000.00.
lxviii
Human Health Environment

Healthcare Infrastructure/ Services
The present state of healthcare facilities/services in the project zone of influence falls below
the WHO, UNFPA and the National target in Vision 2010. Major indices include the
Healthcare infrastructure and services, Health Workforce Density, the Mid-Decade Goals 4
(MDG - 4), the underfive Mortality Rate (U5MR) and the WHO Health Service Coverage
Indices:
Major developmental projects from experiences induce large influx of people consisting of
job seekers, skilled/ unskilled labourers, petty traders and commercial sex workers. The
AN-OH Project is expected to exert such influence. At the peak of construction, about
35,000 workers will be engaged by SPDC and their contractors. The camp followers could
be double of this figure. The projected population at the peak of construction hence could be
about 70,000. The AN-OH Project could also interface with the construction phase of other
future projects such as the proposed; Egi IPP 14 MW, Egi Glass blower, Imo Industrial
park, Bokir oil Refinery. The projected population increase as a result of these other future
projects could be about 70,000 -80,000. When the population influx due to the AN-OH
Project is added to those of future projects it could interface with, the population to medical
personnel ratio could further worsen. Pressure on health infrastructure will be most felt in
and around Assa, Awarra and Obile communities in Ohaji/Egbema LGA of Imo State which
are the communities closest to the PTF facility. These population increases could reduce
herd immunity, promote disease transmissibility with the resultant increase in severe acute
malnutrition, and overburden available social infrastructure such as water supply and
sanitation with the resultant increase in morbidity and mortality. The magnitude of change
to the present baseline population is about 10%. This is a class 1 effect (major) and is
significant. The population change attributable to AN-OH Project alone could be a class 2
effect (moderate) and is significant.
Community Health and Safety
Communicable Diseases
The common communicable diseases in the project Zone Of Influence (ZOI) include;
malaria, diarrhoea and respiratory diseases. These diseases account for the high infant,
under five and adults morbidity rates in the area. Within the project ZOI, malaria accounts
for 31% of illnesses in children under five years and as high as 40.3% in adults. These
figures are much higher than the 26.6% and 32.3% for Rivers and Imo States respectively in
which the project area is domiciled. The high prevalence rate of malaria is sustained by a
number of factors which have been demonstrated within the area, including:
The abundance of mosquitoes, the insect vector of malaria and the vast forest and
incessant rainfall
Poor refuse disposal methods
Migration of non-immune persons into the area from various ongoing Oil and Gas
projects in the region.
lxix
The population increase during the past/existing projects, the anticipated increase during the
peak period for AN-OH project as well as during the future proposed projects could
translate to additional pressure on housing, input of untreated sewage into land/ natural
water bodies, overcrowding in homes as well as increase in the number of non-immune
persons for malaria. The increasing negative trend in this parameter implies that the effect
of these projects in the area on communicable diseases could cumulate and have Class 2
effects, which is significant.
The AN-OH project could further increase the prevalence of communicable diseases in the
area via population increase (estimated at about 70,000) leading to overcrowding, decline in
housing conditions, increased refuse/sewage generation, pressure on the already inadequate
healthcare and waste disposal facilities. The change in the level of communicable diseases
could be a Class 2 effect.
Traffic/Work-Related Injuries and Fatalities
Accessing the AN-OH GDP sites by road will entail passing through built up areas. Road
traffic accidents are common on all routes in the projects area of influence. Factors such as
in-migration of people, increased number of commercial and AN-OH project related traffic
volume in and out of the area, bad sections of the road, poor attitude of commercial vehicle
drivers could help to sustain and increase RTA in the Project zone of influence. The
increase is a Class 2 effect. The cumulative impacts of past/ existing, AN-OH and future
projects on traffic accidents and fatalities could be incremental and significant and be a
Class 1 effect.
Varying degrees of work-related injuries and fatalities are inevitable companions of the gas
exploration and production industry. The injuries could result from, rig blowouts, falls and
cuts, associated with construction activities and gas drilling. SPDC recorded 17 work
related fatalities involving company and contractors in 2006. However, work related injuries
and fatalities in SPDC had decreased considerably. Shell Companies in Nigeria worked
from December 2012 to September 2013 without any injury requiring time off work. The
record translates to 78 million hours worked by a total of 31,973 people without any
significant injury. The magnitude of the project specific effect of the AN-OH project on
work site injuries was rated low as a Class 3 effect
Food and Nutrition
The nutritional status of children is a good indicator of the overall wellbeing of a society
and reflects food security as well as existing health care and environmental conditions.
The impact of the AN-OH project on the food and nutritional status in the project ZOI could
result mainly from the loss of farm land and forest based resources which constitute the
major sources of food nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and micronutrients) for the
communities. Additional impact could come from anticipated higher cost of food in the
market with the population increase. The resultant effect will be a significant increase in
households and individuals especially children and women, who are both malnourished and
lxx
food insecure. This impact will cumulate with those of other existing and planned projects
where land is required.
Communities who are malnourished are more susceptible to infections. It is therefore
anticipated that the increase in population typical of an oil and Gas Project like the AN-OH
project with the resultant impact on socio-economic structures namely; deprivation of major
food nutrient/livelihood sources, pressure on available water, health services and
infrastructure, poor waste disposal, overcrowding and the attendant consequences of poor
sanitary practices will sustain disease transmissibility in the project ZOI. This is a Class 2
effect. The cumulative impact of past/existing/future planned projects as well as the AN-OH
project is significant and of Class 2 effect.
Reproductive Health
An impact of the AN-OH project is the potential reduction in the reproductive health status
of communities in the projects zone of influence. This would result from the influx of
workforce and anticipated migrant population, in particular, commercial sex workers and
other camp followers, and the attendant increase in social vices and high risk sexual
behaviour. The reproductive health status in the AN-OH project zone of influence showed a
low contraceptive prevalence rate in the region which has a negative implication for the
spread of sexually transmissible infections including HIV/AIDS especially with the
potential population increase. The overall cumulative effect is therefore adjudged to be
significant.
ES 6.0 Mitigation Measures
Mitigation measures were proposed for impacts from past and existing SPDC facilities and
impacts from the proposed Project activities. Mitigation actions were provided for potential
impacts rated Medium and High. Negligible/minor impacts shall be addressed using
existing SPDC standard operating practices. The measures proffered shall reduce the
severity of these identified impacts. The proposed measures took into account the following:
environmental laws in Nigeria, with emphasis on permissible limits for waste
streams FMEnv (1991) and DPR EGASPIN (2002);
best available technology for sustainable development;
the cost of carrying out the mitigation measures;
feasibility of application of the measures in Nigeria; and
social well being of the stakeholders.
Reduction of access to land and its resources shall be minimised through provision of
alternative access routes and limitation of land take to the barest minimum required. Where
necessary, adequate and prompt compensation shall be made as guided by the Project
Advisory Committee (PAC) on land acquisition process. SPDC shall support community
based food and nutrition programs, sustainable exploitation of economic and medicinal
plants and aquaculture programmes.
lxxi
In addition, protection and management plans shall be developed for forests to prevent
illegal logging and hunting especially in reserved forests. Sensitive areas such as forest
reserves, sacred forests/grounds, historical sites and burial grounds shall be avoided as
ensured in the site selection processes and design of the proposed facilities.
Third-party agitations as well as inter and intra community conflicts that could occur in the
course of the project execution shall be mitigated by identifying relevant
stakeholders/legacy issues via regular consultations and prompt response to issues including
honouring all GMoUs with the stakeholders.
Road traffic accidents and damage to existing access roads/disruption in road traffic flow
shall be mitigated by ensuring the upgrade the existing access roads before mobilization,
only certified vehicles with monitoring and communication devices installed for speed
tracking are used, load bearing capacity of the roads are not exceeded at any time and
moving heavy equipment and modules at night to ease traffic congestion. SPDC journey
management policy for land transport is enforced. Daily pep talk shall be given to drivers
for road transportation and all drivers undertake defensive driving training.
The nuisance from noise, emissions and vibrations arising from use heavy machinery and
equipment shall be mitigated by use of pre-mobbed and regularly maintained equipment,
provision of acoustic mufflers and fume catalysers where necessary.
Environmental contamination arising from spills, leakages and discharges shall be mitigated
through an integrated waste management plan involving reduction, reuse, recycle and
treatment as appropriate in line with FMEnv, DPR and SPDC Waste Management
Guidelines. Solid wastes shall be taken to SPDC approved dump sites. Sewage shall be
treated and monitored before disposing the effluent.
Injuries and attacks from wild animals, insect bites and exposure to allergic plants shall be
mitigated through the provision and use of PPEs, first aid materials as well as using trained
personnel and daily toolbox meetings shall mitigate potential injuries.
Change in topography of the sand filled area shall be mitigated by ensuring that sand filling
is limited to only areas needed and compaction/ levelling, adequate drainage channels are
provided around the sand filled area and other project sites
The increase in population that could occur during the different phases of the project might
lead to increase in cost of living, pressure on existing infrastructure, increase in
communicable diseases, social vices and indigenes/ migrants conflicts. These shall be
mitigated by providing accommodation for construction workers in contractor camps,
awareness campaigns to enlighten the field workers on the implications of drug/ alcohol
abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to sustain cultural values of the host
communities. SPDC shall also tie-in to existing government programmes on communicable
disease control and eradication. The SPDC alcohol and drug, STI/ HIV/AIDS policies shall
be enforced to encourage healthy lifestyle.
lxxii
Insecurity of company personnel and asset shall be mitigated via supporting initiatives and
programmes by government to improve security, engaging stakeholders in order to
minimize resentment against SPDC, creating awareness on security situation and adhering
to the security management plan for the project.
Disruption of traditional authority structure shall be mitigated by working with the
recognized power structure and consulting adequately to carry all stakeholders along.
Dilution of social, cultural and family values shall be mitigated be ensuring that workers
respect the norms and values of the project communities.
The mitigation of the impacts of incidents such as loss of assets and property, increased
morbidity and mortality shall include adequate compensation to affected parties and
provision of adequate emergency response system in line with SPDC Emergency Response
and Contingency Plan. The project design has also incorporated mitigative measures against
potential impacts identified at the conceptual phase. These have drastically minimised the
effects of identified adverse impacts and maximised beneficial impacts.
ES 7.0: Environmental Management Plan
An environmental management plan has been designed for the proposed project to assess
the effectiveness of the mitigation measures in controlling identified moderate and high
impacts. The plan shall provide for compliance monitoring of the various environmental
components.
ES.7.1: Environmental Monitoring Plan
A comprehensive Environmental Action Plan has been developed for impacts from SPDC
existing facilities and significant (moderate and high) impacts from the proposed project for
the life time of the project in strict compliance with SPDC policy and regulatory guidelines.
If the mitigations are fully implemented, the AN-OH project shall be implemented in a
sustainable manner.
ES 8.0: Conclusion and Recommendation
This CEIA for AN-OH project has been carried out in accordance with DPR and FMEnv
requirements. The the potential impacts of the proposed project activities and their
cumulative impacts have been assessed. Mitigation measures for the cumulative impacts
(impacts of past, existing and proposed facilities) have been proffered and incorporated into
the EMP. This EMP shall be implemented and maintained throughout the projects life
cycle. The Project will contribute significantly to domestic gas availability. Numerous
construction activities during the life cycle of this project will provide benefits to the host
communities such as provision of power and water supply, promotion of human capital
development, basic social amenities and the promotion of good relationship between SPDC
and the host communities.The project will provide employment opportunities for young
people during all phases of the development. The extension of electric power to the
communities will enhance socioeconomic activities in the project area. Based on the
foregoing, we request that this EIA Report be approved for implementation.
lxxiii
EIA Preparers
NAMES
QUALIFICATION
AREA OF SPECIALIZATION
Dr Jacob A.
Sonibare
Prof Kingdom
Abam
Prof Ekom R Akpan
Dr Elijah Ohimain
PhD Chemical
Engineering
PhD Hydrogeology
Modelling (Air Quality/

Noise/Meteorology)
Geology/Hydrogeology
PhD Hydrogeology
PhD Public Health and
Environmental
microbiology
Prof Eyiwunmi
Falaye
Prof Anthony
Ogbeibu
PhD Fisheries
Soil, Water & Sediment Quality

Soil, Sediment &
Water/Groundwater
Microbiology/interface with other
projects, Land use
Fisheries & Wildlife
Dr Christopher
Emerole
Prof Edet J Udoh
Dr John Amah
PhD Agricultural
Economics
PhD Agricultural
Economics
MBBS Medicine and
Surgery
1
2
3
4
5
6
10 Mrs Ngozi S Onuora
PhD
Hydrobiology/Fisheries
MSc Public Health
Leader/Aquatic Ecology
(Phytoplankton, Zooplankton &
Benthos) & Vegetation
Socio-Economics
Archaeology
Disease Prevalence/Clinical
functions
Public Health
lxxiv
Acknowledgements
The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited wishes to express sincere
appreciation to the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and Department of Petroleum
Resources (DPR), for their support, advice and invaluable assistance throughout the period
of this study. The efforts of our environmental consultants, relevant Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) are also highly
commendable. Finally, we give special thanks to the Paramount Rulers, Clan Heads, Village
Heads, Women and Youth Groups, Local Government Councils, etc. for their co-operation
and willingness to express their views, concerns as well as expectations.
lxxv
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1: Background
The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC), as the operator of
the NNPC/Shell/Elf/Agip joint venture and on behalf of its partners, plans to embark on the
development of a number of fields, partially appraised and un-appraised structures in the
Assa North Nodal Area. The field is contiguous with Chevrons Ohaji South field which
shares straddled reservoirs with it. The gas assets in both fields will be developed jointly,
with SPDC as operator.
The Assa North field is located in the North-Eastern segment of OML 21 and extends into
OML 53 (operated by Chevron Texaco) where it becomes known as the Ohaji South Field.
It is situated about 70 km from Port Harcourt, the Rivers State capital and 25 km from
Owerri, the Imo State capital. It is part of a major expansion of Nigerian gas production that
is targeted to deliver gas to the domestic markets and the Nigerian liquefied natural gas
(NLNG). The project scope shall include; the facilities [Primary Treatment Facility (PTF)
and Field Logistics Base (FLB)] and wells drilling. Others are flowlines, bulklines and
manifolds construction.
In line with National legislation, Shell Petroleum Development Company started Impact
Assessment (IA) process of Assa North - Ohaji (AN-OH) South Gas Development Project
in 2006. Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA) was undertaken to consider
the effects of past and existing developments acting together with the contribution of the
present AN-OH project and its area of influence. The study was conducted and considered
on a regional basis to encompass the possible areas of cumulative effects of the project.
Valued environmental and social resources of the area were identified as the focus of the
assessment. The findings of the CEIA are contained in this Report.
1.2: Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment
Cumulative impact assessment is the process of assessing any cumulative environmental
effects that are likely to result from a designated project in combination with other physical
activities that have been or will be carried out. The cumulative effects are the combined
effects of the past, present and foreseeable human activities, over time, on the environment,
economy and society in a particular place. A cumulative impact is an impact on the
environment that results from the incremental impact of the action under review when
added to other past, present and reasonable foreseeable future actions. While individual
activities of the programme in the area may, in themselves, result in insignificant impacts,
they may, when combined with other project impacts (significant or insignificant) in the
same geographical area and occurring at the same time, result in a cumulative impact that
may have a detrimental effect on important resources. Cumulative impact assessment has a
number of components including;
Assessment of the effects of subject activities (those under review) over the area of
the impact of the project resulting from interactions between the subject activities
and other activities in the same geographical area; and
1
An assessment of the effects of subject activities over an extended timeframe

including the past, present and future resulting from interactions between the subject
activities and other activities occurring at the same time.
The CEIA is considered beyond the scope of any of the individual EIAs which have been
conducted or proposed for the different components of the AN-OH Project. Accordingly, it
is being conducted as a full-fledged and independent/separate assessment to take into
consideration the effects of past, existing and planned projects both by SPDC and other
parties as they interact with the activities of the AN-OH in time and space. To this end,
wide-ranging consultation was undertaken with other operators and development agencies
in the region, in order to identify the projects and activities in the area, for inclusion in the
study. Reference was made to data and information in the already existing environmental
reports, particularly with regards to the identification of direct and indirect effects of the
project. The study was conducted on a regional basis to encompass the possible area of
cumulative effects of the project. Valued environmental and social resources of the area
were identified as the focus of the assessment.
The main challenges of CEIA are that it:
Is a form of analysis not easily assessed from the perspective of an individual
project;
Is best done at a scale larger than the individual project level, to add meaning to the
word cumulative;
Is envisioned as a threshold-oriented exercise. However, thresholds are very
difficult to identify in specific ecosystems and its difficult to incorporate their
dynamics in management or predictive models which begs the question about
how best to establish baselines, and what governments responsibility is in this
regard;
Requires the articulation of a broader set of economic, social and environmental
objectives (commonly referred to as valued ecosystem components) that are
different from narrower business-specific objectives, which is also an issue for EIA
generally;
Depends on the gathering and use of information that is often not available to an
individual project proponent (i.e., business plans and competitive information from
other companies who may or may not be active); and
Involves trade-offs based on a synthesis of information from a multitude of different
players who engage in a multitude of activities within a geographic area, and which
may not be within the purview of an individual project proponents decisionmaking framework.
The main focus of CEIA should be regional, with efforts directed to how best to deal with
risk and uncertainty using clearly articulated and measureable objectives. Project
proponents and the business community generally should be considered as partners in the
CEIA process; they can contribute data from project-specific monitoring programs (rather
than being responsible for leading the definition of baselines) and collectively participate in
2
the dialogue, along with other stakeholders, about the social choices surrounding economic
development.
Institutional/Inter-Agency Consultation
Scoping of environmental issues was undertaken on 25th July, 2006 at the Hotel Presidential
in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The following stakeholders were invited for the scoping
workshop:
Environment (FMEnv), Rivers and Imo States Ministries of Environment (RSMEnv and
IMEnv);
Representatives of Rivers and Imo States Ministries of Health;
Representatives of Rivers State Ministry of Chieftaincy and Community Affairs;
EIA Consultants; and
Representatives of 23 stakeholder communities relevant to the project (twelve from
Rivers State and eleven from Imo State).
This process was stalled in February, 2008 due to fund constraint after the following major
milestones were covered:
Several engagements (sensitization, and scoping workshops) with various stakeholders
(communities, Government, and NGOs);
Data gathering exercise completed by Lighthouse Petroleum and Environmental
Company (LPEC);
Laboratory analysis of data gathered; and
Institutional Stakeholders engagement workshop.
The EIA process of AN-OH project (facilities) was therefore recommenced by June 2011.
The regulators (FMEnv and DPR) were notified about the continuation and request was
made for approval of one season data gathering exercise to augment previously acquired
data. The regulators granted approval for one season data gathering and requested the
update of the old approved ToR to incorporate the new project scope. The ToR was updated
and approval secured from the regulators (FMEnv, DPR) and commended by NAPIMS. A
stakeholders engagement/scoping workshop was embarked upon on 11th and 12th July 2012
for Rivers and Imo states communities respectively to bring the new and old stakeholders to
same level of understanding on the project status and Impact Assessment forward plan.
The fieldwork was undertaken from 10th to 21st of October 2012. Following additional data
acquisition, a team of environmental consultants was engaged to review the baseline report
and prepare a cumulative environmental impact assessment report.
1.3: EIA Report Volumes
The EIA report is presented in two volumes. The essence is to capture adequately the
impacts of the various aspects of the projects. The activities that are captured by the
different volumes of the report are: Volume 1: Facilities (PTF, Storage basin and FLB),
Wells, Flow lines and Bulk lines; and Volume 2: Pipelines.
3
1.4: Location and Setting

The proposed Primary Treatment Facility (PTF) project area covers hydrocarbon assets
located in SPDCs OML 21 and Chevrons OML 53 (Fig. 1.1). The Assa North and Ohaji
South fields, the inter-field flowlines and PTF are in Imo State (Fig. 1.2) and within the
Ohaji-Egbema LGA while the pipeline networks are in Rivers State (Fig. 1.2).
Fig. 1.1: Map of Proposed Project Area showing SPDC Concessions.

Source: SPDC Geomatics, 2015
Assa North field is located in licence block OML 21 and extends into licence block OML
53 (operated by Chevron Texaco), where it becomes known as the Ohaji South field. The
Assa North and Ohaji South fields lie in the geographical region that can be approximately
defined by the following coordinates (Nigeria mid-belt projection):
Eastings 475,000 490,000 m
Northings 140,000 160,000 m
The new Gas Export pipeline from the proposed PTF at Assa North to Bonny NLNG is
within the following coordinates (Nigeria mid belt system):
Eastings 475,000 530,000 m
Northings 48,000 150,000 m
This project is within the following Local Government Areas in Imo and River States
(Table 1.1). However the facilities (wells, manifolds, mothballed flow stations, FLB and
PTF) are located within the Imo State section of the project area.
Table 1.1: Local Government Areas in Imo and River States
Imo State
Ohaji-Egbema
Owerri west
Rivers State
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni
Emohua
Ahoada East
ED O
B eni n City
A saba
IMO
D ELTA
Ower ri
P or t
Harc our t
M A P O F NIG E RIA S HO W ING

IM O S TATE
RIV E RS S TATE
R IVER S
Fig. 1.2: Map of Nigeria Showing Imo and Rivers States.

The satellite image of the proposed project area is shown in Figure 1.3. The main Oguta to
Rumuekpe liquid trunkline (shown as a solid red line) brings liquids (oil and water) from
the Akri-Oguta area via Trans-Niger Pipeline (TNP) at Rumuekpe, to the BOGT. At the
bend in the pipeline, there is the Assa pipeline manifold and the currently mothballed Assa
flowstation. The yellow dots indicate the proposed locations for wells for the Assa North
project development.
Asa
Awarra
Assa Pipeline Manifold and

mothballed Flowstation
Oguali
Liquid export
pipeline to
Rumuekpe
Fig. 1.3: Satellite Image of proposed Assa North Ohaji South project area
A cumulative impact assessment is required to address the effects of past, existing and
reasonably foreseeable future projects and their possible interactions and effects on valued
ecosystem components in the area. Cumulative assessment is also undertaken to address the
requirements of major financing organizations. Traditionally, considerable information pool
has started to develop in the area over the years particularly with the advent and activities of
the oil and gas industry. For all the myriad of EIAs conducted, not much attention has been
given to cumulative effects which are not yet required by national regulation.
1.5: Project objectives
Southfields;
Implementation of Sustainable Development (SD) initiatives in the proposed project
area;
Maximising profitability of the project by optimising the ultimate recovery from all
reservoirs developed and timely delivery of the project; and
1.6: Objectives of the Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment
The objectives of the CEIA studies are as follows:
Determine the baseline conditions of the environment (biophysical, socio-economic and
health) where the existing facilities are located and the proposed facilities will be sited;
Determine and evaluate the potential and associated impacts of the proposed project
activities (FLB, PTF and storage basin) on the environment;
6
Identify and evaluate the potential socio-economic effects of the project on the
communities including impacts on cultural properties, social infrastructure, natural
resources and impact on lifestyles / values as well as analysis of the opportunity cost to
land take and chemical spills during project activities;
Determine the extent, magnitude and concentration of pollutants emanating from all
project activities from the construction of the proposed facilities;
Identify changes in health determinants that may result from the different phases of the
project (facilities and pipelines) and evaluation of local population exposure to these
changes;
Provide an assessment of cumulative environmental impacts of the project (facilities and
pipelines) and other past, existing and reasonably foreseeable future activities on
identified valued ecosystems resources of the AN-OH project area of influence; and
Develop cost effective mitigation measures and appropriate Environmental Management
Plan (EMP)/Environmental Action Plan (EAP) for both project-specific and cumulative
effects.
1.7: Scope of Work

The general scope of the CEIA covers all the activities that constitute the project. It outlines
the techniques and methodologies used in data generation and gathering, including the
description of the data sources; and impact identification, prediction, evaluation and
management. The following categories were covered:
Baseline Data Acquisition
Literature Review
Field Work
Laboratory Analysis
Data Analysis and interpretation
Consultation/Stakeholder Engagement
Evaluation and Prediction of Potential Impacts (Including modelling)
Determination of Appropriate Mitigation Measures
Report Preparation
The scope of work incorporates consideration of existing baseline data from approved EIA
reports and other sources, and the issues and concerns that arose from the Scoping
Workshop. The detailed scope of work is in Appendix 1.1.
The assessment of impacts was conducted in the context of the projects area of influence.
The IFC Performance Standards for Social and Environmental Sustainability (PS 01)
defines a projects area of influence to include:
i) the primary project site(s) and related facilities that the client (including its
contractors) develops or controls, such as power transmission corridors,
pipelines, canals, tunnels, relocation and access roads, borrow and disposal
area, construction camps;
7
ii) associated facilities that are not funded as part of the project and whose
viability and existence depend exclusively on the project and whose goods and
services are essential for the successful operation of the project;
iii) areas potentially affected by the impacts from unplanned but predictable
developments caused by the project that may occur at a different location; and
iv) areas potentially impacted by cumulative impacts from further planed
development of the project, any existing project or condition, and other projectrelated developments that are realistically defined at the time the Social and
Environmental Assessment is undertaken.
Cumulative environmental effects may result from the incremental impacts of the AN-OH
project when added to other past, present and reasonably foreseeable future projects.
Assessment of cumulative effects requires the definition of a wider area within which it is
expected that potential effects of the project could cumulate with those of other projects in
time and space. The scope of cumulative assessment is defined by the temporal limits and
geographical (spatial) boundaries which correspond to the project area of influence in the
context of the requirements of the IFC/World Bank.
1.7.1: Project Zone of Influence (ZOI)
Definition of the project zone of influence considered the following factors:
Environmental and social characteristics of the area;
The immediate project impact zone;
The limits of distribution of valued environmental and social resources such as
important migratory pelagic fisheries resources which are liable to project impact;
and
The pipeline to Rumuekpe which depends entirely on the facilities and which,
although will be subjected to a separate Environmental Impact Assessment report
was considered along with the facilities in assessment of cumulative effects and
determination of project area of influence.
Accordingly, the project area of influence has been identified as the area which stretches
five kilometres from the proposed AN-OH project facilities and pipelines. The total area
covers approximately 719.84 km2 and harbours proposed AN-OH Oil and Gas facilities
(Pipelines, Flow lines, Wells, Production facilities, Camp sites) and Non Oil and Gas
facilities (Agriculture, Infrastructure, Roads, Drainage and other activities including Egi IPP
14 MW, Egi Glass blower, Imo Industrial park, and Bokir Refinery). The project zone of
influence, for air quality is within a 50 km radius while other environmental components
ZOI was taken as 10 km radius.
1.7.2: Temporal Boundaries
Temporal boundaries represent the limits in time for the assessment of project cumulative
impacts. Setting of temporal boundaries was guided by the following considerations:
o Period in time prior to any major environmental impacts in the area which might
have helped to define the environmental characteristics of the location;
o Inclusion of reasonably foreseeable future projects which have been fairly defined at
the time of this assessment.
o Availability of reliable environmental data; and
o Onset of significant oil industry activity in the area.
For assessment of most Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs), a past temporal boundary
was set in 1999 and a future boundary of 2048 to accommodate the 30-yr life span of the
project and an additional 5-year period within which most residual project impacts would be
expected to have dissipated. Valued Social Components (VSCs) have different temporal
boundaries which will be defined in the body of the report on a case-by-case basis.
In addition to the description of baseline conditions of the immediate impact areas of the
project, mainly through primary data generated during project-related fieldwork, baseline
description (based mainly on available and reliable secondary sources) was also considered
on a more regional basis for the purposes of cumulative effects analysis to encompass the
entire project area of influence.
1.8: Legal and Administrative Framework
A number of national policies, legislations and regulations guide oil and gas exploration and
production activities in Nigeria. These legal and regulatory frameworks ensure that all
projects are implemented strictly in line with State, National and International Standards.
They also provide for the assessment of the environmental, social and health impacts of
projects; establish the environmental, social and health effects of proposed activities before
a decision is taken; recommend mitigation measures prior to project approval and
implementation; promote the implementation of appropriate policy in all Federal lands,
States and Local Government Areas consistent with all laws and decision making process
through which sustainable development may be achieved; and encourage the development
of procedures for information exchange, notification and consultation amongst stakeholders.
In Nigeria, the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and the Department of Petroleum
Resources (DPR) are the major regulatory authorities in the oil and gas sector of the
economy.
However, other tiers of government (State and Local), government parastatals, ministries
and agencies also participate in regulating environmental issues in Nigeria. Similarly
international guidelines, conventions and multi-lateral policies are also relevant in assessing
the environmental quality and standards.
This section therefore presents a review of relevant statutory and regulatory requirements
for the proposed Assa North Ohaji South gas project. The EIA is being carried out not only
to satisfy statutory requirements, but also to demonstrate SPDC standards, policies, good
practices and commitment to preserving the environment.
9
Therefore, information contained in this section is derived from International guidelines and
standards, Nigerian Federal Government laws and regulations, relevant Imo and Rivers
States Government Edicts, International conventions/agreements/ requirements, as well as
SPDC policies.
1.8.1: Relevant International Conventions, Guidelines and Standards
Nigeria is signatory to several laws, treaties and regulations that govern the environment.
Among these are:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
Guidelines 1996
World Bank Guidelines on Environmental Assessment, 1991
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn
Convention) 1979.
Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio Summit) 1992.
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
Sites (World Heritage Convention) 1978.
Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-Boundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and their Disposal 1989.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora
(CITES) 1973
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
Guidelines 1996
The IUCN in conjunction with the Oil Industry International Exploration and production
Forum presented a set of guidelines for oil and gas exploration and production in mangrove
areas. These guidelines are aimed at conservation of mangroves and enhancing the
protection of marine ecosystems during E & P activities. The document also discusses the
policy and principles for environmental management in mangrove areas as well as EIA
procedures, Environmental Audit and Monitoring.
World Bank Guidelines on Environmental Assessment, 1991
The World Bank requires the execution of an EIA on a proposed industrial activity by a
borrower as a pre-requisite for granting any financial assistance in form of loans. Details of
World Banks EIA procedures and guidelines are published in the Banks EA Source Book
vols. I - III of 1991. Potential issues considered for EA in the upstream oil and gas industry
include the following:
Biological Diversity
Coastal and Marine Resources Management
Cultural Properties
Hazardous and Toxic Materials and
International waterways.
10
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn

Convention) 1979
The Bonn Convention concerns the promotion of measures for the conservation and
management of migratory species.
Convention on Biological Diversity
The objectives of the Convention include the conservation of biological diversity, the
sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out
of the utilization of genetic resources.
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
Sites (or World Heritage Convention)
The convention sets aside areas of cultural and natural heritage for protection. The latter is
defined as areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic, scientific and
conservation points of view.
Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
and their Disposal
The convention focuses attention on the hazards of the generation and disposal of hazardous
wastes. The convention defines the wastes to be regulated and control their trans-boundary
movement to protect human and environmental health against their adverse effects.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)
In order to achieve sustainable social and economic development, energy consumption for
developing countries needs to grow taking into account the possibilities for achieving
greater energy efficiency and for controlling greenhouse gas emissions in general. This also
includes the application of new technologies on terms which make such an application
economically and socially beneficial, determined to protect the climate system for present
and future generations.
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna Convention),
The objectives of the Convention is for Parties to promote cooperation by means of
systematic observations, research and information exchange on the effects of human
activities on the ozone layer and to adopt legislative or administrative measures against
activities likely to have adverse effects on the ozone layer.
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol)
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed to reduce
the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their
abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the earths fragile ozone Layer. The
original Montreal Protocol was agreed on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1
January 1989. The Montreal Protocol includes a unique adjustment provision that enables
the Parties to the Protocol to respond quickly to new scientific information and agree to
accelerate the reductions required on chemicals already covered by the Protocol.
11
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora

(CITES) 1973
CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora) is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not
threaten their survival. Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties in other words
they have to implement the Convention it does not take the place of national laws. Rather
it provides a framework to be respected by each Party, which has to adopt its own domestic
legislation to ensure that CITES is implemented at the national level.
1.8.2: Guidelines of International Financing Institutions
When a plan or program such as the AN-OH consisting of a set of projects in a particular
area is considered for finance by the International Finance Corporation, a Cumulative
Environmental Impact Assessment is required. The IFC Procedure for Environmental and
Social Review of Projects (IFC, December 1998) states that environmental assessment
should include consideration of: Cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed
project and anticipated future projects. To identify which other projects need to be
considered alongside the project being assessed. The IFC Procedure states that:
Assessment of cumulative impacts would take into account projects or potential
developments that are realistically defined at the time the environmental assessment is
undertaken, where such projects and developments could impact on the project area. The
Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment also takes into consideration the provisions
of the following IFC and World Bank guidelines relating to the environment:
IFC Technical Guidelines on Hazardous Material Management, December 2001;

IFC Technical Guidelines on Occupational Health and Safety, June 2003;
IFC Policy on Forestry (OP 4.36), November 1998;
IFC Policy on Natural Habitat (OP 4.04), November 1998;
IFC Policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), October 1998;
World Bank Policy on Forests (OP 4.36), November 1998;
International Finance Corporation (IFC), Environmental and Social Standards
(Equator Principle) Revised Edition, 2006
IFC Guidelines for Noise
IFC Guidance Note G: Assessment and Management of Cumulative Impacts, June
2001
The IFC Procedure and Social Review of Projects (December 1998)
IFC Guidance Note G Assessment and Management of Cumulative Impacts, June

2001
The guidance note provides guidance on how to incorporate cumulative effects analysis into
the components of an environmental assessment. A comprehensive CEIA comprises the
cumulative effects of the projects in a plan or program. The current AN-OH CEIA falls
more into this latter category.
12
IFC Guidelines for Noise

To assess the potential impact of a new noise source on the nearest noise sensitive receptors,
the following approach shall be employed:
Noise criteria specify absolute maximum accepted facility noise levels either at the
site boundary or at the nearest noise sensitive receptors. These criteria are
expressed in LAeq. Some of these criteria are also based on a Best Available
Techniques (BAT) approach.
Noise criteria also use a comparison of relative noise levels at the nearest noise
sensitive receptors using existing ambient noise levels LA90. Specific noise levels
from the plant noise are assessed in terms of LAeq, with the difference between the
two parameters giving the likelihood for complaints.
1.8.3: Federal Regulations/Guidelines
There are legislations, guidelines and standards that govern the assessment of environmental
impacts of development projects in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria. These regulations
can be classified as follows:
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992.
Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria, 2002
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR)
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) Mineral Oils Safety Regulations 1997
FEPA EIA Procedural Guidelines, 1995
S.I.8 - National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitations) Regulations of
1991
S.I.9 National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and
Facilities Generation Wastes)
S.I.15 National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous
Wastes) Regulations of 1991
The Petroleum Act No. 51 of 1969
The Petroleum Drilling and Production Regulations 1969
The Oil Pipeline Act and Oil and Gas Pipeline Regulation of 1995
Endangered Species Control Act of 1985
Land Use Act of 1978
National Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) Act 13 of 1997
Factory Act, 1992
Revised National Health Policy, 2004
National Health Act, 2005
National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Protection 1991
Nigerian Ports Authority Act No 38 of 1999
Urban and Regional Planning Law, Decree 88 of 1992
13
Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv)

This Act provides guidelines for activities of development projects for which EIA is
mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA as well as a
schedule of projects, which require mandatory EIAs.
The Mineral Oil (Safety) Regulations, 1963
Sections 37 and 40 of the mineral oil (safety) regulations, 1963, require provision of
personal protective equipment (PPE) and the safety measures for workers in drilling and
production operation in accordance with international standards.
S.I.15 National Environmental Protection Management of Solid and Hazardous
Wastes Regulation (1991) (FMEnv)
This provides that the objective of solid and hazardous waste management shall be to:
Identify solid, toxic and extremely hazardous wastes dangerous to public health and
environment,
Provide for surveillance and monitoring of dangerous and extremely hazardous
wastes and substances until they are detoxified and safely disposed,
Provide guidelines necessary to establish a system of proper record keeping,
sampling and labelling of dangerous and extremely hazardous wastes,
Establish suitable and provide necessary requirements to facilitate the disposal of
hazardous wastes;
Research into possible re-use and recycling of hazardous wastes.
Endangered Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Act 11 of 1985
This Act prohibits hunting, capture and trade of some endangered species like crocodile,
alligator, turtles, Parrot, etc. The Endangered (Control of International Trade and Traffic)
Decree (No. 11 of 1985) has been enacted by the Federal Republic of Nigeria specifically to
implement CITES. It is broader than CITES in that it also covers domestic taking of listed
species. Two schedules are included: Schedule I (Endangered Species Animals in relation
to which International Trade is absolutely Prohibited), and Schedule 2 (Animals in Relation
to which International Trade may only be conducted under License). The decree prohibits
taking of Schedule 1 species and requires that taking of Schedule 2 species be in accordance
with a license issued under the decree.
Land Use Act of 1978
The land-use Act of 1978 states that it is also in the public interest that the rights of all
Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for
the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved.
National Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) Act 13 of 1997
This Act established the National Inland Waterways Authority with a view to improving
and developing inland waterways for navigation, providing an alternative mode of
transportation for the evacuation of economic goods and persons, executing the objectives
of the national transport policy as they concern inland waterways. The Act also prescribes
14
regulations and sanctions on the use and exploitation of resources of inland waterways such
as dredging, sand or gravel, mining and erection of permanent structures within the right-ofway or diversion of water from a declared waterway.
Oil Pipelines Ordinances (CAP) 145, 1956 and Oil Pipelines Act, 1965
The oil pipelines ordinance (CAP 145), 1956, as amended by the Oil Pipelines Act 1965,
provides, under Section 4(2), for a permit to survey (PTS) a pipeline route to be issued to
the applicant by the Minister of Petroleum Resources, for the purpose of transporting
mineral oil, natural gas, or any product of oil or gas to any point of destination to which
such a person requires such oil, gas or product, thereof, for any purpose connected with
petroleum trade or operations.
Petroleum (Drilling and Production) Regulations (1969)
The Petroleum (Drilling and Production) Regulations (1969), empowers the holder of an
OPL to do practically anything in the area covered by the license {Section 15 (1)}, but
Section 15(2) holds such a holder responsible for all the actions of his agents and
contractors.
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Now FMEnv) Act No. 58, 1988
This Act, which was issued in 1988 and amended by Act No. 59 of 1992, provides the
setting up of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency, as the apex organization for the
overall protection of the Environment and Conservation of Natural Resources. The act also
makes environmental impact assessment (EIA) mandatory for all new major projects. In
compliance with its mandate, FEPA issued the procedure, guidelines and standards for the
execution of EIA with emphasis on the significance associated with current and potential
impacts of such projects. The procedure also indicates the steps to be followed (in the EIA
process) from project conception to commissioning in order to ensure that the project is
executed with adequate consideration for the environment.
FMEnv Sectoral and Procedural Guidelines for Oil and Gas (1995)
In compliance with its mandate, FEPA issued the EIA Procedural Guidelines and Sectoral
Guidelines for Oil and Gas Projects in 1995. Contained in the Procedural Guidelines (pg.
8) are Category I projects (mandatory study activities) and listed under item 15, sub-item (a)
on page 10) (Petroleum) is Oil and Gas Fields Development, making an EIA mandatory for
the proposed project. The Procedural Guidelines also indicate the steps to be followed (in
the EIA process) from project conception to commissioning in order to ensure that the
project is executed with adequate consideration for the environment. Annex C contains the
EIA writing format as required by FMEnv. The guidelines are intended to assist in the
proper and detailed execution of EIA studies of projects in consonance with the EIA Act.
15
FEPA (Now FMEnv) National Guidelines for Spilled Oil Fingerprinting (Act 14 of
1999)
This provides guidelines for spilled oil fingerprinting applicable throughout Nigeria, in
order to improve the quality of the environment and to free it from pollutants and other
environmental and health hazards.
FEPA (Now FMEnv) National Guidelines on Waste Disposal through Underground
Injection (1999)
These Guidelines and Standards on waste disposal through underground injection provide
the 'modus operandi' for the most viable options for disposal of these wastes in a tropical
environment as Nigeria.
FEPA (Now FMEnv) Nigeria's National Agenda 21 (1999)
Nigeria's National Agenda 21 was developed to:
Integrate environment into development planning at all levels of government and
the private sector;
Intensify the transition to sustainable development;
Address sectoral priorities, plans, policies and strategies for the major sectors of
the economy and,
Simultaneously foster regional and global partnerships.
FEPA (Now FMEnv) National Policy on the Environment (1989)
This gave the policy goals, conceptual framework and strategies for implementation.
Forestry Law CAP 51, 1994
The Forestry Act 1958 which was amended as the Forestry Law CAP 51, (1994) prohibits
any act that may lead to the destruction of or cause injury to any forest produce, forest
growth or forestry property in Nigeria. The law prescribes the administrative framework for
the management, utilization and protection of forestry resources in Nigeria, which is
applicable to the mangrove, and other forests of the Niger Delta.
National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA), 2006
The National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) was established in 2006
as the lead Agency in ensuring timely, effective and appropriate response to oil spills,
through clean up and remediation of all impacted sites to all best practical extent.
National Environmental Standards Regulatory and Enforcement Agency (NESREA),
2007
The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA)
was established as a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Environment. NESREA is charged
with the responsibility of enforcing all environmental laws, guidelines, policies, standards
and regulations in Nigeria.
16
Associated Gas Re-Injection Act No. 99 of 1979 (CAP 26)

An Act to compel every company producing oil and gas in 1979 No. 99. Nigeria to submit
preliminary programmes for gas reinjection and detailed plans for implementation of gas reinjection.
1.8.4: State Regulations
Imo and Rivers state regulations guiding Environmental manage ment includes but not
limitted to the following:
Imo State Environment Protection Agency Law of 1992 (Amended, 1997)
Imo State Environmental Protection Agency (ISEPA) Guidelines and Standards for
Environmental Pollution Control (A highlight), 1997.
Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency Edict No 2 of 1994
Rivers State Private Health and Allied Establishments Authority Law, 2001
Rivers State Public Health Law, 1999
Rivers State Noise Pollution Control Law of 1984
Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency Law No. 2 of 1994
1.8.5: Guidelines of International Financing Institutions
The Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment also takes into consideration the
provisions of the following IFC and World Bank guidelines relating to the environment:
IFC Technical Guidelines on Hazardous Material Management, December 2001;

IFC Technical Guidelines on Occupational Health and Safety, June 2003;
IFC Policy on Forestry (OP 4.36), November 1998;
IFC Policy on Natural Habitat (OP 4.04), November 1998;
IFC Policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), October 1998;
World Bank Policy on Forests (OP 4.36), November 1998;
International Finance Corporation (IFC), Environmental and Social Standards
(Equator Principle) Revised Edition, 2006
IFC Guidance Note G: Assessment and Management of Cumulative Impacts, June
2001
The IFC Procedure and Social Review of Projects (December 1998)
When a plan or program such as the AN-OH consisting of a set of projects in a particular
area is considered for finance by the International Finance Corporation, a Cumulative
Environmental Impact Assessment is required. The IFC Procedure for Environmental and
Social Review of Projects (IFC, December 1998) states that environmental assessment
should include consideration of: Cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed
project and anticipated future projects. To identify which other projects need to be
considered alongside the project being assessed. The IFC Procedure states that:
Assessment of cumulative impacts would take into account projects or potential
developments that are realistically defined at the time the environmental assessment is
undertaken, where such projects and developments could impact on the project area.
17
1.8.6: Guidance Note

The guidance note provides guidance on how to incorporate cumulative effects analysis into
the components of an environmental assessment. A comprehensive CEIA comprises the
cumulative effects of the projects in a plan or program. The current AN-OH CEIA falls
more into this latter category.
Guidelines for Noise
To assess the potential impact of a new noise source on the nearest noise sensitive receptors,
the following approach shall be employed:
Noise criteria specify absolute maximum accepted facility noise levels either at the site
boundary or at the nearest noise sensitive receptors. These criteria are expressed in
LAeq. Some of these criteria are also based on a Best Available Techniques (BAT)
approach.
Noise criteria also use a comparison of relative noise levels at the nearest noise sensitive
receptors using existing ambient noise levels LA90. Specific noise levels from the plant
noise are assessed in terms of LAeq, with the difference between the two parameters
giving the likelihood for complaints.
Nigerian Limits
The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) (now the Federal Ministry of the
Environment (FMEnv) in Nigeria Green Book includes noise standards (FEPA, 1991).
These relate specifically to on-site occupational exposure standards, and contain no off-site
exposure levels.
An extract from the Federal Environmental Protection Agency Decree 1988 No. 58 reads:
Industrial or workplace noise arises from occupational exposure of workers to noise from
industrial machines or exposure of neighbourhood population to noise from factories
nearby. This is quite important in the country, as most industrial estates exist alongside or
close to residential areas. Other sources of noise include aircraft, loud music and public
address systems. Exposure to industrial and other forms of noise can induce hearing loss
and other pathological changes in the affected population. Hence it is recommended that
daily noise exposure for workers should not exceed 90 decibels, dB(A) daily for an 8-hour
working period.
World Bank Guidelines
The project is seeking to meet the World Bank guidelines. These specify maximum noise
limits measured at receptors located outside the project site boundary as shown in Table 1.2
or a maximum increase in the ambient level of LA90 3 dBA.
Table 1.2: World Bank Guidelines (Leq 1 hour dB(A)
Receptor
Daytime
Residential, institutional, educational
55 dBA
Industrial, Commercial
70 dBA
Notes: Day Time - from 7 am to 10 pm, Night - from 10 pm to 7 am
Night-time
45 dBA
70 dBA
18
Since the current and proposed plant operate 24-hours a day, the guideline figures to be
achieved only refer to the night-time values, which are the most stringent to be achieved.
Compliance with the night-time figures will achieve compliance in the daytime.
1.8.7: SPDC Policies
SPDC operates under the guidelines of Shell International and complies strictly with them.
Where national standards and regulations are more stringent than Shell guidelines, SPDCs
policy is to comply with the existing national legislation.
HSE Policy
This policy states that, SPDC:
has a systemic approach to HSE management designed to ensure compliance with the
law and to achieve continuous performance improvement
sets targets for improvement and measures, appraises and reports performance
requires contractors to manage HSE in line with this policy
To demonstrate commitment to HSE, SPDC is committed to
Pursuing the goal of no harm to the people
Protecting the environment
Using materials and energy efficiently to provide our products and services
Developing energy resources, products and services consistent with this aim
Consulting our stakeholders and publicly report our performance
Playing a leading role in promoting best practice in our industries
Managing HSE matters as any other critical business activity
Promoting a culture in which all SPDC employees share this commitment
In pursuance of this policy, SPDC shall:
Carry out Environmental Impact Assessments and Evaluation in relation to all
aspects of the natural and social environment that may affect or be affected by its
activities;
Identify any such interface for the complete life cycle of both new and existing
facilities and operations;
Enhance positive effects, prevent intolerable impacts from occurring;
Limit the nature and extent of any residual negative impacts, however caused, such
that they are as low as practicable;
Consult relevant stakeholders;
Leave the environment at the end of the useful life of any operation in a condition
suitable for future use;
Routinely monitor the environmental status of each operation and take corrective
action as necessary.
19
Shell Biodiversity Policy

The Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) is a set of actions that will lead to conservation or
enhancement of biodiversity in a given area. In order to meet the challenges to the increased
risk to biodiversity resulting from energy development activities typical of oil and gas
projects, Shell in May, 2000 published a set of guiding principles on biodiversity for its
companies the Shell Group Biodiversity Standards. It states as follows:
In the Group, we recognize the importance of biodiversity. We are committed to:
Work with others to maintain ecosystems;
Respect the basic concept of protected areas; and
Seek partnerships to enable the Group to make a positive contribution towards the
conservation of global biodiversity.
Shell companies will:
Conduct environmental assessments, which include the potential impacts on
biodiversity, prior to all new activities and significant modifications of existing ones,
and
Bring focused attention to the management of activities in internationally-recognized
hot spots, including the identification of, and early consultation with key
stakeholders.
Realizing the need for further clarification of the commitment to respect the basic concept
of protected areas, Shell in August 2003, amplified its definition of protected areas, and
made additional commitments to biodiversity conservation as follows:
We shall not explore for, or develop oil and gas resources within natural World
Heritage Sites;
We shall further upgrade our operating practices in IUCN Category I- IV protected
areas;
We shall become involved in spatial planning, assess our secondary impacts,
implement Biodiversity Action Plans and conduct appropriate baseline and
monitoring studies. This we shall also do in areas where impact assessments indicate
high levels of biodiversity;
We shall publicly report on our activities in IUCN Categories I-IV;
We shall work with IUCN and others to develop and plot ways of strengthening the
management effectiveness of protected areas through the provision of key skills, creation of
sustainable livelihood and by exploring options for sustainable financing.
Drilling Engineering Policy
In line with SPDCs commitment to a sustainable and environmentally friendly Exploration
and Production operations, a Drilling Engineering and Procedures Manual has been
produced (SPDC, 1993). The objectives of this manual include:
To provide a reference containing approved Standard Procedures for SPDC drilling
operations;
20
To provide guidelines and standards, which will assist well-site personnel and officebased personnel to plan, design and execute a drilling programme in a safe and efficient
manner.
Flares-Down Policy
SPDC is committed to the elimination of routine flaring and venting as means of disposal of
associated gas, and to a continuous reduction in the proportion of gas wasted as a result of
operational or equipment failures. By 2008, all SPDC operated flow stations and processing
facilities will be provided with equipment to gather and harness an Associated Gas (AG),
and SPDC and its customers will be able to utilize this gas under normal operating
conditions. Continuous venting of gas shall be eliminated by 2003. Also by 2008, facilities
shall be installed to utilize more than 90% of AG and by investing to achieve continuous
improvement to the level of best Group practice thereafter.
Waste Management Policy
It is the policy of SPDC to:
Take all practical and reasonable measures to minimize the generation of solid and
liquid wastes, as well as emissions from flares and otherwise;
Manage and dispose of wastes in an environmentally responsible manner;
Track and maintain records of waste streams and provide an auditable trail as to their
management and disposal.
Emergency Response Policy
This states that the response to any emergency within SPDC will be directed towards
Saving life
Care for the injured
Protection of the environment
Limitation of damage to assets
Defence of SPDCs good corporate image
SPDC shall provide appropriate organization, facilities, procedures and training so that
immediate coordinated action can be taken to manage the situation in line with the
above
Maintenance of emergency equipment shall receive high priority. Close liaison will be
maintained with appropriate Government and industry organization and communities
Regular exercises will be carried out to confirm effectiveness, and any necessary
improvements made promptly so as to maintain our readiness at all times.
Community Relations Policy
In order to pursue mutually beneficial relations with host communities, SPDC shall:
Establish and maintain close relationships with all segments of the local population to
better understand their concerns, needs and aspirations
Continuously assess and abate social and economic impact of all business activities and
take needed preventive or mitigating measures
21
Respond to formal community request in an appropriate and timely manner

Bring relevant issues affecting host communities to the attention of appropriate
authorities and other bodies that can be of assistance
Manage settlement of compensation for land acquired for company operations and for
damages in a demonstrably fair, accountable and transparent manner and in accordance
with statutory provisions and approved procedures.
1.9: Structure of the Report

This report is presented in eight chapters.
Chapter One
This chapter contains a general introduction of the broad project outline and relevant
background information about the proponent (SPDC); outline of the EIA Scope, Terms of
Reference (ToR) and concept of integrating cumulative effects assessment. The project area
of influence is defined along with criteria for the delimitation of the spatial and temporal
boundaries for the assessment. The key provisions for the Legal and Administrative
Framework for the conduct of the EIA are presented.
Chapter Two
The second chapter discusses the project (facilities and pipelines) justification and presents
the need/value and the envisaged sustainability of the project, alternatives/ development
options considered (including the no project alternative) for facilities and the basis of site
selection.
Chapter Three
The third chapter describes the proposed project (facilities and pipelines), its location,
overall layout, basis for design, type and specification of equipment/facilities to be installed,
specific project activities (for facilities), waste management process for facilities, project
schedule (facilities and pipelines).
Chapter Four
Description of the biophysical, socio-economic and health environment (for Facilities),
Study approach, literature review, baseline data acquisition method and QA/QC,
geographical location, field data, climatic conditions, air quality, noise level, vegetation
cover characteristics, land use and landscape pattern, ecologically sensitive areas and
critical habitats, terrestrial fauna and wildlife, soil studies, aquatic studies including
hydrobiology and fisheries, ground water resources, social, economic and health studies,
existing stresses on the various environmental resources and prediction of changes in the
baseline condition without the development in place.
Consultation
This section describes the engagement sessions that were organized for various
stakeholders. The consultation includes sessions with communities, institutions and Non
Governmental Organisations.
22
Chapter Five
Presents a discussion of the various associated and potential environmental, social and
health impacts of the different planned project activities (related to the facilities). Analysis
of impacts on the identified valued ecosystem and social components of the project area of
influence; identification and assessment of magnitude/significance of cumulative impacts.
Chapter Six
Mitigation Measures/Alternatives The mitigation measures were proffered for past,
existing and potential impacts.
Chapter Seven
Recommends a cost-effective environmental management plan that would be adopted
throughout the project cycle. It also recommends the environmental action plan, wastes
management programme and the projects abandonment plan.
Chapter Eight
Provides major conclusions and recommendations arising from the assessment
References
Annexes
23
CHAPTER TWO
PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
2.1: Introduction
Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) proposes to acquire about 100 hectares of
land in Assa community for the construction of the Field Logistics Base (23 hectares),
Industrial Area (16 hectares), Wells Cluster area (7.5 hectares), Flare Sterile Areas (9.5
Hectares), total Equipment Laydown Areas (10 hectares), Helipad/Helicopter Landing
Reject Area (6.5 hectares) and Roads/Green Areas due to minimum safe separation distance
between various systems (15 hectares). The field logistic base is for permanent
accommodation, recreation, maintenance and office facilities for workers of the Assa North
Ohaji South Gas development Project. It will serve as a logistics control centre for the
primary treatment facilities to be developed under the project. The provision of this FLB
accommodation and other facilities is expected to enhance the operational effectiveness of
the workers.
2.2: Need for the Project
SPDC has Opportunity to Supply up to 500 MMscf/d of processed natural gas to the
Domestic gas and other markets by developing 4.3 Tscf of gas from Assa North/Ohaji
fields. This Opportunity will also yield 50 Kbpd of condensate. The PTF will process about
600 MMscf of gas. The processing is to separate the gross well fluids from the gas fields
into liquids and gas. Chokes to reduce the gas stream flowline pressure to plant pressure (95
105 bar) shall be provided. Liquids recovered from the gas processing and compression
facilities will be stabilised at the PTF prior to export.
About six flow lines have been planned to carry the products from well heads to the Primary
Treatment Facility (PTF). From the PTF, pipelines will carry the products after treatment to
Rumuekpe manifold and from there to Bonny. Also from the PTF, DomGas which has been
dehydrated and hydrocarbon dew pointed shall be carried to OB3 trunk line, Obite - Ubeta Rumuji (OUR) pipeline and Obite pipeline respectively. The construction of the flow line
and pipeline networks is needed to effect these transfers.
The Assa North and Ohaji South fields are rich in natural gas (Fig. 2.1). Both fields are
partially appraised with expectation gas UR (Ultimate Recovery) of 4.3 Tscf and condensate
of 215 MMbbls. To harness these abundant gas reserves, several drilling campaigns are
planned as part of the Assa North Ohaji South gas development Project. There are existing
and ongoing power plant projects in Nigeria and the West African sub region that the gas
from this project can feed into. The Federal Government of Nigerias determination to
harness its gas resources will significantly increase gas availability for domestic
consumption and economic integration of the West African Region. The Assa North gas
field development shall enable the country achieve these objectives. Also, about 50 Mbbl/d
condensate the Assa North will produce shall be additional revenue to the Government and
people of Nigeria. The nearest community to the primary treatment facility is Assa. These
communities are rural and there is a dearth of accommodation there. Hence there are no
accommodations that can be rented for field operational staff use. Thus, because of this
24
dearth of adequate and proper housing in this project area, SPDC has identified the need to
construct a proper accommodation with adequate facilities for the operational staff at Assa.
The FLB offers a number of advantages and opportunities:
It shall enhance the efficiency of the operations team covering the primary
treatment facility activities by locating them near the plant and within short
driving distance of the other remote facilities.
It will ensure quick response to plant emergencies and field intervention
It shall reduce the movement of shift personnel from outside the Assa node to the
facilities
It will cater for the logistics requirement of the field based staff who will operate
and maintain the facilities.
Fig 2.1: Subsurface Map of Assa North - Ohaji South
25
2.3: Benefits of the project

Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) is committed to improve the quality of life
in communities in its operating area and as a result, the AN-OH project is designed to
benefit the host communities in the following ways:
provision of employment opportunities;
promotion of human capital development;
provision of basic social amenities to the host communities;
promotion of good relationship between SPDC and the host communities.
2.4: Value of the Project
The Assa North- Ohaji South gas project will boost the potentials of SPDC and Chevron as
major players in the development of the Nations gas resource. The project is expected to
significantly improve the economic base of the country and be a catalyst to further promote
foreign participation in the countrys industrialisation efforts. Furthermore, the drilling
activities will lead to a creation of many businesses and employment opportunities through
direct and indirect involvement of consultants, contractors, suppliers and other professionals
at different stages of the project. The utilisation of gas for the local industries including
power generation will contribute to the Federal Government of Nigeria power agenda.
Besides, gasfor-money will be generated for all the parties to the project. The total value of
the projects contribution to the economy equals the sum of the investment and associated
deliverables and the projects direct and indirect benefits. These contributions are expected
to be enormous.
2.5: Envisaged Sustainability
The project is sustainable economically, environmentally and technically. SPDC has
experience built over the years in drilling, upstream oil & gas development, liquefied
natural gas (LNG) projects and in estate management (SPDC residential areas in Warri, Port
Harcourt, Lagos, Abuja and other site/ camp accommodations).
2.5.1: Environmental Sustainability
The aim is to ensure that current use of the environment and its natural resources does not
damage prospects for use by future generations. SPDC shall comply with all statutory
regulations and its own corporate guidelines on Environmental Sustainability, continuously
striving for performance improvement. Adequate incentives are therefore needed to ensure
that the cost of enhancing environmental performance does not inhibit business growth.
2.5.2: Technical Sustainability
The SPDC and Chevron have demonstrated appropriate technological know-how over time
in their operations in Nigeria and worldwide. They have extensive experience in oil/ gas
drilling and operating Non Associated Gas (NAG) facilities, LNG, pipelines, refineries and
other hydrocarbon production and processing facilities. The gas pipeline project is
technically sustainable in view of SPDC records and strict adherence to internationally and
nationally acceptable engineering design and construction standards. Innovative
26
technologies that are economically viable and having minimal environmental, social and
health impacts shall be utilised in the execution of the proposed project.
2.5.3: Economic Sustainability
There is abundant natural gas in the Assa north Ohaji south fields to assure the economic
viability of the project. In addition, there is increase in the world energy demand, the price
of LNG, as well as a ready market for LNG which is expected to play an increasingly
important role in the natural gas and global energy markets in the next several years. The
Nigerian proven gas reserve is about 5.1 trillion cubic meters (BP Statistical Review of
World Energy June 2012, bp.com/statistical review). This is about 2.5% of world proven
reserves. The estimated volume of gas in the AN-OH project fields is ~3.1 Tcf. The local
demand for gas for both domestic and industrial uses is growing. The favourable gas policy
in Nigeria will lead to the utilization of the gas reserves in the Blocks and hence revenue
generation for the Companies and Government. These factors make the project
economically sustainable.
2.5.4: Social Sustainability
Numerous construction activities during the life cycle of this project will provide benefits to
the host communities such as provision of power and water supply, promotion of human
capital development, basic social amenities to the host communities and the promotion of
good relationship between SPDC and the host communities. The project will provide
employment opportunities for young people during all phases of the development. The
extension of electric power to the host communities will enhance socioeconomic activities
in the project area.
2.6: Project Options and Alternatives
2.6.1: Project Options
No Project Option
Decision not to go ahead with this proposed Field Development will deny the Federal
Government and the other Unit Partners opportunity to monetize the hydrocarbon resources
and contribute to the Gas and Power Agenda of the Federation.
Resource Development Options:
Resource Options considered were Gas Only, Oil Only and Oil + Gas development.
Considering the nature of hydrocarbon Initially-In-Place, Target Reservoirs and Forecast
Production Plateau Gas Only Development was selected.
27
Facility Siting Options

Two locations were considered as options for the Surface Facilities as follows:
Option 1: site close to the proposed Assa North development well location.
Option 2: Flow the well fluids about 90km to Gbaran and process at the existing CPF.
Option 1 was chosen. It had the following advantages; proximity to the liquid export
trunkline which will reduce the length of the proposed condensate export pipeline. The well
cluster drilling location is within the facility; therefore Assa North flowlines will be very
short (+/- 500m).
Field Logistics Base (FLB) Options
Option 1: The No FLB Options;
Option 2: Use of existing Assa North Camps Accommodation;
Option 3: Use of existing Shell housing in Port Harcourt or Egbema; and
Option 4: Construction of a new logistics base and the PTF.
Option 4 was chosen. It will involve the acquisition of 20 Ha of land for the construction of
a FLB facility with a new residential camp for about 200 personnel adjacent to the PTF and
50 Ha for the PTF itself. It had the following advantages:
interventions, thus enhancing the operational effectiveness of the staff;
It will enhance efficiency of the operations team covering the Assa North nodal
other remote facilities; and
It will reduce the movement of shift personnel from outside the Assa node to the
facilities.
Well Engineering and Drilling options
Two options were considered, the first phase development and the second location. The
drilling of first phase development will, require land take and additional footprint, out-step
of wells, drilling and tie-back and increased cost. The second location option will minimise
land take and the costs, risks and delays of securing and constructing multiple surface
locations. Wellhead to wellhead distance envisaged is 45 m to avoid any shutdown of the
well in case the neighboring well needs work over.
2.6.2: Project Alternatives
Several project alternatives were considered for the facilities and the drilling components of
the project.
Primary Treatment Facility Configuration Options
Base case of export capacity of 1000MMscfd gas to NGMP and NLNG after water
dewpointing (i.e. to NLNG specification).
Option for export of 400 MMscfd gas to (undefined) DomGas customer at WAGP
specification. This was further revised to 67% (DomGas) and 33% (NLNG) split in
28
February 2012 and finally in March 2012 to 100% Domgas with 2x250 MMscf/d
HC-DP unit at Assa North PTF and the remaining 500 MMscf/d NLNG spec gas
further treated at the CPF at Ob-Ob 2 x 500 MMscfd as one option.
Develop a 2 x 350 MMscfd plus 1 x 350 MMscfd option (i.e. two trains built
initially with option for third train)
Consider alternative schemes such as Twister
Review of condensate storage capacity
Condensate tie-in into Rumuekpe manifold
Examine impact of alternative train size/configuration on plant availability
Select pipeline routing and sizing, incorporating SPDC latest practice (e.g. deep
burial) into design plus potential fibre optic interference detection
Study of alternative plant size configurations e.g. 3 x 350 plant design, which is
driven by market uncertainty.
Study (2 x 300) and thus lower Capex, with the option of expanding the plant
Selection of the optimum plant configuration was therefore made from the following
options:
2 x 500 MMscf/d;
Phased 2 x 500 MMscf/d (i.e. 1+1 x500 MMscf/d)
1 x 500 MMscf/d
2 x 350 MMscf/d + 1 x 350 MMsc/d (i.e. 2x350MMscf/d at OSD and the 3rd
module 3 years later, should the market for this gas mature)
2 x 300 MMscf/d options
The phased 2 x 300 MMscf/d plant configuration was selected to enable domestic gas
Supply contract of a minimum of 15 years and support gas and power agenda of the Federal
Government of Nigeria. This includes a 2 x 300 MMscf/d Hydrocarbon Dew pointing (HCDP) unit to meet DomGas quality using the Joule Thomson- Low Temperature Separation
(JT-LTS) Process.
Well Engineering (Drilling) Options
Number of drilling centers, and their location
Options: 1 to 9 (total number of first phase development wells)
Selected option: 1 - option for a second location depending on the early development/
appraisal well outcome.
Criteria: - Required land take and additional footprint, out-step of wells, drilling and tieback, cost, time at which location would be required. The selected concept for the first
phase of the development has four development wells in the H1000 and two in the H4000.
The key driver is to minimize the land take and the costs, risks and delays of securing and
constructing multiple surface locations. This rules out vertical wells from dedicated new
locations.
29
Assa North wells 6 (+3 future) in total are proposed to be drilled from the existing location
Assa North #1. The location has another well Assa - North #2. Wells surface layout has
been planned in such a way that concurrent operation is possible. Additional land required
has also been indicated. Wellhead to wellhead distance envisaged is 45 m to avoid any
shutdown of the well in case the neighboring well needs work over.
Are development wells pre-drilled?
Options: Yes or no
Selected option: Yes
Criteria: Timing of gas demand
The Assa North/Ohaji South project will provide gas for the domestic market through the
Western Domestic gas (DomGas) Network. The value of the gas dictates that it should be
brought on stream as soon as the facilities and evacuation system are in place. Therefore,
the development wells will be pre-drilled and ready to meet this demand as they mature.
What geometry for the H1000 gas development wells?
Options: Conventional / horizontal / mix
Selected option: Conventional
Criteria: Reservoir deliverability, drilling cost and risk
The flow in vertical / deviated wells is constrained by the tubing, rather than by what the
reservoir can deliver. With an uncertainty related to vertical connectivity across intrareservoir shales, deviated wells are preferred. There is no benefit to going to horizontal
wells, which would come at an increased cost, and increased risk (dying in case of water
break through).
What geometry for the H4000 development wells?
Options: conventional / horizontal / mix
Selected option: conventional
Criteria: reservoir deliverability, drilling cost and risk
Options for the Field Logistics Base (FLB)
Option 1: The No FLB Options
In this option, the field logistics base would not be constructed and no accommodation
provided. The implications of this option are:
Staff would be responsible for securing their accommodation most likely outside the
project area based on the current dearth of suitable housing in the area to meet the
needs of the workers;
Quick response to plant emergencies would not be guaranteed if operation and
maintenance staff are not located nearby for easy reach;
There would be exposure of staff to road & health hazards (stress mainly);
This is not consistent with the current SPDC policy of keeping field staff close to the
area they work
30
The non construction of the primary treatment facility means that the gross well fluids from
the gas fields shall not be separated into liquids and gas. The bulk materials will then need
to be piped to Bonny and other existing facility where the separation can then take place.
These existing facilities may not have the capacity to handle the increased volume of
products. In addition separation at a third party facility may be very expensive in the long
run.
The no drilling option implies that the planned nine non-associated gas wells will not be
drilled. This option is not considered favourable in view of the following reasons:
The gas reserves in the fields shall remain unutilised despite their large quantity.
It is not in consonance with the policies of the Federal government and SPDC that
requires continual replenishment and increase in the National reserves of gas.
For these reasons, the no project and drilling option was not considered acceptable
Decision: not recommended
Option 2: Use of existing Assa North Camps Accommodation
The flowstation at Assa is presently mothballed. It has no functional accommodation. SPDC
intends to accommodate (about 100-150) at the new FLB.
Decision: not recommended as it does not exist.
Option 3: Use of existing Shell housing in Port Harcourt or Egbema
The distance from Port Harcourt or Egbema with its attendant road hazards and the need for
staff on essential duty to reside close to the facility make this option unacceptable. This
option is not compatible with current best practice in Shell Nigeria.
Decision: not recommended
Option 4: Construction of a new logistics base and the PTF
This option would entail the acquisition of 50 Ha of land for the construction of a FLB
facility with a new residential camp for about 200 personnel adjacent to the PTF.
The advantages of this option are:
interventions, thus enhancing the operational effectiveness of the staff.
It shall enhance efficiency of the operations team covering the Assa North nodal
other remote facilities.
It shall reduce the movement of shift personnel from outside the Assa node to the
facilities
The construction of the PTF will lead to the separation of the gas and the liquid
thereby decreasing the volume of materials piped out.
31
The main challenge for this option is the required land-take for the combined PTF/FLB site.
This is a challenge that all other development options share. However, it is a manageable
aspect that can be dealt with by this EIA. This option was recommended because of the
above-mentioned opportunities.
Decision: Recommended
Drilling Land Use Optimization
Assa North wells- 9 in total (6 in Phase1 development and 3 in future) are proposed to be
drilled from the existing location Assa North #1 Plate. 2.1. The location has another well
Assa - North #2. Wells surface layout has been planned in such a way that concurrent
operation is possible. WH to WH distance has been maintained as 45m on all the sides. This
is due to the fact that the project cannot afford to shut in any of the wells in case a work
over is required in any of the wells. Additional land required has also been indicated. Also
additional 3 slots for contingency should be provided.
Plate 2.1: Assa North1 Well Head and the spare Well Cellar
The yellow dots indicate the proposed locations for wells for the Assa North project
development (Fig. 2.2).
32
Asa
Assa Pipeline Manifold and
mothballed Flowstation
Awarra
Oguali
Liquid export
pipeline to
Rumuekpe
Fig. 2.2: Satellite Image of proposed AN-OH project area showing proposed well
locations (yellow dots).
Assa North Primary Treatment Facility Site Options
There are two sites that were considered for the PTF locations (Figure 2.3). The options
under consideration are summarised below:
Summary of Assa North CPF Site Options

1
Existing Assa Flowstation &

Pipeline manifold
Liquid export to
BCOT via Rumuekpe
Fig. 2.3: Schematic Diagram of Potential PTF Locations.
33
Assa North Option 1: This site is at, or close to, the proposed Assa North appraisal well
location. This site is located on top of the Assa North reservoir and so will be optimal to
reduce the flowline distances for the Assa North wells. The main disadvantage for this site
is that a 2-3 km condensate export pipeline would be required in order to spike the
condensate into the liquid export trunkline.
Assa North Option 2: This site is close to the existing (mothballed) Assa flow station. The
advantage, given its proximity to the liquid export trunk line is that it will reduce the length
of the proposed condensate export pipeline but with longer Assa North flow lines. Initial
visual inspections of the sites and a helicopter over-flight of the whole area have so far not
identified any environmental differential between the two sites. However, the Primary
Treatment Facility (PTF) will be built at the Assa North field, at a location close to the
mothballed Assa flow station which is option 2.
34
CHAPTER THREE
PROJECT AND/ OR PROCESS DESCRIPTION
3.1: Project Overview
The Assa North-Ohaji South Domestic Gas Project is to develop Non Associated Gas
(NAG) for the supply of up to 500 MMscf/d of gas to the Nigerian domestic market.
Subsurface studies showed that the Assa North and Ohaji South fields have an expected
Ultimate Reserve (UR) of 4.3 Tcf of gas and 215 MMbbls of condensate.
Front End Engineering Design (FEED) was initiated in late April 2007 by Shell Companies
in Nigeria (SCiN) FEED offices in Port Harcourt. As at August 2008, FEED on the concept
selected at DG3 was completed. That concept incorporated a 1,000 MMscf/d capacity
Central Processing Facility (CPF) to be located at Assa North, with 350 MMscf/d being
dedicated to domestic gas supply and the remainder being available for NLNG Train 7 (T7)
supply. A new 42 pipeline system, GTS-6, was proposed to be built by NLNG to
transport gas for T7 supply, following the existing GTS-1/4 corridor and with spur lines to
Obite (42), Biseni (26) and Assa North (36). GTS-6 was to carry commingled supply
from the SPDC, Total Exploration and Production Nigeria (TEPNG) and Nigeria Agip Oil
Company (NAOC) operated joint ventures. Due to funding constraints, AN-OH project was
hibernated in January 2009.
Assa North-Ohaji South project re-initiation activities commenced in Q1, 2011 and
Decision Review Board (DRB) steer formally received post June 5 Shell Nigeria Leadership
Team engagement. The project was subsequently recycled to Pre-DG3 assurance activities
as a full scope Domestic gas project with flexibility of swing to export to NLNG.
The concept selected at the Value Assurance Review- 3 (VAR3) was a phased 2 x
500MMscf/d (i.e. 1+1 x 500 MMscf/d) development with gas dehydration only (i.e. NLNG
specification). The selected concept also included carrying out further hydrocarbon dewpointing of the gas at the Nigeria Gas Master Plan (NGMP) CPF at Ob-Ob before supply to
the Domestic gas grid. At Post VAR3, there was a DRB steer that AN-OH should be a full
Domestic gas project (no export to NLNG), and with the first 500MMscf/d train
incorporating 2 x 250 MMscf/d Hydrocarbon Dew Point (HC-DP) unit , due to uncertainties
around the NGMP CPF delivery. At Decision Gate 3 (DG3), there was a further Decision
Review Board (DRB) steer to use Gbaran Ubie detailed design and contracting template.
Post DG3 maturation of AN-OH has thus been progressed on the basis of adapting the
Gbaran Ubie design to suit the requirements of AN-OH. In doing this, it was recognized that
there would be gaps to be identified and closed.
An in-house gap analysis has been done, identifying key changes to be applied to the
Gbaran Ubie design for AN-OH adaptation. These changes are well documented in the ANOH Basis for Design. Approval for these changes has also been obtained from the Corporate
Change Control Panel.
35
3.2: Project objectives

South fields to provide platform for gas growth;
Implementation of Sustainable Development (SD) initiatives in the proposed
project area;
Maximising profitability of the project by optimising the ultimate recovery from
all reservoirs developed and timely delivery of the project; and
3.3: Project Location and Existing Facilities
The Assa North field (Fig. 3.1), situated at some 25 km southwest of Owerri, is located in
SPDCs OMLs 21 with some of its reservoirs in communication with Chevrons OML 53
reservoirs, called Ohaji South. Assa North/Ohaji South Project site is located in Ohaji
Egbema Local Government Area of Imo State Nigeria. It lies between latitude
0522'56.74 to 0523'29.50" north of the Equator and longitude 0647'45.24" to 0648'28.27
East of the Greenwich Meridian on land with average elevation of 46meters above mean sea
level. It occupies an area of 115 square kilometers. Ohaji Egbema local government is
bounded on the north by Oguta LGA, on the East and south East by Owerri west LGA of
Imo State and on the south west by Egbema Ndoni LGA of Rivers State. The communities
are twelve from in Imo State, consisting of eleven (Assa, Awara, Obile, Obitti, Umudike,
Etekwuru, Amafor, Obegwe, ADA Palms, Obosima, and Ochia) in Ohaji/Egbema LGA
while the remaining community, Avu is in Owerri West LGA. From the Rivers State area,
are twelve (13) out of twenty-three (23) communities (Ede, Ohiauga, Akaputa, Obiyebe,
Ogbogu, Obite, Okpurukpua-Ali, Obor, Obirikom, Okansu, Ebegoro, Edia, Omoku) in
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni LGA; and nine other communities namely Ubumini, Egbeada,
Umudioga, Akpabu, Itu, Alimini, Ekutche-Rumekpe, Imoga-Rumekpe, and Ovie-Rumekpe
in Emohua LGA, while Idoke community belongs to Ahoada East LGA. The Orashi and
Nwagbakobi River have proximity with the proposed project area.
36
Figure 3.1: Map of Nigeria showing the Assa North/ Ohaji South Project area
Figure 3.2: Satellite imagery of the Assa North/ Ohaji South Project area
37
Assa North-Ohaji South is a unitised asset by DPR regulations because of its

communicating reservoirs. An unitisation and Unit Operating Agreement (UUOA) between
SPDC JV and Chevron JV has been fully executed with SPDC appointed as the Operator.
The project spans two states (Imo and Rivers States) and five Local Government Areas (two
in Imo State Ohaji/Egbema, Owerri West and three in Rivers State
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Emohua and Ahoada East). The PTF is located in Imo State (Ohaji
Egbema), while the pipelines span Imo State and Rivers State. A total of six (6) wells have
been drilled: four by SPDC within OML-21 and two by Chevron within OML-53. These
wells are exploration and appraisal gas wells; out of which four have been plugged and
abandoned; while 2 are suspended.
38
Chevron
AGGAH -2
OHAS -1
OHAS -2
Assa North app. well

subsurface position
SPDC
ASSN -1
ASSA -1
Assa North app. well

Surface position
position
Fig. 3.3: Map of the Assa North field showing the position of the Assa-1, Assa North-1,
Aggah-2, Appraisal well (SPDC) and Ohaji South-1 & 2 wells (Chevron).
The primary control well is Assa North-1 drilled in 1992 in the centre of the field. Assa-1,
drilled in 1961, targeted shallower reservoirs in the hanging wall of the bounding fault.
Towards the east in the Chevron licensed block, are Ohaji South-1 and Ohaji South-2 wells
drilled in 1974 and 1992 respectively. Finally, towards the west penetrating the reservoir
way down flank in the aquifer is Aggah-2, which was drilled in 1975. The Assa North
Ohaji South (AN-OH) project first passed Decision Gate 3 (DG3) in August 2006. The
selected concept featured full on-site production processing, with evacuation of stabilized
condensate to the Bonny Oil & Gas Terminal (BOGT). Dehydrated gas was to be
transported to NLNG via Gas Transmission System 6 (GTS-6) and Domestic Gas-quality
gas, via a Joule Thomson- Low Temperature Separation System (JT-LTS) conditioning unit,
to prospective domestic sinks via Obiafu-Obrikom, as per the Gas Master Plan. The Natural
Gas Liquid (NGL) produced will be spiked into the stream going to Nigeria Liquefied
Natural Gas (NLNG).
The only existing infrastructure in the vicinity of the Assa North field is the mothballed
Assa Flow Station, located 2 km to the south. The Assa flow station had a notional capacity
of 10,000 bbl/d and has not been operational since 1995, with several items of equipment
removed to be used elsewhere. Running close by the flow station is the 18-inch liquid
39
export pipeline, which connects Oguta to Rumuekpe. Immediately adjacent to the flow
station is the Assa Pipeline Manifold.
3.4: Proposed project Scope
The scope of this project includes construction of gas treatment facilities (dehydration,
conditioning, compression and metering), drilling of NAG wells, laying of flow lines and
pipelines for produced gas, condensates and NGLs evacuation.
3.4.1: Primary Treatment Facility (PTF) and Field Logistics Base (FLB) Scope
The PTF and adjacent Field Logistics Base (FLB) will be constructed between the existing
Assa North-1 surface drilling centre and the mothballed Assa flowstation. The processing
facilities will have a total capacity of 600 MMscf/d gas and 45,000 bbl/d of condensate.
Primary Treatment Facility (PTF)
Primary Treatment Facilities (PTF) consist 2 x 300 MMscfd Gas Dehydration Facilities;
and the detailed scope shall include the following:
15 Wellheads (6 now, 9 future) and associated flowlines for H1 and H4 wells
NAG Inlet Facilities for H1 and H4 wells
3 NAG Slugcatchers
2 Inlet gas Coolers
2 Inlet Separators
2 Glycol Contactors
2 Glycol Scrubbers
1 Domgas Export meter
1 Export gas meter to NLNG
Vapour Recovery Unit
Depletion Compression Facilities
Well Testing Facilities
2 x 22,500 bbl/d multi-flash Condensate Stabilization system with heating
3 x 90,000 bbl condensate storage tanks
Condensate dehydration and produced water system (Coalescers, Export Booster
Pump, Export Pump and Condensate Export Metering)
3 Booster Compressors
2 Main Gas Compressors
Hydrocarbon Dewpointing System (Turbo Expanders, Gas/Gas Heat Exchangers,
Gas/Liquid Heat Exchanger, LTS Pre-Separator, Low Temperature Separators and
NGL Degassing Separators)
1 Domgas Export pipeline
Gas Quality Analyzer and custody transfer metering stations (CTMS)
Flare System
40
Process Description
The Assa North project is part of a major expansion of Nigerian gas production that is
targeted to deliver gas to the domestic gas market. The first phase development is driven by
the two main reservoirs in Assa North/Ohaji South i.e. H1000 and H4000 with combined in
place volumes of 4.3 Tcf gas and 212 MMbbls condensate. The second phase of
development includes depletion compression and there is a potential to develop other lower
ranking reservoirs in the third phase of the project.
To meet this gas demand, the initial development wells for the H1000 reservoir (4 nos.) and
H4000 reservoir (2 nos.) will all be pre-drilled from a single drilling center and channeled
via individual flowlines to three inlet manifolds in the Primary Treatment Facility. The inlet
manifolds will feed inlet separators which separate gas from liquids. The liquid and gas will
then be channeled appropriately for further processing. Gas processing comprises of
dehydration and hydrocarbon dewpointing to meet sales gas specifications. Liquids
processing consists of condensate stabilization and dehydration to meet condensate sales
specifications.
The process fluid from the aforementioned reservoirs flow from the wells; then pass through
a high pressure reducing valve (choke) into the flowlines. The wet gas passing through the
flowlines enter the Inlet Manifold, then into the Inlet Separators. The gas stream is
separated at the inlet separators are dehydrated in a two-train dehydration system. The gas is
cooled and dehydrated by contact with triethylene glycol (TEG) to reduce its water content
below 7lb/MMscf. The dehydrated gas is subsequently hydrocarbon dewpointed in a fourtrain turboexpander-based hydrocarbon dewpointing system. Each hydrocarbon
dewpointing train consists of a Gas/Gas heat exchanger, Gas/Liquid Heat Exchanger, Inlet
Scrubber, Turboexpander, and a Low Temperature Separator. The gas undergoes expansion
in the turboexpander to achieve a hydrocarbon cricondentherm of 5 OC while maintaining
an output pressure of 92 barg. A Joule-Thomson valve capable of the full flow through the
hydrocarbon dewpointing unit is installed parallel to the turboexpander on each train. The
hydrocarbon dewpointed gas is then exported from the PTF through a gas export pipeline to
a remote metering facility where the gas is fiscally metered and ready for custody transfer.
Liquids separated at the inlet gas separators are stabilized in a two-train flash stabilisation
system where the pressure is lowered in four successive stages (XHP, HP, LP and SV
stages). The liquid is heated just upstream of the SV stage to remove sufficient light end
components in order to achieve the required true vapor pressure specification of 12.5psia.
The liquid from the condensate stabilization system is cooled and undergoes final
dehydration in a coalescer before being metered for export. Flash gas from the condensate
stabilisation trains and other process units are compressed in a three-train flash gas
compression system and returned to the gas processing system. Produced water from the
condensate stabilization and dehydration systems is degassed and disposed of through a
pipeline to the Assa manifold. Later in the field life, depletion compression will be deployed
in order to optimize recovery from the reservoirs. This system will be required onstream 15
years from initial production of the field (fig.3.4 and fig.3.5).
41
Fig. 3.4: Process Block Diagram
42
Fig. 3.5: Process Flow Schematic
43
Utility Facilities
The following utilities shall be provided at the AN-OH PTF site:
Instrument and utility air
Nitrogen System
2 Glycol Regeneration packages
Black start & Emergency power generator (diesel engines)
Gas turbine power generators
Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System
Fire Water system (supply, treatment and distribution)
HP, LP and Atmospheric flare systems
Open and Closed Drains Systems
Fuel gas
Hydrate inhibition at the PTF
TEG storage and drains vessels
Fresh & Potable water distribution (Industrial water distribution, transfer pump and
storage tank)
Sand Washing
TEG distribution
Cathodic protection system
Gas Turbine Wash System
Heating Medium
Effluent Water Treatment System and storage and reuse basin
Chemical Storage and Injection
UPS Systems
HVAC Systems
Instrumentation
Earthing & Lightning
Lighting & Small Power Distribution
Wellhead Equipment, Tubing & Completions; Well head controls
3.4.2: Well Scope
The drilling scope shall include:
A total of 9 wells will be drilled (will be drilled from one cluster location-) location in the
PTF. Six (6) wells will be drilled initially, and three (3) additional wells will be drilled later
to serve as contingencies. Activities include; preparation of well locations, campsite, access
roads, drilling and production testing of wells and site reinstatement.
Pipeline scope will be considered in Vol. II
a)
Pipelines Systems:
Construct 28 x 23 km AN-OH to OB3 trunkline DomGas Specification
Construct 12 x 2.5km Produced water line from Assa PTF to Assa Crude oil Manifold
Construct 18 x 53 km AN-OH to Rumuekpe M/F (Liquid Hydrocarbon Pipeline)

deep- burial, concrete slab covered with intruder detection system
44
b)
Construct 24 x 26 km AN-OH to Obite Pipeline (Wet gas + NGL)

Construct 24 x 26 km AN-OH to Obite Ubeta Rumuji (OUR) Pipeline
DomGas Specification
Flowlines:
Lay 6 nos x ~0.6km flow lines from the Gas wells to the Inlet Gas Manifold within
the PTF.
Drilling Activities
The Assa North H1000 and H4000 reservoirs will have dedicated development wells,
clustered in one group to be drilled from one new location near to the existing Assa North001 well location. The wells without risk of water production will be fully completed across
the entire reservoir section, while wells with higher water production risk will be completed
only across the upper part of the respective reservoir. The drilling activities involve
preparation of well locations, campsite, access roads, drilling and production testing of
wells and site reinstatement.
Well Locations/Access Roads Preparations
The wells and the access roads are within the land take for the PTF. The well location
activities will also include construction of campsite and access roads. Activities to be
undertaken prior to actual construction work include geotechnical surveys and soil
investigation. These will be followed by location clearance, earthwork, construction of slabs
(for cellar, generator and chemicals), stabilization of location/campsite and access road.
Surfacing with asphalt and block wall fencing of location/campsite will then follow. A plot
size of about 60 m x 110 m will be required for a drilling location.
Proposed Well Location for H1000 Wells
Currently, the central part of the H1000 accumulation is best defined by the two existing
wells- Assa North-001 and Assa-001. The proposed new drainage points are located in the
crestal area to minimise water production. The specific coordinates at the top H1000 are
listed in Table 3.1a.
Table 3.1a: Coordinates of the top H1000 Wells
Well
Northing (m)
H1D1
153800
H1D2
153300
H1D3
152750
H1D4
151900
Easting (m)
483000
482500
482800
482300
All H1000 wells will be drilled from one surface location (close to the existing Assa North001 well location) and have a maximum 45 degrees deviation with kick-off at around 2,800
ft. With a current maximum well rate of 150 MMscf/d, four produced are currently
envisaged. The tubing head pressure constraint initially is 110bar (1650psi) and with
compression reduces to 35 bar later in the fields life.
45
Proposed Well Location for H4000 Wells

Currently, the central part of the H4000 accumulation is defined by Assa North-001 well.
The proposed new drainage points are located in this most crestal area to minimise water
production. The proposed locations at top H4000 are listed in Table 3.1b.
Table 3.1b: Coordinates of the top H4000 Wells
Well
Northing (m)
H4D1
152550
H4D2
152950
Easting (m)
483200
484100
All H1000 wells will be drilled from one surface location (close to the existing Assa North001 well location) and have a maximum 46 degrees deviation with kick-off at around
2,200ft. Total Reservoir off take has been constrained to 210 MMscf/d. The tubing head
pressure constraint initially is 110 bar and with compression, when it reduces to 35 bar in
field late life. There is no plan to re-enter any of the existing well and there will not be any
side rack.
Drilling of Wells
To minimize land-take and other impacts on the environment, cluster drilling strategy has
been adopted for the project with the re-use of existing location.
Conceptual and Detailed Design of facilities
Conceptual Well Design Considerations
The Wells Plan is based upon a well-site cluster concept, when possible wells will be drilled
from existing locations. Each Assa North well will be tied back to the Primary Treatment
Facility (PTF) with a dedicated flowline. The AN-OH wells are being matured using the
Global Well Delivery Process (GWDP). The following functional requirements were
considered at the workshop:
- Minimum 7 completion.
- Optimal well placement.
- Fit for purpose technology.
- Data gathering.
- Early location preparation.
- Proper sand control.
Well Design Concepts Evaluated
During the pre 2007 studies and in the studies of 2011/2012 the following concepts were
evaluated;
Concept #1: Conventional deviated Wells
The basic casing design for the conventional wells is 13 3/8 surface casing, a 9 5/8 casing
across the hydrostatically pressured section and a 8 1/2 hole against the high pressure
sands. The 7 liner is planned to provide zonal isolation of all the HCs bearing of the high
pressure section. External Gravel Pack will be installed in 6 drain hole for sand control.
46
Concept #2: Dual Completions

There are a lot of similarities between concepts #1 and #2. The major difference is the
completion of the well as a two-string dual (TSD) on H1 and H4 reservoirs. However the
limitation is the production tubing size which does not match the Well Functional
Specification (WFS).
Concept #3: Sidetracks
The wells that exist in the Assa North namely, AN #1 & #2 are not suitable for side tracks
because of the absence of 3D seismic data at the time of drilling of those wells.
Concept #4: Conventional Smart Well Completion
An opportunity exists to maximize production and combine the two zones namely, H1 and
H4 into one smart commingling well. However due to limitation on tubing size and other
study related issues, smart well concept is not proposed for the time being. Smart wells are
those connected with permanent down hole gauges that can measure and transmit some
reservoir properties like temperature, pressure and flow rate and transmitted through fibre
optic cable to a control/monitoring centre.
Concept #5: Multi-lateral wells with Down-hole Splitter
Opportunities exist for multilateral wells and zones that will substantially reduce the
number of well slots; reduce land take, total location preparation cost and subsequently the
total project cost. The major challenge with multilaterals will be proper installation of the
down hole splitter or FORM Junction especially for the high pressure gas reservoirs. Also,
this concept has constraint on tubing size. The planned tubing size based on the expected
rate of production is 7.
Concept #6: Splitter Wellhead in Shared Conductor
Just as in the case of multi-laterals, opportunities exist for the deployment of Splitter
wellheads for targets that can be accessed from same surface locations. Unlike in the multilaterals where installation is done down-hole, for splitter wellheads the split is on surface.
The two wells are drilled separately from surface through same conductor (shared
conductor).
A 36 conductor (or a suitable, available conductor) is to be driven to refusal depth, two 16
surface holes drilled and 133/8 casings installed with a Splitter wellhead. 12 1/4 holes will
be drilled up to the transition zone; set 9 5/8 casing and drill 8 1/2 holes and land 7 liner.
External Gravel Pack (EGP) will thereafter be deployed for sand control.
Selected Well Design (Option #1 - Conventional deviated wells)
Based on the functional requirements and the position (depth and orientation) of the targets,
the following well design has been adopted for the AN-OH development;
Conventional deviated wells with one (1) production string and a perforation zone having 7
production tubing. 7 tubing will stand up above the 7 liner top and the 7 liner will act as
47
the conduit for the reservoir fluids (Figs. 3.6 and 3.7). External Gravel Pack (EGP) for sand
control will be installed in the 6 hole section for sand control.
Fig. 3.6: Schematics of Assa North H1 and H4 Well Completion
Fig. 3.7: Assa North Well Schematic (Cross-sectional Drawing)

48
The Reservoir/Drilling risks associated with this design, and their mitigations are tabulated
in Table 3.1c.
Table 3.1c: Key Reservoir/Drilling Risks
49
Table 3.1c: Key Reservoir/Drilling Risks Contd
Drilling Fluid Design

Water-based mud is planned to be used for the top hole and the surface casing will be
cemented to the surface. Bottom hole sections are planned to be drilled with Pseudo Oil
Based Mud (POBM). Necessity for POBM arises to minimise the challenges of drilling
through shale sections and the long open hole times that may be experienced because of the
significant directional work that will be done in most of the wells. Experience in SPDC of
using POBM has shown that the combination of POBM and the appropriate mud weight
results in quality hole (Table 3.2).
The change over to POBM will occur below the 13 3/8 casing (minimum setting dept of
6,400 ft-TVDBRT). The 13 3/8 casing has already covered the fresh water zones. The 9
5/8 casing has been set in the transitionshale prior to drilling the over pressure zones.
Table 3.2: Drilling Fluid Types to be used
Note: ftah = feet along hole
50
In the Short Term Drilling & Work Over Sequence (STDWS), the Assa North wells are to
be drilled by the drill rig Hilong-2 or its replacement. The Hilong-2 rig is suitable for the
drilling fluid requirements and other conditions identified above.
Land Use Optimization
Wells surface layout has been planned in such a way that concurrent operation is possible; a
Well Head (WH) to WH distance of 45 m has been maintained. This is due to the fact that
the project cannot afford to shut in any of the wells in case a work over is required on
another well. Additional land required has been indicated, while additional 3 slots for
contingency shall be provided from existing acquisition.
The wellsite cluster shall be located within the AN-OH PTF which is normally manned.
The wellsite will be large enough to accommodate at least nine (9) proposed wells; there
will be no pre-investment in spare well slots, however sufficient land will be provided to
enable additional well slots to be constructed if required. Approximately a total wellsite plot
size of 260m x 140m (36,400m2) is estimated to be required for the six (6) planned wells.
The Assa North wellsite will include the following:
Wellhead control panel and Sub-Surface Safety Isolation Valve (SSSIV) control panel per
well,
Wet-gas flow metering on each well stream,
Safety Instrumented System with hydraulic power unit or instrument air,
Tie-in points and provision for a chemical injection skid,
Perimeter fence,
Lighting and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV).
Long Lead Items Requirement

Long Lead Items (LLI) requirements of Assa North wells (Appraisal as well as
Development wells) fall within the existing Well Engineering (WE) material contract. For
the appraisal well to be drilled in 2013, the requirement will be included in consolidated
requirement for the wells to be drilled in 2013 and Purchase Order (PO) to be placed
accordingly. For the development wells, increment will be included at the appropriate time
i.e. about one year before the drilling of the wells to get the LLI in time.
Drilling Hazards and Technical Risks
A review of the Assa North wells was done to pick learning and understand potential
drilling challenges for the Assa North development (Table 3.3). Offset data sources - Assa
North Wells: Four wells have been drilled by SPDC in Assa North block between 1961 and
2006.
51
Table 3.3: Summary of Learning from Assa North Offset Wells

Major Drilling Risks based on the study of 4 wells drilled in Assa North
Drilling Issues
Location
Details
Mitigation
Differential
Possible
High mud weight used. In
1. Good pressure prediction and correct
sticking
case of lower pore
mud weight.
pressures or regression of
2. Ensure good hole cleaning. Do not stay
pressures, over balance
static in hole, good surface monitoring,
could be quite high.
ensure good solid.
3. Rotary Steerable BHA to minimize
pipe stationary time in Open hole,
control is in place.
4. Use of POBM
5. Avoiding extended period of stationary
pipe
Borehole
Three of the Difficulty in POOH string
1. Drill with an optimum pump rate and
cleaning in high proposed
and RIH casing to the
RSS BHA to ensure good hole cleaning
(upto 45 degrees) wells
are respective section
2. Sweep hole with high vis pills at every
inclination wells. between 45
500 interval
and
47
3. Good maintenance of mud pump (two
degrees
out of three in operation always)
4. Good hole cleaning at every section
TD
Borehole
All
wells Massive shale section
1. Use of POBM (better inhibition)
Instability
exhibited
(about 600ft) between E2
2. Optimal mud weight to support
tight
hole and E9.0
formation
(Not major)
3. Minimum exposure time to the
formation.
Stuck Pipe
In
Assa Log tool stuck in H5000
1. Appropriate mud weight
North #1
i.e. below the target
2. Use of POBM
reservoirs
3. Avoiding extended period of stationary
pipe
Down hole losses Assa-01 and Minor losses in the 22
1. Correct Pore Pressure and mud weight
Assa North- surface hole in AN #1 and
2. Limit annular pressures by maintaining
01
in 8 hole in Assa-1. No
optimal discharge rate
losses experienced in Assa
3. Keeping pre-mixed LCM
North #2
Gas cut mud
Possible
Background
gas,
1. Design to incorporate adequate mud
being high connection gas, trip gas
weight and ensuring primary control
pressure gas and swabbing, etc.
always
wells
2. Kick tolerance adequate for maximum
pore pressure
3. Constant drills and API recommended
pressure testing
4. IWCF certification for Rig Personnel
5. Check for swabbing during every
POOH and connection
52
Risk of Accidents Resulting in Pollution or Hazards:

Accidental spills can be as a result of a blow out, or leaking diesel or oil tanks. A blow out is
an uncontrollable discharge of hydrocarbon from the formation. Though the chance of a blow
out is very low, the potential impact on environment is very high. The primary safeguard
against a blow out is the pressure exerted by the drilling mud. The mud shall be tested/ checked
regularly (every 15 minutes on site) to ensure the properties and the weight are in order. The
secondary control is the equipment referred to as Blow Out Preventer (BOP) with surface
safety valves. This equipment shall be used to close in a well at the slightest detection of
formation fluid ingress/flow into the well bore (mud system). This equipment shall be tested
regularly to ensure proper functionality.
Primary Treatment Facility (PTF) and Field Logistics Base (FLB) Activities
Surface/ Facilities Engineering
The Assa North-Ohaji South Development will involve the development of the SPDC Assa
North and adjacent Chevron Ohaji South fields. Currently there is no production from either of
these fields and new gas processing & hydrocarbon liquid handling facilities are planned to be
developed as green field project.
Facility Layout
The development of the layout shall take into consideration Health, Safety, Security,
Environment & Social Performance (HSSE & SP) design specifications and Ergonomic
standards. Key ergonomic areas to be addressed shall include but not be limited to Human vs.
Machine operation (degree of automation), Man-Plant Interface: Operability, Maintainability,
Accessibility, Escape/Routing and Plant Layout (Fig. 3.8).
Separation distances between Process units and equipment groups shall be designed in
compliance with the provisions of the HSSE&SP framework, Design and Engineering Manual
1 & 2 (DEM1 & DEM2), the AN-OH security plan and the requirements to reduce the impact
of future installation activities.
53
Fig. 3.8: Preliminary Plant Layout

54
Nodal Development Concept

The PTF and adjacent Field Logistics Base (FLB) will be constructed between the existing
Assa North-1 surface drilling centre and the mothballed Assa flowstation. The processing
facilities will have a total capacity of 600 MMscf/d gas and 45,000 bbl/d of hydrocarbon
liquids. The facilities will include the following;
Inlet manifold for H4000 well fluids
Inlet manifold for H1000 well fluids
Test manifold and separator
Gas inlet separation (separators for H1000 fluids and a dedicated separator for H4000
fluids)
Air cooled gas exchangers for cooling upstream of dehydration facilities
Glycol contactor gas dehydration and fiscal metering at 100bar (2 trains of 50%,
500Mscf/d export gas per train). Tri-ethylene glycol (TEG) regeneration system to
include gas stripping to enable achievement of gas water dewpoint of -10C to avoid
hydrate formation in the downstream Domestic Gas treatment module.
Multi-stage Stabilization trains for condensate stabilization. In order to have an
availability of >95%, each train has a 100% spare pump.
Flash gas compression to recompress off-gas from the stabilization columns back to
TEG unit inlet pressure.
Pumping and fiscal metering for liquids (pumping 2 x 100% sparing per liquid train;
metering sparing philosophy to be determined during FEED (Gap Analysis).
Heating medium system to provide heating for TEG regeneration.
Power Generation (3 x 33% + 1 spare unit, each of around 13 MW) and waste heat
recovery unit for heating medium. The residual heat inherent in the exhaust gasses of the
Turbines would be used in Water heaters, Boilers and Evaporators.
Active fire-fighting protection for liquid processing sections of the plant with fire water
pond
Two condensate storage tanks with capacity for equivalent of 3-4 days of condensate
production (4 x 100,000 bbls)
It has been estimated that 50% of piping materials within the PTF are corrosion resistant alloy
(CRA) and due to restrictions on the size of modules that can be transported to site, only 10%
can be pre-fabricated.
Process Facilities
The Primary Treatment Facilities (PTF) shall include the following:
9 Wellheads and associated flowlines
NAG Inlet Facilities
Depletion Compression Facilities (future)
Well Testing Facilities
2 x 300 MMscfd Gas Dehydration Facilities
2 x 22,500 bbl/d multi-flash Condensate Stabilization system with heating
Condensate flash gas compression facilities
55
o
o
o
o
4 x 100,000 barrels condensate storage tanks

Condensate dehydration and produced water system
600 MMscfd Domestic Gas Treatment system comprising of 2 x 300 MMscfd
Hydrocarbon Dew Pointing Units and 3 x 300 MMscfd Export Gas Compression
System
Sales Gas export facilities including metering to:
DomGas pipeline to Ob-Ob
Gas pipeline to NLNG
Condensate and produced water export facilities including metering to Liquid
evacuation pipeline to BOGT
Dehydrated Condensate export facilities including metering to:
Gas pipeline to NLNG
Condensate pipeline to 3rd party Buyer
Produced water (extracted from dehydrated condensate) export facilities including
metering to Liquid evacuation pipeline to BOGT
Utility Systems Descriptions

The following utilities shall be provided at the AN-OH PTF site:
Instrument and utility air
Nitrogen
Glycol Regeneration
Black start & Emergency power generator (diesel engines)
Gas turbine power generators
Electrical Power Distribution System
Fire Water system (supply, treatment and distribution)
HP, LP and Atmospheric flare systems
Open and Closed Drains Systems
Fuel gas
Hydrate inhibition at the PTF
TEG storage and drains vessels
Potable water distribution
Sand Wash Water and Industrial water distribution
TEG distribution
Cathodic protection system
Gas Turbine Wash System
Heating system (for produced water evaporation)
Effluent Water Treatment System and Storage and reuse Basin
TEG, potable water and industrial water shall be supplied to the PTF from the Industrial Area.
There shall be no connection of the overall plant at inception to the public power grid.
However, the design shall include the possibility for future interconnection with the public
grid. The instrument air system shall be designed to provide for 200% of calculated air demand
including future provisions.
56
A plant nitrogen system will be provided for flare purging and for maintenance purging.
The Assa North PTF location is not near any natural flowing water body the nearest being the
Nwagbakobi River ~6 km from the site. The storm water shall be channeled through the
drainage system to a storage basin that will be constructed within the naturally occurring low
lying area located at the middle of the site, south of the planned PTF location. The design of
the storage basin shall comply with all extant standards and codes.
The storage basin consists of lined containers in the depressed area. The water in the storage
basin will be reused; the containers will be in compartments to serve different purposes
(treatment basin, clear water basins, N+1 basins for fire water and evaporation basin). They are
to be linked to one another in a pattern to ensure a particular sequence. The storm water shall
be treated to meet DPR guidelines. The Fire Water system shall cover the requirements of all
the components within the entire PTF plot area including wellheads, PTF, Industrial Area, FLB
Accommodation Area The fire water system shall include provisions for firewater supply,
treatment, distribution and drainage.
Field Logistics Base (FLB) Description
The Assa North PTF shall have a Field Logistics Base (FLB) primarily to provide storerooms,
workshops, warehouses, office space, transportation requirements (car parking, diesel storage),
medical clinic, living quarters and recreational facilities. In addition the FLB will require
helicopter operations facilities including a landing pad and reject area (as per SPDC standards
and in compliance with ICAO standards). Interfaces with the FLB shall be specified to more
detail and optimized during the Gap Engineering.
The FLB consists of two distinct parts Residential Area and Industrial Area as set out below.
This distinction is in terms of design/construction work scopes no special access control is
required between the two areas during the operations phase. TEG storage, potable water,
industrial water and fire fighting facilities shall be provided at the FLB to supply both the PTF
and the FLB. The fire system in the Industrial Area is largely the Fire Station and firewater
distribution facilities. The number of personnel required operating and supporting the Assa
North Node; hence the FLB accommodation capacity shall be 200 persons similar to that of
Gbaran Ubie. The Field Logistics Base will occupy a circa area of 200,000 m2 (approx. 800 m
by 250 m width).
Industrial Area
The Industrial area shall serve as the operational base, Process Safety considerations applying
to the PTF shall apply to this area. It shall be designed to meet the Projects Codes and
standards. The Industrial area shall include the following:
Switch room, Utility building
Fire station
Telecom building and tower
FLB Emergency Power generation system
FLB Power distribution system
Effluent Treatment and Disposal System
57
Potable Water treatment and storage system

Waste Management and Compaction facilities
Diesel Storage and dispensing facilities
Glycol Storage and dispensing facilities
General Chemical storage associated dispensing facilities
Material Drum store
Material Yard
Vehicle Maintenance Yard
Production Laboratory
Residential Area
The anticipated manning level of the FLB is approximately 200 occupants; sufficient
residential accommodations shall be provided. The Residential area shall include the following
buildings and structures:
9 Nos. residential (2-floors) building with 16 bedrooms per building. The buildings are
located towards the south of the FLB. The east/west orientation of the buildings helps to
reduce direct impact of rays from the sun on the buildings.
Mess, Recreation and Laundry Building including dining for 120 persons (simultaneous)
located at the central area. This is preceded by outdoor games facilities including a Fiveaside football pitch, 2 nos Lawn Tennis courts, Basketball and Volley ball courts.
Offices (including Production and Maintenance Buildings).
Fully equipped Medical centre to be preferably located north of the outdoor games.
The Air Operations Building which serves users of the Helipad is located down south of
the site for easy access to the helipad. Other buildings include, Dog Kennels, Gate
houses, Observation Posts and Security building.
Helipad and Run-way: These are kept at safe separation distances from the office and
residential areas.
A standard design mini laboratory shall be provided for the Assa North facilities. The
laboratory design shall incorporate specific HSE requirements for a laboratory and fit
for purpose for the intended scope of analytical work to be done onsite
3.5: Project Activities
3.5.1: Site Preparation (Pre-construction/pre Drilling)
Preliminary divisions of the area are stated below. The Area and Volume estimates are subject
to optimization during Front End Engineering Phase:
The Well site area will be circa 75,000 m2 (250 m x 300 m) area which presently has 2
wells drilled in it and will later accommodate up to 9 new well points.
The Primary Treatment Facilities area is circa 500,000 m2 (670 m x 740 m). This
preliminary estimation is based on the Gbaran Ubie CPF land take experience with some
allowances given to accommodate the re-orientation of certain equipment and change in
the export pipeline location.
The Field Logistics Base will occupy a circa area of 200,000 m2 (approx. 800 m by 250
m width).
58
The storage basin for the collection and reuse of storm water occupies about 500 m by
500 m.
There shall be patrol roads along the fence line and the road shall be asphalt with a minimum
width of 6 m with lay byes at appropriate intervals to suit the shape of the plot plan.
Site Clearing and De-stumping
Bush clearing and de-stumping shall be limited to the area, which is absolutely necessary. Site
clearing involves the felling of all trees, bush clearing and the removal of all stumps within the
pegged areas. Debris shall be piled within the boundaries of the portions cleared (in line with
the SPDC Waste Management Plan). Appropriate construction equipment, namely - bulldozer,
crawler, pay-loader, excavator, and or any other SPDC approved equipment shall be used for
bush clearing and de-stumping.
Roads
The PTF/FLB is criss crossed with series of roads leading to networks dividing the site into
residential, mess/recreational and Industrial areas. Two main (8 meter) roads shall provide
main access (from the west) and emergency exit (from the south). Adequate road networks
shall be provided for effective access to all areas of the site including the PTF, FLB and all
individual building units and structures. A perimeter patrol road shall run round the site inbetween two perimeter fences. A network of drains and pedestrian walkways shall be designed
along the roads and around individual buildings for effective storm water channeling and
pedestrian movements respectively.
Fencing
The security fence shall be double high security steel mesh of 4.5 m height all around the
perimeter of the plot plan spaced at least 10 m. Electronic security systems shall be provided
along the fence line for intruders detection.
Temporary Construction Campsite
Locations for two construction camps and lay down areas have been proposed at the northern
and southern areas of the site to serve the construction requirements of the PTF and FLB
(Residential) respectively. The temporary construction camps shall be in three (3) numbers
with average size of 250m x 100m each.
There is a high possibility that the construction camps will still be in use during and post
commissioning of the processing facilities, hence the location and the design of the
construction camps shall include considerations for all pertinent standards and specifications. If
assessed as a necessity for safety, the construction camps shall be located outside the site with
appropriate considerations including safety (vehicular and human traffic), security, land use
and impact on communities. The PTF contractor shall provide a construction camp complete
with storeroom, workshop, office space, transportation requirements (car parking, diesel
storage), medical clinic, living quarters recreational facilities, utilities and associated
ancillaries.
59
The location of the construction facilities shall take into cognizance the likelihood for the
simultaneous construction, commissioning and operation of the AN-OH facilities pipelines,
PTF, FLB with the simultaneous drilling of wells. A construction laydown area with other
associated facilities shall also be provided.
3.5.2: Construction Plans for the PTF
The Construction Teams scope of work includes overall construction management and leading
the offsite fabrication and site installation program. The overall management/coordination of
the work is by the Construction Leadership Team (CLT), which includes:
Construction Manager
Project Engineering Lead
PTF Construction Lead
FLB & Surface Preparation Construction Lead
Interface Management Lead
Wells Execution Lead
Pipelines Construction Lead
Project HSE Lead
Project Logistics Lead
NCD & SP Implementation Lead
ANOH Project Team will deploy Shell staff leads and Contract-staff Site Representatives and
support personnel to the various construction sites to monitor progress, develop contingency
plans, monitor HSE compliance, verify quality, ensure on time delivery, and ensure that the
work complies with the relevant standards - basically to ensure that contractors deliver the
products they have been contracted to deliver.
The various site team leads will be brought on-board to commence the front-end site planning
either prior to or early in the Execute Phase. Where possible, they will be involved in the
award of major construction contracts, development of the site construction Project Work
Plans, personnel recruitment for their teams, and setting up offices at the sites.
Detailed Construction Site Team staffing plans shall be developed to forecast the functional
positions required to execute the key aspects of the construction work during the Execute
Phase to support the offsite fabrication, system integration & testing, shipping & transportation
to site, installation, commissioning and handover. A mixed Construction Strategy will be
employed depending on the specific requirement of individual equipment. A mixture of
Prefabrication, Preassembly, Modularization, Offsite Fabrication (PPMOF) and Stick Build
strategies will help to meet the challenges of demanding schedules and adverse site conditions.
Early Constructability input to Concept Design indicates that Modularisation is feasible.
However, Module sizing/Design will be carried out concurrent with Plant Layout during FEED
to determine Modularisation extent and Modularisation scope for each yard.
The modules will be constructed in minimum of two yards. Process equipment with high
degree of technical complexity with no proven local fabrication yard capability might be
60
fabricated outside Nigeria. Contractor Landscaping will be carried out to determine the relative
capabilities of Nigerian Fabrication Yards.
The Execution Team shall be responsible for the overall execution of all work packages for the
project, including:
Confirmation of work scope
Site establishment including offices, laydown, specialist storage, welfare facilities, local
fabrication areas, workforce accommodation (e.g. onshore camp) supply base, staging
points.
Material management system including tracking, receipt, handling, storage and
preservation and installation
Site HSE Management
Construction Planning and Scheduling
Contracts Management
Quality Assurance & Quality Control
Construction disputes
Cost estimating & budget control
Availability of competent contractors and resources and where applicable the
development of Local Content strategies and plans
Construction methodologies
Off/ onsite construction sequencing and planning including levels and competencies of
installation personnel.
Fabrication and outfitting of structures
Load out and transportation and installation of major equipment, pre assembled units or
modules, substructure
Specification and procurement of specialist equipment e.g. heavy lift equipment,
offshore support vessels
Logistics associated with and the mobilisation of personnel, equipment and materials.
Installation and Hook Up of facilities
Pre Commissioning of all utility and process system up to Mechanical Completion
Hand over and support to Commissioning and start up groups
Progress reports
Power Generation and Distribution during Construction
Diesel generating set(s) shall be installed, to provide required electricity during construction,
and their data are summarized in Table 3.4.
61
Table 3.4: Estimate Of Power Generators Required During Construction

Contractor
Description of Power Generator
Remarks
PTF Contractor
2Nos; 500KVA Low Voltage Diesel

Generators
Offices, Accommodation
Camp & Construction
Drilling Contractor
3Nos, 500KVA Low Voltage Diesel

Generator
Camp & Wells Site
FLB Contractor
2Nos; 500KVA Low Voltage Diesel

Generators
Camp & Construction
Transformers will not be required as Low Voltage Power will be generated and equipment
sited close to the consumer centers. Distribution Panels shall be installed as listed in Table 3.5,
with all HSE regulations observed. Noise and emissions shall be managed to stay within the
allowable limits (DPR and FMEnv) and SPDC shall ensure contractors compliance, through
effective supervision and audits.
Table 3.5: Estimate of Distribution Panels
Contractor
Description of Power Generator
PTF Contractor
Drilling
Contractor
2Nos; Low Voltage Distribution Panels
FLB Contractor
2Nos; Low Voltage Distribution Panels
3Nos, Low Voltage Distribution Panels
Remarks
Offices/Accommodation
Camp
Camp
Camp
Structural steelwork
The Pipe racks shall be constructed from structural steel members; shop fabricated offsite with
bolted connections and erected in the field stick-build. Structural steel frame within the
transportation limits will be cut and welded offsite prior to transportation & installation.
62
Plate 3.1: A Typical Pipe-rack

Storage
A 4 x 100,000 bbl storage tanks shall be provided for in the AN-OH PTF. Each 100,000 bbl
tank shall store stabilized liquids in the event the liquid evacuation pipelines are unavailable.
Condensate and water evacuation routes may be separate in some operational modes the
storage tanks shall be designed to store stabilized condensate and produced water, stabilized
condensate only or produced water only. Storage of Chemicals for Utilities Services shall be in
the Industrial Area with pump transfer to day tanks in the PTF as appropriate.
Flare & Liquid Disposal
There will be no routine flaring of gas, except small quantity required to keep the pilot flare on.
The pilot flare gas flow rate is 4,150 scf/day. Flaring will only be during emergency shutdown
or total shutdown/depressurization for maintenance.
Relief systems
AN-OH PTF shall be designed, complete with necessary flare systems, which includes HP, LP
or atmospheric flare systems. The flare systems shall meet the availability requirements of the
plant.
Central Drainage and Storage System
The Assa North PTF location is not near any natural flowing water body the nearest being
about 6 km from the site. Treated storm water will be sent to and reused at the storage basin.
The storage basin shall be constructed out of the naturally occurring low laying area. The area
shall be designed to meet the following aspirations:
63
Treatment of water to meet design intent for storage, firewater use, flush water supply
(to the FLB).
Primary Storage for the purpose of water quality testing.
Secondary Storage of water for use as Fire Fighting Water
Storage for Flush water supply.
Excess water shall be soaked into the ground. The project will not evacuate any storm
or effluent water to nearby rivers.
The sizing and design shall include provisions for receipt of effluents from the FLB sewage
treatment system (biological treatment plant) (Fig 3.9).
FROM AOC
& PROCESS
WASH
WATER
SEGREGRATED
FLOW - FIRE
WATER
EFFLUENT
OIL /WATER
REMOVAL
PLANT ( CPI)
OPEN DRAIN
FLOW
FROM SEWAGE
STORAGE
SYSTEM
WATER/FOAM
REMOVAL
PLANT
SETTLING/TESTING BASIN
SETTLING/TESTING
BASIN
STORAGE FOR
TOILET FLUSHING
USE
STORAGE FOR FIRE WATER 1
STORAGE AND REUSE BASIN
Fig 3.9: Schematics of the central drainage and storage system

Storm water treatment would be done through physical settling of solids in the water via a
basin (designated for settling) estimate dimension for settling and over flow basin is 100 x 20 x
2.5m (divided into 2 basins with weirs in between them). The storm water estimate is about
5,000 m3 max.
64
Fire and Gas systems: Fire, Gas & Smoke Strategy

The AN-OH facility shall have a dedicated Fire and Gas Detection System (FGS), which shall
be independent, but integrated with the Safety Integrated System (SIS). Field detection
methodology (e.g. smoke, flame, heat, and gas) shall be selected based on the results of hazard
evaluation studies and Fire & Gas Detection Mapping (FGDM). FGDM shall be conducted by
a Shell accredited third party; the Contractor shall engage the third party directly. The FGS
shall interface with designated fire fighting systems as required.
Telecommunications Systems
The following communication systems shall be provided for the Assa North development:
Telecommunications links between all sites within the Assa North cluster and
connection to existing SPDC telecoms backbone networks.
Links from Assa North to SPDC communications infrastructure to be sized with
sufficient capacity to allow remote control.
Manifold sites requiring communications facilities are to be served by Fibre Optic Cable
embedded within power cables (security). All manifold farther than 5 km line of site
from the PTF shall be provided with backup (Line of Sight) LOS microwave link.
A Wireless LAN network shall be provided in the PTF control room and across the FLB
area (both industrial and accommodation areas) with a third party internet access
capability.
An Intruder Detection System is to be provided for all security fences in the works cope.
The following systems shall be implemented:
Broadband links between all main locations in the Assa North cluster (Fibre, LOS or
satellite)
Broadband links from Assa North into the SPDC Nigerian backbone communications
network
Communications systems at manifolds
Multiplex system
Telephone System - Hotline system
Cabling systems (Fibre and UTP)
Public Address and Emergency Alarm System (PAEAS/PAGA)
Plant TETRA radio system
WIFI
Closed Circuit Television System (CCTV)
Security (Fence and Pipeline intrusion detection system-PIDS) and Access control
system. PIDS shall also include a leak detection system.
VHF Aeronautical Radio system
Non Directional Beacon Radio System
Data Communications Network
Entertainment system
Meteorological System
65
Telecoms Supervisory system

Video conference facility
Telecommunication power supply system
Telecommunication towers
FLB Central Telecommunication Building
Telecommunication rooms/closets
Engineering/construction site communication facilities
Transport Route Survey

Transportation of personnel, equipment and materials has been identified as a major activity
during the Execution Phase. This will take place over land routes from SPDC Industrial Area
(I.A.), Owerri and Port Harcourt International Airports, Onne and other parts of Port Harcourt
to the Project Site in Assa. The modular equipment for the Assa Gas Plant will be imported
through the Federal Ocean Terminal (FOT) at Onne Rivers State Nigeria, from where it will be
moved by truck to the Project Site.
Due to the dynamic state of the roads and transport security, several Transportation Route
Surveys shall be carried out at appropriate times in both Define and Execute phases and a live
Transport Route Register will be maintained by the dedicated AN-OH Logistics Coordinator.
The Project Team will maintain the 18km Umuapu Assa Road; being the currently approved
gateway for trucks carrying heavy equipment from Owerri Elele Express road.
Logistics & Infrastructure Resource Assessment (LIRA)
LIRA being a control deliverable is an assessment of existing infrastructure, available logistics
resources, equipment & services, operational conditions, legislation and other criteria which
may contribute to either limitations and/or opportunities in the execution of logistics activities
supporting a projects development and production. The LIRA report serves:
As the foundation for L&I associated project development at the design and appraise
stage;
To facilitate informed project decision making.
This document stresses the high potential for HSSE incidents in particular where road transport
of personnel and materials are concerned, need for constant vigilance by all parties at all times,
to reduce potential incidents incorporating ALARP principles into logistics planning. The
objectives are:
Description and assessment of existing infrastructure, logistics resources, equipment &
services, operational conditions, legislation, support organization and other criteria that
may contribute to limitations & opportunities in the execution of logistics operations in
support of the project or sustained production.
Description of potential infrastructure and resources requirements in support of the
execution of logistics operations in support of a project or sustained production.
Description of options for infrastructure (potential CAPEX/OPEX trade-off) and
integrated logistics, i.e. material & equipment and people movement as well as waste &
warehousing/inventory management.
66
Advise on HSE risks.

Evaluate potential synergies with other operations, projects and/or operators;
Make recommendations for consideration by the project team.
LIRA shall be carried out at appropriate times during the project in line with Opportunity
Realisation Standards (ORS) and the scope of work shall generally include the following:
Intelligence gathering: documents (i.e. reports, internet), determine governing
constraints & broad requirements.
Site visits: visits to airports, ports, immigration, customs, service providers, agents,
Shell ventures, other EP operators, authorities, etc.
Assessment: generate options, which are available for conducting logistics activities
including potential need for further development.
Report writing: reference document, which is feedstock for Operations Philosophy.
Project Execution Strategy and Logistics Execution Plans.
Report observations, options, limitations and opportunities.
Accommodation/Labour Camp
Prior to the commencement of construction activities, temporary, fully serviced
accommodation shall be provided by the contractor on site, within the SPDC acquired area.
This will limit human traffic significantly, thus minimizing accident potential.
Power Generation and Distribution during Start-up & Commissioning
Diesel generators (2x1.6MVA) shall be installed for standby power and to provide power
during start up and commissioning. Transformers and distribution panels shall also be installed
as required, with all HSE regulations observed. Noise and emissions shall be managed to stay
within the allowable limits and SPDC shall ensure contractors compliance, through effective
supervision and audits.
Utilities, Infrastructure and Logistics during Construction Activities
Items of utilities, infrastructure and logistics, as applicable to the Assa North Ohaji South
domestic gas project, are described below.
Nodal Development Concept
Assa North well will be tied back to the PTF with a dedicated flowline. The average length of
each line is ca. 600 m. The flowlines will be 2500# Duplex material or similar corrosion
resistant material, 10 or 12 and rated for the closed in tubing head pressure (CITHP) of 350
bar. The flowlines will be buried even though they will pass directly from the wellsite to the
adjacent PTF.
67
Flow lines (6 wells case)

The terrain around the Assa North well site is land. Each well would have its own flow line
into the PTF. Flow lines are sized to be 12 x 2500# duplex stainless steel material and fully
rated for closed-in Tubing Head Pressure of 350 Bar with gas flow-meters. These flow lines
will not be buried (as distance is less than 500 meters), but would be laid above ground and
anchored on structural steel slippers.
3.5.3: Commissioning & Handover
Flawless start-up
The Assa North Ohaji South Field development will be executed using the Flawless Project
Delivery process in all phases of the project. The OR&A Lead in the project will co-ordinate
the implementation of the FPD plan throughout the AN-OH project execution. During FEED a
structured Road Map for OR&A delivery will be developed to ensure full implementation.
External support may be required. The Project Manager shall be accountable for delivering the
operational requirements for the Assa North Ohaji South Domestic Gas Development as part
of the overall project cost.
Commissioning
A Select Phase Commissioning Strategy for AN-OH project (ANOH-TPG-GEN-BA-579900001) has been developed by the SPDC Commissioning Lead. This will be updated during
FEED into an initial Commissioning and Start-Up Plan, taking into account all aspects of the
Greenfield development, as well as the cold and hot production aspects, as well as the timing
aspect (initial cold production with subsequent hot production). A detailed integrated
commissioning plan will be prepared during the Detailed Design covering all production
facilities i.e.:
Well Completions
Well head equipment
Flow lines
Processing facilities
Export pipelines metering facilities
Prior to the start of commissioning, the Operation Management System (OMS) needs to be
ready, operational and maintained. The Shell Permit to Work system will be complied with as
appropriate to the project Phase. The pre-commissioning activities undertaken after mechanical
completion, but prior to commissioning, are to prove and validate the functioning of
equipment. Pre-commissioning could involve the introduction of fluids into systems but not
hydrocarbons. Typically, pre-commissioning activities will verify that documentation to
support mechanical completion is in place, and not repeat work carried out to achieve
mechanical completion. Activities include instrument loop checks, panel function tests and
energising electrical equipment.
An updated commissioning strategy, a high level logic and start-up sequence (Precedence
Network) shall be developed for the Integrated Production System Capacity (IPSC) during
FEED. These documents will be guided by the project implementation and commissioning
68
strategies. This shall guide the development during the Detailed Design, a detailed plan with
clear distinction between non-hydrocarbon systems e.g. firewater, utility air and sewage - as
examples - from hydrocarbon systems, such as fuel gas, drains/vents and the "pure" process
hydrocarbon systems.
The commissioning team, including SPDC operations Staff where required, will operate the
non-hydrocarbon systems during commissioning activities Operations shall take the
responsibility for introduction of hydrocarbons, and operating the associated process systems.
Co-ordination between operations and the commissioning team is crucial and a single
accountable person shall be appointed for the responsibility of introducing hydrocarbon by the
Operations Manager/Project Manager. The Operations Manager is the Accountable person for
all the issues related to hydrocarbon and the Project Manager is the Accountable party for the
performance of the surface facility before final handover.
Start up
Before start-up (introduction of hydrocarbons), a formal Pre-Start-Up audit shall be carried out.
Upon completion of a satisfactory Pre-Start-Up audit and readiness for start-up verification that
clarifies the Operations Readiness of the project, operator-ship of the plant will be transferred
from the Commissioning team to Operations. Prior to start-up the Project Manager and Asset
Manager (Operations) will sign a Statement of Fitness.
3.5.4: Operation and Maintenance Activities
The wellhead shall be operated in accordance with operational procedures developed through
SPDC extensive experience. The project will be managed by fully trained and qualified
personnel who are conversant with SPDCs HSE policy guidelines.
Operations
Facilities Safeguarding Philosophy
Wellhead:
The wellhead will be maintained and safeguarded in accordance with SPDCs HSE policy and
guidelines.
Emergency Shutdown Philosophy/ Procedure
The objective of the safeguarding systems are to minimise the consequences of an incident,
hazard or accident, not meeting contractual obligations in order to ensure the following
primary objectives are met:
Protection of personnel and third parties.
Minimise risk of escalation through disposal of inventory.
Minimisation of potential pollution of the environment.
Protection of installed facilities and equipment.
Maintenance of safe operation compatible with production requirements.
Security of domestic gas supply.
69
The overall safeguarding system for the development will comprise a dedicated Safety
Instrumented System (SIS) which will action emergency shutdown (ESD) and process
shutdown (PSD) of all the facilities, and include an appropriate fire and gas (F&G) protection
system within the Integrated Automation and Safety System (IASS). Shutdown will include:
Equipment shutdown i.e. stopping pumps, compressors and gas turbine drivers
System & sub-system shutdown i.e. isolating process equipment
Activating appropriate alternate process routes (e.g. route to flare)
A risk based assessment will be used to establish the frequency of ESD testing in the plant and
the planning will be such that it will be via the integrated activity plan (IAP) process.
3.6: Relationship with other nearby projects
There are no significant SPDC Projects in the area.
3.7: Decommissioning and Abandonment Plan
Legislative Requirements
Early engagement of the regulatory agencies is essential in order to obtain the necessary
consents and approvals. The Department of Petroleum Resources Environmental Guidelines
and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN) edition 2002 (Ref. 31)
provides guidance on the requirements for decommissioning of oil & gas facilities in Part VIII
G of the document. The regulatory requirements include:
The need for an Environmental Evaluation (post impact) Report if an EIA baseline
survey was not done during project implementation.
A mandatory decommissioning plan report specific to the activity. The plan shall
contain: peculiarity of the project; the degree of abandonment (partial/complete);
installation removal method, verification, disposal of removed structure, debris and
waste and environmental protection and monitoring aspects.
An overarching objective to appropriately decontaminate, dismantle and remove
structures from decommissioned facilities.
The necessity to commence decommissioning within one year of abandonment and to
be complete six months after commencement.
Community consultations
Compliance with administrative procedures on property divestiture
The need for a decommissioning certificate when works are complete.
The DPR guidelines provide specific guidance for wells, process equipment/facilities and
pipeline abandonment as follows:
Prior to decommissioning a well an appropriate permit needs to be obtained from the
DPR. The general work requirements require the well to be isolated and plugged
down hole to isolate the production interval and prevent communication between
aquifers. The wells surface components can then be removed.
Process equipment/facilities and pipelines need to be decontaminated, plugged and
left buried on site if safe to do so; otherwise it should be excavated and removed. All
surface components are required to be removed.
70
Decommissioning strategy
Wells
Currently in the Assa North and Ohaji South fields, there are 3 wells that have been properly
abandoned (Aggah-002, Ohaji South-001 and Ohaji South-002). The Assa-001 well has been
abandoned at H1000 and H4000 but is suspended at shallower oil reservoirs. The Assa North001 well is available for sidetracks and may not need decommissioning during the
development phase. Assa North-002 well is also available for sidetrack and possible
completion on the shallower reservoirs during the phase 3 of the project.
Facilities
As Assa North is not currently producing and the existing facilities form no part of the Assa
North node scope no decommissioning of facilities will be carried out in the development
phase of this project
Flow lines
The flow ancillary installations have a life expectancy of about 25 years. The operation and
maintenance procedure shall provide for monitoring the performance and the integrity of the
system components. When the performance of the system scales to diminishing returns, SPDC
standard procedures for decommissioning shall be invoked. A decommissioning team shall be
set up to plan and implement laid down guidelines on decommissioning.
The abandonment method to be adopted for each pipeline shall be determined via a preabandonment environmental evaluation studies. The studies shall be conducted by a team
comprising representatives from the HSE, pipeline asset holder, pipeline integrity, and
operations teams. The preabandonment evaluation report (PAER) issued by the team shall
specify the method and process/technique to be used for the abandonment. Once the PAER is
approved within SPDC, approval of the Directorate of Petroleum Resources (DPR) shall be
sought and obtained by the asset holder in accordance with the regulations. A detailed project
execution plan shall be developed by the project engineer thereafter. The following activities
are involved in decommissioning/abandonment:
Demolition and site clean-up;
Disposal of wastes; and
Rehabilitation of site.
The demolition exercise shall be carried out with skill and diligence to avoid spill of hazardous
liquids and damage to the environment. At the end of demolition, various solid wastes shall be
segregated according to their types and then disposed of according to SPDC waste disposal
guidelines.
Costs
As no decommissioning will be taking place during the development phase no costs will be
incurred but for flowlines allowance of circa 10% of project construction cost will be allowed
for decommissioning. The summary of all the project phases and activities is shown in Table
3.6.
71
Table 3.6: Summary of Project Phases and Activities

Project Phase
MOBILIZATION
CONSTRUCTION
DEMOBILIZATION
OPERATIONS
AND
MAINTENANCE
DECOMMISSIONING
& ABANDONMENT
Project Activity
Mobilization of Equipment and Personnel to Site
Site preparation,
Road rehabilitation,
Installation of manifold, wellhead cluster jackets, separator train, gas evacuation
facilities, export facilities and compressors.
Drilling (Rig positioning, Casing, Logging, Cementation. Production, Testing,
Work-over, Production operations)
Mobilization of Equipment and Construction workers out of the project site
Operations and Maintenance of manifolds, separators, compressors, wellhead and
flowlines .
Demolition of structures and excavation of underground facilities including
pipelines. Demobilization of Equipment, Materials and Wastes out of the project
site
At the completion of the project life span, SPDC standard procedure for decommissioning shall
be invoked. Prior to the decommissioning, a comprehensive decommissioning study shall be
carried out in order to define the best strategy to adopt in the light of the best available
technology (at the time of decommissioning). The study shall form the basis for a site specific
decommissioning / abandonment plan. The decommissioning/abandonment study shall cover
the following aspects:
Identification of all stakeholder issues and concerns;
Examination of the options for decommissioning/abandonment and determine the
magnitude and extent of their effects on the AN-OH environment;
Constitution of a decommissioning and abandonment team for AN-OH Project;
Analysis of the management and disposal options for the Project
decommissioning/abandonment phase; and
Analysis of the need for site restoration and adopt measures to achieve adequate
restoration.
3.8: Waste Management Plan
This section describes the waste and by-products that could be generated during pipeline activities.
(a)
Construction Generated Waste
The waste management principles in this project will focus on waste minimisation, segregation
and recycling. Pipeline wastes expected to be generated during the construction activities are:
Pipe off cuts
Weld Electrodes stubs.
Field applied coatings left over like excess concrete waste.
Hydro test water.
Discarded consumables.
Occasional neoprene rubber coating scrapings from pipe off-cuts.
72
(b)
Non Pipeline Waste
Discarded consumables include material bags, scrap metals used in constructions, sachet water
bags, vegetations from site clearing etc. All these will be trucked back to designated SPDC
waste dumps for proper disposal.
(c)
Human Waste
All human wastes shall be treated on site using waste treatment plant attached to campsites.
All wastes generated during construction shall be disposed in accordance with approved
industry regulations. Emission to the atmosphere and noise pollution shall be minimized to
acceptable regulatory limits. All the construction sites shall have quick response team special
containment for hydrocarbon spills, if any.
Sewage Treatment and Effluent disposal
Effluent Treatment facility shall be provided at the Industrial Area to meet all requirements for
site (Including PTF, Industrial Area and FLB Residential Area). Treated liquid from the
effluent treatment facility shall meet the requirement for storage and reuse.
A dedicated storage and reuse basin for treated sewage shall be provided. The system shall be
designed for overflow into the main drainage pond only in cases of emergency. Provisions
shall also be made for occasional removal of the treated liquid effluents by trucks for off-site
disposal and for periodic removal of solid waste in a healthy and environmentally friendly
manner.
(d) Drilling Waste Management
The drilling waste and by-products that could be generated during drilling activities include.
(i) Drilling Wastes
The drilling waste management principles in this project will focus on waste minimisation and
recycling. Drilling wastes expected to be generated during the drilling operations are:
Drill cuttings / excess or spent drilling mud and completion fluids
Rig wash (Detergent) water.
Cementing waste.
Discarded consumables.
Domestic waste (solid and sewage).
Drilling effluents.
Drilling a hole/well is achieved by making up the bottom-hole assembly (BHA) below pipes.
Rotating this assembly generates formation cuttings. During this operation, a special fluid
(mud) is continuously pumped through the pipe and comes out of the drilling bit. The mud
carries the drilled cuttings through the annular space between the drill string and the hole to
surface. The drilling mud is a mixture of inert bentonite suspended in a liquid phase with barite
as weighting material. The liquid phase may be made up by water and/or pseudo-oil. The main
constituents of the water-based mud are bentonite and barites, both of which are natural
minerals. The type of mud generally in use is made up of the following components:
73
Spud (Gel Suspension) mud for the upper hole section. This contains bentonite, polymer
additives {e.g. CMC HV} and KCl (shale inhibitors). Pseudo Oil Based Mud (POBM) system
will be used for the lower section of the hole (below 95/8 casing depth). Other functions of the
mud are to:
Exert hydrostatic pressure on the down-hole and prevent the entry/migration of the
formation fluid into the well bore;
Suspend drill cuttings in the hole when the mud pumps are not running;
Lubricate and cool the drill bit and drill string; and
Deposit an impermeable cake on the wall of the well bore effectively sealing and
stabilizing the bore of the hole being drilled.
The surface hole sections of the wells will be drilled using water based mud system from
surface to 9-5/8 casing depth at + 10,000 ft. Thereafter, POBM will be used to drill to total
depth (12,000 ftss). The two mud systems will be salvaged for re-use. Approximately 190 m3
of drill cuttings would be generated from each drilling operation.
The fresh water body will be protected from drilling fluids by using water based mud such as
KLC/Polymer. The surface casing will be cemented to surface. The water based mud cuttings
will be treated on site and the effluent sent to the flow stations. The POBM cuttings will be
transported with skips to a nominated vendor that has thermal desorption unit for treatment and
disposal.
Wastewater shall be treated/flocculated and used for building new mud and also for the rig and
equipment washing. The wastewater and drilled cuttings from the drilling operations will be
channelled into waste pits. A pay loader shall be used to scoop out the drilling waste from the
waste pit into cutting skips. The tipper transports the cuttings in skip to the various SPDC
approved Thermal Desorption Units.
(ii)
Non Drilling Waste
Discarded consumables include unused drilling chemicals, chemical/material bags, scrap
metals used in constructions. All these will be trucked back to Kidney Island base in Port
Harcourt for recycling. A strict inventory control of all chemicals in use shall be maintained.
All chemicals, lubricating oils and fuels will be stored in containers and safely placed in a
sheltered area on the rig. Appropriate Safe Handling of Chemicals (SHOC) cards would be
provided for every chemical on board the rig for the safety of personnel and the environment.
Other wastes are also generated at the wellsite. Domestic waste will be transported to dedicated
SPDC handling facilities. Paper waste shall be segregated, shredded and handed over to paper
recycle plants. Spent lube oil and diesel spills will be collected in dedicated storage tanks and
taken to disposal sites. Other industrial wastes such as plastics, metals, rubber and wood will
be segregated on site and collected in designated baskets.
74
(e) Discharges to Water

The principle adopted for the AN-OH project is minimization through abatement at source of
aqueous effluents that have the potential to cause negative impact on the environment. All
discharges shall be screened and contaminated aqueous effluents shall be appropriately stored
and treated to meet the discharge limits prescribed by the Nigerian legislation and the World
Bank prior to disposal. Produced water shall normally be exported for treatment and disposal at
the BOGT. Provisions are also included for evaporation of produced water and future reinjection facilities. The design shall include provisions to install adequate equipment to
monitor and record all effluents for which regulatory limits exist and/or for which performance
statistics are required.
Produced Water Management
The Produced Water from the Condensate Stabilization trains is flashed in a Water-flash vessel
to release any entrained hydrocarbon gas and emptied in the Produced Water Storage Tank.
Produced-Water Export pumps will then pump the liquid from the storage tank to the nearby
Assa Crude oil Manifold through the proposed 12 x 2.5km PTF to Assa Manifold pipeline.
The produced water will commingle with crude oil along the Assa Rumuekpe pipeline to join
the TNP Pipeline for separation and disposal at Bonny Oil Terminal. There will be no inland
produced water disposal.
3.9: Project Schedule
Project Planning and Scheduling
The overall objective is to align First Gas and Final Investment Decision dates with feasible
Gas demand profile and timing. An execution schedule was constructed on the basis of SPDC
project execution experience, the scope as detailed in this Field Development plan and the
execution and contract strategy as indicated above. As a first approach, unlimited company and
contractor resources were assumed to be available. Both, the most likely first gas date that
results from this work and the demand profile dates are used as input to the Gas Supply
Planning. Resulting demand-supply deficiencies are identified and plans were developed to
offset these deficiencies or mitigate the demand-supply gaps. The results are indicated in the
Gas Supply Plan.
All key milestones like the Final Investment Decision are derived from the planning process.
The Final Investment Decision (FID) date for this project is determined by the completion of
activities required to release execution through the Value Added Review (VAR)- 4 and DG- 4
process and the availability of (major) contract tender output that could be utilized to
substantiate the project cost estimate. The project schedule is in Table 3.7 and the schedule
route selections for the different pipelines are shown in Appendix 3.1.
75
Table 3.7: Level 1 Project Schedule
76
77
Figure 3.8: Proposed Waste management strategy
78
Table 3.8a: Shell RACI (Responsible, Accountable, Consult, Inform) Waste Management Chart
79
Table 3.8b: Shell RACI (Responsible, Accountable, Consult, Inform) Waste Management Chart
80
CHAPTER FOUR
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
4.0: Introduction
A baseline description of the environmental and social characteristics of the project area of
influence is presented in order to establish, before the execution of the project, the status of
the various environmental components that are likely to be affected by the AN-OH project.
The description covers the immediate project impact areas and the wider regional areas of
possible cumulative impacts. Emphasis has been placed on Valued Ecosystem
Components/Valued Social Components (VECs/VSCs), to highlight how they have been
shaped in the area by other human activities and natural events, beginning from the
identified past temporal boundaries, over time up to the present (baseline) situation and
projecting into the future to accommodate the 30-year lifespan of the proposed project. To
enable an assessment of cumulative effects with other projects, trends in development of the
resources, carrying capacities and thresholds for each VEC, where applicable, are discussed.
Description of the project environment relied on various credible information sources
including:
Primary field and other data collected in the immediate impact area of the proposed
project location during the field studies in AN-OH area;
EIAs and Baseline reports for other projects in the regional area including third party
projects;
Other EIAs in the public domain relevant to the area;
Government records;
Other published scientific information; and
Traditional indigenous knowledge of local communities.
Primary data comprising Valued Ecosystem Components/Valued Social Components
(VECs/VSCs) were collected in the immediate project area (Table 4.1). Secondary data
sources were obtained from the cumulative area of influence of the project. The primary
data were used to describe the project area while the secondary data were used to describe
the environmental characteristics of the region within the project zone of influence.
Table 4.1: Primary field data collection profile in the Project area
VECs/VSCs
Characteristics
Air Quality
SPM, VOC, SO2, NOX, NH3, CO
Meteorology
Temperature, wind direction and speed, relative humidity, rainfall,
evaporation
Noise
Noise
Soil
TOC, pH, THC, heavy metals, microorganisms
Vegetation
Floristic composition, diversity, economic and medicinal plants,
phytochemistry, phytopathology
Wildlife
Invertebrates,
Birds,
Amphibians,
Reptiles,
Mammals,
Conservation status
Geology
and Geomorphology, groundwater characteristics and flow direction,
81
VECs/VSCs
hydrogeology
Surface water
Characteristics
borehole lithology
Temperature, pH, DO, TDS, Turbidity and conductivity, TSS,
BOD, turbidity, salinity, nutrients (NO2, PO4, NH4), oil and grease,
heavy metals, microbiology
Sediment
Na, K, Ca, Mg, pH, Chloride, NO3, NH4, THC, heavy metals,
microbiology
Ecology/hydrobiology Phyto- & zoo-plankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, fisheries
Social status
Population, ethnic composition, community needs assessment,
occupation and income, educational and marital status, social
infrastructure, conflict profile, community governance, age and
sex distribution, fisheries and agriculture,origin, tradition and
religion, security
Health status
Community health & safety, potable water & sanitation,
reproductive health, nutritional status, healthcare infrastructure and
services
4.1: Literature review
The secondary data used for description of exisiting impacts and trends, from the
operational activities of projects on the environment were obtained from the following
documents:
EER of Ahia FlowStation July 2003;
EER of Ibigwe Marginal Field 2004;
Environmental Impact Assessment of the 20 x 37 km Kolo Creek Rumuekpe
Trunkline Replacement Project 2004;
EIA of Assa North Appraisal Well 2006;
EIA of Okordia Rumuekpe Trunkline 2006;
EIA of Etelebu Rumuekpe Trunkline 2006 and
EIA of Egbema Egbema West 2009
4.2: Current Data Acquisition
The fieldwork was undertaken from 10th to 21st of October 2012. Additional data was
gathered in November 28th and 29th 2012, due to flooding that made some study areas
inaccessible during the October exercise. The data was acquired for one season (wet) to
complement the dry season data previously acquired in Feburary 2007 for adequate
characterization of the environment. A multi-disciplinary approach was adopted for data
acquisition and ecological characterization which included climate/air quality, noise, soil,
land use, vegetation, wildlife and biodiversity, aquatic, hydrogeology and hydrology, waste
management, socio-economics and community health status. Each of these components was
sampled in accordance with DPR EGASPIN (2002) (Part VIII) D (2) Guidelines and
Standards for sampling and handling of samples.
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4.2.1: Quantity of samples acquired

The quantity of samples acquired and the rationale for sampling are shown in Table 4.2. All
samples were analysed in Dukoria International limiteds laboratory, Effurun, Delta state.
Table: 4.2: Quantities of samples to be obtained during fieldwork
S/N Environmental No.
of Control
Rationale/Description of sampling points
component
sampling sampling
points
points
1
Surface Water
3
2
Number of samples as determined by the
available surface water. Sampling points
concentrated within zone of influence of
proposed facilities
2
Ground Water
4
4
From dug boreholes and community
sources
3
Sediment
3
2
Number of samples as determined by the
available surface water. Sampling points
concentrated within zone of influence of
proposed facilities
4
Vegetation
23
3
Sampling points concentrated within zone of
influence of proposed facilities
5
Wildlife
Same transects as vegetation
6
Soil
24
3
influence of proposed facilities
7
Ambient
Air 15
3
Quality
influence of proposed facilities and within
communities
4.2.2: Sampling Methodology
Table 4.3 gives a summary of the methods and instruments used for sampling and analyzing
the various environmental components identified. The details of the methodology of data
acquisition for each of the environmental components are presented in Appendix 2. For
socio-economic and health studies structured questionnaires (Appendices 4) were
administered to a random sample of households.
83
Table 4.3: Environmental Components and Methods/Instruments used for sampling/ measurement/ analysis
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT
METEOROLOGY
PARAMETER
Temperature
EQUIPMENT
Traceable Thermometer
Digital anemometer and wind vane
Digital Acurite Weather Station
UNIT
C
m/s,
%
Suspended Particulate Matter

Nitrogen Oxides
Sulphur Oxides
Carbon Monoxides
VOC/HC
Heavy Metals
Sound level
Kanomax Handheld Laser Particle Counter, Model 3887

Aeroqual Environmental Monitors (Series 500)
mg/m3
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
Extech Sound Level meter, model 340
dB(A)
Sampling
Ph
Electrical conductivity
Soil Texture
Organic carbon
Heavy metals
Total Hydrocarbon Content
Stainless steel auger

Hannah pH meter
Hannah conductivity meter.
Particle Size Matrix
Wet combustion method
Digestion/AA Spectrophotometry
Extraction / IR Spectrophotometry
Windspeed Direction
Humidity, Atmospheric Pressure
AIR QUALITY
NOISE
SOIL
VEGETATION
Quadrat, Ropes, Measurement tape, Machete, polythene

sampling bags, Plant press frames, Digital Camera;
Binoculars
SURFACE/ GROUNDWATER
Hydrobios (2L) water sampler & ISCO Borehole Sampler

Temperature
pH
Total, Dissolved and Suspended Solid
Total Alkalinity
YSI, Model 5220 multi probe meter

S/cm
%
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/l
mg/l
84
PARAMETER
Dissolved Oxygen
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC)
Conductivity
Heavy metals
EQUIPMENT
UNIT
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
SEDIMENTS
Sampling
Ekman Grab
MICROBIOLOGY
Total
heterotrophic
bacteria,
fungi,
hydrocarbon Utilizing bacteria and fungi,
total and faecal coliforms.
Composite samples for laboratory analysis
HYDROBIOLOGY/ ECOLOGY
Species composition, distribution, diversity

and abundance and seasonality of
Phytoplankton,
Zooplankton,
Benthos,
Aquatic
macrophytes,
Macrophyteassociated macrofauna
Composite samples collected by plankton nets and Ekman

grab for laboratory analysis
FISHERIES
Species composition, catch-composition,

Fisheries activities (including aquaculture)
catch-per-unit of effort and price, fishing
gears/methods, population in fisheries,
spawning grounds, migration routes and
patterns, productivity and pathology.
Direct observations/interview, In situ

composite samples for laboratory analysis
WATER USE
Traditional use of rivers and water bodies

(navigation, sand mining, food processing,
aquaculture, domestic etc)
Direct observation/
interviews
Extraction / Spectrophotometer
Ex Tech Conductivity Meter.
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
mg/l
MPN/100ml,
cfu/ml and cfu/g
measurements,
85
WILDLIFE
SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES
HEALTH STUDIES
PARAMETER
Conservation status (rare, threatened and
endangered species), conservation areas
(forest reserves etc), environmentally
sensitive areas wetlands and swamps),
local conservation practices.
Population and socio-cultural characteristics,
Community Governance and Institutions,
Economic characteristics and livelihood,
Social Infrastructure, Natural Resources and
Land use, Perception of the project, The role
of women and Youths.
EQUIPMENT
In situ observation, interviews, secondary data
Demographic profile of the Communities,

Morbidity/Mortality Patterns, Healthcare
facilities, Nutritional Status of Under-fives
and the general population, Maternal and
Child Health, Knowledge, Attitude Practice
and Behaviour (KAPB), Environmental
health factors,
Key informant interviews, FGD, Administration of

structured
questionnaire and interviews, Physical
examination of volunteers, Walk-through survey and
Collection of secondary data.
UNIT
Key informant interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD),

direct
observation,
Administration
of
structured
questionnaires and Collection of secondary data.
86
4.2.3: Quality assurance/ Quality control of samples

Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) were an integral part of the entire process
of field data gathering, laboratory analysis and reporting exercise.
Field Procedures
All field procedures were in accordance with general QA/QC requirements.
Contamination of samples was avoided by using clean and sterile sampling
containers;
Separate samples was used in analysing for parameters requiring different
treatment or preservation before analysis;
Composite sampling technique was adopted for soil;
Control samples was collected at appropriate points remote from focus areas;
Samples were appropriately preserved and labelled;
Proper chain of custody was applied.
Laboratory Procedures
Analyses shall be carried out within the holding time of respective parameters
Only functional and calibrated equipment shall be used for sample analysis.
Only competent and experienced staff shall be involved in analytical work
4.2.4: Description of Sampling Locations
The map showing the study area with the sampling stations is shown in Fig. 4.1. The
sampling points were geo-referenced by means of Global Positioning System (GPS). The
field data gathering exercise for this study area employed random and targeted sampling
which covered proposed effluent discharge points, the 2006 appraisal well drilling location,
PTF, FLB, Wells, mothballed flow station and the entire project zone of influence (Table
4.1a to 4.1g).
Table 4.1a: Proposed Effluent discharge points
S/N
1
Air quality
DPAQ01
Soil
DPSS01
Borehole
Vegetation
DPVT01
Table 4.1b: 2006 Appraisal well drilling location, mothballed Assa flow station and
Burrow pit
S/N
Air quality
BTAQ01 (Existing
burrow pit)
Noise
Soil
APSS01
(Appraisal
well
and Mothballed
flow station)
BTSS01 (Existing
burrow pit)
Surface
water
Sediment
Vegetation
APVT01
(Appraisal well
and Mothballed
flow station)
BTSW01
(Existing
burrow pit)
BTSD01
(Existing
burrow pit)
BT01
87
Table 4.1c: Samples around Relevant facilities (third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI005 and OBRI-003))
S/N
1
2
3
4
Air quality
AQ16
AQ Obiyebe community
Soil
SS29
SS30
Borehole
BH05
BH8
BH9
BH07
Vegetation
VT29
VT30
Table 4.1d: Sampling stations around SPDC wells

S/N
Air quality
Noise
Soil
AQ10* (AHIA 014,

AHIA 003, AHIA
006, AHIA 012,
AHIA 010, AHIA
008)
APAQ01
(Appraisal well)
ASSA01
ASSA02
ASSA03
N6
SS 32* (AHIA 014,

AHIA 003, AHIA
006, AHIA 012,
AHIA 010, AHIA
008, )
SS 11 (AGG-003)
2
3
4
5
6
Surface
water
SW1
Sediment
Vegetation
SD1
VT 32* (AHIA 014,

AHIA 003, AHIA
006,
AHIA
012,
AHIA 010, AHIA
008)
VT 11 (AGG-003)
SS12 (AGG-003)
SS02 (AGG-003)
SS08 (AGG-003)
SS13 (NKIS 001)
VT12 (AGG-003)
VT02 (AGG-003)
VT08 (AGG-003)
VT 13
SS04 (ASSN 002)
Table 4.1e: Sampling point around the proposed for PTF and FLB
S/N
Air quality
CPAQ01
(Proposed
for PTF)
FLAQ01
(Proposed
for FLB)
DPAQ01
CPAQ01
BTAQ01
3
4
5
6
7
Noise
Soil
Surface
water
Sediment
Borehole
Vegetation
FLN01
DPSS01
DPVT01
SS03
VT03
SS04
SS01
FLSS01
SS09
SS10
VT04
CPVT01
VT09
VT10
area
area
Table 4.1f: Ahia Manifold flow station

S/N
Air quality
Soil
Surface
water
Sediment
Borehole
SS32
Vegetation
VT32
Table 4.1g: Samples around project zone of influence (12 15km radius outside the
pipelines and facilities)
S/N
1
2
Air quality
AQ ITU
AQC2
Soil
SS34
SSc2
Surface water
SWC3
SW2
Sediment
SDc3
SD2
Borehole
BHC4
BHC2
Vegetation
VT34
VT11
88
S/N
Air quality
Soil
3
4
5
6
7
8
AQ05
AQ07
AQ02
ASSA01
ASSA02
ASSA03
SS5
SS03
Surface water
(downstream)
Sediment
Borehole
Vegetation
VT12
VTC2
VT34
VT05
VT 13
Table 4.1h: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality in the communities

S/N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Air quality
ASSA01
ASSA02
ASSA03
ASSA03
ITU ID01
ITU ID02
ITU ID03
Okansu
Okansu
ITU ID03
4.3: Study Methodology

The fieldwork was undertaken from 10th to 21st of October 2012 and November 28th/ 29th
2012. The data was acquired for one season (wet) to complement the dry season data
previously acquired in 2007 for adequate characterization of the environment. Table 4.2a
gives a summary of the various methodologies used in the sample collection. The detailed
methodology for field data collection and laboratory analysis including QAQC is given in
Appendix 4.1. All sampling points were Geo-referenced using the Global Positioning
System (GPS), as shown in the sampling location and vegetation map (Fig. 4.1).
Table 4.2a: Environmental Sample Collection Methodologies
Environmental
Methods of Sample Collection/ Equipment for in-situ
Components
Measurements
Meteorology
Literature survey, field studies with rain gauge, Thermograph,
Wind vane
Air Quality and
Electronic air quality monitor, Met-One particulate sampler,
Noise
Noise meter.
Vegetation/ forestry
Rapid assessment, key informant interviews, and Direct
observations
Land use/cover
Observations, Remote Sensing and GIS
Wildlife
Direct observations, key informant interviews, Focus Group
Discussions (FGD)
Hydrogeology
and Geotechnical borehole drilling and litho logging, Vertical
Geotechnics
Electrical Sounding (VES)
89
Surface
Hydrodynamics
water/ Observations, water sampler, current meter, pH meter, DO

meter, sediment grab, TDS meter, Turbidimeter and
conductivity meter,
Soil Quality
Soil samples with an auger, and description of each sample
with Munsell colour chart.
Microbiology
Collection of water samples with Hydrobios water sampler into
sterile McCartney bottles;
Soil samples with soil auger into aluminium foil
Sediments samples with Ekman Grab sampler into aluminium
foil.
Aquatic biology;
Collection with Ekman Grab
Sediment
Collection with plankton net
Phytoplankton
Collection with plankton net
Zooplankton
Observation, collection, interviews and laboratory analyses
Fish species and Fisheries
Social Environment
Key informant interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD),
direct observation, Administration of structured questionnaires
and literature search.
Health Studies
Key informant interviews, FGD, Administration of structured
questionnaire and interviews, Anthropometric measurements,
Walk-through survey and Collection of secondary data.
4.4: Baseline Environmental Conditions

4.4.1: Climate and Meteorology
This study considered the prevailing climatic conditions in the proposed project area over a
period of 30 years (1980 2011) as made available by the Nigerian Meteorological Agency
(NIMET, 2013). However, additional hourly meteorological data on the study area was
obtained from the Lakes Environmental, Canada (Lakes Environmental, 2013) for the wind
speed and its prevailing direction. Microclimatic parameters were monitored during the
fieldwork using the WindMate WM-350 Multifunction Weather Meter.
The study area is located in the tropical monsoon climate zone of Nigeria, thus experiences
abundant rainfall. Being located near the equator, it also experiences warm temperatures
(mean above 18 C in every month) throughout the year (AfDB 2013). The major
controlling factor over the monsoon climate is its relationship to the monsoon circulation.
This is influenced by the position of the Inter Tropical Convergent Zone (ITCZ) which is an
area of low pressure and marks the point of trade wind convergence. Its location varies
throughout the year and while it remains near the equator, the ITCZ over land drifts farther
north or south than the ITCZ over oceans. The tropical monsoon climate that characterizes
the study area experiences mean annual rainfall greater than 1000 mm.
90
Rainfall
Rainfall in Owerri and Port Harcourt, the synoptic meteorological stations to the proposed
project site, is characterized by seasonality and variability (Figure 4.1a). Heavy rainfall is
experienced from March to October in the area with the dry season between November and
February, though these months are not free from occasional rainfall. While the monthly
rainfall in Owerri ranges between 10.9 and 446.1 mm with an annual mean of 2562 mm, it
ranges between 4.5 and 467.4 mm in Port Harcourt with annual mean of 2419 mm. In
August, there is always a short break in rainfall of the area and this is termed the August
Break.
500
Port Harcourt
400
Rainfall (mm)
Owerri
300
200
100
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Month
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 4.1a: Monthly Rainfall Distribution in the Study Area (NIMET, 2013)
Two air masses, the Southwest Monsoon and the Northeasterly (Harmattan), control the
areas rainfall distribution pattern. The southwest monsoon originates from the region of
sub-tropical high pressure belt over the southern Atlantic Ocean and arrives as moisture
laden air. The Northeastern trade wind has a continental source region in the sub-tropical
high pressure belt of the Sahara desert and arrives as hot and dry air mass. They both
converge as the Inter-Tropical-Disconuity (I.T.D.) zone with south of the zone where they
converge marking the rainfall zone (Salau, 1985).
Relative humidity
Relative humidity in the area is 70.0 84.3% in Port Harcourt axis and 66.0 87.0% in
Owerri axis (Fig. 4.1b). The humidity levels are usually high during the rainy season
(March to October) under the influence of moisture laden south westerlies. This agrees with
the wet season relative humidity of 51.4 90.0% measured in the study area during the
fieldwork.
91
100
Port Harcourt
90
Owerri
80
Humidity (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 4.1b: Monthly Relative Humidity Variation in the Study Area (NIMET, 2013)
Table 4.2b: Measured Microclimatic Parameters in the Study Area
Level
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Air Temperature (C)

Wet
26.6
35.9
30.9
Dry
32.5
36.2
34.8
Relative Humidity
(%)
Wet
Dry
51.4
28.7
90.0
48.9
73.4
38.6
Wind
Speed (m/s)
Wet
Dry
0.1
0.5
3.0
4.3
1.5
1.4
Prevailing Direction
Wet
Dry
SW
NE
Note: Wet = Wet season sampling result; Dry = Dry season sampling result
Air temperature
The study area experiences relatively high air temperatures throughout the year with
minimum range of 23 30 C and maximum levels of 29 34 C (Fig. 4.1c). While the
lowest temperature occurs in January and August which are periods of harmattan and rain
respectively, the highest temperature is in February, the peak of the dry season. During the
field study, the measured ambient air temperature ranged from 26.6 to 30.9 C in the wet
season and from 32.5 to 34.8 C in the dry season which agree with the climatic temperature
of the area.
92
40
Minimum
35
Temperature (C)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Month
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 4.1c: Monthly Air Temperature Distribution in the Project Area (NIMET, 2013)
Wind pattern
The considered wind data are the meteorological data on the study area from Lakes
Environmental (2013) because it has upper wind data required for air dispersion modelling.
The surface wind is 0.5 9.8 m/s with an average of 4.1 m/s (Table 4.2c). It has some
occasional calmness situations with insignificant wind speed. The northeast wind was 0.6
1.9 m/s with southwest wind of 0.4 - 1.4 m/s during the fieldwork. The mean prevailing
wind direction of the proposed project area is the southwest (Fig. 4.1d).
Table 4.2c: Monthly Summary of Hourly Wind Speed of the Study Area
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Wind Speed (m/s)

Minimum
0.5
0.0
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
7.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.7
9.8
8.7
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.8
7.7
Mean
3.8
4.6
4.6
3.5
3.0
4.4
4.7
4.7
4.6
4.2
3.0
3.9
93
Fig. 4.1d: Wind Rose of the Project Area (Lakes Environmental, 2013)
Level (hrs)
Sunshine pattern
Figure 4.1e shows that the monthly sunshine period in the study area ranges from 51.2
165.7 hrs with an average of 121.9 hrs. It receives the minimum sunshine period between
July and September while its maximum is between December and January. The short
sunshine period in July is associated with the greater amount of cloudiness and rainfall
characteristic of the period. Conversely, the higher December sunshine period is due to the
prevalent clear skies accompanying the ITCZ movement in its northward migration. The
sunshine duration reflects the double maxima feature of the rainfall pattern.
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Fig. 4.1e: Sunshine Pattern in the Study Area (NIMET, 2013)
94
Cloud cover
The monthly cloud cover in the study area ranges from 6.9 to 7.6 Oktas (Fig. 4.1f)
indicating a generally overcast sky with some levels of blue sky. The minimum is in
December, the dry season peak and the maximum in July, the wet season peak.
7.8
Cover (Oktas)
7.6
Minimum
7.4
Maximum
7.2
7
6.8
6.6
6.4
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Month
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 4.1f: Cloud Cover in the Study Area (NIMET, 2013)

Visibility
Visibility, the maximum distance at which a reference object or light can be clearly
discerned, is 1 - 8 km with daily average of 5.3 km (Fig. 4.1g). January is the month with
the lowest mean visibility while the highest is in April. The lowest visibility of January
could be attributed to the harmattan dust that characterizes the period.
Visibility (km)
10
8
6
4
2
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Fig. 4.1g: Mean Monthly Visibility Variation in the Proposed Project Area
Hydrometeorology
Hydrometeorology explores the implications of atmospheric water, particularly,
precipitation, as it affects agriculture, water supply, flood control and power generation.
Information on hydrometeorology in the project area is very scarce. However, because of
the proximity of the project area to PortHarcourt and Owerri in both distance and latitude,
the Hydrometeorological parameters for PortHarcourt and Owerri have been adopted for the
area. Hydrometeorological Parameters are important in this case because they determine the
water balance of the study area. The water balance accounts for how water (surface, rainfall
or groundwater) is expended and the interactions among the different phases. Rainfall in the
95
area varies over a wide range in temporal context because of the occurrence of wet and dry
seasons. Figure 4.1h is a concurrent rainfall and evaporation level in PortHarcourt used to
demonstrate the water balance in terms of soil moisture deficiency around the project area
of influence.
400
350
300
Precipitation
Excess
250
Precipitation (mm)
200
and
Evaporation (mm)
150
Soil
Moisture
Depletio
n
100
Precipitation (mm)
50
Evaporation (mm)
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 4.1h: Rainfall and concurrent evaporation at Project area

The components of water budget were analyzed for the project site using the equation:
Precipitation = Evaporation + Infiltration + Runoff + differential Storage
Analysis of the components indicated that the amount of water entrained as runoff,
infiltration and differential storage is comparatively small in relation to that taken up by
evaporation.
Flood Vulnerability
The main objective to assess vulnerability is to inform decision-makers or specific
stakeholders about options for adapting to the impact of flooding hazards. Prior to 2012,
flood vulnerability was hardly considered in EIA in Nigeria. Following the scale of
devastation and disruption to services and production, it became imperative to consider
flood related impacts in this EIA. Identifying areas with high flood vulnerability may guide
the decision making process towards a better way of dealing with floods in the course of the
project. At peak flood, the Niger River distributes some of its waters to Orashi River
through the northern section of Ndoni. Thereafter, the trajectory of Orashi Rivers moves
eastwards and then southwards, branching off to Onosi, Omoku, Akinima, Okarki and then
to Akukutoru Local Government Area, where it invades sections of the project area of
influence (Fig 4.1i).
96
ASE
ASEGBA
RIVER
NIGER
OKWOLO
OBOH
ONOSI OGU
AKPABU
OMOKU
AKINIMA
AHOADA
MBIAMA
OKARK
I
EMUOHA
ENGENRI ,
AKUKU-TORU
ABUA-
ODUAL
DEGEMA
Fig. 4.1i: Trajectory of 2012 Flood wave around the project area of influence
A further connection of the Niger River to sections of Rivers State is found 5km north of
Ndoni at Ase Asegba. This seems to be the head waters of the Sombreiro River, which
drains through Okwolo, Oboh, Akpabu, Ahoada, Abua-Odual LGA and sections of the
project area of influence. Essentially, the flood plains of the distributary rivers were
inundated, with water flowing through intermediate low lying areas, bridging the flood
plains of two different river systems (Orashi and Sombreiro rivers). It is crucial to
understand the trajectory of the flood waters, in order to appreciate the areal coverage of the
2012 flood and to take proactive steps to minimize and mitigate potential future impacts.
97
4.4.2: Air Quality

Summarized in Table 4.2a to Table 4.2h, are the air quality data for the various facilties
within the project aea and project zone of influence.
Wet season ambient air quality at the proposed effluent discharge point
In Table 4.2a, the wet season ambient air quality data at the proposed effluent discharge
point is presented. Only one station fell within this proposed facility. The discharge point is
in Assa and less than 1km from the Storage basin. Most of the parameters were within
regulatory (DPR and FMEnv limits). Carbon monoxide (CO) was above DPR limit but
within FMEnv limit. Emissions from motor bikes may have added to the CO levels in this
area. This result showed that the air within this area is not contaminated based on FMEnv
limit.
Table 4.2a: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality at the proposed Effluent discharge point
Location
Code
DPAQ01
DPR limit
Latitude
5O 22 46.4
Longitude
6O 48 02.0
FMEnv
limit
Concentration (ppm)
NO2
SO2 CO
0.01
0.0
4.0
0.08
0.04 0.01
0.06
0.04
0.01 20
0.06
O3
0.0
H2S
0.07
NH3
0.0
VOCs
1.3
SPM
(g/m3)
32.3
60 - 90
250
Wet Season Ambient Air Quality at the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location,
mothballed Assa flow station and Burrow pit
The wet season Ambient Air Quality at the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location,
mothballed Assa flow station and Burrow pit ispresented in Table 4.2b. One station
represented the air quality within these facilities. All the parameters except CO met
regulatory limits (DPR and FMEnv). However, CO levels were higher than DPR limits but
lower than FMEnv limits. Emissions from motor bikes may have added to the CO levels in
this area. This result showed that the air within this area is not contaminated based on
FMEnv limit.
Table 4.2b: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality at the 2006 Appraisal well drilling
location, mothballed Assa flow station and Burrow pit
Location
Code
BTAQ01
(Existing
burrow
pit)
DPR limit
FMEnv
limit
Latitude
Longitude
Concentration (ppm)
NO2
SO2
CO
O3
H2S
NH3
VOCs
SPM
(g/m3)
0.05
0.0
2.0
0.14
0.0
0.5
25.6
0.08
0.04
0.06
0.01
0.01
60 - 90
20
250
0.04
0.0
98
Location
Code
Latitude
Longitude
Concentration (ppm)
NO2
SO2
CO
O3
0.06
H2S
NH3
VOCs
SPM
(g/m3)
Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around Relevant facilities (third party facilities
(IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003))
In Table 4.2c, the Wet Season Ambient Air Quality data around relevant facilities (third
party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)) is presented. The third party facilities
are Oil wells (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003). These facilities are located 12 - 18km
from the proposed PTF and FLB facilities. One station represented the air quality within
these facilities. All the parameters except CO were regulatory limits (DPR and FMEnv).
However, CO levels were higher than DPR limts but less than FMEnv limits. Emissions
from motor bikes may have added to the CO levels in this area. This result showed that the
air within this area is not contaminated based on FMEnv limit.
Table 4.2c: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around Relevant facilities (third party
facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003))
Location
Code
AQ16
DPR limit
Latitude
Longitude
FMEnv limit
Concentration (ppm)
NO2 SO2
CO
O3
0.0
0.31 1.0
0.0
0.08 0.04 0.01
0.06
0.04 0.01 20
0.06
H2S
0.09
NH3
0.0
VOCs
1.4
SPM
(g/m3)
16.6
60 - 90
250
Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around SPDC wells

The wet Season Ambient Air Quality data around SPDC wells is presented in Table 4.2d.
Two stations represented the air quality for these facilities. The air quality at station AQ10
was within regulatory limit (DPR and FMEnv). However, apart from CO from station
APAQ01 (appraisal well) that was higher than DPR limits, other parameters within this
stations were within regulatory limit. Emissions from motor bikes may have added to the
CO levels in this area. This result showed that the air within this area is not contaminated
based on FMEnv limit.
Table 4.2d: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around SPDC wells
Location
Code
AQ10
APAQ01
(Appraisal
well)
DPR limit
FMEnv limit
Latitude
Longitude
Concentration (ppm)
NO2 SO2
CO
0.03 0.0
0.0
0.04 0.0
3.0
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.01
O3
0.0
0.0
H2S
0.0
0.01
NH3
0.0
0.0
VOCs
0.9
0.9
SPM
(g/m3)
30.6
34.7
0.01
60 - 90
20
250
99
Location
Code
Latitude
Longitude
Concentration (ppm)
NO2 SO2
CO
0.06
O3
H2S
NH3
VOCs
SPM
(g/m3)
Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around the proposed for PTF, FLB and Storage
basin
In Table 4.2e, the wet Season Ambient Air Quality data around the proposed for PTF, FLB
and Storage basin is presented. All the stations were within FMEnv limits for all the
parameters. Except CO, all the air quality parameters within this station were also within
DPR limit. Emissions from motor bikes may have added to the CO levels in this area. This
result showed that the air within this area is not contaminated based on FMEnv limit.
Table 4.2e: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around the proposed for PTF, FLB and
Storage basin
Location
Code
CPAQ01
FLAQ01
DPAQ01
BTAQ01
DPR limit
FMEnv limit
Latitude
Longitude
Concentration (ppm)
NO2 SO2
CO
0.03 0.0
1.0
0.00 0.0
3.0
0.01 0.0
4.0
0.05 0.0
2.0
0.08 0.04 0.01
0.06
0.04 0.01 20
0.06
O3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
H2S
0.05
0.00
0.07
0.14
NH3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
VOCs
0.6
2.7
1.3
0.5
SPM
(g/m3)
26.9
38.7
32.3
25.6
60 - 90
250
Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around project zone of influence (12 15km radius
outside the pipelines and facilities)
In Table 4.2f, the Wet Season Ambient Air Quality data around project zone of influence
(12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) is presented. Three stations
represented the air quality in this project zone of influence. Air quality parameters in station
AQ ITU were within regulatory limit (DPR and FMEnv). Apart from CO levels in station
AQC2 and AQ05, other parameters were within regulatory limits. The CO levels within
these stations were above DPR limits. This may be due to emissions from motorbikes
plying along the nearby roads. This result showed that the air within this area is not
contaminated based on FMEnv limit.
100
Table 4.2f: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality around project zone of influence (12
15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities)
Location
Code
AQ ITU
AQC2
AQ05
DPR limit
Latitude
Longitude
FMEnv limit
Concentration (ppm)
NO2 SO2
CO
0.08 0.0
0.0
0.02 0.12 2.0
0.02 0.0
2.0
0.08 0.04 0.01
0.06
0.04 0.01 20
0.06
O3
0.0
0.0
0.0
H2S
0.0
0.0
0.01
NH3
0.0
0.0
0.0
VOCs
6.0
0.0
4.0
SPM
(g/m3)
55.82
20.5
50.9
60 - 90
250
Comparison of the air quality parameters in the AN-OH project area and control
The Comparison of the air quality parameters in the AN-OH project area and control is
done in Table 4.2g. The control samples were taken 12 15km from the proposed PTF and
FLB facilities. Mean NO2 levels for wet season were less than regulatory limit. Mean
control levels were however greater than regulatory limits. This observation maybe
attributed to emission as a result of burning bushes for farming activities within the control
stations. Mean SO2 levels for wet season and control stations were within DPR limits but
higher than the FMEnv limits. High levels of SO2 maybe attributed to emissions
(combustion of fossil fuels) from motor bikes plying the neaby roads. Mean CO levels for
both wet season and control stations were within FMEnv limits but less than DPR limits.
Similar reasons attributed to SO2 levels any also be playing in this parameter. SPM levels
for wet season and control stations were within regulatory limits. The air quality within the
AN-OH proposed project area was cleaner than that of the control station.
Table 4.2g: Comparison of the air quality parameters in the AN-OH project area and
control
Wet season (2012)
Control (2012)
DPR limit
FMEnv limit
NO2 (ppm)
0.030.02
0.220.34
0.08
0.04 0.06
SO2 (ppm)
0.040.09
0.040.07
0.04 0.06
0.01
CO (ppm)
21.35
1.81.31
0.01
20
O3 (ppm)
00
00
H2S (ppm)
0.0480.053
00
NH3 (ppm)
00
00
1.681.74
0.71.21
32.5411.49
60.756.96
60 - 90
250
VOCs (ppm)
3
SPM (g/m )
Seasonal variation of the air quality parameters in the proposed project area
In Table 4.2h, the Comparison of the Wet and dry season in the proposed project area is
presented. Mean wet and dry season levels of NO2 were within regulatory limits. Mean wet
and dry season SO2 levels were lower than DPR limits but higher than FMEnv limits. This
may be attributed to emissions from fossil fuel combustion from motorbikes plying nearby
roads. Wet and dry season levels of CO were higher than DPR limits but within FMEnv
101
limits. Carbon monoxide (CO) levels maybe attributed to incomplete combustion of

commercial grinding machines and motorbikes abundant in this area. Suspended Particulate
Matter (SPM) levels for wet and dry seasons were within regulatory limits. However, wet
season levels were lower than dry season season levels. This maybe attributed to the dusty
nature of the atmosphere during the dry season due to harmattan.
Table 4.2h: Comparison of the Wet and dry season in the proposed project area
Wet season (2012) Dry season (2007)
DPR
FMEnv
limit
limit
NO2 (ppm)
0.030.02
0.0350.04
0.08
0.04 0.06
SO2 (ppm)
0.040.09
0.020.021
0.04
0.01
0.06
CO (ppm)
21.35
1.801.80
0.01
20
O3 (ppm)
00
00
H2S (ppm)
0.0480.053
00
NH3 (ppm)
00
00
VOCs (ppm)
1.681.74
0.0130.013
3
SPM (g/m )
32.5411.49
70.4270.42
60 - 90
250
Proposed Project Zone of Influence Air Quality Status
As presented in Table 4.2i, the 2012 outdoor NO2, CO, NH3, and VOCs wet season
concentrations in Imo State zone of influence of the proposed facility were 0.03 0.68
ppm, 2 ppm, 0.04 0.07 ppm and 0.6 ppm respectively but indoor NO2 and H2S were
measured to be 0.03 ppm and 0.04 0.07 ppm respectively. In its Rivers State axis the
outdoor NO2 was 0.01 ppm while the indoor NO2, H2S and VOCs were 0.01 ppm, 0.02 ppm
and 0.8 6.1 ppm. Though seven gaseous pollutants were monitored in the study area in
2009 and 2002 during the wet season, none of them was detected. In 2004 wet season, NO2
was measured to be 0.01 0.02 ppm and VOCs were 0.08 0.09 ppm.
Table 4.2i: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality in the Project Zone of Influence*
Location
Code
Concentration (ppm)
Latitude
O
AQ02
ASSA01
ASSA02
ASSA03
5 22 45.1
5O 22 44.1
5O 22 46.3
5O 22 45.8
ASSA01
ASSA02
ASSA03
5O 22 44.1
5O 22 46.3
5O 22 45.8
Itu
5O 10 15.2
ITU ID01
5O 10 15.2
Longitude
NO2
SO2
CO
Imo State Communities

6 46 25.8
0.68 0.0
2.0
6O 46 26.2
0.03 0.0
0.0
O
6 46 25.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
6O 46 24.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
Indoor Locations
6O 46 26.2
0.03 0.0
0.0
6O 46 25.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
O
6 46 24.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
Rivers State Communities
6O 42 50.7
0.08 0.0
0.0
Indoor Locations
6O 42 50.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
O
O3
H2S
NH3
VOCs
SPM
(g/m3)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.07
0.04
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
52.0
85.2
35.0
48.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.07
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
85.2
35.0
48.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.0
55.82
0.0
0.0
0.0
67.3
102
Location
Concentration (ppm)
Code
Latitude
Longitude
ITU ID02
ITU ID03
Okansu
Okansu
5O 10 15.2
5O 10 15.2
5O 21 11.6
5O 21 15.8
6O 42 50.7
6O 42 50.7
6O 42 52.5
6O 42 52.9
Egbema Flow station

Egbema Flow station
Okwuzi
Mmahu
Abaezi
Obokofia
Ugada Well 1
Towards Oguta
Kolo Creek
Otuasega Area
Okporowo Area
Ihuama/Rumuekpe
Ahia East
Ahia Well Head Area
Omudioga
CO
O3
H2S
NH3
VOCs
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.01 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2009 (SPDC, 2010)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2004 (SPDC, 2004)
0.01 0.0
0.0
0.01 0.0
0.0
0.01 0.0
0.0
0.02 0.0
0.0
2002 (SPDC, 2003)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.1
3.6
0.8
2.2
SPM
(g/m3)
118.3
180.8
146.6
118.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
36.1
29.5
30.1
32.4
28.6
43.8
46.2
33.1
NO2
SO2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.09
34
18
23
38
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
18.5
95.1
*Source: Measured during fieldwork

Table 4.2j: Wet Season Ambient Air Quality in the communities (Assa, Itu and
Okansu)
Location
Code
Concentration (ppm)
Latitude

AQ02
5O 22 45.1
ASSA01
5O 22 44.1
ASSA02
5O 22 46.3
ASSA03
5O 22 45.8
Indoor Locations
ASSA01
5O 22 44.1
ASSA02
5O 22 46.3
ASSA03
5O 22 45.8
Itu
5O 10 15.2
Indoor Locations
ITU ID01
5O 10 15.2
ITU ID02
5O 10 15.2
ITU ID03
5O 10 15.2
Okansu
5O 21 11.6
Okansu
5O 21 15.8
Longitude
NO2
SO2
CO
O3
H2S
NH3
VOCs
SPM
(g/m3)
6O 46 25.8
6O 46 26.2
6O 46 25.6
6O 46 24.6
0.68
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.07
0.04
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
52.0
85.2
35.0
48.2
6O 46 26.2
6O 46 25.6
6O 46 24.6
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.07
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
85.2
35.0
48.2
6O 42 50.7
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.0
55.82
6O 42 50.7
6O 42 50.7
6O 42 50.7
6O 42 52.5
6O 42 52.9
0.0
0.0
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4
6.1
3.6
0.8
2.2
67.3
118.3
180.8
146.6
118.3
103
*These three communities were the only communities that allow indoor air samples to be
taken.
The present wet season outdoor and indoor particulate in the Imo State zone of the facility
influence ranged from 35.0 to 85.2 g/m3 but in its Rivers State zone, the outdoor SPM was
55.8 g/m3 with indoor levels of 67.3 180.8 g/m3. In 2009 SPM were 28.6 46.2 g/m3
but 18.0 38.0 g/m3 in 2004 and 18.5 95.1 g/m3 in 2002.
In Imo State zone of influence of the proposed Facility, the 2012 outdoor NO2 breached its
limit in a location while other gaseous pollutants were within their set limits both indoor
and outdoor. The outdoor VOCs in Rivers State axis breached the limit in three locations
but the other gaseous pollutants were within the set limits both indoor and outdoor. Since
none of the seven gaseous pollutants monitored in 2009 and 2002 were detected in the wet
season, they were taken to be within their set limits. In 2004, all the detected gaseous
pollutants were also within their set limits. The measured particulate concentrations in the
entire zone of influence of the Facility were within the 250 g/m3 FMEnv limit for
particulates in the wet season.
In the dry season, NO2 ranged from 0.01 to 0.09 ppm, SO2 was 0.01 0.10 ppm, CO was
1.3 2.4 ppm, and VOCs were 0.01 ppm in 2009 but in 2007, the gaseous pollutants were
0.01 0.09 ppm, 0.01 0.05 ppm, 0.03 4.87 ppm and 0.01 0.03 ppm for NO2, SO2, CO,
and VOCs respectively. In 2004, NO2 was 0.01 ppm and VOCs were 0.09 ppm but none of
these gaseous pollutants was detected in the area in 2002. Particulates were 24.1 47.2
g/m3 in 2009, 18.0 134.0 in 2007, 28.6 41.7 in 2004 and 134.9 852.3 in 2002 as
shown in Table 4.2k.
Table 4.2k: Dry Season Ambient Air Quality in the Project Zone of Influence
Location
Egbema Flow station

Egbema Flow station
Okwuzi
Mmahu
Abaezi
Obokofia
Ugada Well 1
Towards Oguta
Assa
Awarra
Obile
Umudike
Ada Palm
Amafor
Avu
Obosima
Concentration (ppm)
NO2
SO2
CO
NH3
2009 (SPDC, 2010)
<0.01
0.01
1.1
<0.01
0.04
0.01
2.2
<0.01
0.01
0.04
1.5
<0.01
0.01
0.05
1.5
<0.01
0.09
0.08
2.4
<0.01
0.08
0.10
2.1
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1.3
<0.01
<0.01
0.07
2.0
<0.01
2007 (SPDC, 2007)
0.01
0.0
0.24
0.0
0.01
0.01
0.15
0.0
0.04
0.02
1.06
0.0
0.03
0.03
1.87
0.0
0.09
0.04
4.87
0.0
0.06
0.05
3.87
0.0
0.07
0.03
2.54
0.0
0.06
0.02
1.96
0.0
H2S
VOCs
SPM (g/m3)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
34.3
32.8
34.1
34.8
42.4
47.2
24.1
38.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
26.0
22.0
64
70
134
122
97
76
104
Location
Obite
Ede
Ohianga
Obitti
Kolo Creek
Otuasega Area
Okporowo Area
Ihuama/Rumuekpe
Ahia East
Ahia Well Head Area
Omudioga
Concentration (ppm)
NO2
SO2
CO
NH3
0.0
0.0
0.03
0.0
0.05
0.05
3.78
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.21
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2004 (SPDC, 2004)
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
2002 (SPDC, 2003)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
H2S
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
VOCs
0.0
0.03
0.0
0.0
SPM (g/m3)
18.0
134
56
26.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.09
0.0
0.0
0.09
60.4
28.6
46.7
31.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
315.7
134.9
852.3
While NO2 and SO2 concentrations breached their respective limits in two locations in
2009, NO2 breached its limit in three locations in 2007 while SO2 breached its limit in all
locations. In 2004 and 2002, all the gaseous pollutants were within their set limits. The dry
season particulates were within limit in all the locations in the periods under consideration
except in 2002 where it was breached in two locations.
Airshed Classification in the Study Area
The Air Quality Index (AQI) of the area was determined to establish how clean or polluted
the airshed is in the proposed project site and its zone of influence with possible associated
health effects that might be of concern. This is with the intention of translating technical air
pollution information of the study area into a simpler language for easy understanding by all
relevant stakeholders. It was calculated using the method of EPA (2006) and its
consequences on the airshed of the study area were determined using Table 4.2l.
Table 4.2l: Air Quality Index Classification
Air Quality Index (AQI) Values
When AQI is in the range of
0 50
51 100
101 150
151 200
201 300
301 500
Levels of Health Concern

Air quality conditions are
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy for sensitive groups
Unhealthy
Very unhealthy
Hazardous
Colours
As symbolized by the colours
Source: EPA, 2003

Combining the AQI of the individual gases and particulates in each of the sampling
locations, the resulting AQI for the five periods under consideration both in the proposed
project Facility site and its zone of influence is summarized in Table 4.2m.
105
Table 4.2m: Summary of Air Quality Index in the Study Area

Levels of
Concern
Health
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
for
sensitive groups
Unhealthy
Very unhealthy
Hazardous
Zone of Influence
Wet Season (%)
Project Site
Wet Season (%)
Zone of Influence
Dry Season (%)
2002
2004
2009
2012
2012
2002
2004
2007
2009
100
0.0
100
0.0
100
0.0
85.2
11.5
91.7
5.8
75.0
8.3
93.8
0.0
85.0
15.0
83.9
16.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.6
1.6
0.0
1.7
0.8
0.0
8.3
0.0
8.3
6.2
0.0
0.0
12.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
In 2002, 2004 and 2009 wet season, the AQI was good in 100% of the sampling locations in
the proposed project facility zone of influence but in 2012, it was good in 85.2% of the
sampling locations, moderate, unhealthy and very unhealthy in 11.5%, 1.6% and 1.6% of
the locations respectively. In the proposed project Facility site, the AQI was good in 91.7%
of the sampling locations but moderate, unhealthy and very unhealthy in 5.8%, 1.7% and
0.8% of the sampling locations respectively. In the dry season, AQI was good in 2002 in
75.0% of the sampling locations but in 2004, 2007, and 2009, it was good in 93.8%, 85.0%
and 83.9% of the sampling locations respectively. It was moderate in 8.3% of the sampling
locations in 2002, in 15.0% of the locations in 2007 and in 16.1% of the locations in 2009.
In 2002, it was unhealthy in 8.3% and hazardous in 8.3% of the sampling locations but in
2004, it was unhealthy in 6.2% of the locations while in 2007 it was unhealthy in 12.5% of
the sampling locations.
The slightly better AQI in the wet season in the five periods under consideration as reflected
in the AQI could be attributed to rain washout effect in which atmospheric pollutants are
removed by rainfall in the wet season. However, in all the periods, the AQI was good in
over 75.0% of the sampling locations both in the wet and dry seasons. With the present air
quality status using both the gaseous pollutants and particulates AQI levels, the airshed can
be classified as un-degraded airshed with high carrying capacity for the proposed project.
4.4.3: Noise levels
In the Tables below, wet season noise levels at the proposed project locations are presented.
Wet Season Ambient Air Quality at the proposed Effluent discharge point
The Wet Season Ambient noise level data at the proposed Effluent discharge point is
presented in Table 4.3a. One station (DPAQ01) represented the noise level in this proposed
facility. The noise level was within regulatory limits (DPR and FMEnv). This observation
suggests there is no noise pollution within this proposed effulent discharge point.
Table 4.3a: Wet Season Ambient noise level at the proposed Effluent discharge point
Location
Code
DPAQ01
Latitude
5O 22 46.4
Longitude
6O 48 02.0
Level, dB(A)
DPR limit
FMEnv limit
46.1
80 100
90
106
Wet Season Ambient noise level at the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location,
mothballed Assa flow station and Burrow pit
The Wet Season Ambient noise level data at the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location,
mothballed Assa flow station and Burrow pit is presented in Table 4.3b. One station
(BTAQ01) represented the noise level in this proposed facility. The noise level was within
regulatory limits (DPR and FMEnv). This observation suggests there is no noise pollution at
the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location, mothballed Assa flow station and Burrow pit.
Table 4.3b: Wet Season Ambient noise level at the 2006 Appraisal well drilling
location, mothballed Assa flow station and Burrow pit
Location
Code
BTAQ01 (Existing
burrow pit)
Latitude
Longitude
5O 22 10.9
6O 48 08.3
Level, dB(A)
DPR limit
FMEnv limit
40.0
80 - 100
90
Wet Season Ambient noise level around relevant facilities (third party facilities
(IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003))
In Table 4.3c the wet season ambient noise level around relevant facilities (third party
facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)) is presented. One station (AQ16)
represented the noise level in these facilities. The noise level was found to be within
regulatory limits (DPR and FMEnv). This observation suggests there is no noise pollution
within these facilities.
Table 4.3c: Wet Season Ambient noise level around Relevant facilities (third party
facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003))
Location
Code
AQ16
Latitude
5O 16 39.6
Longitude
6O 39 30.7
Level,
dB(A)
49.7
DPR limit
80 - 100
FMEnv
limit
90
Wet Season Ambient noise levels around SPDC wells

In Table 4.3d the Wet Season Ambient noise levels around SPDC wells is presented. Two
stations (AQ10 and APAQ01) represented the noise level at these wells. The noise levels
were found to be within regulatory limits (DPR and FMEnv). This observation suggests
there is no noise pollution at these wells.
Table 4.3d: Wet Season Ambient noise levels around SPDC wells
Location
Code
AQ10
APAQ01
(Appraisal well)
Latitude
5O 11 35.6
5O 22 10.1
Longitude
6O 45 15.8
6O 47 45.1
Level, dB(A)
DPR limit
48.0
51.6
80 - 100
FMEnv
limit
90
107
Wet Season Ambient Noise Levels around the proposed for PTF and FLB
The Wet Season Ambient noise levels around the proposed for PTF and FLB are presented
in Table 4.3e. The noise levels within these proposed facilities were within DPR and
FMEnv regulatory limits. These results indicate that the area is free from noise pollution.
Table 4.3e: Wet Season Ambient Noise Levels around the proposed for PTF and FLB
Location
Code
CPAQ01
FLAQ01
DPAQ01
CPAQ01
Latitude
5O 22 54.7
5O 22 22.5
5O 22 46.4
5O 22 54.7
Longitude
6O 47 51.0
6O 48 01.1
6O 48 02.0
6O 47 51.0
Level, dB(A)
DPR limit
FMEnv limit
42.0
41.0
46.1
42.0
80 - 100
90
Wet Season Ambient Noise Levels around project zone of influence (12 15km radius
outside facilities and pipelines)
The Wet Season Ambient Noise Levels around project zone of influence (12 15km radius
outside facilities and pipelines) is presented in Table 4.3f. The noise levels in this area were
all within regulatory limits (DPR and FMEnv). This indicates the area is free from noise
pollution.
Table 4.3f: Wet Season Ambient Noise Levels around project zone of influence (12
15km radius outside facilities and pipelines)
Location
Level,
DPR limit FMEnv
dB(A)
limit
Code
Latitude
Longitude
O
O
AQ ITU
5 10 15.2
6 42 50.7
53.9
80 - 100
90
O
O
AQC2
5 16 07.2
6 39 02.6
58.9
O
O
AQ05
5 25 32.4
6 47 49.2
43.0
Comparison of Noise levels (wet season) in the Study Area and the Control Stations
In 4.3g the Comparison of the Noise level during the wet season and the control station is
presented. This shows that noise levels in the study area and the control station (wet season)
were within regulatory limits (DPR and FMEnv).
Table 4.3g: Comparison of wet season noise levels in the Study Area
Stations
Wet season (2012)
Control (2012) DPR
limit
Noise (dB(A))
45.764.61
528.87
80 - 100
and Control
FMEnv
limit
90
Seasonal variation of the air quality parameters in the proposed project area
In Table 4.3h the comparison of the wet and dry season noise levels in the proposed project
area is presented. Results show that noise levels for both seasons were similar and within
regulatory limits (DPR and FMEnv).
108
Table 4.3h: Comparison of the wet and dry season in the proposed project area
Wet season (2012)
Dry
season DPR
FMEnv
(2007)
limit
limit
Noise (dB(A))
46.865.81
43.623.93
80 - 100
90
Ambient Noise Status
The 2012 wet season ambient noise levels in Imo State axis ranged from 41.5 to 57.2 dB(A)
for both outdoor and indoor as summarized in Table 4.3i. In the Rivers State axis, the
outdoor ambient noise was 53.9 dB(A) but 40.0 66.4 dB(A) indoor. In 2009, the noise
levels were 55.0 67.1 dB(A) in the zone but in 2004 and 2002, they were 41.7 dB(A) and
62.1 dB(A) respectively. All these noise levels were within the 8-hour 90 dB(A) shopfloor
FMEnv limit and within the 70 dB(A) industrial area ambient noise limit of the World
Bank. Presently the sources of noise in the area include distant human voices, crickets and
vehicles.
Table 4.3i: Wet Season Ambient Noise in the Project Zone of Influence*
Location
Code
Level, dB(A)
Latitude
AQ02
ASSA01
ASSA02
ASSA03
5O 22 45.1
5O 22 44.1
5O 22 46.3
5O 22 45.8
ASSA01
ASSA02
ASSA03
Itu
5O 22 44.1
5O 22 46.3
5O 22 45.8
ITU ID01
ITU ID02
ITU ID03
Okansu 1
Okansu 2
5O 10 15.2
5O 10 15.2
5O 10 15.2
5O 21 11.6
5O 21 15.8
5O 10 15.2
Longitude
6O 46 25.8
6O 46 26.2
6O 46 25.6
6O 46 24.6
Indoor Locations
6O 46 26.2
6O 46 25.6
6O 46 24.6
6O 42 50.7
Indoor Locations
6O 42 50.7
6O 42 50.7
6O 42 50.7
6O 42 52.5
6O 42 52.9
2009 (SPDC, 2010)
Egbema Flow station

Okwuzi
Mmahu
Abaezi
Obokofia
Ugada Well 1
Towards Oguta
52.8
41.5
45.9
57.2
41.5
45.9
57.2
53.9
66.4
55.1
53.9
40.0
52.7
56.3
61.8
55.0
59.0
62.1
67.1
55.4
2004 (SPDC, 2004)

Ihuama/Rumuekpe
41.7
2002 (SPDC, 2003)
Ahia East
62.1
Source: SPDC (2007); SPDC (2010); *Source: Measured during the fieldwork
109
In the dry season (Table 4.3j), the 2009 ambient noise levels in the zone of influence were
52.4 75.2 dB(A) but in 2007, they were 36.6 51.3 dB(A). In 2004 and 2002, they were
42.0 dB(A) and 60.1 dB(A) respectively. As shown in Figure 4.3, the ambient noise levels
in the zone are within the 8-hour shopfloor 90 dB(A) FMEnv limit and within the 70 dB(A)
industrial area ambient noise limit of the World Bank, with no significant change over the
periods under consideration. With this the study area can be described as having a high
carrying capacity for the proposed project using ambient noise levels as determinant.
Table 4.3j: Dry Season Ambient Noise in the Project Area of Influence*
Location
Level, dB(A)
2009 (SPDC, 2010)
Egbema Flow station

Okwuzi
Mmahu
Abaezi
Obokofia
Ugada Well 1
Towards Oguta
52.4
59.1
56.3
75.2
61.3
61.2
58.1
2007 (SPDC, 2007)
Assa
Umudike
Ada Palm
Amafor
Avu
Obite
Ede
Ohianga
Obitti
42.6
42.9
44.6
44.2
45.0
36.6
40.6
51.3
44.8
2004 (SPDC, 2004)
Ihuama/Rumuekpe
42.0
2002 (SPDC, 2003)
Ahia East
60.1
Source: SPDC (2007); SPDC (2010); *Source: Measured during the study fieldwork
Comparison of the Wet and Dry season of Noise levels at the Project Area of Influence
Table 4.3k: Comparison of the Wet and Dry season of Noise levels at the project area
of influence using Unpaired Student t test
Noise (dB)
Wet season (2012)
Dry season (2007)
DPR limit
46.865.81
43.623.93
80 - 100
FMEnv
limit
90
P > 0.05 = Not significant; P<0.05 = Significant
110
120
8-Hr Shop Floor 90 dB(A) FMEnv Limit
Wet Season
Industrial Area 70 dB(A) Limit
Dry Season
100
Level, dB(A)
80
60
40
20
0
2002
2004
2007
2009
2012 Imo
2012 Imo 2012 Rivers 2012 Rivers
State
State Indoor
State
State Indoor
Outdoor
Outdoor
Period
Fig. 4.3: Ambient Noise Levels with Reference to the Limits

4.4.4: Soils
This subsection of the soil physicochemistry and microbiology covers pipelines, facilities
(exisiting and proposed) and the entire zone of influence in order to address the cumulative
impact component of this study.
4.4.4.1: Soil Physicochemistry
The results of the physical, chemical hydrocarobons and heavy metals measurements of the
soil of the Assa North Ohaji South Gas Development Project area are presented in
Appendix 4.2. The summary of the result combined with dry season measurements in 2007
is presented in Table 4.4a.
Table 4.4a: Soil Physico-chemical Properties of Assa North Field
Parameter
pH
Elect. Cond. (S/cm)
Redox Potential (mV)
Bulk Density (g/m3)
Porosity
Moisture (%)
TOC (%)
Texture
Hydrogen
Sulphide
(mg/kg)
Chloride (mg/kg)
Sulphate (mg/kg)
Sodium (meq/100g)
Potassium (meq/100g)
Calcium (meq/100g)
2012 (Rainy Season)

Surface Soil
Subsurface Soil
4.23 6.95
4.28 6.86
19.67 273.50
19.97 293.00
2.0 136.0
5.0 133.0
0.36 1.20
0.57 1.31
50.4 86.41
50.56 87.1
3.45 25.43
3.80 28.4
0.24 1.87
0.20 1.70
sandy loam, clay loam, and silty loam.
BDL
BDL
2007 (Dry Season)

Surface Soil
Subsurface Soil
4.31 6.97
4.35 6.99
19.20 270.8
19.35 281.0
2.0 133.2
4.9 133.0
0.29 1.00
0.48 1.23
48.0 79.6
47.2 82.0
2.23 16.98
2.96 11.24
0.19 1.66
0.13 1.66
sandy loam, clay loam, and silty loam.
BDL
BDL
5.70 38.77
2.0 35.0
2.04 12.54
0.16 10.66
1.01- 8.12
5.82 41.0
1.9 29.8
2.25 14.36
0.14 9.86
1.00 8.15
5.40 64.0
2.0 39.0
1.05 8.21
0.08 9.33
0.45 7.00
5.77 66.1
1.8 31.0
2.10 9.13
0.05 8.10
0.52 7.33
111
Parameter
Magnesium
(meq/100g)
CEC (meq/100g)
Nitrite (mg/kg)
Nitrate (mg/kg)
Nitrogen (mg/kg)
Phosphate (mg/kg)
Chromium (mg/kg)
Cadmium (mg/kg)
Copper (mg/kg)
Lead (mg/kg)
Iron (mg/kg)
Nickel (mg/kg)
Vanadium (mg/kg)
Arsenic (mg/kg)
Zinc (mg/kg)
Mercury (mg/kg)
Manganese (mg/kg)
THC (mg/kg)
PAH (mg/kg)
2012 (Rainy Season)

0.99 8.37
0.99 7.26
2007 (Dry Season)

0.95 8.29
0.93 8.00
4.49 - 43.13
BDL 0.02
0.05 0.30
0.01 - .09
0.003 0.01
BDL
0.54 0.80
BDL
BDL 17.40
0.095 151.20
0.22 0.57
BDL 0.10
BDL
BDL 0.504
BDL
BDL 0.21
0.003 0.36
0.010 - 1.38
4.63 - 45.10
0.01 0.2
0.04 -0 .0.38
0.02 0.09
0.005 0.02
BDL
0.55 0.82
BDL
0.01 15.4
0.079 149.6
0.19 0.61
BDL
BDL
0.31 0.88
BDL
0.01 0.03
0.003 0.036
0.10 - 1.44
2.56 - 27.84
BDL 0.02
0.04 0.37
0.01 0.09
0.001 0.02
BDL
0.51 0.78
BDL
0.04 13.20
0.29 217.34
0.22 0.58
BDL 0.10
BDL
BDL 0.19
BDL
BDL 0.21
0.003 0.44
0.03 - 1.33
2.41 - 31.00
0.01 0.03
0.05 0.39
0.02 0.09
0.005 0.07
BDL
0.50 0.78
BDL
0.04 12.2
0.33 218.0
0.19 0.59
BDL
BDL
0.31 0.89
BDL
0.01 0.06
0.003 0.47
0.004 - 1.37
Soil Profile
The soil colour varied from brown (7.5YR 5/3) at the surface level (A), to light brown (7.5
6/3) at the subsurface level (B). The higher humus content at the surface soil level
contributed to the darker colouration (Plate 4.4a).
B
C
Plate 4.4a: A Soil Profile Pit Established in the Study Area.
Soil Texture
Soil textural classification is the amount of sand, silt, and clay fractions present in a soil.
The texture of a soil determines the water absorption/infiltration rate, and water holding
capacity. It also determines the amount of soil aeration, ease of tilling, and soil fertility
(Udo 1986). The textural analysis results of the soil of the project area revealed the soil to
vary between sandy loam, clay loam, and silty loam.
112
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
%Silt
%Clay
% Sand
SS1
SS2
SS3
SS4
SS5
SS6
SS7
SS8
SS9
SS10
SS11
SS12
SS13
SS14
SS15
SS16
SS17
SS18
SS19
SS20
SS21
SS22
SS23
SS24
SS25
SS26
SS27
SS28
SS29
SS30
SS31
SS32
SS33
SS34
SS35
SS36
SS37
SS38
SS39
SSCO-1
APSS01
CPSS 01
FLSS 1
DP 01
SS 2C
SS 3C
Percentage composition
Table 4.4b shows the historical data for physicochemical measurements in soils of the
project area from 1999 to 2007. Previous textural measurements are consistent with present
findings characterized by a dominance of sand followed by silt or clay (Fig. 4.4a).
Sample locations
Fig. 4.4a: Soil texture in the project area
113
Table 4.4b: Soil Trending Values for Assa North CEIA

Parameter
Soils
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
pH
Electrical
Conductivity
(S/cm)
Total
Organic
carbon (%)
Available
Phosphorus
(mg/kg)
K (meq/100g)
Na (meq/100g)
Ca (meq/100g)
Mg (meq/100g)
Nitrate (mg/kg)
Sulphate (mg/kg)
Chloride (mg/kg)
Cation Exchange
Capacity
Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe 2004

(data 1999)
Ahia EER,
2002)
2003
dry
Wet
78-92
3-11
5-13
3.6-5.0
67-281
67-98
1-12
1-24
4.90-6.80
52.0-250.0
Wet
(data
Assa North
Appraisal,
2006 (data
Nov. 2003)
4.89-6.13
10-79.9
4.01-5.62
10-79.9
Dry
76-90
5-14
5-11
4.2-7.2
60-278
0.19
0.19
0.66-2.54
0.34-1.84
0.54-2.0
0.11-0.89
0.11-0.89
21.75-70.18
TPhosphorus
35.09-98.25
TPhosphorus
6.54-14.17
TPhosphorus
40.14-49.04
mg/kg
93.6-104.4
mg/kg
40.14-49.04
mg/kg
93.6-104.4
mg/kg
0.07-0.19
0.10-0.41
0.18-0.51
0.45-0.63
2.16-12.2
0.42-0.65
113.11-133.3
mg/kg
16.73-19.23
mg/kg
82.45
0.01-0.09
113.11-133.3
mg/kg
16.73-19.23
mg/kg
97.85
0.01-0.09
0.15-3.20
1.2-5.3
0.30-9.0
0.05-1.05
0.10-1.90
0.06-3.50
0.81-5.03
3.76-15.11
2.01-14.17
Assa North Field, 2007

(data 2007)
Egbema Egbema West,

2009 (data 2009)
dry
53-91
3.4-25.4
4.6-38.6
3.33-5.0
Wet
dry
4.14-5.88
4.17-7.97
4.60-109.9
4.47-5.90
30.90-108.9
1.44-13.2
mg/kg
150-1820
TPhosphorus
0.28-5.72
mg/kg
90-1910
TPhosphorus
0.86-3.67
0.39-5.27
0.24 - 1.87
0.001-0.005
0.004-0.016
0.003 - 0.01
0.015-0.045
mg/kg
0.024-0.131
mg/kg
0.017-0.138
mg/kg
0.0140.0.270
mg/kg
0.057-0.968
mg/kg
0.014-0.240
mg/kg
0.31-1.32
1.676-6.497
0.030-2.932
0.16 - 10.66
0.981-8.907
1.49819.950
2.04 - 12.54
0.043-1.168
0.491-7.510
1.01- 8.12
0.043-1.103
0.053-3.284
0.99 - 8.37
0.309-0.530
5.02-16.82
3.55-16.18
0.309-0.530
6.13-27.10
6.09-17.73
0.05 - 0.30
2.0 - 35.0
5.70 - 38.77
4.49 - 43.13
0.012-0.087
mg/kg
0.020-0.132
mg/kg
0.34-0.72
0.16-0.88
4.09-52.1
0.183-0.217
mg/kg
0.28-0.78
mg/kg
Assa
NorthOhaji
South 2012
Wet
12-92
1-76
2-40
4.23-6.95
19.67
273.50
114
Parameter
Soils
(meq/100g)
Bulk
density
(g/m3)
Porosity (%)
V (mg/kg)

(data 1999)
Ahia EER,
2002)
2003
dry
Dry
Wet
Wet
(data
Assa North
Appraisal,
2006 (data
Nov. 2003)

(data 2007)
Egbema Egbema West,

2009 (data 2009)
dry
dry
Wet
0.01-1.01
<0.05
9.45-23.33
6.88-19.35
0.07-3.25
0.25-5.24
Pb (mg/kg)
2.13
32.6
0.01 0.05
<0.0010.003
0.10-10.40
0.05-0.48
0.08-1.53
0.09-1.76
<0.10-2.0
<0.10-2.30
Mn (mg/kg)
2.5 300
4.9-8.9
7.13-41.45
0.62-15.40
1.21-45.0
5.7-153
0
1.2-2.15
0
1.48-4.85
0.001-0.004
0.04-4.05
<0.05-0.40
<0.10-1.90
601.28
1084.3
0.01 0.05
1500.35509.5
12.45-19.88
2103-3118.5
104-408
112-610
1.78-13.15
0.08-4.27
<0.05-0.70
<0.05-1.10
0.0009
0.001
0.87 8.21
2.7-68.2
0.03-0.50
0.03-1.90
0.01-0.18
<0.01-0.12
<0.01-0.1
0.03-0.40
21.8-51.35
Hg (mg/kg)
Ni (mg/kg)
Fe (mg/kg)
Cr (mg/kg)
Cd (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
Oil and grease
(mg/kg)
THC (mg/kg)
PAH (mg/kg)
Wet
0.36 - 1.20
0.001 0.019
Zn (mg/kg)
Assa
NorthOhaji
South 2012
0.01 0.1
2.7-68.2
<0.05
20.298595.12
-
236.77815.16
-
<0.05
50.4 - 86.41
BDL - 0.10
<0.001
0.898
<0.001
0.021
<0.001
0.621
0.07- 0.82
0.018-0.095
<0.0010.023
<0.001
8.371
28.560
430.200
<0.001
0.042
4.938
48.448
0.30- 4.00
0.43 - 1.60
1.23- 3.40
BDL
0.22 - 0.57
115.3
517.3
<0.001-2.71
0.095
151.20
BDL
1.44-29.90
0.54 - 0.80
0.33-4.13
0.26-2.46
BDL
30.4-478.86
-
BDL
0.504
BDL
17.40
BDL - 0.21
0.003 - 0.36
-
0.010 - 1.38
115
Soil pH
Soil reaction which is given in terms of pH value is a measure of the free hydrogen ion
(H+) concentration of soil solution. The pH values ranged from 4.23 to 6.95 at the surface
soil level and from 4.28 to 6.86 at the sub surface soil level during the rainy season. The
dry season values ranged from 4.31 to 6.97 at the surface soil level, and from 4.35 to 6.99
at the subsurface soil level. The soil reactions of the Project area ranged from very strong
acid to weakly acidic (Table 4.4c). The pH range for normal plant growth is 4.8-9.5
(Udoh, 1986). A number of pH values in the project area fell below this range (Fig. 4.4b).
Table 4.4c: Rating scale for nutrients in soils
Low
0.41-1.0
0.15-0.20
3.0-7.0
Moderate
1.0-1.5
0.15-0.20
7.0-20.0
High
1.5-2.0
0.251-0.3
>20
Very High
>2.0
>0.30
Ca (Cmol/ kg)
<2.0
2.0-5.0
5.0-10.0
10.0-20.0
>20.0
Mg (Cmol/ kg)
<0.3
0.3-1.0
1.0-3.0
3.0-8.0
>8.0
Agboola
Ayodele 1987
K (Cmol/ kg)
ECEC
(Cmol
/kg)
Soil pH
<0.2
<4.0
0.2-0.3
4.0-8.0
0.3-0.6
8.0-16.0
0.6-1.0
16.0-24.0
1.0-2.0
>24.0
Adejuwon, 1974
FAO, 1979
<4-5.0
(Strongly
acidic)
5.0-6.0
(Moderate
ly acidic)
6.0-6.9
(Slightly
acidic)
7.1-8.0
(BasicSlightly
alkaline)
8.0-9.0
(Moderate
Alkaline)
Brady 1990
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Author (s)
Aweto, 1981
Adebusuyi, 1985
Sobulo and Adepetu
1987
Agboola
and
Ayodele 1987
and
SS1
SS2
SS3
SS4
SS5
SS6
SS7
SS8
SS9
SS10
SS11
SS12
SS13
SS14
SS15
SS16
SS17
SS18
SS19
SS20
SS21
SS22
SS23
SS24
SS25
SS26
SS27
SS28
SS29
SS30
SS31
SS32
SS33
SS34
SS35
SS36
SS37
SS38
SS39
SSCO-1
APSS01
CPSS 01
FLSS 1
DP 01
SS 2C
SS 3C
Very Low
<0.41
<0.05
<3.0
pH
Parameter
TOC (%)
Total N (%)
Av. P (ppm)
Sample locations
Fig. 4.4b: Distribution of pH in soils of the project area
116
Historial values of pH for the area are presented in Table 4.4b. There is no clear temporal
trend but values are generally low and consistent with current measurements. Very low
values below 4.0 were reported in the Environmental Evaluation of Ahia field (SPDC,
2003) and Assa North Field EIA (SPDC, 2007). According to Aprile (2012) tropical soils
are generally acidic and acidity can be very high in tropical lowland peak forest
ecosystem such as is common in swamp forests of the study area.
The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of a soil indicates the total ionic strength (anions and
cations) of such a soil. The electrical conductivity of soils in the project area ranged from
19.67 to 273.50 S/cm at the surface soil level and from 19.97 to 293.00 S/cm at the
sub-surface soil level during the rainy season. In the dry season period, the electrical
conductivity values of the soil ranged from 19.20 to 270.8 S/cm at the surface soil level,
and from 19.35 to 281.9 S/cm at the sub-surface soil. The levels of conductivities
observed in the soils are low and correspond to non-saline soils. Ideal salinity for
agricultural soils is <0.2dS/m (200 S/cm) (Baker and Gourley, 2011). Depending on the
sensitivity of plant, salt injury symptoms may occur when EC exceeds 500 S/cm.
Except for about 4 stations with conductivities above 200 S/cm, all other values were
within this limit (Fig. 4.4c). Previous measurements of soil conductivity in the study area
did not portray any temporal trend but values were all below 300 S/cm.
350
Conductivity (S/cm)
300
250
200
150
100
SS1
SS2
SS3
SS4
SS5
SS6
SS7
SS8
SS9
SS10
SS11
SS12
SS13
SS14
SS15
SS16
SS17
SS18
SS19
SS20
SS21
SS22
SS23
SS24
SS25
SS26
SS27
SS28
SS29
SS30
SS31
SS32
SS33
SS34
SS35
SS36
SS37
SS38
SS39
SSCO-1
APSS01
CPSS 01
FLSS 1
DP 01
SS 2C
SS 3C
50
Sample locations
Fig. 4.4c: Distribution of conductivities in soils of the project area

Soil Moisture Content
Soil moisture content is a measure of the quantity of water contained in a soil. Soil
moisture content influences the soil chemical reactions, groundwater recharge, and plants
growth. The soil moisture content of the Project area ranged from 3.45 to 25.43 % at the
117
surface soil level and from 3.80 to 28.4 % at the sub surface soil level during the rainy
season. The dry season soil moisture content was 2.23 to 16.98% at the surface soil level
and from 2.96 to 11.24% at the subsurface soil level. The soil of the study area held more
water during the rainy season when the area was almost completely inundated by flood
water. The moisture levels of the soils are dependent upon climatic conditions as well as
the soil textural characteristics and are considered normal for the area. For sandy clay
loam soils moisture levels below 20.0% is considered low. The low values are related to
the high content of sand in most locations.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Soil organic carbon consists of dead, decayed, and decomposing animals and plants
remains. Organic carbon content of soils is source of nutrients such as nitrate,
phosphorus, sulphur and also serves as source of nutrients for soil micro organisms. The
organic carbon of soil is an important element in maintaining its physical conditions and
significantly affects its productivity (Sposito, 1989). The total organic carbon (TOC)
content of the soils of the Project area ranged from 0.24 to 1.87 % at the surface soil level
and from 0.20 to 1.70 % at the subsurface soil level during the rainy season. Dry season
values of TOC ranged from 0.19 to 1.66 % at the surface soil level, and from 0.13 to 1.66
% at the subsurface soil level. These values fall between low to high levels. The wide
range is related to the varying textural characteristics of the area ranging from sandy to
clayey. Previous measurements in the area did not show any temporal trend but
measurements after 1999 show a tendency towards higher values (Fig. 4.4d). Such
increase in values may be related to increasing flood episodes and anthropogenic
activities in the area.
6
5
TOC (%)
4
Min
Max
2
1
0
1999
2002
2003
2009
2012
Fig.4.4d: Historical trend of TOC in the project area
118
Phosphorus
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macro element because of the relatively large quantity
required by plants. In soil phosphorus exists in three forms; solution phosphorus, active
phosphorus, and fixed phosphorus. Plants take up phosphorus in the solution form. There
is considerable concern about phosphorus being lost from soils and transported to nearby
surface waters where it can cause eutrophication. The Phosphorus content of the soils of
the project area ranged from 0.003 to 0.01 mg/kg at the surface soil level and from 0.001
to 0.020 mg/kg at the subsurface soil level. The dry season values ranged from 0.005 to
0.02 at the surface soil level, and from 0.005 to 0.07 mg/kg at the subsurface soil level
The available concentration of phosphorus in the soils were generally below 3 mg/kg
which is considered too low. This is a reflection of the poor nutrient levels in the soils.
Such soil will require improved management for optimum agricultural yield. This is
attributable to the acidic nature of the soils which leads to stronger binding of phosphorus
to soil.
Historical data on avaialable phosphorus in soils of the project area did indicate a marked
decrease from 1999 to 2012 (Fig. 4.4e), which can be attributed to increasing degradation
of soils due to poor farming practices and clearing of forests leading to leaching. In
contrast, total phosphorus levels increased significantly between 2003 and 2007, showing
increased binding of phosphorus to soils possibly due to increasing acidity of soils. High
leaching results in removal of basic cations from soil leading to increase in soil acidity.
1
Av. Phosphate (mg/kg)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Min
0.4
Max
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1999
2003
2012
Years
Fig.4.4e: Historical values of available phosphorus in the project area

Sulphur
Most soil sources of Sulphur are in the organic matter and are concentrated in the surface
soil or plow layer. The concentration of Sulphate in the soil of the project area ranged
from 2.0 to 35.0 mg/kg at the surface soil level, and from 2.0 to 39.0 mg/kg at the
119
subsurface soil level during the rainy season. The dry season values ranged from 1.9 to
29.8 mg/kg at the surface soil level, and from 1.8 to 31.0 mg/kg at the subsurface soil
level. Sulphur is considered adequate when the levels are >8 mg/kg (Baker and Gourley,
2011). Historical data for sulphate in the project area revealed an increasing trend from
1999 to 2012 (Fig. 4.4f). This is an indication of increasing acidification of the soils
associated with organic matter decomposition under the seasonal inundation and
exposure conditions.
40
Sulphate (mg/kg)
35
30
25
20
Min
15
Max
10
5
0
1999
2007
2009
2012
Years
Fig. 4.4f: Historical trend of sulphates in soils of the study area.

Hydrogen Sulphide
The concentrations of Hydrogen sulphide in the soil of the Project area were below the
detectable limit of the analytical equipment in the rainy and dry seasons respectively.
Chloride Content
The concentration of chloride in the soil of the Project area ranged from 5.70 to 38.77
mg/kg at the surface soil level and from 5.40 to 64.00 mg/kg at the subsurface soil level
during the rainy season. The dry season concentration of chloride ranged from 5.82 to
41.10 mg/kg at the surface soil level and from 5.77 to 66.10 mg/kg at the subsurface.
Values of chloride are low and reflect the non-saline nature of the soils.
Total Nitrogen, Nitrate, and Nitrite
Of all the essential nutrients, nitrogen is required by plants in the largest quantity and is
most frequently the limiting factor in crop productivity. The forms of nitrogen available
for plant uptake are ammonium and nitrate. Nitrate concentration ranged from 0.05 to
level during the rainy season. Nitrate concentration in the dry season ranged from 0.04 to
level. The nitrite content ranged from <0.001 to 0.02 mg/kg at the surface and subsurface
soil levels respectively during the rainy season. In the dry season, nitrite concentration
120
ranged from 0.01 to 0.2 mg/kg at the surface soil level, and from and from 0.01 to 0.03
mg/kg at the sub surface soil level. Table 4.4d shows the histrorical trend of soil nitrate in
the project area. Nitrate shows a significant decreasing trend from 1999 to 2012 possibly
due to increasing soil degradation associated with forest clearing and leaching.
Table 4.4d: Historical data for soil nitrate levels in the project area
Kolo
Creek Assa
North Egbema
West AS-OH 2012
1999
2007
2009
Min
82.45
0.31
0.309
0.05
Max
97.85
1.32
0.530
0.30
Bulk Density
This is the mass of the soil material in relation to the total volume it occupies. Bulk
density of soil depends on the mineral make up of soil and its degree of compaction.
Most soil bulk densities fall between 1.0 g/cm3 and 2.0 g/cm3; root penetration is severely
impacted at bulk densities greater than 1.6 g/cm3 (Chaudhari et al., 2013). The bulk
density of the soil of the project/study area ranged from 0.36 to 1.20 mg/cm3 at the
surface soil level, and from 0.57 to 1.31 mg/cm3 at the sub surface soil level during the
rainy season. The bulk density values for the dry season ranged from 0.29 to 1.00 mg/cm3
at the surface soil level, and from 0.48 to 1.23 mg/cm3 at the subsurface soil level.
Osunbatan (2005) reported bulk densities between 1.05 and 1.30 mg/cm3 in Nigerian
Loamy sand soils. Considering the soil texture of the area (sandy loam silty clay loam),
the bulk densities measured in the project area are within normal range (Aubertin and
Kardos, 1965).
Porosity and Permeability of Soil
Porosity of a soil is the volume of all the open spaces (pores) between the solid grains of
soil. Porosity is important as it defines the volume of water that can be held in a given
volume of the soil. Soil permeability is the property of the soil pore system that allows
fluid to flow. The porosity of the soil of the project area ranged from 50.4 to 86.41 at the
surface soil level and from 50.56 to 87.1 at the sub surface soil level during the rainy
season. The dry season porosity value of the soil ranged from 48.0 to 79.60 at the surface
soil level and from 47.2 to 82.0 at the subsurface soil level. These porosity levels are
common in Nigerian agricultural soils. Osunbitan et al. (2005) measured porosity in
Nigerian loamy sand soils from 47.7% (bulk density, 1.30 g/cm) to 60. 4% (bulk density,
1.05 g/cm). The observed porosities within the soils of the project area are normal for the
textural class of the soils (Garjic et al., 2004). Compaction associated with the movement
of machinery can lead to significant reductions in porosity with negative consequencies
on agricultural production (Garjic, et al., 2004). Heavy machinery are commonly used for
clearing and grading operations in major projects in the project area. Additionally,
leaching following exposure of soils can also lead to compaction and reduction in
porosity.
121
Exchangeable Cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg)

Exchangeable cations refer to the positively charged ions which are loosely attached to
the edge of clay particles or organic matter in the soil. The cations include sodium,
potassium, calcium and magnesium. The total number of these positively charged ions is
known as the cation exchange capacity. Several soil properties such as acidity, nutrient
availability and nutrient leachability depend on the relative proportions of the cations
present. A large proportion of hydrogen ions in the exchange complex for instance, is one
of the causes of soil acidity and concentration of trace elements (Isirimah et al., 2003).
Sodium
Sodium (Na) concentration ranged from 2.04 to 12.54 meq/kg at the surface soil level,
and from 1.05 to 8.21 meq/kg at the sub-surface soil level during the rainy season. The
dry season concentration of sodium ranged from 2.25 to 14.36 meq/kg at the surface soil
level, and from 2.10 to 9.13 mg/kg at the subsurface soil level.
Potassium
Potassium (K) concentration ranged from 0.16 to 10.66 meq/kg at the surface soil level,
and from 0.08 to 9.33 meq/kg at the sub surface soil level during the rainy season. The
dry season concentration of Potassium ranged from 0.14 to 9.86 meq/kg at the surface
soil level, and from 0.05 to 8.10 meq/kg at the subsurface soil level. The levels of
potassium measured are generally low (<5 meq/kg) for the soil textures in the area (Baker
and Gourley, 2011).
Calcium
Calcium (Ca) concentration ranged from 1.01 to 8.12 meq/kg at the surface soil level, and
from 0.45 to 7.00 meq/kg at the sub surface soil level during the rainy season. The dry
season concentration of Calcium ranged from 1.00 to 8.15 meq/kg at the surface soil
level, and from 0.52 to 7.33 meq/kg at the subsurface soil level. Levels of exchangeable
calcium were low. Optimum levels of calcium for agriculture is >50 meq/kg (Baker and
Gourley, 2011).
Magnesium
Magnesium (Mg) concentration ranged from 0.99 to 8.37 meq/kg at the surface soil level,
and from 0.99 to 7.26 meq/kg at the sub-surface soil level during the rainy season. The
dry season concentration of magnesium ranged from 0.95 to 8.29 meq/kg at the surface
soil level, and from 0.93 to 8.00 meq/kg at the subsurface soil level. Similarly,
magnesium levels in soil were low. Optimum levels of magnesium should be >16 meq/kg
(Baker and Gourley, 2011). The generally low levels exchangeable cations are attributed
to high leaching in the area. The results collaborate well with the high acidity of the soils.
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
The cation exchange capacity of a soil is the capacity of the soil for ion exchange of
cations between the soil and the soil solution. It is a measure of the fertility of the soil,
122
nutrient retention capacity of the soil, and the potential of the soil for protecting the
underlying aquifer from cation contamination. The cation exchange capacity of the soil of
the Project area ranged from 4.49 to 43.13 meq/100g soil at the surface soil level and
from 2.56 to 27.84 meq/100g soil at the subsurface soil level during the rainy season. The
dry season cation exchange capacity values ranged from 4.63 to 45.10 meq/100g soil at
the surface soil level and from 2.41 to 31.00 meq/100g soil at the subsurface soil level.
Generally, tropical soils have low CEC, especially for high sandy and low pH soils.
Minerals as oxides of aluminum, iron and manganese that are very abundant in tropical
soils also contribute to the low CEC.The level of CEC measured is also a reflection of the
soil texture which ranges from sandy to clayey. Sandy soils usually have CEC of <10
meq/100g while clayey soils have CEC >25 meq/100g (Aprile, 2012). Low CEC soils
have a tendency for cation deficiencies due to leaching (Cornell University, 2007).
Trace Elements (Heavy Metals)
Trace elements are chemical substances that are required in trace or very small
concentrations in soils for plants growth. Low concentrations of heavy metals occur
naturally in most soils. The concentration of these metals can however be increased to
become potential pollutants if heavy metals containing waste products from industrial
or domestic activities are introduced into the environment (Bohn et al., 1984). Concern
over the presence of heavy metals in an environment arises from the fact that they cannot
easily be broken down into non toxic forms. Thus once ecosystems are contaminated by
heavy metals; they remain a potential threat for many years (Isirimah et al., 2003).
Iron
Iron concentration was markedly higher than the concentration of the other heavy metals
in the project area. The concentration of Iron ranged from 0.095 to 151.20 mg/kg at the
surface soil level and from 0.29 to 217.34 mg/kg at the sub-surface soil level during the
rainy season. The concentration of Iron during the dry season ranged from 0.079 to 149.6
mg/kg at the surface soil level and from 0.33 to 218.0 mg/kg at the subsurface soil level.
The soils of the Niger Delta area have been reported to contain high concentrations of
Iron (Anderson, 1967). No regulatory limits have been set for iron in soil. Iron
concentrations were however, within values considered normal in soils (Table 4.4e).
Table 4.4e: Limits for metals and hydrocarbons in soils
Parameter
Barium mg/kg
Cobalt mg/kg
Chromium
(mg/kg)
Cadmium
(mg/kg)
DPR TARGET
VALUES
DPR
INTERVENTION
VALUES
World
wide
Median values*
Upper
continental curst
Mean Values **
584
24
126
0.102
100
380
500
10
80
0.8
12
0.3
123
Parameter
DPR TARGET
VALUES
DPR
INTERVENTION
VALUES
World
wide
Median values*
Upper
continental curst
Mean Values **
Copper (mg/kg)
Lead (mg/kg)
Iron (mg/kg)
Nickel (mg/kg)
Vanadium
(mg/kg)
Arsenic (mg/kg)
Zinc (mg/kg)
Mercury (mg/kg)
Manganese
(mg/kg)
Oil and grease
mg/kg
TPH mg/kg
Poly
Arom.Hydro
Carbs. (mg/kg)
36
85
190
530
35
42
210
250
25
17
35,000
20
25
14.8
30,900
56
29
140
0.3
55
720
10
70
65
530
537
50
5000
50
1
5000
40
*Reimmann and De Caritat (1998); **Wedepohl (1995

Nickel, Chromium, Mercury, and Arsenic concentrations in the soil of the study and
project area were below their analytical detectable limits (i.e <0.001 mg/kg).
Cadmium
Cadmium concentration ranged from 0.54 to 0.80 mg/kg at the surface soil level and from
0.51 to 0.78 at the subsurface soil level during the rainy season. The dry season
concentration of cadmium ranged from 0.55 to 0.82 at the surface soil level and from
0.50 to 0.78 at the subsurface soil level. Values of cadmium were generally within the
DPR target value of 0.8 mg/kg indicating normal unpolluted conditions.
Lead
Lead concentration ranged from <0.001 to 17.40 mg/kg at the surface soil level, and from
0.04 to 13.20 mg/kg at the subsurface soil level in the rainy season. Dry season
concentration of Lead ranged from 0.01 to 15.4 mg/kg at the surface soil, and from 0.04
to 12.2 at the subsurface soil level. Lead levels were generally lower than the regulatory
target value of 85 mg/kg.
Nickel
Nickel concentration ranged from 0.22 to 0.57 mg/kg at the surface soil, and from 0.22 to
0.58 mg/kg at the subsurface soil level during the rainy season. The dry season values of
Nickel ranged from 0.19 to 0.61 mg/kg at the surface soil, and from 0.19 to 0.59 at the
subsurface soil level. All nickel levels were within normal values for soils and below
regulatory target value of 35 mg/kg.
124
Vanadium
Vanadium concentration ranged from <0.001 to 0.10 at the surface soil, and subsurface
soil levels respectively during the rainy season. The concentration of Vanadium was
below the detectable limit of the analytical equipment during the dry season. Vanadium
levels were very low and well below the regulatory target value of 42 mg/kg.
Zinc
Zinc concentration ranged from <0.001 to 0.504 mg/kg at the surface soil, and from
<0.001 to 0.19 mg/kg at the subsurface soil level during the rainy season. The dry season
values of Zinc ranged from 0.31 to 0.88 mg/kg at the surface soil, and from 0.31 to 0.89
at the subsurface soil level. Zinc was generally below the regulatory target value of 140
mg/kg.
Manganese
The dry season values of Manganese ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 mg/kg at the surface soil,
and from 0.01 to 0.06 at the subsurface soil level. Manganese levels were generally low
and below the mean values for upper continental crust of 580 mg/kg. Historical
measurements of heavy metals in the project area did not show any temporal trend but all
metal values were well below the toxic limits in soil.
Total Hydrocarbon Content
Hydrocarbons can be of petroleum or of recent biogenic origin. Natural plant and animal
hydrocarbons are ubiquitous in the environment (Environment Canada, 1980). The Total
Hydrocarbon Content of the soil of the Project area ranged from 0.003 to 0.36 mg/kg at
the surface soil level, and from 0.003 to 0.44 mg/kg at the subsurface soil level during the
rainy season. The dry season values ranged from 0.003 to 0.036 mg/kg at the surface soil
level, and from 0.003 to 0.47 mg/kg at the subsurface soil level. These levels are low
when compared with regulatory target value of 50 mg/kg.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
The concentration of PAH in the soil project area ranged from 0.010 to 1.38 mg/kg at the
surface soil level, and from 0.03 to 1.33 at the subsurface soil level during the rainy
season. The dry season concentration of PAH ranged from 0.10 to 1.44 mg/kg at the
surface soil level, and from 0.04 to 1.37 at the subsurface soil level. Values of PAH are
generally low when compared with regulatory target value of 1 mg/kg and the
intervention value of 40 mg/kg. Historical measurements of hydrocarbons in the project
area did not show any significant trend. All measurements were well below toxic limits in
soils.
Sample description for soil quality
In the tables below (Table 4.4f to Table 4.4), the data for the soil samples within the
facilities (exisiting and proposed) are presented.
125
Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of the proposed effluent discharge

point
In Table 4.4f the soil physicochemical properties of the proposed effluent discharge point
is presented. One station (DPSS01) represented the soil within this area. The pH was
acidic characteristic of tropical soils. TOC of top soil was slightly greater in top soil than
bottom soil, showing the contribution of litter and humus to top soil. The soil was
predominantly sandy with the bottom soil showing a sandier composition and therefore
had a higher porosity. This is reflective of the litter and humus content of the top soil.
Surface and subsurface soil physicochemical (heavy metals and organics) parameters
Table 4.4f: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of the proposed effluent
discharge point
pH
Electrical
Conductivity
MOISTURE
CONTENT (%)
TOC (%)
PO4 (mg/kg)
SO4 (mg/kg)
Redox Potential
H2S (mg/kg)
THC (mg/kg)
Cl (mg/kg)
NO2 (mg/kg)
NO3 (mg/kg)
Nitrogen
(mg/kg)
Bulk density
Porosity
% Sand
%Clay
%Silt
Cr (mg/kg)
Cd (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
Pb (mg/kg)
Fe (mg/kg)
Ni (mg/kg)
V (mg/kg)
As (mg/kg)
Zn (mg/kg)
Hg (mg/kg)
DPSS01
0-15cm
4.42
15-30cm
4.43
74.20
50.50
11.72
1.00
0.016
10.00
125.00
<0.001
0.228
18.06
0.01
0.215
13.25
0.80
0.013
9.00
125.00
<0.001
0.195
12.50
0.01
0.172
0.050
1.00
68.90
79
11
10
<0.001
0.741
<0.001
0.36
62.04
0.339
0.049
<0.001
0.248
<0.001
0.040
0.92
85.40
82
11
7
<0.001
0.734
<0.001
0.42
96.62
0.273
0.040
<0.001
0.199
<0.001
DPR target values
DPR intervention values
100
0.8
380
12
85
530
35
210
29
140
0.3
55
720
10
126
Mn (mg/kg)
Na (meq/kg)
K (meq/kg)
Ca (meq/kg)
Mg (meq/kg)
Aliphatics
PAH
TPH (mg/kg)
DPSS01
0.013
7.686
5.716
3.750
4.914
0.1572
0.0117
0.1689
<0.001
5.231
0.409
2.552
3.345
0.1360
0.0034
0.1394
DPR target values
DPR intervention values
50
5000
Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of 2006 Appraisal well drilling

location, mothballed Assa flow station and proposed engineered storage basin
The summary of the soil physicochemical properties of 2006 Appraisal well drilling
location, mothballed Assa flow station and proposed engineered storage basin is
presented in Table 4.4g. Surface and subsurface soil samples at three stations (APSS01,
BTSS01 and BT01) represented soil from these areas. The pH was acidic. TOC was high
indicating the litter and humus content of the soil. In stations APSS01 the soil was
predominantly silty, suggesting human interference (built up area). However other
stations (BTSS01 and BT01) showed predominantly sandy nature indicating that these
areas were less disturbed. Surface and subsurface soil physicochemical (heavy metals and
127
Table 4.4g: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of 2006 Appraisal well drilling location and mothballed Assa flow station
and proposed engineered storage basin
APSS01
BTSS01
BT01
0-15cm
15-30cm
0-15cm
15-30cm
0.2m
1.0m
1.5m
2.0m
pH
4.91
4.62
4.37
4.78
4.55
4.75
4.85
4.41
Electrical
Conductivity
Moisture content
(%)
TOC (%)
138.90
29.30
140.90
51.20
37.30
20.20
28.60
15.80
9.73
11.20
19.00
17.60
9.30
8.60
4.06
3.68
1.70
1.40
1.30
1.52
0.93
0.52
0.54
0.19
PO4 (mg/kg)
SO4 (mg/kg)
Redox Potential
H2S (mg/kg)
THC (mg/kg)
Cl (mg/kg)
0.028
15.00
96.00
<0.001
0.190
37.80
0.023
4.00
113.00
<0.001
0.187
8.80
0.021
13.00
128.00
<0.001
0.132
39.77
0.025
6.00
103.00
<0.001
0.134
13.08
0.015
2.00
112.00
<0.001
0.199
13.00
0.008
1.00
115.00
<0.001
0.126
6.09
0.009
3.00
99.00
<0.001
0.076
7.80
0.003
1.00
128.00
<0.001
0.026
5.02
NO2 (mg/kg)
NO3 (mg/kg)
Nitrogen
(mg/kg)
Bulk density
Porosity
0.00
0.366
0.085
0.00
0.301
0.070
0.02
0.280
0.065
0.02
0.327
0.076
0.01
0.200
0.047
0.00
0.112
0.026
0.00
0.116
0.027
0.00
0.041
0.010
0.84
87.64
0.62
89.90
1.03
72.45
0.84
86.90
0.96
80.12
0.87
75.10
1.19
59.60
1.00
68.90
% Sand
%Clay
20
19
22
2
60
22
55
20
75.00
23
77
18
78
21
62
34
%Silt
61
76
18
25
Cr (mg/kg)
Cd (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
<0.001
0.733
<0.001
<0.001
0.584
<0.001
<0.001
0.730
<0.001
<0.001
0.599
<0.001
<0.001
0.736
<0.001
<0.001
0.678
<0.001
<0.001
0.768
<0.001
<0.001
0.761
<0.001
DPR target
values
DPR
intervention
values
100
0.8
380
12
128
APSS01
BTSS01
BT01
Pb (mg/kg)
Fe (mg/kg)
Ni (mg/kg)
0.90
66.46
0.374
0.64
123.68
0.358
1.05
169
0.409
1.03
126.54
0.417
0.29
67.82
0.226
0.70
61.1
0.502
0.68
84.62
0.411
0.24
71.36
0.409
V (mg/kg)
0.054
0.052
0.086
0.088
0.039
0.086
0.070
0.070
As (mg/kg)
Zn (mg/kg)
Hg (mg/kg)
Mn (mg/kg)
Na (meq/kg)
K (meq/kg)
Ca (meq/kg)
Mg (meq/kg)
Aliphatics
PAH
TPH (mg/kg)
<0.001
0.668
<0.001
<0.001
14.388
10.701
2.143
9.199
0.0622
0.0000
0.0622
<0.001
0.588
<0.001
0.011
3.035
2.257
3.409
1.941
0.0787
0.0000
0.0787
0.04
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
15.658
10.855
7.423
10.012
0.3381
0.0454
0.3835
0.002
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
5.690
3.945
2.697
3.638
0.6716
0.0000
0.6716
<0.001
0.312
<0.001
0.064
3.864
0.302
1.885
2.470
0.0417
0.0301
0.0718
<0.001
0.205
<0.001
0.065
2.092
0.163
1.021
1.338
0.0684
0.0114
0.0798
<0.001
0.233
<0.001
0.096
2.963
0.231
1.445
1.894
0.2269
0.0099
0.2368
<0.001
0.245
<0.001
0.073
1.637
0.128
0.799
1.046
0.3053
0.0000
0.3053
DPR target
values
85
DPR
intervention
values
530
35
210
29
140
0.3
55
720
10
50
5000
129
Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Samples around Relevant

facilities (third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)
In Table 4.4h, the summary of the soil physicochemical properties of amples around
relevant facilities (third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003) is
presented. Surface and subsurface samples at two Stations (SS29 and SS30) represented
this area. The pH was acidic. TOC was comparatively lower than in other sample
stations. This may be attributed to reduced vegetation in this area as a result of bush
clearing around these third party activities. Reduced vegetation results in less litter
formation and subsequently low TOC. The soil composition was less sandy than most
stations and had a higher clay content, suggesting the built up nature of these locations.
Surface and subsurface soil physicochemical (heavy metals and organics) parameters
Table 4.4h: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Samples around
Relevant facilities (third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)
SS29
SS30
DPR
target
values
DPR
intervention
values
0-15cm
15-30cm
0-15cm
15-30cm
pH
4.70
5.12
4.51
4.62
Electrical
Conductivity
Moisture content
(%)
TOC (%)
94.80
125.60
84.90
57.80
3.60
10.50
7.00
4.20
0.45
0.33
1.03
0.56
Phosphate (mg/kg)
Sulphate (mg/kg)
Redox Potential
Hydrogen Sulphide
(mg/kg)
Total Hydrocarbon
Content (mg/kg)
Chloride (mg/kg)
0.007
9.00
108.00
<0.001
0.011
10.00
83.00
<0.001
0.011
7.00
120.00
<0.001
0.008
4.00
113.00
<0.001
0.040
0.038
0.030
0.032
25.04
32.60
20.20
15.40
Nitrite (mg/kg)
Nitrate (mg/kg)
Nitrogen (mg/kg)
Bulk density
Porosity
0.00
0.086
0.020
1.13
50.40
0.00
0.151
0.035
0.70
77.54
0.00
0.142
0.033
1.00
68.90
0.00
0.108
0.025
0.95
67.30
% Sand
%Clay
46
40
29
20
25
17
74
12
%Silt
14
51
58
14
Cr (mg/kg)
Cd (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
<0.001
0.603
<0.001
<0.001
0.673
<0.001
<0.001
0.562
<0.001
<0.001
0.762
<0.001
100
0.8
380
12
Pb (mg/kg)
0.49
0.38
0.25
0.31
85
530
130
SS29
SS30
Fe (mg/kg)
Ni (mg/kg)
113.86
0.297
84.86
0.584
129.16
0.409
87.800
0.243
V (mg/kg)
0.050
0.099
0.069
0.041
As (mg/kg)
Zn (mg/kg)
Hg (mg/kg)
Mn (mg/kg)
Na (meq/kg)
K (meq/kg)
Ca (meq/kg)
Mg (meq/kg)
Aliphatics
(meq/kg)
PAH (meq/kg)
TPH (mg/kg)
<0.001
0.167
<0.001
0.035
9.820
0.767
4.791
4.942
<0.001
0.189
<0.001
0.038
13.010
1.016
6.348
6.548
<0.001
0.213
<0.001
0.033
8.794
0.687
4.291
4.426
<0.001
0.194
<0.001
0.048
5.987
0.468
2.921
3.013
1.3866
0.1088
1.4954
1.3308
0.0627
1.3935
0.5772
0.0705
0.6476
0.6043
0.0559
0.6603
DPR
target
values
DPR
intervention
values
35
210
29
140
0.3
55
720
10
50
5000
Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Sampling station around SPDC

wells
The summary of the soil physicochemical properties of sampling station around SPDC
wells is presented in Table 4.4i. Surface and subsurface samples at seven stations (SS32,
SS11, SS12, SS13, SS08, SS20 and SS04) represented this area. The pH was acidic,
normal for such soils. TOC was generally high, apart from a few stations (SS11 and
SS12). High TOC results from high litter and humus formation in the soil. The soil was
predominantly sandy and porosity was high indicating its undisturbed nature. Surface and
131
Table 4.4i: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Sampling station around SPDC wells
SS 32
SS 11
SS12
SS13
SS08
SS20
SS04
DPR
target
values
015cm
4.30
1530cm
4.95
015cm
4.55
1530cm
4.51
015cm
4.66
1530cm
4.58
015cm
4.84
1530cm
4.88
015cm
4.89
1530cm
4.66
015cm
4..83
1530cm
4.81
015cm
5.64
1530cm
4.50
Electrical
Conductivity
Moisture
content (%)
TOC (%)
35.60
65.40
57.30
19.97
40.10
23.50
25.10
23.3
36.60
57.90
87.45
46.45
61.90
72.50
15.69
11.02
10.70
14.92
16.50
15.00
20.20
19.85
10.70
13.40
19.69
18.83
5.20
5.70
0.98
0.58
0.24
0.30
1.10
0.60
1.00
0.7
0.90
0.70
0.96
0.75
0.82
0.70
Phosphate
(mg/kg)
Sulphate
(mg/kg)
Redox
Potential
Hydrogen
Sulphide
(mg/kg)
Total
Hydrocarbon
Content
(mg/kg)
Chloride
(mg/kg)
Nitrite
(mg/kg)
Nitrate
(mg/kg)
0.016
0.009
0.004
0.005
0.018
0.010
0.016
0.011
0.015
0.011
0.01
0.01
0.013
0.011
5.00
9.00
9.00
2.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
10.00
8.00
7.00
10.00
131.00
92.00
116.00
119.00
111.00
116.00
101.00
97
97.00
111.00
101.00
99.00
51.00
120.00
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.001
<0.001
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
0.046
0.048
0.120
0.101
0.108
0.096
0.120
0.102
0.320
0.440
0.073
0.089
0.110
0.080
9.50
14.30
12.45
5.40
10.55
6.05
7.15
10.08
13.60
20.80
11.40
17.09
17.89
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.211
0.125
0.052
0.065
0.237
0.129
0.215
0.151
0.194
0.151
0.133
0.089
0.176
0.151
pH
DPR
interventio
n values
132
SS 32
SS 11
SS12
SS13
SS08
SS20
SS04
Nitrogen
(mg/kg)
Bulk density
Porosity
0.049
0.029
0.012
0.015
0.055
0.030
0.050
0.035
0.045
0.035
0.048
0.038
0.041
0.035
0.66
74.25
0.63
85.20
0.91
60.70
`1.07
60.00
0.85
84.02
1.02
62.12
0.78
80.10
0.73
72.45
0.84
76.00
0.76
80.70
1.20
54.71
1.31
50.56
0.73
89.80
0.71
87.10
% Sand
%Clay
78
12
81
13
84
14
60
22
54
2
48
28
79
14
66
19
79
11
81
13
74
12
67
21
84
14
48
7
%Silt
10
18
44
24
15
10
14
12
45
Cr (mg/kg)
<0.00
1
0.556
<0.00
1
0.51
<0.00
1
0.596
<0.00
1
0.24
<0.00
1
0.781
<0.00
1
0.55
0.794
0.204
0.567
0.189
8.600
7.200
<0.00
1
0.647
<0.00
1
0.70
<0.00
1
0.633
<0.00
1
0.48
46.72
0.498
44.92
0.426
<0.00
1
0.634
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
48.22
0.386
<0.001
94.12
0.456
<0.00
1
0.671
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
64.92
0.286
<0.00
1
0.536
<0.00
1
0.32
60.68
0.336
<0.00
1
0.739
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
49.06
0.407
<0.00
1
0.647
<0.00
1
0.47
Fe (mg/kg)
Ni (mg/kg)
<0.00
1
0.731
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
69.38
0.419
<0.001
Pb (mg/kg)
<0.00
1
0.653
<0.00
1
0.49
113.48
0.421
87.24
0.248
3.557
0.283
1.738
0.398
54.3
0.568
91.46
0.488
V (mg/kg)
0.057
0.077
0.084
0.072
0.061
0.059
0.042
0.066
0.061
0.036
<0.001
<0.001
0.097
0.083
As (mg/kg)
<0.00
1
0.149
<0.00
1
0.024
<0.00
1
0.133
<0.00
1
0.084
<0.001
0.020
<0.001
0.051
<0.001
0.065
0.097
<0.00
1
0.178
<0.00
1
0.041
<0.00
1
0.122
<0.00
1
0.023
2.069
0.162
1.009
<0.00
1
0.135
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
2.600
0.203
1.269
<0.00
1
0.504
<0.00
1
0.009
5.935
0.464
2.896
<0.00
1
0.193
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
2.434
0.190
1.188
<0.00
1
0.473
<0.00
1
0.024
3.688
0.288
1.799
<0.00
1
0.186
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
4.154
0.325
2.027
<0.00
1
0.179
<0.00
1
0.008
Na (meq/kg)
K (meq/kg)
Ca (meq/kg)
<0.00
1
0.198
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
6.774
0.529
3.305
<0.001
Mn (mg/kg)
<0.00
1
0.150
<0.00
1
0.006
2.414
0.189
1.178
3.791
2.820
1.850
5.998
4.461
2.926
2.054
0.178
1.009
2.414
0.189
1.178
6.412
0.501
3.128
7.510
0.587
3.664
Cd (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
Zn (mg/kg)
Hg (mg/kg)
DPR
target
values
DPR
interventio
n values
100
380
0.8
12
85
530
35
210
29
55
140
0.3
720
10
133
SS 32
Mg (meq/kg)
Aliphatics
(meq/kg)
PAH
(meq/kg)
TPH (mg/kg)
SS 11
SS12
SS13
SS08
SS20
SS04
1.543
0.0809
4.100
0.0361
4.802
0.0695
2.358
0.1379
4.331
0.5570
3.795
1.3017
1.323
0.9076
2.656
0.2418
1.556
0.2447
1.662
0.1009
1.543
0.0524
0.2460
0.2322
1.254
0.0103
0.1171
0.0000
0.0418
0.0000
0.0288
0.0000
0.0378
0.0924
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.1573
0.0074
0.2550
0.5570
1.3434
0.9076
0.2706
0.2447
0.1387
0.1449
0.2460
0.2322
0.0111
0.0809
0.1934
0.0768
DPR
target
values
DPR
interventio
n values
50
5000
134
Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of sampling points around the

proposed PTF and FLB
The summary of the soil physicochemical properties of sampling points around the
proposed PTF and FLB is presented in Table 4.4j. Surface and subsurface samples at
seven stations (DPSS01, SS03, SS04, SS01, FLSS01, SS09 and SS10) represented this
area. The pH was acidic. TOC was high reflective of contributions of litter and humus. It
was predominantly sandy and porous suggestive of its undisturbed nature. Surface and
135
Table 4.4j: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of sampling points around the proposed PTF and FLB
DPSS01
0-15cm
SS03
SS04
SS01
1530cm
5.71
015cm
5.64
1530cm
4.50
0-15cm
0-15cm
4.48
1530cm
4.61
SS09
SS10
DPR
target
values
pH
4.42
1530cm
4.43
Electrical
Conductivit
y
Moisture
content (%)
TOC (%)
74.20
50.50
73.30
65.70
61.90
72.50
138.40
32.40
64.70
41.30
93.20
89.30
115.2
0
81.80
11.72
13.25
3.91
4.40
5.20
5.70
8.81
9.94
11.60
11.50
11.70
11.68
12.30
7.19
1.00
0.80
1.17
1.08
0.82
0.70
1.20
1.00
1.70
1.50
1.87
1.70
1.02
0.90
Phosphate
(mg/kg)
Sulphate
(mg/kg)
Redox
Potential
Hydrogen
Sulphide
(mg/kg)
Total
Hydrocarbo
n Content
(mg/kg)
Chloride
(mg/kg)
Nitrite
(mg/kg)
Nitrate
0.016
0.013
0.019
0.018
0.013
0.011
0.020
0.016
0.028
0.024
0.030
0.028
0.017
0.015
10.00
9.00
10.00
8.00
7.00
10.00
10.00
3.00
9.00
6.00
12.00
9.00
11.00
8.00
125.00
125.0
0
<0.00
1
128.0
0
<0.00
1
57.00
51.00
99.00
108.0
0
<0.00
1
108.0
0
<0.00
1
126.0
0
<0.00
1
56.00
87.00
<0.00
1
113.0
0
<0.00
1
100.00
<0.00
1
120.0
0
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
0.228
0.195
0.113
0.093
0.110
0.080
0.099
0.088
1.120
0.124
0.186
0.104
0.101
0.097
18.06
12.50
18.07
17.31
17.09
17.89
39.02
10.10
16.41
10.04
25.10
25.20
31.20
22.65
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.215
0.172
0.252
0.232
0.176
0.151
0.258
0.215
0.366
0.323
0.402
0.366
0.219
0.194
<0.001
015cm
4.37
FLSS0
1
<0.001
4.84
1530cm
4.71
015cm
4.71
1530cm
4.41
015cm
5.57
1530cm
5.06
<0.001
DPR
intervention
values
136
DPSS01
(mg/kg)
Nitrogen
(mg/kg)
Bulk
density
Porosity
SS03
SS04
SS01
FLSS0
1
SS09
SS10
DPR
target
values
DPR
intervention
values
0.050
0.040
0.059
0.054
0.041
0.035
0.060
0.050
0.085
0.075
0.094
0.085
0.051
0.045
1.00
0.92
0.84
0.88
0.73
0.71
0.84
0.86
0.94
0.81
0.73
0.88
0.72
0.93
68.90
85.40
75.20
70.50
89.80
87.10
84.00
75.10
73.68
82.45
72.45
82.30
72.43
75.62
% Sand
%Clay
79
11
82
11
78
16
77
18
84
14
48
7
77
8
79
11
21
20
21
20
4.71
93.20
4.41
89.30
5.06
81.80
%Silt
10
45
15
10
59
59
11.70
11.68
5.57
115.2
0
12.30
Cr (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.00
1
0.633
<0.00
1
0.48
0.90
100
380
0.030
12.00
0.028
9.00
0.017
11.00
0.015
8.00
0.8
12
85
530
96.62
86.44
54.3
91.46
0.339
0.273
0.268
0.568
0.488
151.20
0
0.233
124.9
4
0.322
81.66
Ni (mg/kg)
58.60
0
0.378
0.432
0.394
126.0
0
<0.00
1
0.104
87.00
62.04
108.0
0
<0.00
1
0.186
56.00
Fe (mg/kg)
<0.00
1
0.534
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
35.62
1.02
0.66
<0.00
1
0.547
<0.00
1
0.61
1.70
0.36
<0.00
1
0.647
<0.00
1
0.70
1.87
Pb (mg/kg)
<0.00
1
0.537
<0.00
1
0.37
<0.001
0.741
<0.001
<0.00
1
0.555
<0.00
1
0.31
<0.001
Cd (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
<0.00
1
0.734
<0.00
1
0.42
<0.00
1
0.101
<0.00
1
0.097
35
210
V (mg/kg)
0.049
0.040
0.064
0.046
0.097
0.083
0.049
0.068
0.063
0.057
25.10
25.20
31.20
22.65
As (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.00
1
0.223
<0.00
1
0.178
<0.00
1
0.122
<0.00
1
0.579
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
29
55
0.402
0.366
0.219
0.194
140
720
Hg (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.00
1
<0.00
<0.00
1
0.041
<0.00
1
0.023
<0.00
1
<0.00
0.094
0.085
0.051
0.045
0.3
10
0.013
<0.00
1
<0.00
<0.001
Mn
<0.00
1
<0.00
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.00
1
<0.00
<0.001
0.248
<0.00
1
0.228
<0.001
Zn (mg/kg)
<0.00
1
0.199
0.73
0.88
0.72
0.93
0.706
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.669
<0.001
0.16
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
7.19
137
DPSS01
(mg/kg)
Na
(meq/kg)
K (meq/kg)
Ca
(meq/kg)
Mg
(meq/kg)
Aliphatics
(meq/kg)
PAH
(meq/kg)
TPH
(mg/kg)
SS03
SS04
SS01
7.686
1
5.231
1
7.593
1
6.805
6.412
7.510
5.716
3.750
0.409
2.552
0.593
3.705
0.532
3.321
0.501
3.128
4.914
3.345
4.855
4.351
0.1572
0.136
0
0.003
4
0.139
4
0.147
4
0.012
7
0.160
0
0.061
2
0.000
0
0.061
2
0.0117
0.1689
FLSS0
1
15.380
1
3.601
0.587
3.664
10.662
7.291
4.100
4.802
0.036
1
0.157
3
0.193
4
0.069
5
0.007
4
0.076
8
SS09
SS10
7.190
1
4.278
75
74
68
72
2.496
1.707
4.985
1.481
3.182
3.260
19
6
20
6
13
20
12
16
9.834
2.302
4.597
2.735
75
74
68
72
0.4354
0.164
4
0.000
0
0.164
4
0.2727
0.106
5
0.000
0
0.106
5
0.307
5
0.351
6
0.659
1
0.485
4
0.005
6
0.491
0
1.291
9
0.032
4
1.324
3
0.484
0
0.000
0
0.484
0
0.1703
0.6057
0.0947
0.3674
DPR
target
values
DPR
intervention
values
50
5000
138
Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Samples around Ahia Manifold

flow station
In Table 4.4k, the summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Samples around
Ahia Manifold flow station is presented. The top and bottom sample in one station
(SS32) represented this area. The pH of both top and bottom soil were acidic. This is
characteristic of tropical soils. Low pH in tropical soils may be due to anionic and
cationic interactions and high degredation rates of litter as a result of high microbial
activity giving rise to increased organic acid production. The soil was predominantly
sandy and bottom soil was slightly sandier than top soil. This result was also evident in
porosity, a possible reflection of the high litter content in the top soils favouring more
organic matter decomposition, thereby decreasing the sandy nature of topsoil. The
moisture content for top soil was slightly greater than that of bottom soil but adequate for
soil productivity. TOC was greater in top soil than bottom soil, reflective of the higher
litter content of top soil. Surface and subsurface soil physicochemical (heavy metals and
Table 4.4k: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Samples around
Ahia Manifold flow station
SS32
pH
Electrical
Conductivity
Moisture
content (%)
TOC (%)
PO4 (mg/kg)
SO4 (mg/kg)
Redox
Potential
H2S (mg/kg)
THC (mg/kg)
Cl (mg/kg)
NO2 (mg/kg)
NO3 (mg/kg)
Nitrogen
(mg/kg)
Bulk density
Porosity
% Sand
%Clay
%Silt
Cr (mg/kg)
Cd (mg/kg)
0-15cm
4.30
15-30cm
4.95
35.60
65.40
15.69
11.02
0.98
0.016
5.00
0.58
0.009
9.00
131.00
<0.001
0.046
92.00
<0.001
0.048
9.50
0.01
0.211
14.30
0.01
0.125
0.049
0.66
0.029
0.63
74.25
78
85.20
81
12
13
10
<0.001
0.653
6
<0.001
0.556
DPR target values
DPR
intervention
values
100
0.8
380
12
139
SS32
Cu (mg/kg)
Pb (mg/kg)
Fe (mg/kg)
Ni (mg/kg)
V (mg/kg)
As (mg/kg)
Zn (mg/kg)
Hg (mg/kg)
Mn (mg/kg)
Na (meq/kg)
K (meq/kg)
Ca (meq/kg)
Mg (meq/kg)
Aliphatics
(meq/kg)
PAH (meq/kg)
TPH (mg/kg)
DPR target values
DPR
intervention
values
0-15cm
15-30cm
<0.001
0.49
60.68
<0.001
0.51
94.12
85
530
0.336
0.456
35
210
0.057
<0.001
0.150
<0.001
0.006
3.688
0.288
1.799
2.358
0.077
<0.001
0.198
<0.001
<0.001
6.774
0.529
3.305
4.331
29
140
0.3
55
720
10
0.1379
0.1171
0.2550
0.5570
0.0000
0.5570
Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Samples around project zone of

influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities)
In Table 4.4l the summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Samples around
project zone of influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) is
presented. The top and bottom sample in seven stations (SS34, SS11, SS12, SS03, SS04,
SS05 and SSC02) represented this area. The pH of both top and bottom soils were acidic.
This is characteristic of tropical soils. The soil was predominantly sandy. This result was
also evident in porosity, a possible reflection of the high litter content in the top soils
favouring more organic matter decomposition, thereby decreasing the sandy nature of
topsoil. Top and bottom soil physicochemical (heavy metals and organics) parameters
140
Table 4.4l: Summary of the soil physicochemical properties of Samples around project zone of influence (12 15km radius outside the
pipelines and facilities)
SS34
SS11
SS12
SS03
SS04
SS5
SSC02
015cm
4.23
1530cm
4.36
015cm
4.55
1530cm
4.51
015cm
4.66
1530cm
4.58
015cm
4.37
1530cm
5.71
015cm
5.64
1530cm
4.50
015cm
4.53
1530cm
4.67
015cm
4.95
1530cm
5.13
Electrical
Conductivity
Moisture
content (%)
TOC (%)
55.60
48.70
57.30
19.97
40.10
23.50
73.30
65.70
61.90
72.50
42.50
61.10
47.30
53.10
17.25
6.08
10.70
14.92
16.50
15.00
3.91
4.40
5.20
5.70
10.20
9.40
11.00
16.00
0.70
0.66
0.24
0.30
1.10
0.60
1.17
1.08
0.82
0.70
0.30
0.60
0.20
0.15
PO4 (mg/kg)
SO4 (mg/kg)
Redox
Potential
H2S (mg/kg)
THC (mg/kg)
Cl (mg/kg)
0.011
7.00
90.00
0.011
6.00
133.00
0.004
9.00
116.00
0.005
2.00
119.00
0.018
5.00
111.00
0.010
2.00
116.00
0.019
10.00
128.00
0.018
8.00
57.00
0.013
7.00
51.00
0.011
10.00
120.00
0.005
5.00
118.00
0.010
6.00
110.00
0.014
6.00
82.00
0.007
5.00
116.00
<0.001
0.047
14.07
<0.001
0.045
12.06
<0.001
0.120
12.45
<0.001
0.101
5.40
<0.001
0.108
10.55
<0.001
0.096
6.05
<0.001
0.113
18.07
<0.001
0.093
17.31
<0.001
0.110
17.09
<0.001
0.080
17.89
<0.001
0.112
12.50
<0.001
0.128
15.03
<0.001
0.042
10.91
<0.001
0.037
12.30
NO2 (mg/kg)
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO3 (mg/kg)
Nitrogen
(mg/kg)
Bulk density
Porosity
0.151
0.035
0.142
0.033
0.052
0.012
0.065
0.015
0.237
0.055
0.129
0.030
0.252
0.059
0.232
0.054
0.176
0.041
0.151
0.035
0.065
0.015
0.129
0.030
0.183
0.043
0.097
0.023
0.63
85.20
0.64
71.09
0.91
60.70
`1.07
60.00
0.85
84.02
1.02
62.12
0.84
75.20
0.88
70.50
0.73
89.80
0.71
87.10
0.67
86.40
0.96
68.25
0.63
89.40
0.70
82.40
% Sand
%Clay
58
40
89
10
84
14
60
22
54
2
48
28
78
16
77
18
84
14
48
7
81
13
66
11
65
32
78
20
18
44
24
45
23
<0.001
0.596
<0.001
<0.001
0.781
<0.001
<0.001
0.731
<0.001
<0.001
0.739
<0.001
<0.001
0.555
<0.001
<0.001
0.537
<0.001
<0.001
0.647
<0.001
<0.001
0.633
<0.001
<0.001
0.733
<0.001
<0.001
0.685
<0.001
<0.001
0.589
<0.001
<0.001
0.775
<0.001
pH
%Silt
Cr (mg/kg)
Cd (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
<0.001
0.569
<0.001
<0.001
0.634
<0.001
DPR
target
values
DPR
intervention
values
100
0.8
380
12
141
SS34
SS11
SS12
SS03
SS04
SS5
SSC02
DPR
target
values
DPR
intervention
values
Pb (mg/kg)
015cm
0.45
1530cm
0.58
015cm
0.24
1530cm
0.55
015cm
<0.001
1530cm
<0.001
015cm
0.31
1530cm
0.37
015cm
0.70
1530cm
0.48
015cm
0.68
1530cm
0.23
015cm
<0.01
1530cm
0.19
85
530
Fe (mg/kg)
Ni (mg/kg)
65.000
0.246
31.04
0.340
46.72
0.498
44.92
0.426
69.38
0.419
49.06
0.407
58.600
0.378
86.44
0.268
54.3
0.568
91.46
0.488
77.36
0.462
53.08
0.291
7.02
0.258
9.12
0.489
35
210
V (mg/kg)
0.042
0.058
0.084
0.072
0.061
0.059
0.064
0.046
0.097
0.083
0.078
0.049
0.044
0.083
As (mg/kg)
Zn (mg/kg)
<0.001
0.162
<0.001
0.149
<0.001
0.149
<0.001
0.133
<0.001
0.186
<0.001
0.193
<0.001
0.228
<0.001
0.223
<0.001
0.178
<0.001
0.122
<0.001
0.148
<0.001
0.198
<0.001
0.132
<0.001
0.139
29
140
55
720
Hg (mg/kg)
Mn (mg/kg)
Na (meq/kg)
K (meq/kg)
Ca (meq/kg)
Mg (meq/kg)
Aliphatics
(meq/kg)
PAH (meq/kg)
TPH (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.001
5.759
0.450
2.810
3.682
0.5144
<0.001
<0.001
5.045
0.394
2.461
3.225
0.1996
<0.001
0.024
5.935
0.464
2.896
3.795
1.3017
<0.001
0.084
2.069
0.162
1.009
1.323
0.9076
<0.001
<0.001
4.154
0.325
2.027
2.656
0.2418
<0.001
<0.001
2.434
0.190
1.188
1.556
0.2447
<0.001
<0.001
7.593
0.593
3.705
4.855
0.1474
<0.001
<0.001
6.805
0.532
3.321
4.351
0.0612
<0.001
0.041
6.412
0.501
3.128
4.100
0.0361
<0.001
0.023
7.510
0.587
3.664
4.802
0.0695
<0.001
0.078
4.402
0.344
2.148
2.815
0.4817
<0.001
0.045
6.329
0.494
3.088
4.047
0.2285
<0.001
0.079
4.900
0.383
2.391
2.620
0.3907
<0.001
0.073
5.500
0.430
2.684
2.941
1.0283
0.3
10
0.0415
0.5559
0.0000
0.1996
0.0418
1.3434
0.0000
0.9076
0.0288
0.2706
0.0000
0.2447
0.0127
0.1600
0.0000
0.0612
0.1573
0.1934
0.0074
0.0768
0.1079
0.5896
0.0162
0.2447
0.0000
0.3907
0.0000
1.0283
50
5000
142
Comparison of the physicochemical properties of the study area and the control
stations
In Table 4.4m a comparison of the physicochemical properties of the study area and the
control stations is presented. Both study area and control were acidic. The electrical
conductivity was high, with higher values found in top soil for both study area and
control. The moisture content was similar for both study area and control, with very little
apparent variation between top and bottom soils. However TOC was apparently higher in
study area than in control, suggesting higher litter and humus content in study areas than
control soils. Both soils were predominantly sandy with study area soil less sandy than
the control areas. Porosity values were similar for both sample types. Top and bottom soil
physicochemical (heavy metals and organics) parameters were all within DPR target and
intervention values. The soil was relatively pristine with regards to heavy metals and
organics.
Table 4.4m: Comparison of the physicochemical properties of the study area and
the control stations
Parameters
pH
Electrical
Conductivity
Moisture
content (%)
TOC (%)
PO4 (mg/kg)
SO4 (mg/kg)
Redox
Potential
H2S (mg/kg)
THC (mg/kg)
Cl (mg/kg)
NO2 (mg/kg)
NO3 (mg/kg)
Nitrogen
(mg/kg)
Bulk density
Porosity
% Sand
%Clay
%Silt
Cr (mg/kg)
Cd (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
Pb (mg/kg)
Study area
Control
0 15cm
4.720.44
71.7332.83
15 30cm
4.740.36
54.1125.17
0 15cm
4.830.24
71.7729.00
15 -30cm
4.690.38
58.7221.87
11.325.09
11.054.66
9.701.46
11.783.71
0.980.40
0.020.006
8.232.97
103.7325.3
3
<0.001
0.160.21
18.769.23
0.010.01
0.210.09
0.050.02
0.820.38
0.013440.006083
6.563.015
106.5619.77
0.500.26
0.010.002
7.334.16
96.3317.61
0.430.25
0.01 0.002
6.67 4.73
100 29.46
<0.001
0.110.08
13.836.54
0.0070.01
0.180.08
0.0420.02
<0.001
0.0410.02
19.608.37
0.010.01
0.170.02
0.0360.01
<0.001
0.048 0.031
15.23 6.98
0.0030.006
0.11 0.02
0.030.004
0.850.15
0.82869570.1633
82
75.9910.90
57.3024.96
20.96420.54
22.5820.04
1.30.57
0.590.19
5.734.82
10.9132.40
0.760.25
0.81 0.14
77.1812.31
73.3316.20
2012.53
6.678.14
<0.001
0.700.10
<0.001
4.565.15
73.44 8.22
6818.19
22.67 7.37
9.33 11.02
<0.001
0.73 0.04
<0.001
0.6 0.58
75.3810.73
62.6326.08
22.1725.80
17.4419.08
1.450.60
0.610.19
7.736.54
7.9424.71
DPR
target
levels
DPR
intervention
levels
100
0.8
380
12
85
530
143
Parameters
Study area
Fe (mg/kg)
0 15cm
74.7236.25
15 30cm
76.8932.55
0 15cm
42.4967.19
0.380.12
2.317.83
0.030.02
0.220.13
0.070.03
0.120.24
11.9317.92
3.505.14
3.863.69
9.8018.73
0.400.45
0.360.12
2.056.75
0.0110.009
0.230.14
0.0650.028284
0.170.33
10.6718.93
2.244.47
3.352.97
9.03719.75
0.340.34
0.30.11
0.0450.001
<0.001
0.120.024
<0.001
0.0580.021
5.631.30
1.892.64
2.520.81
3.351.05
0.520.56
15 -30cm
66.93107.8
7
0.390.09
0.080.009
<0.001
0.09 0.07
<0.001
0.054 0.03
3.67 2.32
1.21 1.65
1.751.16
2.26 1.10
0.77 0.62
0.080.08
0.0110.02
0 0
0.480.05
0.350.34
0.520.56
0.770.62
Ni (mg/kg)
V (mg/kg)
As (mg/kg)
Zn (mg/kg)
Hg (mg/kg)
Mn (mg/kg)
Na (meq/kg)
K (meq/kg)
Ca (meq/kg)
Mg (meq/kg)
Aliphatics
(meq/kg)
PAH
(meq/kg)
TPH (mg/kg)
Control
DPR
target
levels
DPR
intervention
levels
35
210
29
140
0.3
55
720
10
50
5000
4.4.4.2: Soil Microbiology

The microbiology of the soil of AN-OH project was studied in two seasons (wet and dry),
over ten year period (2003-2012) covering two soil strata (surface and subsurface). The
results of the soil microbiology is summarized and presented in Table 4.4n. During the
dry season, total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) ranged from 1.3 2.9 x 105 cfu/g in 2003
to 1.6 600 x 107 cfu/g in 2009 at the soil surface. Whereas at the subsurface, THB
ranged from 0.12 8.8 x 104 cfu/g in 2007 to 1.6 650 x 107 cfu/g in 2009. The results
show that THB population in the dry season is increasing over the years in both soils
surface and subsurface. THB was higher in the surface than in the subsurface in 2003,
whereas in 2007, it was slightly higher at the subsurface. During the wet season, THB
ranged was 2.3 17 x 106 cfu/ml in 2003, 5.5 242 x 104 cfu/g in 2006, 1.7 600 x 107
cfu/g in 2009 and 0.08 3.2 x 104 cfu/g in 2012 at the soil surface. At the subsurface,
during the wet season, THB was 2.80 532 x 104 cfu/g in 2006, 1.5 670 x 107 cfu/g in
2009 and 0.08 7.2 x 104 cfu/g in 2012. THB was generally higher in the wet season
than dry season. This might be due to improved soil physicochemical environment
parameters such as moisture, air and nutrients.
144
Table 4.4n: Population density of microorganisms in the Soil of Assa North Field
Parameter
Soil Level
Total
Heterotrophic
Bacteria (cfu x
104)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing bacteria
(cfu x 104)
Surface
Subsurface
Subsurface
0 .1
0.23
-
Total Fungi (cfu

x 104)
Surface
10 - 21
Subsurface
Surface
0.02
0.18
-
Hydrocarbon
utilizing Fungi.
(cfu x104)
Surface
Subsurface
2003
(Dry
Season)
13 - 29
-
2009 (Dry Season)
2009 (Wet Season)
2012
(wet
Season)
0.14 - 5.2
0.12 - 8.80
1600 - 600000
1600 650000
1700 600000
1500 670000
0.08 - 3.20
0.08 - 7.20
0.12 - 3.00
0.11 - 2.07
0.12 - 3.11
0.07 - 2.43
0.07 - 2.13
1.3 200
1.2 230
0.08 - 2.42
0.31 - 3.3
0.23
6.20
0.06
3.44
0.08 0.
86
0.02 0.7
0 0.06
0.04 - 2.10
0.04 - 1.26
1.3 210
-
1.4 210
-
0.03 - 3.12
0.05 - 1.31
0 0.0 36
0.03 - 1.05
0.03 - 1.08
2003 (wet
Season)
2004
230- 1700
-
0.4- 6.2
16 - 3700
2006
(Wet
Season)
5.5 - 242
2.80
532
2007
Season)
(Dry
145
THB was general higher in the subsoil than the surface. This trend is however unusual,
perhaps it might have been caused by tillage during farming.
In soil surface, Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria (HUB) was 0.1 0.23 x 104 cfu/g in 2003
and 0.12 3.0 x 104 cfu/g in 2007 in the dry season, whereas in the wet season, it was 0.4
6.2 x 104 cfu/g in 2003, 0.23 6.20 x 104 cfu/g in 2006 and 0.11 2.07 x 104 cfu/g in
2012. At the subsurface, HUB was 0.12 3.11 x 104 cfu/g in 2007 in the dry season,
whereas during the wet season, it ranged from 0.06 -3.44 x 104 cfu/g in 2006, 0.12 3.11
x 104 cfu/g in 2007, and 0.07 2.43 x 104 cfu/g in 2012. In both seasons and soil strata,
HUB accounted for 0.1 100% of the THB, indicating that the study area is exposed to
hydrocarbons. The predominant microbial genera encountered in the soil of the study
area include Klebsiella, Bacillus, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Flavobacterium,
Pseudomonas and Serratia. Many of these bacteria are hydrocarbon utilizers.
During the dry season, Total Fungi (TF) was 1.0 2.1 x 105 cfu/g in 2003, 0.07 2.13 x
104 cfu/g in 2007 and 1.3 200 x 104 cfu/g in 2009 at the soil surface. At the subsurface,
TF was 0.07 2.13 x 104 cfu/g in 2007 and 1.3 200 x 104 cfu/g in 2009. During the wet
season, TF was 1.6 370 x 105 cfu/g in 2003, 8.0 86 x 102 cfu/g in 2006, 1.2 230 x
104 cfu/g in 2009 and 8.0 - 242 x 102 cfu/g in 2012 at soil surface and was 2.0 70 x 102
cfu/g in 2006, 1.4 210 x 104 cfu/g in 2009 and 3.0 312 x 102 cfu/g in 2012 at the
subsurface. During the dry season, hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (HUF) was quite scanty in
the range of 2.0 18 x 102 cfu/g in 2003, and 4.0 126 x 102 cfu/g in 2007 at the surface
and 3.0 105 x 102 cfu/g at the subsurface. In the wet season, HUF was 3.1 33 x 103
cfu/g in 2003, 0 6 x 102 cfu/g in 2006, and 5 131 x 102 cfu/g in 2012 at the surface,
whereas at the subsurface, HUF was 0 3.6 x 102 cfu/g. Hence, HUF accounted for 0.1
1.0 % of the TF indicating that the area is exposed to hydrocarbons. The predominant
fungal isolates were Mucor, Candida, Aspergillus, Cladosporum and Penicillium.
Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of the proposed effluent discharge
point
A summary of the soil microbiological parameters of the proposed effluent discharge
point is presented in Table 4.4o. The results below indicate high microbial activity within
this sample station. The low percentage HUB values indicate low exposure of resident
microbial flora to hydrocarbons of petroleum origin supporting the pristine conlusion
derived from the physicochemical observation.
Table 4.4o: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of the proposed effluent
discharge point
DPSS01
0-15cm
6
Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (cfu x 10 )

4
Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (cfu x 10 )

Total Fungi (cfu x 104)
15-30cm
0.59
3.19
1.22
0.21
2.01
0.20
146
DPSS01
3
Hydrocarbon utilizing Fungi. (cfu x10 )
0.34
1.14
%HUB
2.07
0.06
%HUF
16.19
57
Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of 2006 Appraisal well drilling

location, mothballed Assa flow station and engineered storage basin
In Table 4.4p the summary of the soil microbiological parameters of 2006 Appraisal well
drilling location and mothballed Assa flow station and engineered storage basin is
presented. The results below indicate high microbial activity within this sample stations.
The low percentage HUB values indicate low exposure of resident microbial flora to
hydrocarbons of petroleum origin supporting the pristine conlusion derived from the
physicochemical observation.
Table 4.4p: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of 2006 Appraisal well
drilling location and mothballed Assa flow station and engineered storage basin
APSS01
0-15cm
BTSS01
15-30cm
0-15cm
Total
Heterotrophic
Bacteria (cfu x
106)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing bacteria
(cfu x 104)
Total
Fungi
(cfu x 104)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing Fungi.
(cfu x103)
%HUB
0.53
2.38
0.35
%HUF
7.08
4.1
BT01
15-30cm
0.2m
1.0m
1.5m
2.0m
0.79
0.13
1.22
1.78
0.09
0.74
2.92
2.19
0.42
0.31
0.43
0.99
2.37
1.21
0.93
1.15
0.48
0.24
1.00
0.13
0.25
0.37
0.56
0.32
0.34
0.12
0.41
0.51
1.01
0.15
0.10
0.14
0.56
26.33
1.64
0.32
0.53
39.23
40.4
4.05
1.79
4.38
Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Samples around Relevant

facilities (third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)
A summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Samples around Relevant facilities
(third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003) is presented in Table 4.4q.
The results below indicate high microbial activity within these sample stations. The
vertical variation in the microbiological parameters was minimal. The percentage HUB
was <1%, suggesting low exposure to petroleum hydrocarbon indicating the pristine
nature of the environment.
147
Table 4.4q: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Samples around

Relevant facilities (third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)
SS29
SS30
0-15cm
15-30cm
0-15cm
15-30cm
Total Heterotrophic
Bacteria (cfu x 106)
Hydrocarbon utilizing
bacteria (cfu x 104)
Total Fungi (cfu x
104)
Hydrocarbon utilizing
Fungi. (cfu x103)
%HUB
4.70
5.12
4.51
4.62
1.08
0.43
1.41
1.13
0.52
0.63
0.61
0.73
0.52
0.11
1.02
0.40
0.23
0.08
0.31
0.24
%HUF
10
1.75
1.7E-36
5.48
Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of sampling station around SPDC

wells
Table 4.4r presents a summary of the soil microbiological parameters of sampling station
around SPDC wells. The results indicate high microbial activity within these sample
stations, however sample station SS08 showed a slightly lower THB count when
compared to other stations. Probably these low values at this station may be due to
previous exposure to high concentration of hydrocarbon, resulting in toxicity effects
(reduction in population). However physiochemical analysis does not show increased
hydrocarbon concentrations at this station when compared to others. This observation is
reflected in the higher percentage HUB in this station compared to other stations. Other
stations showed percentage HUB levels of less than one percent, suggesting little
exposure to hydrocarbons of petroleum origin.
148
Table 4.4r: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of sampling station around SPDC wells
SS 32
0-15cm
SS SS
11
0-15cm
SS12
0-15cm
2.03
1530cm
3.16
SS13
SS08
0-15cm
0.90
1530cm
0.84
2.42
1530cm
3.12
SS20
1.52
1530cm
1.97
0.75
0.69
1.83
2.04
2.07
1.95
1.98
1.57
0.47
0.91
0.21
0.14
0.67
0.53
1.21
0.22
0.51
0.67
0.30
0.32
0.77
0.32
0.23
0.79
0.26
0.13
0.19
0.32
0.35
0.41
0.21
0.90
1.31
0.45
0.33
0.51
0.76
1.03
0.05
0.09
0.43
0.37
0.50
5.88
11.375
0.12
0.17
0.32
0.69
15.94
33.04
13.038
1.92
6.92
22.63
11.56
Total
Heterotrophic
Bacteria (cfu/g x
106)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing bacteria
(cfu/g x 104)
Total
Fungi
4
(cfu/g x 10 )
Hydrocarbon
utilizing Fungi.
(cfu/g x103)
%HUB
0.49
0.35
0.90
0.65
2.3
2.32
0.82
%HUF
2.89
18.64
4.11
13.43
43.67
14.06
4.29
0-15cm
15-30cm
0-15cm
0.08
0.08
SS04
0-15cm
1.76
1530cm
0.83
2.08
1530cm
0.78
149
Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Sampling point around the

proposed for PTF and FLB
Table 4.4s presents a summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Sampling point
around the proposed for PTF and FLB. The results indicate high microbial activity within
these sample stations, however sample stations SS09 and SS10 showed a lower THB
count when compared to other stations (DPSS01, SS03, SS04, SS01 and FLSS01).
Probably these low values at these stations once again may be due to previous exposure
to high concentration of hydrocarbon, resulting in toxicity effects (reduction in
population). This observation is reflected in the higher percentage HUB in these stations
compared to others. Other stations showed percentage HUB levels of less than one
percent, suggesting little exposure to hydrocarbons of petroleum origin. However
physiochemical analysis did not support this observation. DPR target and intervention
values for organics were much higher than the values observed in the soil suggesting its
pristine nature.
150
Table 4.4s: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Sampling point around the proposed for PTF and FLB
DPSS01
0-15cm
SS03
0-15cm
0.59
1530cm
3.19
1.22
SS04
0-15cm
0.78
1530cm
3.18
2.01
1.79
0.21
0.20
0.34
1.14
SS01
0-15cm
2.08
1530cm
0.78
2.43
0.67
0.22
0.67
0.13
0.21
FLSS01
SS09
0-15cm
2.14
1530cm
1.02
0.52
1530cm
0.24
0.53
1.05
0.97
1.69
0.19
0.32
0.72
0.26
0.43
0.37
0.37
0.75
0-15cm
SS10
0-15cm
0.08
1530cm
0.08
0.08
1530cm
0.08
0.97
1.63
0.95
1.33
1.10
0.32
0.48
0.15
0.23
0.31
0.24
0.63
0.59
0.31
0.63
0.73
0.14
Total
Heterotrophic
Bacteria (cfu/g x
106)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing bacteria
(cfu/g x 104)
Total
Fungi
(cfu/g x 104)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing Fungi.
(cfu/g x103)
%HUB
2.07
0.63
2.29
0.76
0.32
0.68
0.49
0.95
3.25
4.04
20.38
11.88
16.63
13.75
%HUF
16.19
57
5.91
3.13
22.63
11.56
5.14
28.85
19.69
12.29
20.67
27.39
23.55
5.83
151
Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Sampling Station SS32 within

Ahia Manifold flow station.
Table 4.4t presents a summary of the soil microbiological parameters of sampling station
SS32 within Ahia Manifold flow station. The microbological parameters were
characteristic of the soils within the study area. THB and TF populations were adequate
to sustain soil productivity. Percentage HUB populations were low, or less than one
percent, suggesting little or historic exposure to hydrocarbons of petroleum origin.
Physiochemical analysis shows that organics related to hydrocarbons are much lower
than DPR targets and intervention levels, indicating the pristine nature of the soil.
Table 4.4t: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Sampling Station
SS32 within Ahia Manifold flow station.
SS32
0-15cm
6
15-30cm
Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (cfu/g x 10 )

Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (cfu/g x 104)
Total Fungi (cfu/g x 104)
1.52
0.75
1.21
1.97
0.69
0.22
Hydrocarbon utilizing Fungi. (cfu/g x103)
0.35
0.41
%HUB
0.49
0.35
%HUF
2.89
18.64
Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Samples around project zone of

The summary of the soil microbiological parameters of samples around project zone of
influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) is presented in Table
4.4u The microbiological parameters in these stations were consistent in population with
those of similar environments in the Niger Delta. Percentage HUB populations were less
than than one percent, suggesting probable little or no exposure to petroluem
hydrocarbons.
152
Table 4.4u: Summary of the soil microbiological parameters of Samples around project zone of influence (12 15km radius outside
the pipelines and facilities)
SS34
0-15cm
SS11
0-15cm
2.04
1530cm
2.37
1.43
SS12
0-15cm
2.03
1530cm
3.16
1.51
1.83
0.11
0.55
0.74
1.05
SS03
0-15cm
0.90
1530cm
0.84
2.04
2.07
0.51
0.67
0.21
0.90
SS04
0-15cm
0.78
1530cm
3.18
1.95
1.79
0.30
0.32
1.31
0.45
SS5
0-15cm
2.08
1530cm
0.78
2.43
0.67
0.22
0.67
0.13
0.21
SSc2
0-15cm
0.67
1530cm
2.18
0.03
1530cm
0.00
0.53
1.44
1.67
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.32
0.23
0.54
0.01
0.00
0.43
0.37
0.43
0.36
0.00
0.00
Total
Heterotrophic
Bacteria
(cfu/g x 106)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing
bacteria
(cfu/g x 104)
Total Fungi
(cfu/g x 104)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing
Fungi. (cfu/g
x103)
%HUB
0.70
0.64
0.90
0.65
2.3
2.32
2.29
0.76
0.32
0.68
2.15
0.77
0.33
%HUF
67.27
19.09
4.12
13.43
43.667
14.06
5.91
3.13
22.63
11.56
18.70
6.67
153
Comparison of the soil microbiological parameters of the study area and the control
stations
A comparison of the soil microbiological parameters of the study area and the control
stations is presented in Table 4.4r. The THB of the study area was apparently greater than
that of the control. Similar results were obtained in HUB, HUF and TF populations; the
percentage of HUB was low suggesting probable low or no exposure to petroleum
hydrocarbons.
Table 4.4r: Comparison of the soil microbiological parameters of the study area and
the control stations
Parameters
Total Heterotrophic
Bacteria (cfu x 106)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing
bacteria
(cfu x 104)
Total Fungi (cfu x
104)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing
Fungi.
4
(cfu x10 )
%HUB
%HUF
Study area
0 15cm
1.501.17
15 30cm
1.871.46
Control
0 15cm
0.150.20
15 -30cm
0.71.21
1.230.57
1.250.69
0.240.40
0.270.47
0.430.32
0.400.21
0.250.42
0.200.35
0.490.33
0.520.33
0.040.08
0.040.06
0.82
11.40
0.67
13
1.6
1.6
0.39
2
Comparison of the soil microbiological parameters of Wet and Dry season

In Table 4.4s a comparison of the soil microbiological parameters of Wet and Dry season
is presented. THB, TF, HUB and HUF populations were slighty higher in the dry season
than the wet season, though may not be statistically significant. The percentage HUB was
less than one percent suggesting probable low or no exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons.
Table 4.5: Comparison of the soil microbiological parameters of Wet and Dry
season
Parameters
(cfu/g x 106)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing
4
bacteria (cfu/g x 10 )
Total Fungi (cfu/g x 104)
Hydrocarbon
utilizing
Fungi. (cfu/g x103)
%HUB
%HUF
Wet season (2012)

0 15cm
15 30cm
0.830.95
1.290.83
Dry season (2007)

0 15cm
15 -30cm
2.673.58
4.466.14
0.740.70
0.760.69
1.562.04
1.6152.11
0.340.13
0.270.32
0.30.14
0.280.34
1.11.46
0.650.86
1.071.46
0.540.72
0.89
7.94
0.59
9.33
0.58
5.91
0.36
5.05
154
4.4.5: Land use

The land use and land cover of the zone of influence (ZOI) (Fig. 4.5a) was studied using
Geographical Information Systems and Remote Sensing (GIS/RS) methodology. Satellite
images covering three epochs were obtained, namely, Landsat TM (1986), Spot IV
(1999) and Landsat ETM (2007). The zone of influence (ZOI) of the AN-OH project
covers 719.84 sq km. Of this, forests comprising of riparian and secondary forests
accounted for 73.7%, sparse vegetation 14.69%, bare soil 5.24%, farmland 4.63%,
settlement 1.29%, and rivers accounted for the remaining 0.47% in 2007 (Fig. 4.5b),
which approximates the present condition. During the study period, land use changes
occurred in the study area (Fig. 4.5c). Secondary forest (forest II) is the dominant land
use type. The area occupied by secondary forest was 283.05 sq km in 1986, increased to
436.47 sq km in 1999 and decreased to 319.46 sq km in 2007. The area covered by
riparian forest followed the same pattern, being 204.97 sq km in 1986, decreased to
116.01 sq km in 1999 sq km and increased to 210.93 sq km in 2007. Sparse vegetation
followed similar pattern, covering 164.14 sq km in 1986, 70.62 sq km in 1999 and 105.75
sq km in 2007. Farmland size had inverse relationship with riparian forest, secondary
forest and sparse vegetation. Farmland coverage was 62.17 sq km in 1988, which
increased to 87.2 sq km in 1999 and decreased to 33.33 sq km in 2007. The area occupied
by bare soil increased over the period, it was 1.29 sq km in 1986, 5.417 sq km in 1999
and 37.69 sq km in 2007, and hence, bare soil will likely continue to increase over the
years due to anthropogenic influences. The area occupied by settlements (rural and
industrial including oil and gas activities) is also increasing; it occupied 2.85 sq km in
1986, decreased slightly to 2.13 sq km in 1999 and increased to 9.29 sq km in 2007.
Rivers occupied the least size in the study area. Rivers occupied 1.37 sq km in 1986,
increased to 1.99 sq km in 1999 and further increased to 3.39 sq km in 2007. This trend is
expected to continue to increase in size in the coming years due to erosion and sand
winning activities in the area.
155
Fig. 4.5a: Satellite imagery covering the study area
156
sq km
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2007
1999
1986
Fig. 4.5b: Land use changes in the study area

1986
1999
2007
Fig. 4.5c: Land use and land cover classification of the study area
157
4.4.6: Vegetation
This subsection of the vegetation covers pipelines, facilities (exisiting and proposed) and
study. The facilities data in this component is gathered from sample stations around the
2006 Appraisal well drilling location, mothballed Assa flow station and engineered
storage basin, SPDC wells, the proposed effluent discharge point, relevant third party
facilities, the proposed PTF and FLB sites and the Ahia Manifold flow station.
The vegetation of an area constitutes the totality of the plants in that area. Vegetation is
one of the most important expressions of the health of an environment as it epitomizes
climatic and edaphic conditions. Vegetation further reflects the level of human
interference with nature and its state in many situations reflects the level of human wellbeing. Humans rely on vegetation for sustenance, deriving food, medicines and cultural
objects from plants. Regulation of water quality and balance in soil and air as well as
playing a role in climate are some of the attributes that make vegetation a valued
environemtal component. The vegetation of the zone of influence assumes importance
both as indicator of the status of the environment and as natural resource base, since
human inhabitants of the localities, based on their level of economic development,
depend on plants for various aspects of their daily lives.
The project area falls into the Tropical Rainforest belt of Nigeria, with pockets of fresh
water Swamp Forests (Wetlands) occurring within Plates 4.6a and 4.6b The rainfall in
this belt is high (2,484 mm) and the sunshine moderate, guaranteeing an average photo
period of about 8 hrs per day (Mabogunje, 1976). This situation has afforded this
vegetation zone luxuriant growth of trees that tower to about 20m and above. The various
uses of natural vegetation include land conservation, moderation of climate, wildlife
protection, conservation of rare plant species, watershed protection and improvement of
soil fertility.
Plate 4.6a: Swamp forest vegetation
Plate 4.6b: Swamp riparian vegetation
158
Species Composition of Ecological communities (endangered ecological communities

and regionally significant communities)
Common tree species in a pristine situation are characterized by the following
community: Canarium schweinfurthii, Lovoa trichilioides, Milicia excelsa, Pterocarpus
osun, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Albizia zygia, Alstonia boonei, Chrisophyllum albidum,
Antians africana, Vitex fermgenea, Anthocleista vogelli, Terminalia ivorensis, Terminalia
superba, Triplochiton scleroxylon and allied species (Etukudo, 2003).
Understorey shrubs community is dominated by Diospyros spp, Capolobia lutea,
Harrungana madagescariensis, Anthonota macrophylla, Baphia nitida, Napoleona
vogelii, Macaranga barteri, Alchornea cordifolia, and Measobotrya ducenii. Lianas are
mostly Longchocarpus laxiflorus, Paulinia pinnata, Momodica spp. Gnetum africana,
Locosperma secondiflorum and Calamus spp (Etukudo, 2003).
The present assessment has revealed that most of the species that dominated the
ecosystem in its pristine nature are no longer common. The inventories of plant species
encountered in the area are as detailed in Tables 4.6a to 4.6k. Over the years, most of
these prime species have been removed especially with the developmental trend of
Nigeria and due to poor land use management. The vegetation has been reduced to a
secondary situation with few species reminiscent of the old forest composition. Common
species today are Pycnanthus angolensis, Anthocleista vogelli, Pentaclethra macrophylla,
Pterocurpus osun, Pterocarpus milbredii, Dialum gineense, Amphimas pterocarpioides,
Alchonea cordifolia, Acioa barteri Anthonota macrophylla, Milletia thoningii, Baphia
nitida, Vitex ferugenea, Phyllanthus discoideus, and Chromolaena odorata.
1
2
3
4
Dracaena mannii
Spondias mombin
Mangifera indica
Cleistopholis partens
Agravaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Annonaceae
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Funtumia elastica
Alstonia boonei
Newbouldia laevis
Spathodea campanulata
Bombax bonopozense
Ceiba pentandra
Dacryodes edulis
Canarium schweinfurthii
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bombacaceae
Bombacaceae
Buseraceae
Buseraceae
Odo (Ibo)
Isikere (Ibo)
Mango
Ojo (Ibo), salt or oil
tree
Mbu (Ibo)
Egbu (Ibo)
Ogirisi (Ibo)
Imi ewu (Ibo)
Cotton tree
Cotton tree
Pear tree
False walnut
159
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
Table 4.6a: Plant Species List - Trees
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Dialium guineense
Staudtia stipitata
Terminalia ivorensis
Terminalia superba
Canthium spp
Uapaca staudtii
Heavea brasilliensis
Phyllanthus physocarpus
Macaranga barteri
Ricinodendron heudelotii
Symphonia globulifera
Allanblakia floribunda
Irvingia gabonensis
Klainedoxa gabonensis
Anthocleista vogelii
Anthocleista djalonensis
Caraoa oricera
Azadirachta indica
Albizia gummifera
Albizia lebbeck
Albiia zygia
Leucaena leucocephala
Antiaris Africana
Milicia excels
Myrianthus arboreus
Musanga cercropioides
Pycnanthus angolensis
Coelocaryon preussi
Coula edulis
Pentaclethra macrophylla
Pterocarpus soyauxii
Amphimas pterocarpioides
Pterocarpus santalinoides
Pterocarpus milbraedii
Milletia thonningii
Barteria nigritana
Mitragyna celiata
Morinda lucida
Fagara zanthozyloides
Blaghia unijugata
Blaghia sapida
Lecaniodiscus cupanioides
Homalium letestui
Caesalpinioidae
Capparaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Compositae
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Guttiferae
Guttiferae
Irvingiaceae
Irvingiaceae
Loganiaceae
Loganiaceae
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
Mimosoidae
Mimosoidae
Mimosoidae
Mimosoidae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Myristicuceae
Myrtaceae
Oldcaceae
Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Passiloraceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Samydaceae
Icheku (Ibo)
Ichala (Ibo)
Black afara
White afara
Sugar plum
Rubber
Isinkpi (Ibo)
Owariwa (Ibo)
Okwe (Ibo)
Boar wood
Egba (Ibo)
Bush mango
Bush mango
Cabbage tree
Cabbage tree
Mkpaku (Ibo)
Neem
Neem
Suns tree
Nyie avu
Lead tree
Ojianwu (Ibo)
Iroko
Ujuju (Ibo)
Oro (Ibo)
Illombu
Aiwanili (Ibo)
Udi (Ibo)
Ugba (Ibo)
White camwood
Awo (Ibo)
White camwood
Oha (Ibo)
Ukwoifia (Ibo)
Uwen
Ojawala (Ibo)
Okpu (Ibo)
Okpu
Akpurukwu (Ibo)
160
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
56
57
58
59
60
61
Manilkara obovata
Hannoa klineana
Sterculia oblonga
Cola rostrata
Gmelina arborea
Tectona grandis
Sapotaceae
Simaroubaceae
Sterculiaceae
Sterculiaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Ukpi (Ibo)
Oghulu (Ibo)
Ebenebe (Ibo)
Ebenebe (Ibo)
Melina
Melina
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Anacardium occidentalis
Rauvolfia vomitoria
Vocanga africana
Conopharyngia spp
Chromoleana odorata
Anthonota macrophylla
Cassia alata
Cneatis ferruginea
Maesobotrya ducenii
Alchonea cordifolia
Manihot esculenta
Mallotus oppositifolius
Jatropha cocus
Manniophyton fulvum
Anacardiaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Asteraceae
Caesalpinioidae
Caesalpinioidae
Connaraceae
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
15
16
17
Bridelia ferruginea
Harrungana madagascariensis
Icacina trichantha
Euphobiaceae
Gutiferae
Icacinaceae
18
19
20
21
22
23
Napoleona vogelii
Ficus spp
Ficus asperifolia
Ficus exaspirata
Psidium guajava
Baphia nitida
Lecythidaceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Papilionoideae
24
25
Pterocarpus lucens
Nauclea latifolia
Papilionoideae
Rubiaceae
Cashew
Akanta (Ibo)
Petepete (Ibo)
Ububaiepa (Ibo)
Candle bush
Velvet sun fruit
Miriogu (Ibo)
Christmas Bush
Cassava
Kamala (Ibo)
Burbadas nut
Rasp plant,
Gasso nut
Ola (Ibo)
Uturu
Earth ball,
False yam
Fig tree
Fig tree
Sand paper tree
Guava
Camwood,
Aboshi (Ibo)
African peach
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
Table 4.6b: Plant Species List - Shrubs
161
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Randia spp
Allophylus africanus
Capsicum frutescens
Cola hispida
Trema guineensis
Vitex ferruginea
Leea guineensis
Rubiaceae
Sapindaceae
Solanaceae
Steculiaceae
Ulmaceae
Verbenaceae
Vitaceae
Yoruba chewing stick

Akaito (Ibo)
African pepper
Oji Ogando (Ibo)
Telemukwu (Ibo)
Koronta
-
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
S/NO
SPECIES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Gongronema latifolium
Combretum hispidum
Ipomea quamoclit
Ipomea batatas
Ipomea aquatic
Luffa cylindrical
Telferia occidentalis
Dioscorea alata
Dioscorea rotundata
Centrocema puberscens
Mimosa pudica
Mimosa invisa
Desmodium scorpiurus
Lonchocarpus laxiflorus
Pauliania pinnata
Simlax anceps
Asclepiddaceae
Combretaceae
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Curcurbitaceae
Convolvulaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Fabaceae
Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae
Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Sapindaceae
Sonilacaceae
Utasi, Bush bitter leaf

Cypress vine
Sweet potato
Water spinach
Lutah guard
Fluted pumkin
Water yam
White yam
Cover crop
Sensitive plant
Sensitive plant
Beggweed
West African indigo
Timbo
West
African
sarsaparilla
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
Table 4.6c: Plant Species List - Climbers
162
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Amaranthus spinosus
Cyrthosperma senegalense
Pista stratiotes
Xanthosoma maffafa
Carica papaya
Costus afer
Pteridium equilinum
Sida acuta
Sida rhombifolia
Urena lobata
Musa paradisiaca
Musa sapientum
Nymphea lotus
Ludwigia decurrens
Talinum triangulare
Stachitapheta cayanensis
Amarantaceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Caricaceae
Costaceae
Dennstaedtiaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Musaceae
Musaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Onagraceae
Portulacaceae
Verbenaceae
Spiny amaranth
Swamp arum
Water leaf
Tannia
Pawpaw
Bush cane
Bracken fern
Broom weed
Wire weed
Hibiscus bur, cadillo
Plantain
Banana
Water lily
Water primrose
Water leaf
Blue rats tail
Sclerocarpus africanus
Synedrella nodiflora
Elaeis guineensis
Raphia hookerii
Raphia vinifera
Andropogon gayanus
Andropogon tectorum
Bambusa vulgaris
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Node weed
Oil palm
Wine palm
Bamboo palm
Ganba grass
Giant Blue stem
Bamboo
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
Table 4.6e: Plant Species List - Grasses
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
S/NO
SPECIES
Table 4.6d: Plant Species List - Herbs
163
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Agavaceae
Spondias mombin
Dialium guineense
Albizia gumifera
Albizia zygia
Milletia thonningii
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Rauvolfia vomitoria
Chromoleana odorata
Alchonea cordifolia
Maesobotrya ducenii
Manniophyton fulvum
Manihot esculenta
Baphia nitida
Napoleona vogelii
Capsicum frutescens
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Terfairia occidentalis
Dioscorea rotundata
Dioscorea alata
Centrocema puberscens
Mimosa pudica
Longchoicarpus laxiflorus
Simlax anceps
1
2
Costus afer
Stachytapheta cayanensis
1.
2
Elaeis guinensis
Andropogos spp.
Trees
Agavaceae
Anacardiaceae
Caesalpinioideace
Euphobiaceae
Guffiferae
Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae
Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Shrubs
Apocynaceae
Asteraceae
Caesalpinioideae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiacea
Papilioniodeae
Lecythidaceae
Solanaceae
Climbers
Cucurbitaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Fabaceae
Mimosoidea
Papilionoideae
Similacaceae
Herbs
Costaceae
Verbenaceae
Grasses
Aracaceae
Poaceae
Odo (Ibo)
Iskere (Ibom
Icheku (Ibo)
Isinkpi (Ibo)
Egba (Ibo)
Nyie avu (Ibo)
Ugba (Ibo)
Akanta (Ibo)
Independence
Ububuiepa (Ibo)
Christmas Bush
Miriogu (Ibo)
Kamala (Ibo)
Rasp plant
Cassava
Aboshi (Ibo)
African pepper
Fluted pumkin
White yam
Water yam
Cover crop
Sensitive plant
West African Indigo
West
African
sarsisporilla
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/
NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
LOCAL
Table 4.6f: Plant Species in the Cassava/ Yam Farm Areas
Bush cane
Blue rats tail
Oil palm
Elephant grass
164
Trees
Anacardiaceae
Apoocynaceae
Casalpinoidae
Enphobiaceae
Guttiferae
Loganiaceae
Mimosoidae
Mimosoidae
Papilionoidie
Papilionoidie
Sapindaceae
Verbenaceae
Shrubs
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Asteraceae
Caesalpinoideae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Guttiferae
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Spondias mombin
Funtumia elastica
Dialium guineense
Albizia zygia
Albizia gumifera
Milletia thonningii
Lecaniodisus cupanioides
Gmelina arborea
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Rauvolfia vomitoria
Vocanga Africana
Chromoleana odorata
Anthonota marcrophylla
Alchonea cordifolia
Maniophyton fulvum
Maesobotrya ducenii
Harruangana
madagascariensis
Napoleona vogelii
Ficus exaspirata
Baphia nitida
Cola hispida
Vitex ferrugenea
1
2
3
4
Combretum hispidum
Lonchocurpus laxiflorus
Selaginella myosurus
Simlax anceps
Lecythidaceae
Moraceae
Papilionoideae
Stenculiaceae
Verbenaceae
Climbers
Combretaceae
Papilionoideae
Selaginellaceae
Smilacaceae
1
2
3
Elaeis guineensis
Andropogon gayanus
Bambosa vulgaris
Grasses
Avecaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Isikere (Ibo)
Mba (Ibom)
Icheku (Ibo)
Isinkpi (Ibo)
Egba (Ibo)
Cabbage tree
Nyie avu (Ibo)
Ugbe (Ibo)
Okpu (Ibo)
Melina
Alcanta (Ibo)
Petepeta (Ibo)
Independence
Ububaiepa (Ibo)
Christmas Bush
Rasp plant
Miriogu (Ibo)
Kamala (Ibo)
Uturu (Ibo)
Sand paper tree

Aboshi (Ibo)
Oji Ogado (Ibo)
Koronta (Ibo)
Begga weed
Sweet plant
West African
Sarsaparilla
Oil palm
Ganbagrass
Bamboo
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
Table 4.6g: Bush Fallow Forest Thickets Plant Species
165
Trees
1
Spondias mombin
2
Funtumia elastic
3
Alstonia boonei
4
Spathodea campanulata
5
Dialium guineense
6
7
Albizia gummifera
8
Albizia zygia
9
Barteria nigritana
10
Milletia thonningii
11
Morinda lucida
Shrubs
1
Raulvofia vomitoria
2
Conopharyngia spp.
3
Voccanga africana
4
Chromoleana odorata
5
6
Alchonea cordifolia
7
8
Iccicina trichantha
9
Napoleona vogelii
10
Ficus exaspirata
11
Baphia nitida
Climbers
1
Combretum hispidium
2
Centroscema pubercens
3
Selaginella myosurus
Herbs
1
Xanthosoma maffafa
2
Diplazium sammattii
3
Costus afer
4
Pteridium equilinum
5
Sida acuta
6
Urena lobata
Grasses
1
Elaeis guineensis
2
Aspilia Africana
3
Imperata cylindrica
4
Setaria barata
Anacardiaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Bignoniaceae
Cesalpinioidea
Loganacea
Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae
Passifloraceae
Papilionioidea
Rubiaceae
Isikere (Ibo)
Mba (Ibo)
Egbu (Ibo)
Imi ewu (Ibo)
Icheku (Ibo)
Cabbage tree
Nyie avu (Ibo)
Ukwoifia
-
apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Asteraceae
Cesalpinioidea
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Icacinaceae
Lecythidaceae
Moraceae
Papilionoideae
Akanta (Ibo)
Petepete (Ibo)
Independence
ububaiepa (Ibo)
Christmas bush
Kamala (Ibo)
Earth ball
Sand paper tree
Aboshi (Ibo)
Combretaceae
Fabaceae
Selaginellaceae
Cover crop
Sweat plant
Araceae
Athyriaceae
Costaceae
Tannia
Fern
Bush cane
Dennstaeditiaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Bracken fern
Broom weed
Hibiscus bar
Oil palm
African marigold
Spear grass
Fox tail
Arecaceae
Compositae
Poaceae
Poaceae
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
Table 4.6h: Oil Palm Plantations with Undergrowth Forest Species
166
Trees
1
Spondias mombin
2
Mangifera indica
3
Alstonia boonei
4
Heavea brasiliensis
5
6
Alanblakia floribunda
7
Anthoclesta vogelii
8
Myrianthus arboreus
9
Albizia gumifera
10
11
Homalium letestui
Shrubs
1
Rauvolfia vomitoria
2
Voacanga Africana
3
Chromoleana odorata
4
5
Alchonea cordifolia
6
7
Harungana madagascariensis
8
Ficus exaspirata
9
Milletia thonningii
10
Baphia nitida
11
Vitex ferruginea
Climbers
1
Combretum hispidium
2
Desmodium scorpiurus
3
Gongronema latifolium
Herbs
1
Deplazium sammatii
2
Costus afer
3
Sida acuta
4
Sida rhombifolia
Grasses
1
Elaeis guineensis
2
Aspilia africana
3
Bambusa vulgaris
4
Pennisetum purpureum
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Apocynaceae
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Guttiferae
Loganaceae
Moraceae
Mimosoideae
papilionoideae
Samydacea
Isikere (Ibo)
Mango
Egbu (Ibo)
Rubber
Isinkpi (Ibo)
Egba (Ibo)
Cabbage tree
Ujuju (Ibo)
Ugba (Ibo)
Ukpurukwu (Ibo)
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Asteraceae
Akanta (Ibo)
Petepete (Ibo)
Independence or
Awolowo
Ububaiepa (Ibo)
Christmas bush
Kamala
Ututru (Ibo)
Sand paper tree
Aboshi (Ibo)
Koronta
Cesalpinioideae
Euphobiaceae
Euphobiaceae
Guttiferae
Moraceae
Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Verbenaceae
Combretaceae
Papilionoideae
Asclepiadaceae
Cover crop
Utasi
Athyriaceae
Costaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Fern
Bush cane
Broom weed
Wire weed
Arecaceae
Asteraceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Oil palm
Hemorrhage plant
Bamboo
Elephant grass
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/
LOCAL NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
Table 4.6i: Rubber Plantations with Natural Forest Undergrowth
167
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
1
2
Trees
Alstonia boonei
Newbouldia laevis
Ceiba pentandra
Bombax buonopozense
Cannarium sweinfarthii
Distemonanthus
benthameanus
Terminalia superba
Ricinodendron heudelotii
Entandrophragma
cylindricum
Entandrophragma utile
Carapa procera
Albizia lebbeck
Piptadeniastrum africanum
Milicia excelsa
Antiaris africana
Ficus spp.
Pycnanthus angolensis
Pterocarpus osun
Amphimas pterocarpoides
Chrysophyllum albidum
Shrubs
Chromoleana odorata
Apocynaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bombacaceae
Bombacaceae
Burseraceae
Cesalpinioideae
Egbu (Ibo)
Igirisi (Ibo)
Cotton tree
Cotton tree
False walnut
-
Combretaceae
combrataceae
Euphobiaceae
Meliaceae
Black afara
White afara
Okwe (Ibo)
-
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Myristicaceae
Papilionoideae
Papilionoideae
Sapotaceae
Mkpaku (Ibo)
Seris tree
Iroko
Ajianwu (Ibo)
Fig tree
Momba
Camwood
Awo (Ibo)
Udara (Ibo)
Asteraceae
Awolowo
or
Independence
Kamala
Sand paper tree
Indigo
Aboshi (Ibo)
-
Napoleona vogelii
Ficus exaspirata
Rothmania inspida
Baphia nitida
Leea guineensis
Climbers
Luffa cylindrical
Lonchocarpus laxiflorus
Euphobiaceae
Lecythidaceae
Moraceae
Rubiaceae
Sapindaceae
Vitaceae
Paulinia pinnata
Herbs
Sida acuta
Sida rhombifolia
Sapindaceae
Luffah gourd
West
African
indigo
Timbo
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Broom weed
Wire weed
Curcurbitaceae
Papilionoideae
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
Table 4.6j: Plant Species of the Sacred Grooves/Sanctuaries within Village

Settlements
168
1
2
Grasses
Elaeis guineesis
Raphia hookerii
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Oil palm
Wine palm
ABUNDANT
COMMON
THREATENED
RARE
TRADE/ LOCAL
NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
VALUE
STATUS
TRADE/
LOCAL NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
Table 4.6k: Multipurpose Trees in Home Steads
Trees
Mangifera indica
Anacardiaceae
Mango
Common
2
3
4
Spondias mombin
Dacroydes edulis
Newbouldia laevis
Anacardiaceae
Burseraceae
Bignomiaceae
Common
Common
Common
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Crescentia cujete
Terminalia catapa
Hura crepitans
Garcinia kola
Irvingia gabonensis
Persia americana
Artocarpus cummunis
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Treculia africana
Bignomiaceae
Combretaceae
Euphobiaceae
Guttiferae
Irvingiaceae
Lauraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Isikere (Ibo)
Native pear
Shrine tree, Igirisi
(Ibo)
Calabash tree
Almond tree
Sound box
Bita cola
Bush mango
English pear
Bread fruit
Bread fruit
African bread fruit
Food
and
medicine
Food
Food
Medicine
Common
Common
Common
Rare
Rare
Common
Common
Common
Common
Local plates
Food/shade
Shade
Food
Food
Food
Food
Food
Food
14
Azadirachta indica
Meliaceae
Neem
Common
Papilionoideae
Rutaceae
Sapotaceae
Steculiaceae
Steculiaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Oha (Ibo)
Oranges
Star apple
Native cola
Hausa cola
Melina
Teak
Abundant
Common
Common
Abundant
Common
Common
Common
Shade/
medicine
Food
Food
Food
Food
Food
Shade
Shade/ poles
Anacardiaceae
Myrtaceae
Cashew
Guava
Common
Common
Food
Food
Musaceae
Musaceae
Plantain
Banana
Common
Common
Food
Food
15
Pterocarpus milbraechi
16
Citrus spp.
17
Chrysophyllum albidum
18
Cola accuminata
19
Cola nitida
20
Gmelina arborea
21
Tectonia grandis
Shrubs
1
Anacardium occidentale
2
Psidium guajava
Herbs
1
Musa paradisiaca
2
Musa sapientum
169
Grasses
1
Cocos nucifera
2
Elaeis guineensis
3
Raphia hookerii
Palmae
Palmae
Palmae
Coconut
Oil palm
Wine palm
Common
Common
common
VALUE
STATUS
TRADE/
LOCAL NAME
FAMILY
SPECIES
S/NO
Food
Food
Building
materials,
food
The fresh water swamps in the area are not rich as they have been grossly affected by
anthropogenic activities. All the fresh water swamps are fragile ecosystems that should
be protected. These are ecosystems that form breeding and nursery grounds for fish and
water fowl. They are also watersheds that recharge nearby streams and rivers during the
dry season. Common species in this ecosystem are:- Mitragyna celiata, Symphonia
globulifera, Raphia vinifera, Raphia hookeri, Uapaca staudtii, Anthocleista vogelii,
Pterocarpus santalinoides, and Alstonia boonei. Lianas are mostly Lacosperma
secundiflorum and Eremosphata sp. Herbs are mostly Pteridium aquilinium, Diplazium
sammatii and Nymphea lotus (Akobundu & Agyakova, 1998).
Apart from the two vegetation zones described above most parts of the study area have
now been reduced to secondary vegetations: Cassava/yam farms with few stands of forest
trees dotted within, bush fallow, forest thickets, Oil palm plantations (with reduced
undergrowth of forest species due to plantation maintenance), and rubber plantations with
natural forest species as under growth. Also observed are sacred grooves or sanctuaries
within village settlements and multipurpose trees in home steads.
Economic plants
The economic plants in the study area include; Pycnanthus angolensis, Pentaclethra
macrophylla, Pterocurpus osun, Pterocarpus milbredii, Dialum gineense, Amphimas
pterocarpioides, Mitragyna celiata, Symphonia globulifera, Raphia vinifera, Raphia
hookeri, Uapaca staudtii, Baphia nitida. Some of the economic plants are shown in
Plates 4.6c to 4.6e.
170
Plate 4.6c: Timber exploitation in the area
Plate 4.6d: Rubber plantation
Plate 4.6e: Oil palm plantation.

Species which may be used as indicators of Environmental Effects
These include Alchonea cordifolia, Alstonia boonei, Harungana madagascariensis,
Trema guinensis, Musanga cercropioides, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Antocleista vogelii,
Elaeis guineensis and Chromolaena odorata.
Vegetation of conservation significance or cultural landscape value
They include; Swamp Forest/Wetlands, Forest grooves, Mangrove Forest and Forest
Reserves and Plantations.
Cassava/ Yam farms with dotted forest trees and weeds
Cultivated areas form a major land use type since the people are generally subsistence
farmers. The Table 4.6f and Table 4.6g show details of species within this land-use type,
with Cassava, yam, vegetables and pepper constituting the dominant species (Plate 4.6f),
and other plant species within the bush fallow forest thickets.
171
Plate 4.6f: Cassava farm

Oil Palm Plantations with Undergrowth Forest Species
Apart from the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) predominantly growing naturally in the study
area, there are several small holdings of plantations. The most extensive oil palm
plantation was that owned by Rizopalm Nig. Ltd. This is about 145 km2 and the Right of
Way (RoW) of an SPDC pipeline is routed through it.
Several tropical high forest (THF) species exist within these oil palm plantations as
undergrowth due to constant maintenance engendering suppression of tree growth. These
THF species are rudiments reminiscent of the original vegetation. Also, common in the
understory are ferns and herbaceous plants. The Table 4.6h shows the THF species
forming the undergrowth of the plantations with of course the oil palm plants dominating.
Rubber (Hevea brasilliensis) Plantations with Natural Forest Undergrowth
One of the major land use patterns observed in the study area was that of rubber
plantations raised as cash crops. Most of the plantations have natural forest species as
undergrowth. A few tropical forest species are however left as standards within the
rubber plantations. The following species (Table 4.6i) make up the rubber plantation
ecosystem.
Sacred Grooves/ Sanctuaries within Village Settlements
Most of the communities visited within the study area had sacred grooves which were
kept as deities/shrines for traditional worship. Eleven (11) communities were identified to
have shrines/sacred grooves and include: Assa, Awarra, Obile, Amafor, Avu, Etekwuru,
Umudike, Obite, Ede, Obosima and Obiyede. These are also reservoirs of extinct or rare
species for traditional medicine and their protection/conservation should be encouraged.
This act of reservation by the people has left footprints of the tropical high forest in
pockets/thickets within the landscape, thereby preserving the ecological niche of this
ecosystem. Table 4.6j shows the common species within these grooves.
Multipurpose Trees in Home Steads
It is a common tradition that the people in the study area plant multipurpose trees in home
steads. These trees serve as ornamentals, vegetables, edible fruits/seeds, medicinal
172
values, crafts, shade, and protection from windstorm. The common species found in
home steads are shown in Table 4.6k, Plates 4.6g and 4.6h. From Table 4.6k, it can be
observed that most of the species planted in home steads are useful contributors to diet
and medicine of the people.
Plate 4.6g: Vegetable Home Garden at

Assa
Plate 4.6h: A homestead in Obite with

well established compound farm.
Phyto-chemistry
The levels of some essential elements in tissues of selected plant species were generally
higher than the minimum values required for maximum plant growth (Table 4.6l). There
were variations in macro- (Mg) and trace (Fe, Mn) minerals in the plant species. These
differences could be as a result of variations in edaphic and micro-climatic conditions.
Moreover, plants show variation in their ability to absorb nutrients from available sources
and in their tolerance and efficiency of utilization of absorbed nutrients.
There were no physiological symptoms in the vegetation that could be attributed to
deficiency or toxicity of these mineral elements. The results show that the plants in the
study area had low levels of such elements as Cu, Zn and Pb, suggesting that the plants
were essentially free of heavy metal contamination. However, the content of iron and
manganese, which are freely soluble under reduced conditions, were relatively high in
plant tissues collected from some locations in Akansu, Obrikom and Ebocha. Such high
levels have been reported in normal flora, especially during periods of waterlogging.
Therefore, vegetation in the study area was generally healthy with no obvious signs of
stress arising from deficiency or toxicity of the mineral elements analyzed.
Table 4.6l: Mean Concentration of Heavy Metals in Plant Species
Sample No./Identity of Plant species
Sample 1 Wild sugarcane ASSA
Sample 2 Haemorrhage plant ASSA
Sample 3 Oil palm ASSA
Sample 4 Pine apple ASSA
Sample 5 Cnestis ferruginea ASSA
Parameter (ppm)
Fe
Mg
40
150
86
500
52
200
92
800
59
620
Cu
4
3
8.5
4
3
Mn
105
125
205
150
165
Zn
50
25
20
20
35
Pb
0.01
0.06
0.02
0.06
0.3
173
Sample No./Identity of Plant species

Sample 6 Psidium guajava ASSA
Sample 7 Voacanga africana ASSA
Sample 8 Christmas bush ASSA
Sample 9 Cabbage tree ASSA
Sample 10 C. odorata ASSA
Sample 11 Eclipta alba AKANSU
Sample 12 Banana AKANSU
Sample 13 Oil palm AKANSU
Sample 14 Cocos nucifera AKANSU
Sample 15 C. odorata AKANSU
Sample 16 P. phaseoloides AKANSU
Sample 17 H. madagascariensis EBO
Sample 18 Oil palm EBOSSA
Sample 19 Guava EBO
Sample 20 S. cayennensis EBO
Sample 21 Cassava EBO
Sample 22 Cola hispida EBO
Sample 23 Christmas bush EBO
Sample 24 Icacina tricantha EBO
Sample 25 Gmelina arborea EBO
Sample 26 Sorghastrum bipennatum EBO
Sample 27 C. odorata (Siam) OBRI
Sample 28 Guinea grass OBRI
Sample 29 C. sumatrensis OBRI
Sample 30 Water hyacinth OBRI
Sample 31 Oil palm OBRI
Sample 32 Mangifera indica OBRI
Sample 33 Guinea grass OBRI
Sample 34 CONTROL
Sample 35 Indian almond
Sample 36 Lobster claw
Sample 37 Alchornia cordifolia
Sample 38 Sand paper plant
Sample 39 Guinea grass
Sample 40 Cover crop
Sample 41 Cabbage tree
Sample 42 Icacina trichantha
Sample 43 Guinea grass
+Sample 44 Alchornia cordifolia
Sample 45 Ficus exasperata
Sample 46 Voacanga africana
Sample 47 Cassava (M. esculenta)
Minimum values required for maximum plant
growth (mg/kg)/Range in normal leaves**
Parameter (ppm)
Fe
Mg
49
200
98
300
47
200
76
900
30
1400
40
350
83
200
55
500
60
400
165
820
30
890
169
790
165
800
74
700
160
550
100
800
44
520
161
600
151
600
165
580
44
910
65
300
48
220
47
200
305
1050
58
500
70
320
55
490
30
100
115
450
140
1200
190
250
105
300
42
250
85
750
80
690
95
490
35
300
139
550
Nd
Nd
85
280
110
770
100/
200/
30-150
(0.20.8%)
Cu
4
22
5
3
4
5
4
3
3
2
3
5
13
5
3
4
3
4
8
5
4
4
4
4
10
9
4
3
3
5
6
5
5
5
4
4
7
4
5
Nd
5
5
2/
4-20
Mn
45
85
195
20
20
160
170
220
60
125
25
20
50
95
50
125
30
175
90
125
35
40
45
95
65
130
80
135
50
135
145
260
225
250
225
30
45
150
72
Nd
115
180
20/
20-100
Zn
55
43
30
30
45
45
35
210
40
104
187
245
45
93
40
29
30
50
35
180
78
35
110
42
78
62
130
105
30
40
45
45
35
43
55
50
35
30
40
Nd
50
37
20/
25-150
Pb
0.2
0.07
<0.01
0.05
<0.01
0.01
0.05
<0.01
0.02
0.17
<0.01
0.17
<0.01
0.04
0.17
0.02
<0.01
0.16
0.15
0.17
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.11
0.14
0.19
0.11
0.1
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.05
0.1
Nd
0.05
0.07
Toxic
even in
low
concs.
Nd, not determined; ** Based on Marschner (1995) and Mills and Jones (1996).
174
Ethnobotanical/ Economic uses of plants in the study area

Plants are very highly valued as resources for food, medicines, fibres, cultural artifacts
and for environmental services such as erosion control, climate regulation and watershed
protection (Isichei 2005). Some of the cultural, ethnobotanical and economic uses of
plants in the study area are summarized in Table 4.6m. An analysis of the data shows that
the area is endowed with at least 28 timber-producing tree species of soft and hard wood.
Depending on their attributes, the timbers are used for construction works, furniture
making and in carving paddles, toys, idols and kitchen utensils. For these purposes a lot
of logging activities are carried out in the area. The timbers of the Abura and Afara
are popular for multipurpose uses, especially in housing. The timbers of such species as
Lophira alata, Pterocarpus sp., Irvingia gabonensis and Uapaca sp. are particularly
useful in carving canoes. In addition to providing raw materials for fishing, some of the
plant species are sources of drinks and medicines used for the amelioration of malaria,
jaundice, rheumatism and hypertension.
Table 4.6m: Ethnobotanical/Economic uses of plants in the study area
Species
Ethnobotany/Economic
Importance
Species
Maranthochloa
cuspidata
Used to wrap Agidi

and Moi moi
Cleistopholis patens
Elaeis guineensis
Source of palm oil and

kernel
Ceiba pentandra
Raphia hookeri
Source of palm wine and

dry gin
Lophira alata
Timber used for carving canoe, etc.
Raphia vinifera
Source of Bamboo pole
Chromolaena
odorata
Medicinal,
wound
treatment
Used
to
control
hemorrhage
Used for carving and
xylophone
Used for thatch house
construction &
as firewood
Leaves
used
lovally
and
commercially for wrapping plant
medicinal
Source Of dye and medicinal
Aspilia africana
Musanga
cecropioides
Harungana
madagascariensis
Triumfetta
cordifolia
Anthostemia
aubryanum
Macaranga barteri
Terminalia superba
Bark used to make rope

construction &
as firewood
construction &
as firewood
White
Afara-provides
multipurpose uses
Baphia sp
Bridelia sp
Elaeis guineensis
Alstonia boonei
Importance
Used for thatch house construction
&
as firewood
Used for thatch house construction
&
as firewood
Wood used in house building and

fuel
Source of red palm oil, palmwine,
fibre and locals soap manufacture.
Timber of commerce, used
manufacture of household furniture
Pentaclethra
macrophylla
Picnanthus
angolensis
For local capentry and construction

edible fruits
Wood for building and construction
Costus afer
Medicinal
Milletia sp
Local used for axe, tool and knife

handles, and turnery.
175
Species
Phyllantus amarus
Dracaena arborea
Pterocarpus
santalinoides
Baphia nitida
Rauvolfia vomitoria
Calamus sp.
Xylopia aethiopica
Ficus exasperata
Importance
Used in controlling high
blood pressure.
Black Afara provides
multipurpose uses
Used to fence or mark
boundary
Timber used for carving
canoe
Wood used for hoe
handle, mortar, etc.
Root back taken as
enema for malaria &
jaundice
Used for canoe, chair,
baskets, etc.
Leaf is food-wrapper;
root is laxative
Seed is spicy; used for
pepper soup
Juice from pulverized
leaf used to treat
conjunctivitis
Psidium guajava
Fruit is edible
Terminalia sp.
Soft wood for general

furniture
Sold as timber; for
making canoes, utentsils
Soft wood for house hold
utensils.
Leaves are medicinal.
Fruits eaten by birds
Produces
commercial
latex;
matches
manufacture
Symphonia
globulifera
Musanga
cecropioides
Alchornea cordifolia
Funtumia sp
Albizia adianttifolia
Musa sapientum
Used for roof rafters and

carving
Edible fruit; source of
commercial rope.
Species
Mangifera indica
Cocos nucifera
Hallea ledermanii
Hallea ciliata
Alstonia boonei
Importance
Edible fruits; medicinal leaves and
stem bark
Edible fruit; source of fibre and
commercial wood
Abura provides for multi purpose
uses
Abura provides for multi purpose
uses
Wood useful in light carpentry &
carving
Tectona grandis
Provide timber for electric pole
Irvingia gabonensis
Seed is edible Agbono
Treculia Africana
Fruits are big and edible
Bambusa vulgaris
Used as poles, and in staking yam
Oxystigma mannii
Timber used for construction of

canoe
Calamus deeratus
Used for canoe, chair, baskets, etc.
Cleiostopholis patens
Mitragyna ciliata
Sterculia tragacantha
Irvingia gabonensis
Dialium guineense
Musa paradisiaca
Sold as timber; for making canoe

For electric poles, household
tensile, timber.
Timber tree; produces adhesives.
Fruit and seeds edible, commercial
wood, used in boat building
Used in making pestles, implement
handles etc, good source of
firewood
fruit
edible
and
commercial Medicinal
Edible fruit; source of commercial
rope
Phytopathology
The disease symptoms and microorganisms isolated from diseased plants in the study
area are presented in Table 4.6n. Visual and on-sight pathological assessment of the area
showed that leaf spots, necrosis, chlorosis and yellow sigatoka were the most dominant
disease symptoms affecting several wild plant species and economic crops in the region.
Other diseases are leaf mosaic, anthracnose, leaf blight and leaf variegation. Laboratory
176
pathological analysis showed that several organisms are associated with these symptoms.
Generally, fungal diseases were most prevalent.
The state of health of the overall vegetation and the commonest species appeared quite
normal. None of the diseases isolated were unusual to the plant species. Microscopic
observation of few selected species did not reveal any abnormal histological or
histochemical features that could be attributed to environmental stress or pollution-related
factors.
There is no evidence of endemic vegetation problems in the study area. However, it is
noteworthy that the cassava mosaic virus and such fungal pathogens as Phomopsis sp.,
Fusarium sp., Cercospora sp., Mycosphaerella sp. And Colletotrichum sp., isolated from
some species are all capable of causing epidemic disease under favourable environmental
conditions. Close examination of plants with variegated leaves showed that the causal
organisms are insect pests (Beetles, aphids, lepidopteran larvae and Grasshoppers).
Defoliation of trees was also observed in some areas which was attributed to old age.
Necrotic and chlorotic symptoms are common with forest and bush fallow plants. The
severity of infection of these fungal and bacterial species are, however, generally mild or
moderate.The following pathogens were identified as contributing to most of the disease
conditions: Aspergillus sp., Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, Collectotrichum
gleosporiodes., Penicillium sp., Mycosphaella musicola, Psudomonas sp and
Xanthosomonas sp.
Table 4.6n: Checklist of Pathological Incidences Observed in Various Plants in the
project Area
S/No.
1.
Plant Species
Musa paradisiaca (Plantain) leaves
Disease Symptoms
Sigatoka (leaf spots)
Causative Organism
Fusarium oxysporium
2.
3.
Carica papaya (Paw Paw) leaves

Elaeis guineensis (oil palms ) leaves
Necrotic spot
Witting leaf spot
4.
6.
Chromolaena odorata (Siam Weed)

leaves
Irvingi gabonensis (Bush mango)
leave
Zea mays (Maize)
7.
Manihot esculenta
Leaf curl
Brown leaf spot
Leaf spots, Yellowing,
Die-back
Leaf spot
Leaf Blight
Mosaic leaf blight
Pseudomonas sp.
Cercospora
edaeidis
Fusarium oxysporism f.sp.
elaeidis
Virus
Cercospora elaeides
Cladosporium sp.
8.
Panicum maximum
Leaf spots
Fusarium sp.
9.
Alchornea
cordifolia
(Christmas
Bush) leaves
Colocasia esculenta (Cocoyam)
Leaf spot
Cercospora sp. Phomopsis

sp. Aspergillus flavus
Sclerotium rolfsli
5.
10.
Bacteria blight
Curvalaria pallescens
Drechsiera maydis
Cassava mosaic virus
177
Existing Threats to Vegetation

Vegetation constitutes a highly valued ecosysytem resource. The major threats to
vegetation include human harvesting for fuel wood, logging and other forms of
harvesting, settlements, farming, and hydrocarbon exploitation activities. Fuel wood
harvesting is reported to constitute over 80% of wood harvesting activity in Nigerian
forests. Harvesting of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) has also always been
present. A 1994 forecast of supply and demand for fuelwood, sawlogs, poles, veneer
wood and pulp wood, up to 2010 for the old Rivers State (now Bayelsa and Rivers)
shows that there will be major deficits in supply of wood by 2010 in the two states (Ojo
1994). This applies to the vegetation of the present project area, following the
exploitation pressure reported in this study.
Human population increase is a major threat to vegetation in that exploitation pressures
are increased as human population increases necessitating more land for cultivation and
infrastructural development. Isichei (2004) in a related study reported that swathes of
vegetated land are lost to construction of pipelines, flowstations and other facilities
related to oil and gas exploitation. Several plant species, the Hallea spp. are on the list of
threatened plants of Nigeria (IUCN 2004). It can thus be concluded that vegetation
degradation would continue even in the absence of the AN-OH project. This degradation
will come in the form of species loss due to over-harvesting, loss of structure due to
selective harvesting and outright losses due to farming and infrastructural developments.
Chromolaena odorata was introduced into Nigeria in the 1930s when it inadvertently
came with Gmelina arborea seedlings that were brought in to be grown in plantations
that would serve as source of prop-poles for the Enugu coal mines. Chromolaena has
now spread to most parts of Nigeria except the far arid north and has become a good
indicator of human interference with disturbance of vegetation. The plant is spreading
and traces have been seen in the wetter parts. Found mostly in bush fallow and vegetation
that has not attained full maturity, is the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, another important
indicator of vegetation degradation.
Temporal Trend Analysis in Vegetation changes
Comparison of the present report with past studies (SPDC Ahia EER, 2003; Kolo Creek
Rumuekpe TL EIA 2004; Ibigwe Marginal Field EER 2004; Assa North Appraisal Well
EIA 2006; Okordia - Rumuekpe TL EIA 2006, Egbema Egbema West EIA 2009) in the
same zone of regional influence revealed a common anthropogenic influence. It has been
observed that several human influences arising from farming, exploitation for timber, and
E&P activities have reduced the original forest cover to mere mosaics or patches of
grassland (e.g. within the Well head areas), converted and degraded land. Without doubt,
several forest species are extinct if the present checklist is compared with results of
Richards (1976). Richards (1976) and NEST (1991) described the floristic composition,
structure and physiognomy of Tropical Lowland rainforests in southern Nigeria. Without
close monitoring and adherence to Forestry regulations, many more species shall soon
178
disappear. The domination of the area by such secondary forest trees like Elaeis
guineensis, Musanga cecropioides, Alchornea cordifolia, Spondias mombin and Albizia
sp. suggests that the forest of the area have been previously perturbed. Floristic
composition of the area has generally been on the decline over the years. Several species
commonly found in such forests were either rarely encountered or completely absent in
the random 50m floristic analyses. Also, local sources confirmed that such species like
Milicia excelsa, Pentadesma butyracea, Khaya ivorensis, Tetrapleura tetraptera,
Rothmania sp., Terminalia sp and Sacoglotis gabonensis are scarcely found within the
forest of the study areas. Furthermore, past phytochemical and phytopathological studies
in the region showed that there had not been any significant change in the health status of
the area.
4.4.7: Wildlife
Wildlife Composition and Biodiversity
Estimates for wildlife populations and biodiversity of the study area as well as their
characterization are limited. However, indicative lists generated from various sources
coupled with recent field work mostly for EIA projects in the region have provided some
useful information. Tables 4.7a to 4.7f show the details of wildlife species and their
conservation status. A total of 47 species of mammals, 78 species of birds and 20 species
of reptiles were enumerated. The wildlife species reported in this study include species
that have not been evaluated and those that have been evaluated by the International
Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
The vertebrate wildlife includes about sixty (60) mammalian species, 25% of the
Nigerian mammalian fauna. This includes about a dozen primate species that have been
described for the region. Several of these are habitat specialists whose existence depends
upon a very narrow range of specific elements in the surroundings (trees of particular
height and associated items). There are two lorids, three galagids and eleven
cercopithecid monkeys and one pongid idenitified in the region. Primate populations are
seriously threatened by hunting and deforestation. One of the rarest monkeys in Africa;
the Sclaters guenon (Cercopithecus sclateri) was first found in 1988 west of Oguta near
NAOC oilfield (Kingdom, 1997). Carnivore diversity is very high with ten species in
eight genera recorded through various sources. This comprises mostly of small viverid
species whose continued existence is due to adaptability and compatibility with the huge
habitat alterations that have come to characterise the region. Indicative mammalian
figures are enhanced by largely vagrant species, such as bats (34 species) which are
strongly mobile and shrews (10 species) with very limited mobility.
In the Niger Delta region, over 330 species of birds have been identified. The birds of the
project area include two nationally endangered species; the grey parrot and Anambra
waxbill. The total diversity of reptiles and amphibians (herpetofauna) is about 100
species. This consists of a total of 43 species in eleven (11) reptile families, including
crocodiles, snakes, lizards, and turtles in the project area. Of the 43 species, sixteen (16)
179
were confirmed in the area (SPDC 2004a). Twelve of the snakes are venomous. There
are fifty one (51) amphibian species in seven (7) families. Several amphibian species
suffer from habitat degradation effects such as fuel wood gathering, human settlement
expansion and conversion of land to agriculture.
The animal species registered in this study were either sighted, (Plates 4.7a to 4.7g) heard
or other evidence of their presence through droppings, browsing, tracks and foot prints.
Local hunters interviewed also authenticated the evidence observed or not observed in the
project area.
Plate 4.7a: Royal python (Python regius)
Plate 4.7c: Snails collected for sale
Plate 4.7b: A forest bird
Plate 4.7d: Maxwells Duiker, Cephalophus
maxwelli.
Plate 4.7e: Brushtailed Porcupine,
Plate 4.7f: Little Bee-Eater, Merops
Atherurus africanus
pusillus
180
Plate 4.7g: Red-eyed Dove, Streptopelia
vinacea
Bovidae
2
3
Bovidae
Bovidae
Bovidae
Cephalophus
rufilatus
Cephalophus niger
Cephalophus
monticola
Tragelaphus scriptus
Bovinae
Syncerus caffer
6
7
Cheloniidae
Hippopotamidae
8
9
Hystricidae
Hystricidae
Chelonian mydas
Choeropsis
liberiensis
Antherus africanus
Hystrix cristata
10
11
12
13
Manidae
Muridae
Muridae
Muridae
14
15
Pteropodidae
Sciuridae
Atilaspalm dinosus
Rattus rattus
Rattus murine
Criceptomys
gambianus
Eidolon helvum
Protoxenus strangeri
16
17
Sciuridae
Sciuridae
Xerus erythropus
Funiscirus pyrropus
18
Scuidae
Potamochoeru
sporcus
CONSERVATIO
N STATUS
ABUNDANCE
COMMON
NAME
SPECIES
FAMILY
S/NO
Table 4.7a: Wildlife Species checklist and Status - Mammalia
Red
flanked
Duiker
Black Duiker
Blue Duiker
Common
Satisfactory (S)
Common
Common
Vulnerable (V)
Satisfactory (S)
Antelope (Bush
buck)
Buffalo (Bush
cow)
Green turtle
Pigmy
hippopotamus
Porcupine
African
porcupine
Mongoose
House rat
Jumping mouse
Giant rat
Rare
Vulnerable (V)
Rare
Endangered (En)
Abundant
Common
Satisfactory (S)
Satisfactory (S)
Common
Rare
Satisfactory (S)
Endangered (En)
Rare
Abundant
Abundant
Abundant
Endangered (En)
Satisfactory (S)
Satisfactory (S)
Satisfactory (S)
Fruit bat
Giant
forest
squirrel
Ground squirrel
African stripped
squirrel
Red river hog
(Bush Pig)
Abundant
Common
Satisfactory (S)
Satisfactory (S)
Common
Rare
Vulnerable (V)
Endangered (En)
Common
Satisfactory (S)
181
19
Scuidae
20
Thryoromidae
21
Vespertilionidae
22
Viverridae
Hylochoerus
meinertzhageni
Thryonomys
swinderianus
Glauconycteris
variegate
Civettictis civetta
CONSERVATIO
N STATUS
ABUNDANCE
COMMON
NAME
SPECIES
FAMILY
S/NO
Giant forest hog
Rare
Endangered (En)
Cutting grass
Abundant
Satisfactory (S)
Butterfly bat
Abundant
Satisfactory (S)
African civet
Common
Vulnerable (V)
1
2
Agammidae
Boidae
Agama agama
Python sebae
3
4
Boidae
Crocodylidae
Elapidae
6
7
Elapidae
Elapidae
Felidae
Viperidae
Python regius
Crocodylus
niloticus
Naja
melanoleuca
Naja nigricollis
Dendroaspis
viridis
Varanus
nilotricus
Echis carinatus
CONSERVATION
STATUS
ABUNDANCE
COMMON NAME
SPECIES
FAMILY
S/NO
Table 4.7b: Wildlife Species Inventory and Status - Reptilia
Rainbow lizard
African
rock
python
Royal python
Nile crocodile
Abundant
Rare
Satisfactory (S)
Vulnerable ( V)
Rare
Common
Vulnerable (V)
Satisfactory (S)
Black cobra
Common
Satisfactory (S)
Spitting cobra
Green mamba
Common
Common
Satisfactory (S)
Satisfactory (S)
Monitor lizard
Rare
Endangered (En)
Carpet viper
Common
Satisfactory (S)
182
Accipitidae
2
3
Accipitidae
Accipitidae
Alcedinidae
Alcedinidae
6
7
Ardeidae
Ciconiidae
Columbidae
9
10
Corvidae
Cuculidae
11
Nectariniidae
12
Nectariniidae
13
Nectariniidae
14
Phasianidae
15
16
Phasianidae
Picidae
17
Ploceidae
18
Ploceidae
19
Ploceidae
20
Psittacidae
21
Pycnonotidae
22
Strigidae
Necrosyrtes
monachus
Milvus migrans
Chelictinia
riocourii
Halcyon
malimbicus
Ispidinapicta
Bubulcus ibis
Leptoptiloscrume
niferus
Streptopelia
risoria
Corvusalbus
Centropus
senegalensis
Cinnyris
coccinigaster
Cinnyris
chloropygius
Cyanomitra
virticalis
Francolinus
bicalcaratus
Numidamileagris
Mesopicos
goertae
Ploceus
cucullatus
Ploceus velatus
Cinnamopteryx
castaneofuscus
Psittacus
erithacus
Pycnonotis
barbatus
Ptilopsis leucotis
CONSERVATION
STATUS
ABUNDANCE
COMMON NAME
SPECIES
FAMILY
S/NO
Table 4.7c: Wildlife Species Inventory and Status - Aves
Hooded
vulture
Black kite
African
swallow
tailed kite
Blue breasted
king fisher
Pigmy king
fisher
Cattle egret
Marabou
stork
Ring
neck
dove
Pied crow
Senegalcouca
l
Splendid
sunbird
Olive bellied
sunbird
Olive barked
sunbird
Bush fowl
Abundant
Satisfactory (S)
Abundant
Rare
Satisfactory (S)
Endangered (En)
Abundant
Satisfactory (S)
Rare
Endangered (En)
Abundant
Rare
Satisfactory (S)
Endangered (En)
Rare
Endangered (En)
Abundant
Abundant
Satisfactory (S)
Satisfactory (S)
Common
Satisfactory (S)
Common
Satisfactory (S)
Common
Satisfactory (S)
Rare
Endangered (En)
Guinea fowl
Grey
woodpecker
Village
weaver
Masked
weaver
Black weaver
Rare
Common
Endangered (En)
Satisfactory (S)
Abundant
Satisfactory (S)
Abundant
Satisfactory (S)
Rare
Endangered (En)
African grey
parrot
Common
bulbul
White faced
owl
Rare
Endangered (En)
Common
Satisfactory (S)
Rare
Endangered (En)
183
Table 4.7d: Wildlife Species Inventory and Status - Amphibia

S/N
FAMILY
SPECIES
Bufonidae
Butoregularis
2
3
Hylidae
Ranidae
Hyla sp.
Rana sp.
COMMON
NAME
Common
African toad
Tree frog
Frog
ABUNDANCE
Abundant
CONSERVATION
STATUS
Satisfactory (S)
Common
Common
Satisfactory (S)
Satisfactory (S)
Table 4.7e: Wildlife Species Inventory and Status - Gastropoda

S/N
FAMILY
SPECIES
Achatinidae
Achatinidae
Achatinidae
4
5
Achatinidae
Achatinidae
Archachatinama
ginata
Archachatina
saturalis
Limicolaria
martensis
Lanistes varicus
Tympanotonus
spp.
COMMON
NAME
Giant snail,
Eju (Igbo)
Snail
ABUNDANCE
Common
CONSERVATI
ON STATUS
Satisfactory (S)
Common
Satisfactory (S)
Snail
Rare
Endangered (En)
Water snail
Periwinkles
Rare
Common
Endangered (En)
Endangered (En)
Table 4.7f: Wildlife Species Inventory and Status - Chilopoda

S/N
FAMILY
SPECIES
Sphaeropoeidae
Archispirostre
ptusgigas
COMMON
NAME
Millipede
ABUNDANCE
Common
CONSERVATION
STATUS
Satisfactory (S)
S = Satisfactory; V = Vulnerable; En = Endangered; A = Abundant; C = Common

Existing Stresses on Wildlife
In general, the wildlife species are under severe pressure in the Niger Delta due to several
reasons (Ola-Adams, 1981; Powell, 1993; 1997; Grubb and Powell, 1999; Luiselli and
Akani, 2003; Hamadina et al., 2007). These reasons include:
Killing of wildlife for consumption as bush meat, which is a local delicacy;
Destruction, fragmentation and degradation of wild life habitat; and
Pollution resulting from oil exploration and production activities.
Human settlements, population increase and Land use
Several factors in the past have affected both the range and population of the wildlife
resource in the project area. Some of these stresses still exist and may be amplified in the
future as unsustainable harvesting regimes persist. At the beginning of the last century,
villages were few and far apart (Happold 1987). Shifting cultivation was the form of
agriculture, and Nigerians lived off the land. The small and widely dispersed population
had very little impact on the wildlife except on the very large herbivores that were hunted
for trophies and food. The human population increase has taken its toll on the general
environment and habitat of wildlife.
184
Hunting Pressure
Wildlife provides a critical source of meat to a sizeable proportion of the population of
Nigeria, especially in the rural areas (Ajayi 1973,). Hunting is done through a variety of
means including shooting by dane-guns, snaring, trapping and even poisoning.
Indications of wildlife habitat alteration/loss in the AN-OH area of influence are
presented in Table 4.7g. These alterations may translate to threats for the resident
wildlife.
Table 4.7g: Indicators of Hunting Pressure
Province
Rural
population
No.of
hunters
P/Harcourt
Yenagoa
Total
617
406
1023
165
253
418
Mean
bushmeat
consumption
(lb/wk/cap)
0.15
0.72
Est. rural
cons
(m/tons)
Urban
pop
Est.urban
cons.
Est total cons

(m/tons)
2322
6889
9121
217
304
521
392
2579
2971
2624
9468
12,092
Source: J.R, Charter, Federal Dept. of Forestry Research Institute, Ibadan. Rural
Econ.Surv, 1965-66, Federal Office of Statistics, Lagos and 1963 Census data
The population of hunters in Rivers State was put at 13,687 in 1963.The guild of hunters
supported a huge demand for bush-meat. Charter (1963) estimated 0.15 and 0.72
lb/week/caput as the volume of bush-meat consumed for Port Harcourt and Yenagoa
respectively the two main ubran centers relevant to the region of influence. The
estimated annual rural consumption for Yenagoa and Port Harcourt are 2,322 and 6,889
metric tons respectively. The urban setting receives a steady supply of bush-meat and for
Port Harcourt and Yenagoa, the figures were put at 392 and 2579 metric tons
respectively. The total for all classes in Rivers State was estimated at 12,092 metric tons.
The marked difference between urban and rural setting is explained by the fact that while
there are alternative sources of meat in the cities, there is near complete dependence on
wildlife as the source of meat in the rural setting. All classes of wildlife are consumedreptiles, birds and mammals. Even sacred animals in one community are delicacies in
another. There is no recognised closed season in which hunting is prohibited. Hunter
education is totally alien and the highest possible harvest of wildlife is attempted by
hunters everyday, every month and every year.
Fragmentation of Habitats and Habitat Loss
Most terrestrial habitats in the Niger Delta are severely fragmented. Continuous forest
canopy cover of any reasonable dimensions is available in only a few areas. When the
natural environment is broken into small islands and each island is surrounded by altered
and degraded habitat, two main effects:
i) the population declines because the area of their natural habitat reduces,
ii) the population becomes isolated or partially isolated from each other.
185
Habitat fragmentation has consequences on the availability and viability of species

populations.
Trends in Wildlife of the Project Area
Primate populations are seriously threatened by hunting and deforestation. Based on
IUCN and national listing of the species, the inferred trends show that wildlife
populations are seriously threatened by hunting and deforestation in the region. Many
wildlife species in the region are on a downward trend, with over 75% of the 28 species
listed as nationally endangered. The world Conservation Union (IUCN 2001, 2006)
which maintains a global database also ranks 6 of these as globally endangered. Species
considered endangered are actually at the threshold and considered to be facing a very
high risk of extinction in the wild. There are six globally vulnerable species; these, while
in a slightly better situation than those in the endangered list are also considered to be
facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
Table 4.7h shows the historical data for wildlife in the project area. Mammals showed a
moderately decreasing trend from 1999 to 2012 (Fig.4.7). Similarly, reptiles decreased
markedly from 2007 to 2012. Aves and Amphibians did not show any significant trend,
but the Aves decreased markedly from 2009 to 2012. Invetebrates were recorded only in
2009 and 2012. The most significant change in wildlife is found in 2012 where most of
the taxa showed a net reduction. This may be attributed to habitat degradation through
various forms of anthropogenic activities. From the trend analysis, it may be safely
deduced that the population of the wildlife species found within the project zone of
influence is on the decline.
Table 4.7h: Trend analysis for wildlife in the project region
Taxonomic
groups
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Invertebrates
Kolo
1999
31
31
8
6
0
Creek
Ahia 2002/03
31
14
14
5
0
Assa
2007
20
23
22
6
0
North
Egbema West
2009
15
51
17
7
5
AN-OH 2012
22
22
9
3
6
186
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Invertebrates
60
No of Taxa
50
40
30
20
10
0
Kolo Creek 1999
Ahia 2002/03
Assa North 2007
Egbema West 2009
AN-OH 2012
Fig. 4.7: Trend analysis for wildlife in the region

4.4.8: Geology and Hydrogeology
4.4.8.1: Geology
The study area, falls within the Southern part of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The Niger
Delta basin of Nigeria is situated on the continental margin of the Gulf of Guinea in
equatorial West Africa between latitude 4o 00 to 7o 00 N and longitude 5o 00 to 8o 00
E covering an area of about 108,900km2 (Amadi, Olasehinde, & Yisa, 2010). The Niger
Delta geology and tectonic evolution have been extensively discussed in several
published works, particularly, Pugh (1953, 1954, and 1965); Hill and Webb (1958);
Longhurst (1962, 1964); Allen (1962, 1964, 1965); Stonely (1966); Short and Stauble
(1967); Ibe and Awosika (1986).
The Niger Delta began its evolution when the Africa plate separated from the South
American plate during the Jurassic periods (Figure 4.8a). The rifting was followed by
subsidence and marine sedimentation resulting in the deposition of thick successions of
marine and marginal marine sediment in cycle of transgression and regressions of the sea.
The major structures in the Niger Delta sequence consist of syn-sedimentary faulting and
folding.
187
30W
0
20N
Benue
Trough
Mar anhao
Basin
Portugar Basin
R-T-J
Grabens
Sergipe-Alagoas
Basin
MID ATLANTIC RIDGE
Parana
Basin
Bahia Sul Basin
Ivory
Coast
Basin
Niger
Delta
Gabon
Basin
Douala
Basin
Congo
Basin
Angola
Basin
Jequitinhonha,
Espiroto Santo
Basins
Campos Basin
Santos
Basin
Pelotas
Basin
20S
40S
J.B. Meyers et al, 1996
Fig. 4.8a: Map of the South Atlantic showing the Mid Atlantic Ridge
and the Coastal Basins.
In the subsurface, three sedimentological formations are recognizable, namely; the upper
Benin formations, the intervening parallic Agbada Formation and the lower Akata
Formation.
The Benin Formation (2,100 m thick) is made up of over 90% massive, porous, coarse
sands with clay/shale inter-beds (Short and Stauble, 1967). This formation is the most
prolific aquifer in the region. The Quaternary deposits (40-150m thick) generally consist
of rapidly alternating sequences of sand and silt/clay with the latter becoming
increasingly more prominent seawards. The recent Niger Delta can be subdivided into
seven major inter-gradational geomorphologic units shown in Figure 4.8b, (Andersen,
1967) from land to sea (north to south), these are:
Coastal sand plains
Deltaic plain (Sombreiro & Warri)
Lower Niger flood plain
Niger flood plain
Mangrove swamp
Beach and Barrier Islands
188
Fig. 4.8b: Ecological zones within the Niger Delta (SPDC, 1997)
The project straddles across Coastal sand plains, Deltaic plain (Sombreiro & Warri) and
Lower Niger flood plain which is a geographically extensive low-lying area dominated
by fluvial systems, some with braided characteristics. Few meander belts occur within
this deltaic plain. The sediments of the area, which are indicative of the Holocene
geomorphologic units, are underlain by the Benin, Agbada and Akata formations (Short
and Stauble, 1967).
Oceanic crust has been inferred to underlie most of the thick sedimentary wedge of the
oil-prolific Niger Delta basin. Integrated interpretation of new aeromagnetic data of the
Geological Survey of Nigeria and existing geophysical data corroborates previous work
on the general structure of the marginal basins. New aeromagnetic data, however, reveal
a detail structure more complex than previously known. Low-frequency magnetic
anomalies over the Niger delta indicate that oceanic crust extends northward to about
Onitsha. From Onitsha, the edge of oceanic crust trends southwestward along the Benin
hinge line (an apparent continental continuation of either the Chain fracture zone or a
new Okitipupa fracture zone) and also wiggles southeastward (adjoined by a wide margin
of transitional crust) toward the shelf break off Cameroon.
4.4.8.2: Seismicity and Geohazards
Seismicity in the Niger Delta is not well known, due to the lack of historical records and
modern seismic networks. In addition to other sources of earthquake activity through the
189
middle of each of the great oceans, there is a line of earthquakes which can be associated
with underwater mountain ranges.
The geographical distribution of earthquake activity in the earths crust is seen from the
global seismic hazard map shown in Figure 4.8c. The map shows the distribution of
expected seismicity across the earths surface, measured by the expected intensity of
shaking over a given time. In addition to these major sources of earthquake activity,
through the middle of each of the great oceans there is a line of earthquakes, which can
be associated with underwater mountain ranges known as mid-ocean ridges.
Fig. 4.8c: Global distribution of earthquake activity and seismic hazard in the
earths crust
Seismicity in mid Atlantic ridge area has now been documented in many scientific
reports. Deborah et al., (2002) recorded a total of 3485 hydroacoustically detected
seismic events in the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 15_ and 35_N using six
autonomous hydrophones over a period of two years. They found the seismically active
zone to extend 20 km to either side of the ridge axis, consistent with earlier results from
studies of fault morphology. In general, the patterns of seismically active/inactive regions
are also recognized in the 28-year teleseismic record, implying that these patterns are
maintained at timescales between a few years and a few decades.
An aeromagnetic contour map compiled over shallow water and onshore portions of the
Nigerian continental margin, shows several elongate, long-wavelength anomaly closures
with some alternating polarity, separated by steep gradient, NE lineations. The lineations
are interpreted as new fracture zones or extensions of previously mapped ones. The NE
trend in the western delta region is concordant with the fracture zone trends of the deeper
Gulf of Guinea. Aeromagnetic lineations of the SE Niger Delta Basin however,
190
discordantly trend ENE. Their termination against the former is interpreted as evidence of
early sea-floor spreading in a ENE-WSW direction in addition to the well documented
NE-SW spreading of the Gulf of Guinea and the rest of the meso-Atlantic sea-floor.
Seismicity within the Mid Atlantic ridge could be transmitted through the deep seated
faults resulting in displacement of either side of the faulted blocks and could result in
earthquakes. The above indicate that the seismicity could be transmitted from the mid
Atlantic ridge through the deep-seated fracture zone to land. However, no record of any
seismicity has been recorded within the Chain and Charcort fracture zones, which could
result in earthquakes in the land adjoining the project site. In summary, the Niger Delta is
not considered to be in a highly tectonic area, hence the project site could be said to be
stable theoretically. However, there are fracture zones, which emanate from the Mid
Atlantic Ridge (Chain, Charcort and Cameroon volcanic line). It is not impossible that
these fractures zone could be reactivated and movements can occur. Oil and gas
extraction from the Niger delta petroleum depocenters traversed by the Chain and
Charcot fracture zones could result in subsidence. Any large and spontaneous subsidence
could generate seismic waves, which can result in large scale flooding of the coastal areas
of the State.
Apart from tectonically induced flooding, the project area is susceptible to periodic and
rare annual flood events of high magnitude between September and October, as
experienced in 2012, when the Niger River spilled over to Orashi and subsequently to
Sombreiro River, affecting large sections of the project area of influence, including the
OB/OB. These flood waves are characterized by high waters reaching more than 15 m
above Mean Sea Level.
4.4.8.3: Hydrogeology
Geotechnical borings using shell and auger percussion rigs were executed to establish the
stratigraphy of the immediate project area and also to access the groundwater for
purposes of quality assessment. Some of the borings were converted to groundwater
monitoring Wells. The conceptual design of the monitoring well which takes account of
the nature of potential pollutant of concern is presented in Fig. 4.8d. The groundwater
monitoring wells were necessary for the determination of the hydrogeological
characteristics of the site and assessment of estimates of contaminant transport
characteristics and travel times.
191
G.I Casin g cover

Pad lock
Extended Gal van ised
Iron Cas ing
Outer Galvanised
Iron Cas ing (Rim)
0.5m
Sandy Cl ay
Ground Surface
Inner
Cement Grout
Outer
Cement Grout
Groundw ater Level
Medium /Coar se Sand
PVC Cas ing
Gravel /San d backfill

Clay
Bentonite Seal
PVC Screen
Medium /Coar se Sand

Aquifer
Gravel Pack
Clay
Fig.Conceptual
1 DES IGN OF CONTAMINANT
INVESTIGATION/MONIT
ORING
BOREH
Fig. 4.8d:
design of the
monitoring wells
drilled
inOLE
the project area.
Specific dimensions of monitoring are dependent on the location and in particular, the
groundwater level. For example, at Ahia, the following specific monitoring well design
details were adopted (Table 4.8a).
Table 4.8a: Borehole Design Data for the Boreholes Drilled At Ahia Field
Borehole
Borehole
depth (m)
Casing
Set (m)
AHBH1
AHBH2
AHBH3
18.0
18.0
18.0
0 - 14
0 - 13
0 - 13
Screen Set Gravel

(m)
packing
(m)
14 17.8
13 18.0
13 17
12 18.0
13 17
12 18.0
Cement
Base (m)
Grouting
(m)
0 1.0
0 1.0
0 1.0
1.0 5.0
1.0 5.0
1.0 - 5.0
Static
water level
(m)
8.5
7.8
8.2
The borehole core analysis revealed two slightly different lithologic profiles within
the project area. Figs. 4.8e 4.8g show lithologic profiles up to 30 m depth at the
different sections of the project area of influence. The lithologs indicate the
suceptibility of the groundwater to contamination in different sections of the project
area. A common feature across the entire area of influence is a top silty clay soil with
a relatively low permeability, which to some degree has the capacity to retard
infiltration into the subsurface, and in so doing provide a certain degree of protection
to the groundwater.
192
Borehole-1
DEPTH
DESCRIPTION
(m)
0
CLAY, firm, reddish
brown sandy
STRATA
PLOT
CLAY, firm, dark

brown sandy
10
CLAY, firm, reddish
brown sandy
15
20
CLAY, soft-firm, pinkish

red sandy
25
SAND, pinkish red
soft
30
A. Average litholog of boreholes B. Average litholog of boreholes

at OBIYEBE
at ASSA
Ibigwe
Fig. 4.8e: Correlations of lithologs of boreholes drilled at the various sites
Source: SPDC. Environmental Evaluation Report (EER) for Ibigwe Marginal Field and Ahia. Final Report. March 2004
193
Fig. 4.8f: Stratigraphy of the shallow sub-surface on the Kolo Rumuekpe Pipeline
194
EGBEMA AREA
BH7
SWL
M 5
0.6M
BH9
CLAY. Compact, Dark

Brown
SILT. Light Brown, Gritty
10
15
0.4M
BH8
M 5
10
CLAYEY SILT. Light Brown,

Lateritic
15
20
SILT. Greyish, Lateritic
20
25
SILTY SAND. Whitish, Coarse
25
Aquifer
SWL
M 5
CLAYEY SILT. Brownish,

Smooth with Slightly Gritty
Feel
30
SILT. Brownish, Gritty
10
SAND, Brownish, Very Coarse
15
SANDY CLAY, Light Brown, Partly Smooth and Gritty
20
SILT, Greyish, Gritty
SILTY SAND, Greyish, Coarse
25
SAND, Greyish, Very Coarse
Aquifer 30
SWL
1.0M
15
CLAY, Dark Brown,

Compact
SILT. Brown, Gritty
Aquifer25
30
SWL
0.7M
SILTY CLAY, Greyish, Slightly

Gritty
10
BH6
SWL
O.6M
M 5
15
10
20
20
SAND, Whitish, Very Coarse
EGBEMA WEST FLOWSTATION AREA

M 5
M 5
10
BH2
SILTY SAND, Whitish, Coarse
35
UGADA FIELD AREA

BH1
0.8M
SILT, Brownish, Gritty
Aquifer
SAND. Whitish, Very Coarse
30
SWL
SILT. Brown, Gritty
CLAY MOTTLED Grey, Compact

15
SILTY SAND. Greyish, Coarse

Aquifer25
SILT, Whitish, Coarse

20
30

25
Aquifer
30
Fig. 4.8g: Stratigraphy of shallow Subsurface in the Proposed Project Area
SILTY SAND. Greyish, Coarse

SAND. Greyish, Very Coarse
195
The lithologic analysis shows a gradual reduction in the thickness of the overburden as
you move westward and southwest of the study area. The lateritic clay to clayey
overburden of the aquifer helps to inhibit pollution of the groundwater system. However,
there is evidence that the groundwater resource in the area is highly influenced by
surrounding surface water bodies. In many places within the study area, the Benin
Formation is overlain by a considerable thickness of laterite composed of iron-stained
regolith formed by the weathering and subsequent ferruginization of the weathered
materials. The topsoil contains slight to moderate amounts of humus and has an average
pH of 4.0 (Ibe & Njoku, 1999). The sands are mostly medium to coarse grained, pebbly,
poorly sorted and locally contain lenses and pods of fine-grained sandstone amid sandy
clay.
The intercalation of sandy and clayey units gives rise to multi-aquifer system (EtuEfeotor, 1981; Edet, 1993; Udom et al., 1997 and Nwankwoala & Udom, 2011).
Boreholes penetrating the upper 200m of the formation reveal three aquifer systems
(Uma, 1984). The upper aquifer is unconfined and exists throughout the study area. The
middle aquifer is semi-confined (Ibe & Njoku, 1999), and the separating aquitard
between the two aquifers is made up of 3 -15m thick sandy clay. South of the study area,
the aquitard becomes more sandy with a very high leakage factor.
Further to the borehole core analysis, geophysical investigation was carried out to
corroborate the litholog of the study area. The apparent resistivity data from the field
measurements were inverted using IP12WIN interpretation software to determine the true
resistivity and depths of the subsurface formations. The model curves have RMS errors of
<10% and exhibit KH and QH type curves with 4-6 geoelectric layers. The geo-electric
curves emanating from this survey are represented graphically in Figure 4.8h.
196
VES 1
VES 2
VES 3
VES 4
VES 5
VES 6
VES 7
VES 8
VES 9
VES 10
VES 11
VES 12
VES 13
VES 14
VES 15
Fig 4.8h: Geo-electric Curves of 15no. Vertical Electric Soundings in project area
A geo-electric unit is characterised by two basic parameters: the layer resistivity and the
layer thickness. The combination of the thickness and resistivity of the geo-electric layers
into single variables known as the Dar-Zarouk parameters which are transverse resistance
(R) and Longitudinal conductance (S) can be used as a basis for the evaluation of aquifer
properties such as transmissivity and protective capacity of the overburden rock materials
(Oborie & Nwankwoala, 2012).
For aquifers whose fluid characteristics are fairly constant, the hydraulic conductivity is
proportional to the resistivity of the aquifer (Oborie & Nwankwoala, 2012). This implies
that in the absence of a pumping test data, the aquifer hydraulic conductivity K can be
197
approximated to the true resistivity of the aquifer derived from geo-electric investigation.
The longitudinal conductance (S) gives a measure of the impermeability of a confining
clay/shale layer. Such layers have low hydraulic conductivity (k) and low resistivity.
Protective capacity (Pc) of the overburden layers is proportional to its longitudinal
conductance S.
The geophysical results were interpreted in terms of the resistivity of the subsurface units
with the aid of the lithologic log averaged across the study area (Fig. 4.8i). The model
interpretation based on the above correlation show that the geo-electric sections consists
of fine to coarse sands, clayey sands with occasional clay units. The stratigraphy of
superficial layers in the project area of influence appears to be reasonably uniform as
indicated by a comparison of lithologs from Asa North (Fig. 4.8i), Ibigwe, Ahia and the
Asa North-Ohaji axis, which confirms significant similarities.
Fig. 4.8i: Generalized lithologic log and geoelectric section of the Assegment of the
study area.
The aquifer and Dar-Zarouk parameters of the geoelectric sections are presented in
(Table 4.8b). The aquiferous zones occur between the 3rd and 5th geoelectric layers with
resistivity range of 43 m to 416 m for the borehole points at depths of 24.8 m to 72.3
m and thickness ranging from 13.2m to 39.6 m. The transverse resistance (R) and hence
the transmissivity (T) of the aquiferous zones vary from 1.2 X 103 m2 to 1.56 X 104
m2. These values which are greater than 400 m2 correspond to aquifer zones where
the thickness and resistivities are appreciably large (Oborie & Nwankwoala, 2012). The
high transmissivities suggest that the aquifer materials are porous and highly permeable
to fluid movement (Ehirim & Nwankwo, 2010).
198
Table 4.8b: Aquifer and Dar-Zarouk parameters of geoelectric sections

S/N.
Location
Aquifer
Depth (m)
VES 1
VES 2
VES 3
VES 4
VES 5
VES 6
VES 7
VES 8
Aquifer
Resistivity
(m)
144
67
175
93
194
252
385
416
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
38.5
42.6
43.2
35.2
34.3
30.3
62.5
64.9
Aquifer
Thickness
(m)
13.2
24.2
15.5
25.4
20.8
23.0
39.6
37.6
Transverse
Resistance
(m2)
1900.8
1621.4
2712.5
2362.2
4035.2
5897.2
15246
15630.3
Protective
Capacity
(Siemens)
1.125
1.139
1.08
0.095
0.333
0.053
0.264
0.101
9
10
11
12
13
14
VES 9
VES 10
VES 11
VES 12
VES 13
VES 14
309
125
112
76
43
81
65.7
72.3
51.6
53.0
49.7
24.8
36.6
29.6
29.3
29.8
27.7
19.2
11309
3700
3281.6
2272.4
1196.6
1555.2
0.089
1.083
1.175
0.472
0.371
0.095
15
VES 15
246
57.1
38
9234
0.378
The longitudinal conductance (S) and hence, the protective capacity (PC) of overburden
layers range from 9.5 X 10-2 to 1.18 X 100. Pc values less than 1.0 Siemens are classified
as low and are characteristic of sedimentary successions of overburden layers with no
significant impermeable clay/shale overlying strata. Such subsurface model is an
indication of high infiltration rates from precipitation into the aquifers. In this study, most
of the areas sampled have PC<1, however, VES stations 1, 2 and 3 corresponding to
borehole points in ASSA, have PC values >1 which implies that these locations have
considerable layers of clay separating the subsurface aquifer zones. In addition to high
transmissivity and low protective capacity values in most of the VES stations, the
aquifers are relatively close to surface (<100m) and thus susceptible to contamination
over large area once the aquifer receives a load of contaminant dose from surface or near
surface sources (Oborie & Nwakwoala, 2012).
The lithologs show that the sand and clay intercalations constitute a system of aquifers
separated by aquitard. The aquitards form a multi-aquifer system. The unconfined
aquifer zone varies in thickness from 30-40 m. The top aquifers in the study area are
unconfined. The depth to static water level in the Asa North nodal area is shallow and
ranges from 6.0ft to 24.0ft (Fig 4.8i) across the area. In nearby Awoma-Assa, Umubi and
Awara the groundwater levels are slightly deeper as indicated in an earlier study of Asa
North Gas Development Project of 2003 (Table 4.8c).
199
Table: 4.8c: Groundwater levels in Assa-Ibigwe area, November 2003

Borehole
Location
BH1
(Awoma-Assa)
BH2
(Umubi)
BH3
(Awarra)
Elevation (m)
56
59
57
Depth to water level (m)
22.5
24.5
23.5
Reduced water level (m)
33.5
34.5
33.5
Remarks
Flow
Direction
N-S
is
The measured groundwater level is season dependent and fluctuates in the course of the
year, with higher groundwater levels in the wet season arising from higher infiltration
ration rates. The high groundwater levels are attributed to influence of high amount of
precipitation recorded in the study area over the greater part of the year.
Direction of Ground water Movement
The direction of Groundwater movement of the proposed project area was determined
from the Static Water Level of each monitoring borehole, and the equi-potential lines
(contour lines) of the Static Water Levels. Groundwater moves from the area of higher
hydraulic gradient to lower hydraulic gradient. The direction of ground water movement
is perpendicular to these equi-potential lines.
The direction of ground water movement in the project area is as shown in Figure 4.8j.
The groundwater flow direction is obviously influenced by the predominantly Northsouth
structural trend in Nigeria as the general flow direction is Northeast -Southwest.
Groundwater flow direction was towards the geographic south direction. The hydraulic
gradient was 0.00143. This flow direction is consistent with the regional flow pattern that
is directed towards the south. It is pertinent to mention that groundwater at this site is
subject to strong seasonal influences. Groundwater level is expected to rise significantly
during the wet season in response to increased infiltration. Recharge to this groundwater
system is mainly from rainfall, while discharge sources include run-offs from the basin
and abstraction through boreholes (Offodile, 1991). The groundwater velocity was also
computed to be 1.0 x 10-5m/sec.
Table 4.8d: Hydraulic conductivity of soils at various depth in project area
BH Ref
BH-1
BH-2
BH-3
Depth (m)
0 0.5
7 -8
8 10
0 -1
9 10
10 14
0 -1
78
Soil Description
Silty clay
Clay
Sand
Silty organic clay
Clay
Sand
Silty clay
Silty clay
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/s)

1x10-5 1x10-9
5.3x10-4
1x10-5 1x10-9
9.0x10-4
1x10-5 1x10-9
200
BH Ref
BH-4
BH-6
Depth (m)
10 -11
89
11 12
0 -1
89
11 12
Soil Description
Silty sand
Clay
Sand
Silty Clay
Clay
Sand
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/s)

3x10-3
1 x 10-5 1x10-9
5.2x10-4
1x10-5 1.2x10-9
1.2x 10-3
A. Water levels of boreholes at ASSA
B. Water levels of boreholes at OBIYEBE
C. Water levels of boreholes at OBRIKOM
D. Water levels of boreholes at AKPABU
E. Water levels of boreholes at ALIMINI

Fig. 4.8j: Borehole Water Levels and direction of groundwater flow at the study
area
Soil Texture and Composition Assessment for Infiltration Analysis
The particle size analysis, expressed as fractions (sand, silt and clay) of the dried mineral
matter, shows that the soils are dominated by sand loams (Fig. 4.8k). These are soils
containing a lot of sand but have enough silt and clay to make the soil cohesive. The
individual sand grains can be seen and felt (Anon., 1986). The dominance is sandy loams,
sands and loamy sands, in that order. High sand fraction in all the soil samples, ranging
from 65% (SS5B, SS6B) to 98% (SS1T), is a common feature of the soils of Ibigwe field.
201
The sand dominance is further confirmed by sieve analysis, which yieled the particle size
distribution, which give a mean particle size of 0.3mm and an effective size of 0.085 mm.
This feature makes the soils prone to high leaching intensity, and on steep topography,
gives rise to accelerated or gully erosion. The predisposition of AssaIbigwe soils to
accelerated erosion on steep topography was observed along the location road by
Nwagbakobi stream, AwomaAssa.
202
120
100
80
%
60
40
20
0
S
LS
SS1
SS2
SS3
SCL SCL SCL SCL SCL SCL SL SCL SCL SCL SL

T
SS4
T
SS5
T
SS6
SS7
SS8
LS
SL
SL
SL
SL
SL
LS
SL
SL
SL
SS9
SS10
SS11
SS12
SS13
SS14
SS15
T=Top Sample; B=Bottom Sample; S=Sands; LS=Loamy Sand; SCL= Sandy Clay Loam; SL=Sandy Loam; SS=Sample Station
Sand
Silt
Clay
Fig. 4.8k: Particle Size Distribution of Soil Samples from Assa-Ibiwe Field
Source: SPDC. Environmental Evaluation Report (EER) of Ibigwe Marginal Field. Final Report. March 2004
203
100
Percentage Passing (mm)
90
80
70
60
BH-1
BH-2
BH-3
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Sieve sizes(mm)
Fig. 10: Particle Size Distribution of Sandy Layers
Fig. 4.8l: Particle Size Distribution of Sandy Layers

Source: SPDC. Environmental Evaluation Report (EER) of Ibigwe Marginal Field. Final
Report. March 2004
The component of water balance that infiltrates will in part be determined by permeability
which has been estimated by an empirical method. The Kozeny Carman Bear (1972)
equation for deriving the coefficient of permeability takes the porosity(n) into account as
well as the specific surface area of the porous medium which is defined per unit volume of
solid. It expresses permeability as:
K = w g n3
(d2m )
(1-n)2 180
where dm = mean particle size
w = fluid density
= fluid viscosity
Using a typical soil porosity n=0.4, mean particle size = 0.05mm and mean viscosity
determined from water samples, permeability estimate was calculated to be 3.6 x 10-8 cm/s
for the area.
4.4.9: Ground water Quality
This subsection of the ground water physicochemistry and microbiology covers pipelines,
facilities (exisiting and proposed) and the entire zone of influence in order to address the
cumulative impact component of this study.
204
Physicochemical Parameters
Summaries of physico-chemical properties of groundwater from groups of boreholes drilled
at different sections of the project area of influence and at different times are presented in
Table 4.9a, in comparison with FMEnv Standards. Detailed results of physico-chemical
parameters from each group of boreholes, are presented in Appendix 4.3.
Table 4.9a: Summaries of physico-chemical properties of groundwater in project area
Parameters
FMEnv
Stds.
Egbema Ugada AreaEgbema West Rumuekpe

1999 Range
Area 2009
2009
2009
Mean
pH
6.5-8.5
6.03
6.42
4.7-5.37
4.8
28.83
28.90
27.83
26.9-30.0
26.7
6.29
8.06
3.15
22.4-35.01
192.00
30.30
6.5-8.0
270.50
57.34
500
DO (mg/l)
7.5
Cond. (s/cm)
BOD5(mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
Turb. (mg/l)
4.07
TSS (mg/l)
<10
2.98
Chl. (mg/l)
Mean
Ahia FS
2003 2012
Mean Mean
5.70
Temp.(0C)
TDS (mg/l)
Alk. (mg/l)
Mean
AN-OH
3.20
3.03
3.04
153.13
1.58
130.77
1.08
54.37
1.19
1.27
1.31
1.98
1.5-3.5
4.64
4.07
2.24
1.47-4.3
350.50
2.13
2.06
9.3-14.26
509.59
24.00
33.33
11.33
15-21
12.00
3.10
3.00
4.33
3.67
5-8.2
24.70
12.64
0.43 - 32.88
3.40
.21-.31
1.41
0.31
0.03
<0.01 0.10 <0.01 0.10
0.025-0.798
<0.05
<0.01
<0.01
Sulph. (mg/l)
50
Nitrate (mg/l)
10
Phosph. (mg/l)
<5.0
0.38
H2S (mg/l)
Sal. (mg/l)
0.05
Sodium (mg/l)
20
7.94
13.40
0.70
<0.01-0.179 <0.01-0.179 <0.01-0.179
250
<0.01
53.6-69.3
less than 1
1.68
<0.01 0.10
0
1.18
1.15
1.41
1.13-1.83
Potas. (mg/l)
0.63
0.93
0.69
0.17 -1.30
Cal. (mg/l)
0.46
0.54
0.37
0.22-0.88
9.30
4.00
Mag. (mg/l)
5.40
O/G (mg/l)
0.05
0.19
<0.01
0.14
<0.01
0.49
<0.01
0.10-0.73
Cad. (mg/l)
0.1
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.022
0.05
Chro. (mg/l)
0.05
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.021
Copp. (mg/l)
0.1
<0.01-0.04
Tot. Iron (mg/l) 1
<0.01
0.01
0.02
.001-.005
0.025
<0.001
0.04
0.91
<0.01
<0.01
0.79
<0.01
<0.01
0.75-0.92
<0.01
0.078
0.02
3.84
0.03
<0.01
0.188
Mang(mg/l)
Nickel (mg/l)
0.05
0.05
0.85
<0.01
<0.01
Lead (mg/l)
0.05
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
BDL
Van.(mg/l)
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Zinc (mg/l)
0.15
0.11
0.17
.067-.121
4
<0.01
0.034
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
1.47
The table indicates that Groundwater quality within the project area of influence is
generally within FMEnv limits. Most importantly, there is no documented scientific
evidence of groundwater contamination from oil/gas production in the study area.The
205
groundwater in the project area can be divided into two groups, based on the
hydrogeological characteristics. Shallow groundwater, is contained within the topmost 4 m
to 10 m from the ground level, and in most cases is separated by moderately thick clay
layer, from 2.5 m to 3.25 m thick. There is also a deeper groundwater body beyond 10 m
depth as suggested by the borehole lithologs, which is naturally protected from pollution by
the intervening clay layers.
Groundwater abstraction requirement for the AN-OH and ancillary facilities is
approximately 130 m3 per day. The cumulative demand pressure on the deeper aquifer
arising from other projects or human settlement and habitation in the area is not known for
certain, but on account of the mainly rural/provincial nature of the general area is expected
to be low. Since the principal aquifer, the Benin Formation is known to be persistent and
prolific, it is expected that the cumulative water demand on the deeper aquifers will neither
deny other parties the benefits of groundwater use of jeopadise the future use of the aquifer.
The spatial variations in the physic-chemical parameters within the project area designated
for facility is presented in Figure 4.9a. Although the parameters are all within FMEnv
limits, significant variations were observed in TS, TSS and TDS.
206
1000
120
900
Electrical
Conductivity
s/cm
800
700
Colour (Pt-Co)
TOC (5)
100
SO4 (mg/L)
80
600
COD (mg/L)
500
TS (mg/L)
60
TSS (mg/L)
40
Turbidity (mg/L)
20
TDS (mg/L)
400
300
Cl (mg/L)
Alkalinity (mg/L)
200
Total Hardness
(mg/L)
100
BH-1
BH-2
BH3
BH-4
BH-5
BH-7
BH-9
BH-11
BH-13
BH-15
BH-15
BH-13
BH-9
BH-11
BH-7
BH-5
BH3
BH-4
BH-2
0
BH-1
20
18
pH
16
PO4 (mg/L)
H2S (mg/L)
14
THC (mg/L)
12
NO2 (mg/L)
10
NO3 (mg/L)
NH3 (mg/L)
Alkalinity (mg/L)
Salinity (0/00)
SiO2 (mg/L)
CO3 (mg/L)
HCO3 (mg/L)
BH-15
BH-13
BH-11
BH-9
BH-7
BH-5
BH-4
BH3
BH-2
BH-1
Fig. 4.9a: Spatial variation in the Physico-chemical parameters within project area for
facility
The pH values of the groundwater samples in the study area ranged from 4.55 to 6.42 with
an average pH of 5.67 (Appendix 4.4). This shows that the groundwater of the study area is
mostly slightly acidic as in most parts of the Niger Delta (Efe and Mgborukor 2012) and
fails to meet the Nigerian standard for drinking water quality minimum permissible limit of
6.5 to 8.5. The moderately high acidity of groundwater in the region is attributable to
emissions and geology. The fact that acidity is widespread across the Niger Delta region,
irrespect of the presence of flares, makes the association of geology with groundwater
acidity more plausible. The interaction of meteoric water with pyrite which is widely
presenting the lateritic overburden material in many parts of the study area, easily results in
the formation of the mild acid H2SO4 which presence in groundwater may be largely
responsible for acidity and low pH observed in groundwater in the region.
207
The pH values of the groundwater is important because it controls many chemical and
biological processes that occur in the water and can be used as a proxy for water quality
condition since it is easily changed by chemical pollution. According to the Center for Earth
and Environmental Sciences, Indiana University, pH values for ground water of <5.5 is
poor, 5.5 6.0 is fair, 6.0 6.5 is good, 6.5 7.5 is excellent, 7.5 8.0 is good, while 8.08.5 is fair. The slight acidity shows that the generation of net positive charge through the
dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals falls below the contribution of net negative
charge from the ionization of strong acids. This is corroborated by the values for carbonates
and silica in the groundwater samples which range from 0.00 mg/l to 9.90 mg/l and 0.00
respectively. Groundwater development in the area is still at a relatively undeveloped stage,
overall impacts from past, current and future activities are judged to be low and not
significant. The sources of impact on geology and hydrogeology were identified as
excavation, dredging/sandfiling, pipe laying, oil spills, waste disposal, pipeline rupture and
drilling activities.
There is no direct evidence of groundwater contamination of either shallow or deep aquifers
from oil and gas production activities in the study area. It is not anticipated that the
operations of the project will have any long-term, adverse or cumulative effects on the
groundwater quantity and quality. It is expected that with proper monitoring, any adverse
effects on the shallow groundwater will be quickly identified and remedial actions instituted
to protect the valued resource. These effects will be restricted to the shallow aquifer. In the
event of accidents or incidents, the lateritic silty clay (top layer) would retard downward
infiltration of pollutants but enhance run-off of spilled materials. The result is that any
contaminant effects will be highly localized within the groundwater body.
According to Davies and Dewiest (1966) and Amadi (1997), the number of major dissolved
constituents in groundwater is quite limited and the natural variations are not as great as
might be expected from a study of the complex mineral and organic material through which
the water is transported. Davies and Dewiest (1966), classified water based on the total
concentration of dissolved solids (TDS) as shown in Table 4.9a. Based on this
classification, the groundwater of the area with TDS values ranging from 7.30 ppm to 56.46
ppm can be referred to as Fresh water. Furthermore, the TDS values fall below the Nigerian
standard for drinking water quality maximum permissible limit of 500 ppm.
Table 4.9a: Classification of water (Source: Davies and Dewiest, 1966)
NAME
Fresh water
Brackish water
Silty water
Brine
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID (PPM)

0 1000
1000 10,000
10,000 100,000
More than 100,000
Electrical Conductivity values for this study range from 12.95 S/cm to 193.5 S/cm.
Furthermore, the values for Anions (Na+ + K+) range from 0.00 mg/l to 15.00 mg/l. The
values are similar to those obtained from the control borehole samples. Total Hardness
208
values for the samples ranges from 2.00 mg/l to 22.00 mg/l, while Total Suspended Solids
(TSS) ranges from 7.30 mg/l to 56.46 mg/l. Both values fall below the Nigerian Standard
for Drinking Water Quality of 150 mg/l, and 500 mg/l respectively. Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) ranges from 2.00 mg/l to 12.44 mg/l while Turbidity values ranges from
194.00mg/l to 463.30mg/l. These elevated values for turbidity are attributed to high iron
content of the host rock and influence of surface water bodies on the ground water system
of the study area. Turbidity is not a direct indicator of health risk, but it could provide food
and shelter for pathogens (Fox, 1995). For some contaminants, such as sodium and chloride
ions, there is often a threshold below which no serious health effects will occur. For the
purpose of this study, the Nigerian standard for drinking water quality has been used.
Trace Metals
Trace metals can be toxic and even lethal to humans even at relatively low concentrations
because of their tendency to accumulate in the body. Organisms higher up the food chain
progressively accumulate metals and eventually, humans at the top of the chain can
experience sever health problems. Some studies have found positive correlations between
the concentrations of trace metals in water (for example lead, iron and nickel) and death
rates from some cancers (Domenico & Schwart, 1997). The most common sources of
contamination as documented by Forstner and Wittman, (1981) include (1) effluents from
mining (including oil mining), (2) industrial waste water, (3) runoff, solid wastes or waste
water contributed from urban areas, (4) agricultural wastes and fertilizers, and (5) fossil
fuels. For this study, most of the metals analysed have occurred in concentrations below
threshold or regulatory limits.
The concentration of Iron ranges from 0.010 to 6.875 mg/l, Zinc from <0.001 mg/l to 2.870
mg/l, Copper from 0.010 mg/l to 0.360 mg/l, Cadmium from <0.001 mg/l to 1.250 mg/l, and
Nickel from <0.001 mg/l to 0.320 mg/l while the values of Chromium, Arsenic, Mercury,
lead and Vanadium are <0.001mg/l. Their Nigerian standard for drinking water quality
maximum limits are 0.3mg/l, 3.0mg/l, 1.0mg/l, 0.003 mg/l, 0.02 mg/l, 0.05 mg/l, 0.01 mg/l,
0.01 mg/l, 0.001 mg/l, 0.001 mg/l, and 0.01 mg/l, 0.01 mg/l respectively. The values for
Iron are elevated in all the borehole samples except BHC2 and BHC3 which are situated at
Ede and Obitti respectively. The elevation is attributed to the presence of lateritic
overburden in the area through which precipitation infiltrates to recharge groundwater.
Furthermore, the values for Cadmium are elevated in all the boreholes except BH7, BH8
and BH9 which are situated at Obrikom. These high values of cadmium are attributed to
natural sources but it can also be attributed to leakages from waste sites into the
groundwater system considering that groundwater travels a long distance.
Nutrients
This group of potential contaminants includes those ions or organic compounds containing
nitrogen or phosphorus. The main health effects related to contamination by nitrogen
compounds are (1) methemoglobinemia, a type of blood disorder in which oxygen transport
209
in young babies or unborn fetuses is impaired or (2) the possibility of forming cancercausing compounds (for example nitrosamines) after drinking contaminated water.
By far the dominant nitrogen species in groundwater is nitrate (NO3-), then to a lesser
extent, ammonium ion (NH3+). The concentration of nitrate in the groundwater of the area
ranges from 0.30 mg/l to 4.80 mg/l while nitrite concentration ranges from 0.00 mg/l to 1.25
mg/l. The values recorded for nitrate and nitrite concentration falls below regulatory limit
(Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality) of 50.0 mg/l and 0.2 mg/l respectively. The
values for ammonium (NH3 +) ranges from 0.29 mg/l to 3.54 mg/l. This study attributes
these values to biological degradation of naturally occurring nitrogenous organic matter.
Other Inorganic Species
This miscellaneous group includes metals present in non-trace quantities such as calcium,
magnesium, and sodium plus non-metals such as ions containing carbon and sulphur (for
example, bicarbonates, carbonates, and sulphates) or other species such as chlorides or
fluorides ions. Many of these ions are major contributors to the overall salinity of
groundwater. Extremely high concentrations of these species make water unfit for human
consumption and for many industrial uses. The health related problems are not as those
caused by the other contaminant groups. However, high concentrations of even relatively
non-toxic salts, for example, sodium can disrupt cell or blood chemistry with serious
consequences.
The concentration of Sulphate ranges from 1.40mg/l to 25.00 mg/l, Phosphate from 0.50
mg/l to 6.47 mg/l, Chlorides from 2.00 mg/l to 40.00 mg/l, while Carbonate ranges from
0.00 mg/l to 9.90 mg/l respectively. Their concentrations fall below the Nigerian standard
for drinking water quality maximum limits of 100 mg/l, 250 mg/l, 250 mg/l respectively.
Organic Contaminants
Contamination of groundwater by organic compounds is a logical consequence of the large
quantities of unrefined petroleum products and man-made organic compounds used today.
The project area is an oil mining area and therefore, a location of interest for organic
contaminants. Petroleum hydrocarbons are made up of carbon and hydrogen that are
derived from crude oil, natural gas and coal. There are two broad groups of hydrocarbons
contaminants associated with crude oil mining processes namely; aliphatic hydrocarbons
and aromatic hydrocarbons. The aliphatic hydrocarbons are those which do not contain
benzene ring. They are less toxic and are more easily biodegraded while aromatic
hydrocarbons are those which contain at least one benzene ring in their molecular structure.
The aromatics comprise of the poly aromatics (PAH) which are of intermediate
biodegradability and the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) which are
extremely soluble in water. These are of most concern owing to their toxicity and tendency
to bioaccumulate (Wrenn & Venosa, 1995).
210
There are important health effects related to drinking water contaminated by organic
compounds. However, as Craun (1984) points out, it is difficult to establish which
compounds are most toxic because not all have been tested, and health risks are inferred
from studies of laboratory animals, poisonings or accidental ingestion, and occupational
exposures. Organic contamination may cause cancer in humans and animals, as well as a
host of other problems including liver damage, impairment of cardiovascular function, and
depression of the nervous system, brain disorders, and various kinds of lesions.
Furthermore, hydrocarbon contamination makes water unfit for construction and may be
injurious to several fauna and flora. The laboratory results for the organic contaminants in
the groundwater samples namely; PAH, ALIPHATICS, and TPH ranges from 0.000 mg/l to
0.4326 mg/l, 0.0002 mg/l to 0.9234 mg/l and 0.0852 mg/l to 1.0500 mg/l respectively. This
is above the Nigerian Drinking Water Quality standard limit of 0.007 mg/l for most of the
borehole samples. The high concentration is attributed to oil mining activities in the study
area.
Ground water locations in the study area
This subsection of the ground water physicochemistry and microbiology covers only
facilities and the zone of influence (12 15 km) in order to address the existing, potential
and associated impacts of past and the proposed project (AN-OH facilities).
Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater samples around relevant facilities
third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)
In Table 4.9b the results of physiochemical analysis of ground water samples collected
around relevant facilities third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003) is
presented. The pH was acidic with lower pH in BH-5 and higher values in BH-9. TOC was
highest in BH-5 and lowest in BH-7. Most perameters were within the WHO and FMEnv
standards for domestic water acceptability. High levels of Fe are normal in these areas.
These results indicate that the ground water has not been impacted by these third party
facilities.
Table 4.9b: Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater samples around relevant
facilities third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)
Sample Location/Parameters
BH-5
BH-7
BH-8
BH-9
pH
Electrical Conductivity S/cm
Colour (Pt-Co)
TOC (%)
PO4 (mg/L)
SO4 (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
H2S (mg/L)
THC (mg/L)
TDS (mg/L)
Cl (mg/L)
4.58
153.80
551.00
10.80
3.47
25.00
12.44
0.00
1.54
77.90
33.00
5.58
102.50
431.00
2.45
1.40
15.30
5.00
0.00
0.23
59.45
29.13
5.87
85.12
424.00
3.45
0.90
12.10
3.00
0.00
0.49
47.66
20.83
6.05
95.70
378.00
4.03
1.10
10.00
7.00
0.00
0.54
56.46
22.60
WHO
Limits
6.5 9.2
FMEnv
50
15
6.5 8.5
400
500
600
250
211
BH-5
BH-7
BH-8
BH-9
NO2 (mg/L)
NO3 (mg/L)
NH3 (mg/L)
TS (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)
Turbidity (mg/L)
Alkalinity (mg/L)
Salinity ()
Total Hardness (mg/L)
SiO2 (mg/L)
CO3 (mg/L)
HCO3 (mg/L)
Heavy Metal
Cr (mg/l)
Cd (mg/l)
Cu (mg/l)
Pb (mg/l)
Fe (mg/l)
Ni (mg/l)
V (mg/l)
As (mg/l)
Zn (mg/l)
Hg (mg/l)
Mn (mg/l)
PAH
TPH
0.40
0.80
1.20
902.90
825.00
461.00
0.00
0.00
15.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.52
1.10
0.95
534.50
453.00
298.00
8.00
0.00
7.00
0.00
6.03
12.14
0.45
1.10
0.89
365.28
298.16
233.00
10.00
0.00
8.00
0.00
7.12
15.02
0.23
0.94
1.02
457.40
370.94
246.00
7.00
0.00
4.00
0.00
5.33
10.47
<0.001
0.250
0.360
<0.001
4.598
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
1.870
<0.001
0.040
0.1450
0.9059
<0.001
<0.001
0.042
<0.001
4.025
0.288
<0.001
<0.001
0.027
<0.001
<0.001
0.0849
0.0852
<0.001
<0.001
0.023
<0.001
1.850
0.238
<0.001
<0.001
0.089
<0.001
<0.001
0.1161
0.1204
<0.001
<0.001
0.049
<0.001
3.635
0.260
<0.001
<0.001
0.01
<0.001
<0.001
0.2232
0.2344
WHO
Limits
1
10
FMEnv
1500
500
200
15
0.5
Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater samples around project zone of

Table 4.9c shows the results of physicochemical analysis of ground water samples around
project zone of influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities). The ground
water was acidic and did not meet regulatory limits for domestic water acceptability.
However other parameters met the domestic water acceptability criteria.
Table 4.9c: Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater samples around project
zone of influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities)
BHC2
BHC4
pH
Colour (Pt-Co)
TOC (%)
PO4 (mg/L)
SO4 (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
H2S (mg/L)
THC (mg/L)
5.34
16.14
245.00
1.60
0.80
1.80
2.00
0.00
0.14
5.26
23.15
550.00
3.00
3.89
3.00
4.00
0.00
0.25
WHO
Limits
6.5 9.2
FMEnv
50
15
6.5 8.5
400
212
BHC2
BHC4
TDS (mg/L)
Cl (mg/L)
NO2 (mg/L)
NO3 (mg/L)
NH3 (mg/L)
TS (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)
Turbidity (mg/L)
Alkalinity (mg/L)
Salinity ()
SiO2 (mg/L)
CO3 (mg/L)
HCO3 (mg/L)
Heavy Metal
Cr (mg/l)
Cd (mg/l)
Cu (mg/l)
Pb (mg/l)
Fe (mg/l)
Ni (mg/l)
V (mg/l)
As (mg/l)
Zn (mg/l)
Hg (mg/l)
Mn (mg/l)
PAH
Aliphatics
TPH
8.70
4.00
0.03
0.90
0.88
339.70
331.00
280.00
0.00
0.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12.60
6.00
1.02
4.80
3.54
837.60
825.00
461.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
<0.001
0.060
0.020
<0.001
0.010
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.080
<0.001
0.020
0.0000
0.9234
0.9234
<0.001
0.040
0.020
<0.001
1.020
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.040
<0.001
0.020
0.0000
0.5550
0.5550
WHO
Limits
500
600
1
10
FMEnv
250
1500
500
200
15
0.5
Comparison of physicochemical characteristics of ground water in the study and

control areas
The comparison of physicochemical characteristics of ground water in the study and control
areas is presented in Table 4.9d. The pH of both study area and control were similar and
acidic and did not meet regulatory limits for domestic water acceptability. Electrical
Conductivity of the study area was higher than that of the control. Most other parameters
showed similar values in both study area and control and were within regulatory limits for
domestic water acceptability. Indicating that ground water in both areas had generally
similar characteristics. Existing facilities, especially with the study area, had little or no
impact on ground water physicochemistry.
213
Table 4.9d: Comparison of physicochemical characteristics of ground water in the

study and control areas
Study area
pH
Colour (Pt-Co)
TOC (%)
PO4 (mg/L)
SO4 (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
H2S (mg/L)
THC (mg/L)
TDS (mg/L)
Cl (mg/L)
NO2 (mg/L)
NO3 (mg/L)
NH3 (mg/L)
TS (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)
Turbidity (mg/L)
Alkalinity (mg/L)
Salinity ()
SiO2 (mg/L)
CO3 (mg/L)
HCO3 (mg/L)
Heavy Metal
Cr (mg/l)
Cd (mg/l)
Cu (mg/l)
Pb (mg/l)
Fe (mg/l)
Ni (mg/l)
V (mg/l)
As (mg/l)
Zn (mg/l)
Hg (mg/l)
Mn (mg/l)
PAH
Aliphatics
TPH
5.520.66
109.2830.53
44673.84
5.183.80
1.721.19
15.66.63
6.864.06
00
0.70.58
60.3712.71
26.395.67
0.40.12
0.990.14
1.020.13
565.02235.64
486.78234.19
309.5104.83
6.254.35
0.00
8.54.65
00
4.623.17
9.416.55
Control
(2012)
5.770.54
18.0653.50
389.68186
2.170.91
2.101.70
2.10.65
2.70.95
00
0.310.29
9.771.89
4.301.25
0.390.47
1.832.03
1.321.50
563.11317.35
548.39323.05
349134.01
1.53
0.00
3.251.5
00
0.991.98
1.833.66
<0.001
0.25
0.120.16
<0.001
3.531.19
0.260.03
<0.001
<0.001
0.500.91
<0.001
0.04
0.140.06
0.270.39
0.340.38
<0.001
0.040.02
0.080.09
<0.001
1.372.09
0.32<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.050.03
<0.001
0.0270.01
0.0970.19
0.480.38
0.580.24
WHO Limits
FMEnv
6.5 9.2
6.5 8.5
50
15
400
500
600
1
10
250
1500
500
200
15
0.5
Groundwater Microbiology
Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) in the groundwater was 0.6 3.4 x 103 cfu/ml in the dry
season and 1.15 327 x 103 cfu/ml in the wet season (Table 4.9e). Hydrocarbon utilizing
bacteria was not detected in the dry season and scanty in the wet season ranging from 0
100 cfu/ml. Total fungi was scanty ranging from 0 165 cfu/ml in the dry season and 0
169 cfu/ml in the wet season. Hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (HUF) were also scanty ranging
214
from 0 126 cfu/ml in the dry season and 0 100 cfu/ml in the wet season. There was not
enough data to trend the ground water data. The predominant bacteria in the groundwater
were Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and serratia and the fungi were Penicillium and Mucor.
Table 4.9e: Population of microbes in the groundwater of Assa North
Parameter
2003
2004
2006

x 103 cfu/ml
Total Fungi, 102 cfu/ml
HUB, x 102 cfu/ml

HUF, x 102 cfu/ml
Total
coliforms,
MPN/100ml
E. coli, MPN/100ml
2007
(dry
season)
0.60
3.40
0.14
0.60
-
2009 (Dry
season)
2009 (wet
season)
1.10 - 3.20
1.15 - 3.27
2012
(wet
season)
-
0 - 1.65
0 - 1.69
0
0 - 1.26
0 1.0
0 1.0
-
Microbiology of groundwater samples around relevant facilities (third party facilities

(IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)
Table 4.9f shows the microbiological data in groundwater samples around relevant facilities
(third party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003). These results suggest that the
microbiological quality of the water samples within this location did not meet the regulatory
limits for domestic water acceptability.
Table 4.9f: Microbiology of groundwater samples around relevant facilities (third
party facilities (IBEA005, OBRI-005 and OBRI-003)
BH-5
BH-7
BH-8
BH-9
Total Heterotrophic Bacteria x 103 cfu/ml

HUB, x 102 cfu/ml
HUF, x 102 cfu/ml
Total coliforms, MPN/100ml
E. coli, MPN/100ml
%HUB
%HUF
1.10
0.07
0.43
0.00
19.00
1.56
3.90909091
0
3.60
0.03
0.00
0.00
13.00
2.08
0
0
0.00
0.06
0.05
0.00
13.00
3.20
0
0
2.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
17.00
2.20
0.15
0
WHO/
FMEnv
Limits
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Microbiology of groundwater samples around the project zone of influence (12 15km
radius outside the pipelines and facilities)
Table 4.9g presents the microbiology of groundwater samples around the project zone of
influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities). The water samples at these
locations did not meet the regulatory limits for domestic water acceptability. In the two
boreholes (BHC2 and BHC4) in these locations, total coliforms were greater than regulatory
limits. However, other parameters could be considered acceptable. Percentage HUB
populations were low.
215
Table 4.9g: Microbiology of groundwater samples around the project zone of influence
(12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities).
BHC2
BHC4

HUB, x 102 cfu/ml
HUF, x 102 cfu/ml
E. coli, MPN/100ml
%HUB
%HUF
0.30
0.00
0.05
0.00
5.80
0.03
1.67
0
0.12
0.00
0.10
0.00
3.80
0.01
8.33
0
WHO/
Limits
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
FMEnv
Comparison of microbiological parameters of the study area and control

Table 4.9h presents a comparison of microbiological parameters of the study area and
control. The THB for the study area was slighty higher than that of control. The THB of the
control stations was within regulatory limits. Generally microbiological parameters for the
control were less than the study areas. Total coliform counts were high for both control and
study area, indicating that the water do not meet regulatory requirements for domestic water
acceptability.
Table 4.9h: Comparison of microbiological parameters of the study area and control
HUB, x 102 cfu/ml
HUF, x 102 cfu/ml
E. coli, MPN/100ml
%HUB
%HUF
Study
area
(2012)
1.351.28
0.100.18
0.340.20
0.0280.05
11.376.48
0.721.07
2.518519
28
Control (2012)
0.110.14
00
0.040.05
0.0030.01
3.851.55
0.020.02
3.636364
0
WHO/
Limits
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
FMEnv
Comparison of microbiological parameters of the Wet and Dry season

Table 4.9i presents a comparison of microbiological parameters of the Wet and Dry season.
Wet season THB and TF values were slighty less than dry season values. Similar
observations were made in soil. Concentration of nutrients in the dry season may have
contributed to this observation. In both seasons, ground water did not meet regulatory limits
for domestic water acceptability.
216
Table 4.9i: Comparison of microbiological parameters of the Wet and Dry season
HUB, x 102 cfu/ml
HUF, x 102 cfu/ml
E. coli, MPN/100ml
%HUB
%HUF
Wet
season
(2012)
1.191.30
0.070.16
-
Dry
season
(2007)
21.98
0.370.33
-
WHO/ FMEnv
Limits
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.4.10: Aquatic Studies

4.4.10.1: Surface Water
This subsection of the surface water physicochemistry and microbiology covers pipelines,
cumulative impact component of this study. The current results for surface water
physicochemistry were obtained during the wet season. Dry season results were collected in
2007. Orashi and Nwagbakobi River were sampled during the field data gathering exercise.
All samples were analysed in Dukoria International limiteds laboratory, Effurun, Delta
state. Table 4.10a shows the summaries of the results.
Table 4.10a: Physico-Chemical Results of Surface Waters within the Project Area
Parameter
Temperature, oC
pH
Electrical Conductivity, S/cm
Colour, Pt-Co
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),
mg/l
Total Suspended Solids (TSS),
mg/l
Total Solids (TS)
Turbidity, NTU
Total Alkalinity, mg/l
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD), mg/l
Chemical
Oxygen
Demand
(COD), mg/l
Total Hardness (CaCO3), mg/l
Total Organic Carbon (TOC),
mg/l
Ammonia (NH3), mg/l
Nitrite (NO2), mg/l
Nitrate (NO3), mg/l
ANOH 2012
ANOH2007
RPI/NNPC,
1985
Range
25.0 31.1
5.60 6.80
12.66 55.02
0.00 529.70
6.70 31.91
Mean
27.9
6.16
26.32
246.76
14.05
Range
25.0 29.9
5.02 5.65
17.1 20.3
8.20 9.80
Mean
28.6
5.36
18.5
9.10
1.00 570.01
91.19
4.00 6.00
5.00
9.40 616.21
1.00 397.00
0.00 10.00
0.00 6.50
1.70 3.30
107.03
77.69
5.75
4.39
2.46
1.14 8.30
2.5 7.7
2.72 7.63
0.50 5.30
3.28
5.18
4.54
3.20
1.20 8.00
2.74
0.50 - 0.60
0.54
2.00 19.00
5.13
1.10 4.80
2.04
0.10 1.54
0.00 0.87
0.40 3.70
0.64
0.29
1.28
0.02 0.068
0.04 0.40
0.027
0.176
18.5-34.0
3.1-8.6
10-42,100
2-35,350
1.2-397
2.0-9.0
1.95-2,460.0
BDL-5.44
217
Parameter
Phosphate (PO4), mg/l

Sulphate (SO4), mg/l
Chloride (Cl), mg/l
Carbonate (CO32+), mg/l
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Total Hydrocarbon (THC), mg/l
Total
Petroleum
Hydrocarbon(TPH), mg/l
ANOH 2012
Range
0.20 4.40
1.00 6.00
2.00 14.10
0.00 6.60
0.00 12.20
0.10 0.45
0.04 1.01
ANOH2007
Mean
1.56
2.14
4.89
3.95
7.31
0.23
0.56
Range
0.09 0.32
0.19 0.53
-
RPI/NNPC,
1985
Mean
0.16
0.35
-
0.049-0.054
BDL-2,796
3.1-18,648
Water Temperature
Water temperatures variation follows closely the changes in atmospheric temperatures. The
water temperatures in this study ranged between 25.0.0oC and 31.1oC with a mean of 27.9oC
while that of 2007 ranged between 25.0 and 29.9oC with a mean of 28.6oC. Mgbemena et
al. (2012) reported a range of 25.4 to 25.8oC in Sombreiro River. Measured temperatures
are within the levels reported previously in the Niger Delta (RPI/NNPC, 1985) and are
considered normal for the area.
pH
The pH values of the surface water samples ranged from 5.60 to 6.82 with a mean of 6.16
during the wet season while that of 2007 ranged from 5.02 to 5.65 with a mean of 5.36. The
surface waters of the area are therefore moderately acidic. Most fish can tolerate a pH range
of 5.0-9.9 (HACH, 2007) but the recommended pH range for protection of aquatic life in
freshwater environments is 6.5-8.5 (Clean Water Team, 2004). The pH values measured are
within previous levels recorded in the Niger Delta (RPI/NNPC, 1985). Low values of pH
are common in Nigerian inland waters and are attributed to input of humic and decaying
organic materials from forested catchment (Akpan, et al., 2002). Mgbemena et al. (2012)
reported a range of 5.95-6.45 along the Sombreiro in the vicinity of Ahaoda.Lethal effects
of pH on aquatic life occur below pH 4.5 and above 9.5. Measured values are therefore not
harmful to aquatic biota. Table 4.10b shows the historical levels of pH in surface waters of
the project area. pH did not show any definite temporal trend (Fig. 4.10a) but values above
7 were obtained only in 2003, thereafter all values were moderately acidic.
218
9
8
pH values
7
6
5
4
Min
Max
2
1
0
Ahia 2002
Assa North Assa North Egbema AN-OH 2012

2003
2007
West 2009
Years
Fig. 4.10a: Historical trend of pH in the project area.
219
Table 4.10b: Surface Water Trending Values for Assa North CEIA
Parameter
Water

(data 1999)
Ahia EER, 2003 (data

2002)

(data 2007)
Egbema Egbema West, 2009

(data 2009)
Dry
dry
6.0 - 7.0
19 - 147
Wet
7.5 - 7.9
21 - 158
6.6 6.7
24 28.0
dry
4.21-4.38
9.84-16.7
Wet
5.02-5.65
17.1-20.3
dry
5.21-6.93
11.71-93.10
Wet
5.13-6.68
8.52-41.30
5.60 6.80
12.66 55.02
2-6
2 - 380
1.45 1.65
0.53-3.61
1.14-8.30
0.001-0.03
10.00-18.00
1.00 397.00
2.7 - 6.5
12.9 - 15.7
15 105
0.4 - 3.7
11.5 - 14.5
16 - 119
5.27-7.20
1.33-2.46
2.72-7.63
<0.5-5.30
8.2-9.8
3.97-4.35
5.98-47.38
3.00-4.16
4.52-20.7
0.00 6.50
1.70 3.30
6.70 31.91
6 - 42
16 - 74
8.8 9.2
6.4 6.8
60.20
66.26
0.18 0.22
6.96-7.50
2.50-7.70
2.00-30.00
2.00-14.00
0.00 10.00
3.5 - 40.3
17.3 - 59.5
9.0 10.0
1.0-3.0
4.88-8.36
<0.05-9.0
0.03
TPhosphor
us
4.0-6.0
3.00-16.00
4.50-10.00
1.00 570.01
<0.50-0.60
0.09-0.32
32.0-96.0
0.009-0.362 T
phosphorus
54.00-150.60
0.022-0.155 T
phosphorus
1.20 8.00
K (mg/l)
0.13-1.61
0.145-1450
Na (mg/l)
0.92-1.31
1.016-6.930
1.15-1.57
0.44-1.46
0.175-0.880
<0.001-0.005
0.49-2.93
0.001-0.021
0.19-2.27
Wet
pH
Electrical
Conductivity
(S/cm)
Turbidity
(NTU)
DO (mg/l)
BOD5 (mg/l)
TDS (mg/l)
Alkalinity
(mg/l)
Hardness (mg/l)
TSS (mg/l)
TDS (mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
Phosphate
(mg/l)
12.5 50.3
4.7 16.3
136 520
2.4 4.0
0.0001
0.06
5.2 22.67
11.20 39.85
11.30 15.10
0.07 0.16
0.08 - 0.30
0.15 - 0.55
Ca (mg/l)
0.9 - 15.4
4.6 - 16.9
Mg (mg/l)
0.3 - 0.6
1.4 - 4.2
0.13 - 0.21
<1.0 - 1.0
0.18 - 0.46
1.8 - 4.5
Nitrate (mg/l)
Sulphate (mg/l)
0.02 0.042
3.25 4.6
Assa North
Appraisal,
2006 (data
Nov. 2003)
0.24 0.28
0.32-0.80
0.15 0.19
7.66 8.60
0.10-0.94
0.30-0.40
0.04-0.40
0.19-0.53
Assa NorthOhaji South

2012
0.20 4.40
0.064- 0.077
0.40 3.70
1.00 6.00
220
Parameter
Water
Chloride (mg/l)
V (mg/l)
Zn (mg/l)

(data 1999)
Ahia EER, 2003 (data

2002)
Dry
5.3 8.1
dry
<1.0 - 2.9
<0.001
0.077
0.091
<0.001
<0.0010.012
<0.001
0.070
0.081
0.336
1.062
0.282
0.532
<0.001
<0.0010.012
0.05 - 0.86
Wet
5.0 7.0
0.006-0.02
Pb (mg/l)
Mn (mg/l)
Hg (mg/l)
Ni (mg/l)
Fe (mg/l)
0.12- 0.25
0.016.636
Cr (mg/l)
Cd (mg/l)
Cu (mg/l)
Oil and grease
(mg/l)
THC (mg/l)
0.010
0.063
0.0250.112
Wet
2.0 - 10.9
<0.001
0.005
0.111
<0.001
0.0190.026
<0.001
0.001
0.019
0.190
0.830
0.006
0.033
<0.001
0.003
0.037
<0.05
Assa North
Appraisal,
2006 (data
Nov. 2003)

(data 2007)

(data 2009)
dry
2.05-3.40
<0.001
<0.02-0.05
Wet
dry
2.00-7.99
<0.001
<0.001-0.02
Wet
8.40 9.35
<0.01
<0.001
<0.001-0.023
2.00 14.10
<0.001
0.001 2.01
<0.026
<0.01
<0.01
<0.03-0.06
<0.01
<0.001
<0.001
0.011-0.033
<0.001
0.001 1.02
0.001 3.54
<0.01
0.3240.386
<0.001
0.06-0.14
<0.001
<0.01-0.07
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.001 0.30
0.35-0.72
0.17-2.27
0.04-0.17
<0.001-0.690
0.56 8.25
0.0320.038
<0.005
<0.05
<0.001
<0.001-0.007
0.001 1.25
0.5360.584
<0.01
<0.0050.01
<0.05
<0.05
<0.0050.02
<0.05
<0.001
<0.001-0.03
0.004-0.041
0.01-0.03
0.001 3.21
0.01 0.60
0.03 0.04
<0.005
<0.001-0.22
TPH
<0.001-0.066
0.10 0.45
<0.01
0.01-0.05
Assa NorthOhaji South

2012
221
Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Electrical Conductivity is a measure of the ability of a water sample to convey an electrical
current and it is related to the concentration of ionized substances in water. The
conductivity values recorded in this study ranged from 12.66 to 55.02 S/cm (mean = 26.32
S/cm) while that of 2007 ranged between 17.1 and 20.3 S/cm (mean = 18.5 S/cm); these
values are characteristic of freshwater environment. Around the project area, all surface
waters are fresh. These include the Sombreiro and Orashi and their network of
distributaries. RPI/NNPC (1985) reported a range of 10-42,500 S/cm covering the fresh
and brackish components of the Niger Delta. Ezekiel et al. (2011) reported a range of 401,940 S/cm for the Sombreiro River between Degema and Odemudie. Mgbemena et al.
(2012) reported a range of 67-92 S/cm along the Sombreira around Ahaoda. Figure 4.10b
shows the historical trend of conductivity in the project area. There is no clear temporal
trend but there is a tendency toward a decreasing trend which may be attributed to increased
rainfall intensity and flooding in the area.
Electrical conductivity (S/cm)
180
160
140
120
100
80
Min
60
Max
40
20
0
2002
2003
2007
2009
2012
Years
Fig. 4.10b: Historical trend of electrical conductivity in the project area

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Total Dissolved Solids ranged from 6.70-31.91 mg/l in 2012 and 8.20-9.80 mg/l in 2007.
RPI/NNPC (1985) reported a range of 2.0-35,350 mg/l for the Niger Delta Rivers.
Mgbemena et al. (2012) reported a range of 40.87-56.12 mg/l in Sombreiro River at
Ahaoda. The measured values are within previous values in the Niger Delta and are
considered normal for the freshwater systems. Total Solids (TS), which is a combination of
TDS and TSS, ranged from 9.40 to 616.21 mg/l (mean = 107.3 mg/l).
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Total suspended solids ranged from 1.00-570.01 mg/l (mean 91.19 mg/l) in 2012 and from
4.00-6.00 mg/l (mean 5.00 mg/l). With regards to TSS, the degree of contamination is
defined as weak, medium, or heavy for TSS values of 200, 500, or 700 mg/l, respectively
222
(Radojevic and Bashkin, 1999). RPI/NNPC (1985) reports a range of 1.2 to 397 mg/l for
TSS in waters of southern Nigeria. The TSS values within the project area are generally
within the RPI/NNPC (1985) values. High values are attributed to high river discharge
during the seasonal flooding of 2012.
Color
The colour of water determines the depth to which light is transmitted. Measured colour
ranged between 0.00 and 529.70 Pt Co units with a mean of 246.76 Pt Co units. Natural
waters can range from <5 in very clear waters to 300 units in dark peaty waters (Chapman,
1996). Mgbemena et al. (2012) reported a range of 3.0 to 195.0 units in Sombreiro River
near Ahaoda. The high colour values (>300 units) recorded in SW2UP, SW2DN and SW3C
are attributed to seasonal flooding while that of SW3DN could be attributed to the
aftereffect of the flooding and human activities (sand mining).Inland surface waters of
Nigeria are usually colored due to inputs of tannic, humic and decaying organic materials
(Akpan et al., 2002).
Turbidity
The turbidity ranged from 1.00 to 397.00 NTU (mean = 77.69 NTU) while that of 2007
were generally low ranging from 1.14 to 8.30 NTU. The range of turbidity in natural waters
is 1 to 2000 NTU (Mills, 2013). In pond systems, HACH (2007) reports that turbidity below
25 NTU signify clear water, 25-100 NTU intermediate and >100 NTU muddy waters. The
turbidity within the project area generally ranged between clear water and muddy waters
reflecting the differences in material input and hydrodynamic conditions. The high values
encountered in 2012 are attributed to flooding and high river discharge with attendant
increased loads of suspended sediment.
Alkalinity
The alkalinity of a water sample is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. The
alkalinity values in this study ranged from 0.00 mg/l to 10.00 mg/l while that of 2007
ranged from 2.5 to 7.7 mg/l. The mean values are 5.75 and 5.18 mg/l respectively.
Although alkalinity has little public health significance, highly alkaline waters are
unpalatable and are not used for domestic water supply but the important environmental
consideration in natural waters is the capacity to neutralize acidity originating from
atmospheric deposition (Radojevic and Bashkin, 1999). Mgbemena et al. (2012) reported a
range of 21.55 to 32.3 mg/l in Sombreiro River near Ahaoda. Historical measurements
alkalinity in the project area is shown in Fig. 4.4.9.3. Concentrations did not show a very
clear trend but values tended to decrease with time particularly after 2002. The decrease in
alkalinity may be attributed to increasing intensity of rainfall and flooding episodes in the
area. Acid rain associated with associated gas flaring in the area may also be a contributory
factor. Akpan and Umana (2004) have reported intense acid rain occurrence in the Eastern
Niger Delta area. Low alkalinity waters have poor capacities to absorb CO2 a major green
house gas. Alkalinity values 20 to 200 mg/l are typical for freshwater (Radojevic &
Bashkin, 1999). Alkalinity at 20 mg/l or more is desired for fresh water aquatic life (Mills,
223
2013). The measured alkalinities are too low for adequate primary productivity and fish
yield and for buffering against acidic inputs.
80
70
Alkalinity (mg/l)
60
50
40
Min
30
Max
20
10
0
1999
2002
2003
2007
2009
2012
Years
Fig. 4.10c: Historical trend of total Alkalinity of surface waters in the project area
Total Hardness
Water hardness refers to the ability of water to precipitate soap. The hardness values of the
water samples in this study ranged from 2.00 mg CaCO3/l to 19.00 mg CaCO3/l with a mean
of 5.23 mg CaCO3/l). Mgbemena et al. (2012) reported a range of 12 to 17 mg/l in
Sombreiro River near Ahaoda. Surface waters with hardness less than 50 mg/l are
considered soft (Radojevic & Bashkin, 1999). Soft waters have low capacity to buffer
against acidic contamination. Low hardness of the waters may be associated with increasing
intensity of rainfall and flooding in the area as well as natural geological formation poor in
carbonates.
Carbonates and Bicarbonates
The presence of Carbonates (CO32-) and Bicarbonates (HCO3-) influences the hardness and
alkalinity of water. The relative of amounts of carbonates and bicarbonates are related to
pH. Carbonate values recorded in this study ranged between 0.00 and 6.60 mg/l (mean =
3.95 mg/l) while bicarbonate values ranged between 0.00 and 12.20 mg/l (mean = 7.31
mg/l). Carbonates are uncommon in natural surface waters because they rarely exceed pH 9
while bicarbonate concentrations in surface waters are usually <500mg/l, and commonly
<25mg/l (Chapman, 1996). Values measured in present study are normal in natural
unpolluted waters.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Oxygen is essential to all forms of aquatic life, including those organisms responsible for
the self purification processes in natural waters. In freshwaters, Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
at sea level ranges from 15 mg/l at 0C to 8 mg/l at 25C. Concentrations in unpolluted
224
waters are usually close to, but less than 10 mg/l (Chapman, 1996). The DO values recorded
in this study ranged from 0.00 to 6.50 mg/l with a mean of 4.39 mg/l while that of 2007
ranged from 2.72 to 7.63 mg/l with a mean of 4.54 mg/l. Concentrations below 5 mg/l may
adversely affect the functioning and survival of biological communities and below 2mg/l
may lead to the death of most fish (Chapman, 1996). The lowest value of 0.00 mg/l was
recorded in SW2DN. The dissolved oxygen depletion could be attributed to the fact that the
water was stagnant which affect mixing with atmospheric oxygen and contain a lot of dead
vegetation which use up oxygen as they decay. The surface of the water was also covered
by silvery oily sheen associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; an indication of active
microbial activities.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand is a measure of the putriscible organic matter in a water
body. The BOD values recorded in this study ranged from 1.70 mg/l to 3.30 mg/l with a
mean value of 2.46 mg/l while that of 2007 study ranged from 0.50 to 5.30 mg/l with a
mean of 3.20mg/l. Unpolluted waters typically have BOD of 2 mg/l or less, whereas water
in contact with wastewater may have values up to 10 to 15 mg/l (Chapman and Kimstach,
1992). Average values of BOD in the project area are generally above 2 indicating organic
contamination possibly derived from inputs of decaying organic materials and humus from
the catchment. Poor waste management practices including direct discharge of domestic
effluents into surface waters is common in the project area.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic
matter in water sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong oxidizing agent. It is
widely used to measure the organic strength of water samples. The COD values in this study
ranged from 1.20 mg/l to 8.00 mg/l (mean, 2.74 mg/l) while that of 2007 were lower,
ranging from 0.50 to 0.60 mg/l (mean, 0.54 mg/l). COD is usually 2.5 times the BOD value
(Chapman and Kimstach, 1992).According to Mills (2013), a well balanced stream should
not have COD above 30 mg/l. Mgbemena et al. (2012) reported a range of 0.02 to 10 mg/l
in Sombreiro River near Ahaoda. The values of COD measured in current study are
generally low and do not indicate severe contamination by organic wastes. Historical data of
BOD and COD in the project area did not show any significant trend.
The total organic carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon containing compounds in a medium
and provides a means for determining the degree of organic contamination. The TOC values
of the water samples in this study ranged from 1.10 mg/l to 4.80 mg/l with a mean of 2.04
mg/l. In surface waters, TOC values are generally less than 10mg/l (Chapman and
Kimstach, 1992). Present values are below limits given by Chapman and Kimstach (1992)
indicating that the waters are not severly contaminated by organic wastes.
225
Nitrate (NO3-), Nitrite (NO2-) and Ammonium (NH4+)

Nitrogen compounds are of interest to environmentalists because they are both essential
nutrients, beneficial to living organisms, and pollutants with potentially harmful
consequences. Ammonia, Nitrate and nitrite are indicators of nitrogen loading of waters.
The Nitrate and nitrite values recorded in this study ranged from, 0.40 3.70 mg/l and 0.00
0.87 mg/l respectively. The NO3 and NO2 mean values are 1.28 and 0.29 mg/l
respectively. The values recorded in the 2007 study for NO3 and NO2 were lower, ranging
from 0.04 0.40 mg/l and 0.02 0.07 mg/l while the NO3 and NO2 mean values are 0.18
and 0.03 mg/l respectively. The Ammonia values recorded in this study range from 0.10
1.54 mg/l with a mean of 0.64 mg/l. Nitrate is a limiting nutrient for primary production in
the aquatic environment. In non-polluted waters, the world average of nitrates is 0.30 mg/l
(Mills, 2013). Concentrations in excess of 20 mg/l nitrate usually indicate pollution by
human or animal waste, or fertilizer runoff (Chapman and Kimstach, 1992). RPI/NNPC
(1985) gave a range of BDL to 5.44 mg/l for nitrate in rivers of southern Nigeria.
Mgbemena et al. (2012) reported a range of 0.22 to 2.30 mg/l in Sombreiro River near
Ahaoda. Present values are therefore normal for the study area. Historical data for nitrates in
the project area did not show any temporal trend but wet season values were relatively
higher than dry season values in all the years. This is attributed to direct imput by rainfall
and river discharge.
Phosphate (PO43-)
The addition of phosphate to natural waters is a serious environmental problem because of
its contribution to eutrophication. Although, nitrate also contributes to eutrophication,
phosphate is the major culprit in freshwaters. The phosphate content of the waters in this
study ranged between 0.20 mg/l and 4.40 mg/l with a mean of 1.56 mg/l while that of 2007
were lower, ranging from 0.09 to 0.32 mg/l with a mean of 0.16 mg/l. Most natural waters
have phosphate levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/l (Mills, 2013). RPI/NNPC (1985) gave
a range of 0.049 to 0.584 mg/l for phosphate in rivers of southern Nigeria. Mgbemena et al.
(2012) reported a range of 1.3 to 2.75 mg/l in Sombreiro River near Ahaoda. Present
measurements in 2012, show values higher than what is considered normal for the study
area. The high values may be attributed to inputs from river catchment associated with poor
waste management practices in the area. Historical data on phosphate in the project area did
not show any significant temporal trend but 2012 values were the highest measurements
compared to all previous data.
Sulphate
Sulphate values recorded in this study ranged from 1.00 to 6.00 mg/l (mean, 2.14 mg/l)
while that of 2007 were lower, ranging from 0.19 to 0.53 mg/l (mean, 0.35 mg/l). Sulphate
concentrations in natural water are usually between 2 and 80 mg/l; RPI/NNPC (1985)
reported values of BDL to 2,796 mg/l for sulphate in waters of southern Nigeria. The values
of sulphate obtained are therefore normal for the study area. The low values are typical of
freshwater ecosystems in the area.
226
Chloride
Chloride values in this study ranged from 2.00 to 14.10 mg/l with a mean of 4.89 mg/l. In
pristine freshwaters chloride concentrations are usually lower than 10 mg/l and sometimes
less than 2 mg/l (Chapman and Kimstach, 1992). Chloride is not considered as being
harmful to human health. Chloride values above 250 mg/l impart a salty taste which makes
the water unpalatable. High chloride values are harmful to plants; some damages may occur
at levels as low as 70 250 mg/l (Radojevics and Bashkin, 1999). RPI/NNPC (1985)
reported values of 3 to 18,648 mg/l for chloride in waters of southern Nigeria. The values of
chloride obtained are normal for the study area. The low values are a reflection of the
freshwater nature of the project area.
Trace Metals (Heavy metals)
Natural waters contain very small quantities of several essential metals including zinc (Zn),
copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese
(Mn), Barium (Ba) and Silver (Ag). These metals, also called trace or heavy metals are
required by plants and animal in minute quantities and are toxic in relatively high
concentrations. The concentrations of heavy metals in the water samples were generally low
in both studies but some (Chromium, Cadmium, Lead and Zinc) slightly exceeded
FMEnv/DPR limits for surface waters in this study (Table 4.10c). Chromium, cadmium and
zinc also exceed the range of values reported by RPI/NNPC (1985) for rivers of Niger Delta
area. This could be attributed to seasonal influence where materials are washed into the
river system by rain and floods.
Table 4.10c: Heavy Metal Concentrations in Surface waters within the area
ANOH
season)
Range
Heavy Metal
6+
Chromium (Cr ), mg/l

2+
Cadmium (Cd ), mg/l

2+
Copper (Cu ), mg/l

2+
Lead (Pb ), mg/l

2+
Iron (Fe ), mg/l

Nickel (Ni), mg/l
Vanadium (V), mg/l
2+
Zinc (Zn ), mg/l

Arsenic (As), mg/l
2+
Mercury (Hg ), mg/l

Manganese (Mn), mg/l
2012
(Wet
Mean
ANOH
season)
Range
2007
0.001 1.25
0.16
0.005 0.05
0.001 3.21
0.67
0.01 0.60
(Dry
Mean
FMEnv/
RPI/NNPC,
1985)
0.028
DPR
Limits
0.03
BDL-0.971
0.01 0.05
0.03
0.05
BDL-0.092
0.26
0.005 0.05
0.02
1.5
0.001 1.02
0.18
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
BDL-1.354
0.56 8.25
3.56
0.17 2.27
0.81
1.0
BDL-4.75
0.001 0.30
<0.001
0.001 2.01
0.11
<0.001
0.79
0.01 0.08
<0.01
0.01 - 0.05
0.03
<0.01
0.03
1.0
BDL-1.379
BDL-1.563
BDL-0.770
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.001 3.54
1.24
Hydrocarbons
The levels of Total Hydrocarbon (THC) recorded in this study ranged between 0.10 and
0.45 mg/l (mean, 0.23 mg/l) while Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) ranged between
0.04 and 1.01 mg/l (mean, 0.56mg/l). According to Mills (2013), Toxic effects of oil and
227
grease may begin as low as 0.10 mg/L with water soluble petroleum pollutants. RPI/NNPC
(1985) reported a range of 0-70 mg/l for rivers of Niger Delta area. Present measurements
are within values commonly measured in the area.
Surface water physicochemical properties at various sampling locations
This subsection of the surface water physicochemistry and microbiology covers only
facilities and the zone of influence (12 15 km) in order to address the existing, potential
and associated impacts of past and the proposed project (AN-OH facilities). The tables
below shows the results of the physicochemical properties of the surface water in the
various facilities.
In Table 4.10d the Physicochemical characteristics of surface water within the 2006
Appraisal well drilling location and mothballed Assa flow station is presented. The pH was
acidic, TOC was characteristic of freshwater aquatic systems. Chloride levels were low
showing it was fresh water. COD was low showing it had very little organic content. Heavy
metals were generally low except iron which is characteristic of surface water in the Niger
Delta. Petroleum hydrocarbons were low indicating the low hydrocarbon burden of the
surface water body and insignificant impacts of existing facilities.
Table 4.10d: Physicochemical characteristics of surface water within the 2006
Appraisal well drilling location and mothballed Assa flow station
pH
Electrical Conductivity (/cm)
Colour (Pt-Co)
TOC (mg/l)
PO4 (mg/L)
BTSW
5.60
14.31
49.00
1.40
1.30
SO4 (mg/L)
1.20
COD (mg/L)
H2S (mg/L)
1.60
0.00
THC (mg/L)
TDS (mg/L)
Cl (mg/L)
NO2 (mg/L)
0.10
7.18
3.00
0.00
NO3 (mg/L)
0.50
NH3 (mg/L)
0.47
TS (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)
Turbidity (mg/L)
Alkalinity (mg/L)
Total Hardness (mg/l)
SiO2 (mg/l)
38.68
31.50
39.50
0.00
2.00
0.00
CO3 (mg/l)
0.00
HCO3 (mg/l)
0.00
228
Heavy metals
Cr (mg/l)
Cd (mg/l)
Cu (mg/l)
Pb (mg/l)
Fe (mg/l)
Ni (mg/l)
V (mg/l)
As (mg/l)
Zn (mg/l)
Hg (mg/l)
Mn (mg/l)
PAH (mg/l)
ALI (mg/l)
TPH (mg/l)
BTSW
1.254
3.214
0.240
<0.001
8.254
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
1.040
<0.001
3.540
0.1064
0.5402
0.6466
Physicochemical characteristics of surface water within sampling stations around

SPDC wells
In Table 4.10e, the physicochemical characteristics of surface water within sampling
stations around SPDC wells are presented. Two stations (SW1 upstream and SW1
downstream) represented the surface water around these wells. The pH upstream was
slightly more acidic than the pH downstream. Electrical conductivity was slightly greater
upstream than downstream. Chloride levels were suggestive of fresh water nature of the
aquatic systems. Total solids, TSS and TDS were similar for both stations. Heavy metals
and organics (TPH, PAH and Aliphatics) were low and similar in both stations.
Sample Description
SW-1
Nwagbakobi River
Upstream
Nwagbakobi River
Downstream
Table 4.10e: Physicochemical characteristics of surface water within sampling stations

around SPDC wells
pH
Colour (Pt-Co)
TOC (mg/l)
PO4 (mg/L)
5.63
18.41
0.00
2.00
6.12
12.66
59.00
1.14
0.70
0.20
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.20
0.00
0.00
SO4 (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
H2S (mg/L)
SW-1
229
THC (mg/L)
TDS (mg/L)
Cl (mg/L)
NO2 (mg/L)
SW-1
0.20
9.22
4.00
SW-1
0.13
6.70
2.00
0.00
0.00
NO3 (mg/L)
0.40
0.70
NH3 (mg/L)
0.10
22.72
13.50
6.50
0.00
3.00
0.30
21.20
14.50
19.50
6.00
2.00
TS (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)
Turbidity (mg/L)
Alkalinity (mg/L)
SiO2 (mg/l)
0.00
0.00
CO3 (mg/l)
0.00
3.96
HCO3 (mg/l)
0.00
7.32
Heavy metals
Cr (mg/l)
Cd (mg/l)
Cu (mg/l)
Pb (mg/l)
Fe (mg/l)
Ni (mg/l)
V (mg/l)
As (mg/l)
Zn (mg/l)
Hg (mg/l)
Mn (mg/l)
PAH (mg/l)
ALI (mg/l)
TPH (mg/l)
<0.001
1.041
0.010
1.021
0.564
0.030
<0.001
<0.001
0.360
<0.001
1.245
0.0783
0.8775
0.9558
<0.001
0.870
0.020
0.030
3.985
0.010
<0.001
<0.001
0.870
<0.001
0.547
0.0000
0.3840
0.3840
Physicochemical characteristics of surface water around the project zone of influence

(12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities)
In Table 4.10f, the physicochemical characteristics of surface water around the project zone
of influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) are presented. Three
stations (SW-2 downstream, SW-2 upstream and SW-C3) represented the area in
consideration. The pH of the stations was slightly acidic. Electrical conductivity (EC) and
chloride was suggestive of a fresh water ecosystem. Variations in TS, TSS and TDS
between upstream and downstream were minimal. Heavy metals and organics (TPH, PAH
and Aliphatics) were low and similar in both stations.
230
pH
Colour (Pt-Co)
TOC (mg/l)
PO4 (mg/L)
SO4 (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
H2S (mg/L)
THC (mg/L)
TDS (mg/L)
Cl (mg/L)
NO2 (mg/L)
NO3 (mg/L)
NH3 (mg/L)
TS (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)
Turbidity (mg/L)
Alkalinity (mg/L)
SiO2 (mg/l)
CO3 (mg/l)
HCO3 (mg/l)
Heavy metals
Cr (mg/l)
Cd (mg/l)
Cu (mg/l)
Pb (mg/l)
Fe (mg/l)
Sombriero Rivers
at Itu Waterside
Bridge)
Sombriero Rivers at Ubimini

Omoku Road by Ikiri
Junction(Upstream)
(Downstream)

Market
Table 4.10f: Physicochemical characteristics of surface water around the project zone
of influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities)
SW-2
SW-2
SW-C3
Sample Description
6.31
28.40
420.00
1.10
4.40
1.70
2.00
0.00
0.20
14.30
4.00
0.87
1.40
0.40
49.30
35.00
43.00
8.00
4.00
0.00
5.28
9.76
6.40
43.05
529.70
3.50
3.20
2.60
3.50
0.00
0.41
21.80
6.00
0.65
3.70
1.54
61.80
40.00
68.00
10.00
6.00
0.00
6.60
12.20
6.31
24.03
333.70
1.14
1.30
1.63
2.00
0.00
0.18
12.90
4.00
0.74
2.30
0.79
36.90
24.00
47.00
8.00
3.00
0.00
5.28
9.76
0.010
0.020
0.500
0.010
3.542
0.020
0.040
0.600
0.020
4.762
<0.001
0.080
0.320
0.040
2.750
231
Ni (mg/l)
V (mg/l)
As (mg/l)
Zn (mg/l)
Hg (mg/l)
Mn (mg/l)
PAH (mg/l)
ALI (mg/l)
TPH (mg/l)
SW-2
0.300
<0.001
<0.001
1.047
<0.001
0.874
0.0000
0.1146
0.1146
SW-2
0.100
<0.001
<0.001
2.014
<0.001
1.075
0.5974
0.1084
0.7058
SW-C3
0.090
<0.001
<0.001
0.870
<0.001
0.870
0.0896
0.9220
1.0115
Comparison of the physicochemical characteristics of the surface in the study area and
control stations
The Comparison of the physicochemical characteristics of the surface in the study area and
control stations is presented in Table 4.10g. Apart from TS, TSS and turbidity, all other
parameters showed minimal variation between the study area and the control station. The
former parameters showed higher levels in the study area than in the control. The
comparatively large volumes of water and length of the aquatic systems in the study area
may have been responsible for the variations.
Table 4.10g: Comparison of the physicochemical characteristics of the surface in the
study area and control stations
Sample
Study area (2012)
Control (2012)
Location/Parameters
pH
6.010.38
6.420.36
Electrical
Conductivity 23.3712.59
31.2321.13
(/cm)
Colour (Pt-Co)
211.54244.50
305.47108.44
TOC (mg/l)
1.831.00
2.382.10
PO4 (mg/L)
1.961.78
0.90.53
SO4 (mg/L)
1.70.64
2.882.72
COD (mg/L)
2.060.87
3.873.59
H2S (mg/L)
00
00
THC (mg/L)
0.210.12
0.250.17
TDS (mg/L)
11.846.33
17.7412.48
Cl (mg/L)
3.81.48
6.76.49
NO2 (mg/L)
0.300.42
0.260.41
NO3 (mg/L)
1.341.38
1.190.99
NH3 (mg/L)
0.560.56
0.770.22
TS (mg/L)
38.7417.38
220.84342.68
TSS (mg/L)
26.912.16
198.34322.08
Turbidity (mg/L)
35.323.59
148.33216.58
232
Sample
Location/Parameters
Alkalinity (mg/L)
SiO2 (mg/l)
CO3 (mg/l)
HCO3 (mg/l)
Heavy metals
Cr (mg/l)
Cd (mg/l)
Cu (mg/l)
Pb (mg/l)
Fe (mg/l)
Ni (mg/l)
V (mg/l)
As (mg/l)
Zn (mg/l)
Hg (mg/l)
Mn (mg/l)
PAH (mg/l)
ALI (mg/l)
TPH (mg/l)
Study area (2012)
Control (2012)
4.804.60
3.41.67
00
3.173.04
5.865.62
7.331.15
89.54
00
5.251.27
9.732.39
0.430.72
1.041.30
0.270.27
0.270.50
4.222.76
0.110.13
<0.001
<0.001
1.070.60
<0.001
1.461.19
0.160.25
0.400.32
0.560.32
<0.001
0.070.01
0.240.13
0.090.07
2.460.80
0.140.11
<0.001
<0.001
0.490.54
<0.001
1.330.64
0.070.03
0.480.46
0.550.49
Water Microbiology
Table 4.10h present the summary of microbiology analysis of surface water obtained from
the rivers (Sombreiro and Orashi) within the study area obtained over 10 years period (2003
2012) covering 2 seasons (wet and dry). Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) and total
fungi (TF) were in the range of 102 105 cfu/ml in both seasons, hydrocarbon utilizing
bacteria (HUB) and hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (HUF) were in the order of 102 103 cfu/ml
in both seasons. Hydrocarbon utilizers accounted for 1 - 100% of the heterotrophic
population, indicating that the area was exposed to hydrocarbons. There was no discernable
seasonal variation in the heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing microbial population of
the study area. Total coliform was in the range of 2 8 MPN/100 ml in the dry season and
significantly higher in the wet season ranging from 20 35 MPN/100 ml. Feacal coliform
was 2 MPN/100 ml in the dry season and 2 11 MPN/100 ml in the wet season. These
levels of total coliforms are normal in natural river water, but coliforms are not permitted in
drinking water. The predominant bacteria isolates were Bacillus sp, E. coli, Pseudomonas,
Staphylococcus, Serratia and Klebsiella, while the major fungi were Mucor, Aspergillus,
and Penicillium.
233
Table 4.10h: seasonal changes in the population of microorganisms in the water bodies
of Assa North field
Total
Heterotrophic
Bacteria
(THB)
Total Fungi
(TF)
Hydrocarbon
Utilizing
Bacteria
(HUB)
Hydrocarbon
Utilizing
Fungi (HUF)
Total
Coliform
(MPN/100ml)
Feacal
Coliform
(MPN/100ml)
2003
(dry
season)
1.2 - 2.5
x 105
2003
(wet
season)
2.1
1200 x
102
2004
(dry
season)
3.1
12.3 x
102
2004
(wet
season)
3.9 - 6.2
x 105
2006
(dry
season)
1.30 16.4 x
102
2007
2009
(dry
season)
2.16 x
184 x
103
2009
(wet
season)
2.25 x
416 x
103
2012
(wet
season)
-
0 2 x
105
1.0 - 1.5
x 103
0 - 2.8 x
105
0 - 1.2 x
102
1.9 - 2.6
x104
1.5- 3.6
x 103
2.4 - 3.8
x104
2.6 - 5.9
x103
0 2.21
x 104
0 1.84
x 102
0 4.3
x 102
0 1.12
x 102
0.30 x 12 x 102
0 1.1
x 103
0 - 2 x
102
0.5
2.3 x103
1.5
3.0 x103
0 1.12
x 102
0 1.12
x 102
2-8
20 35
3-5
2 - 11
Microbiology of the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location and mothballed Assa flow
station
In Table 4.10i the Microbiology of the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location and mothballed
Assa flow station is presented. Total fungi and HUF were not detected. This may be a
reflection of the pH. Fungi prefer acidic pH. The pH of the surface water was slightly acidic
to neutral. Also, the abundance of readily utilizable substrate by fungi also influenced their
presence in aquatic systems. The near absence of this substrate will eliminate their
populations. Total and faecal colifom counts were high suggesting human faecal
contamination of the water in this station. Percentage HUB was low suggesting little or no
previous exposure to hydrocarbons.
Table 4.10i: Microbiology of the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location and mothballed
Assa flow station
Total Heterotrophic Bacteria x
106(THB)
Total Fungi x 104 (TF)
Hydrocarbon
Utilizing
5
Bacteria x 10 (HUB)
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi x
103 (HUF)
Total Coliform (MPN/100ml)
2
BTSW
0.20
0.00
0.14
0.00
11.40
Feacal Coliform (cfu/ml x10 )
0.18
%HUB
234
%HUF
BTSW
0
Microbiology of the Sampling stations around SPDC wells

The microbiology of the sampling stations around SPDC wells is presented in Table 4.10j.
This location was represented by upstream and downstream stations of SW1. No fungus
was detected in Nwagbakobi River (upstream and downstream). The heterotrophic bacteria
counts were more in the upstream than in the downstream suggesting more organic matter
inputs in the upstream. Results of physicochemistry support this observation.The Total and
faecal coliform counts suggest human faecal contamination. The %HUB suggests little or
no exposure to petroleum hydrocarbon.
Sample Description
SW-1
Nwagbakobi River
Upstream
Nwagbakobi River
Downstream
Table 4.10j: Microbiology of the Sampling stations around SPDC wells

SW-1
Total Heterotrophic Bacteria x 106(THB)

Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria x 105 (HUB)
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi x 103 (HUF)
1.72
0.00
0.14
0.00
11.40
0.70
0.00
0.27
0.00
2.00
Feacal Coliform (cfu/ml x102)
0.22
0.03
%HUB
0.81
3.86
%HUF
Microbiology of the Sampling stations around project zone of influence (12 15km
radius outside the pipelines and facilities
The Microbiology of the Sampling stations around project zone of influence (12 15km
radius outside the pipelines and facilities is presented in Table 4.10k. This location is
represented by upstream and downstream station of SW2 and SW-C3. The THB of SW2
was less than that of the control. For fungi, there were no fungi detected in the control. The
total and faecal coliform was greater in downstream of SW2 than control suggesting human
faecal contamination of the surface water. The %HUB was low suggesting absence of
previous exposure to hydrocarbons. However, %HUB was higher in SW2 station than in the
control.
235
SW-2
Sombriero Rivers at Ubimini Omoku Road
SW-2
SW-C3

0.53
0.01
0.11
0.02
2.00
0.67
0.03
0.32
0.04
11.40
4.28
0.00
0.15
0.00
2.00
0.14
0.21
0.06
%HUB
%HUF
2.08
20
4.78
13.33
0.35
0
by Ikiri Junction(Upstream)
Sombriero Rivers at Itu Waterside Bridge)
Sample Description

Market(Downstream)
Table 4.10k: Samples around project zoneX of influence (12 15km radius outside the
pipelines and facilities
Comparison of microbiology of surface water of study area and control

In Table 4.10l the comparison of microbiology of surface water of study area and control is
presented. The THB in the study area was less than the control. However, other parameters
such as TF, HUB, HUF, total coliforms and faecal coliforms were similar. The %HUB of
the study area was slightly higher than that of the control. This result suggests that the
microbiological parameters of the study area and control area similar.
Table 4.10l: Comparison of microbiology of surface water of study area and control
Study area (2012)

0.760.57
0.010.01
0.1960.09
0.050.04
7.645.15
Control (2012)
1.822.19
0.070.08
0.140.135
0.020.01
8.675.86
0.160.08
0.851.27
%HUB
%HUF
2.578947
50
0.769231
2.857143
236
Comparison of theWet and Dry season surface water microbiology

The seasonal variation in the surface water microbiology could not be established. This was
because of the absence of data for the dry season as a result of community unrest during the
field studies.
4.4.10.2: Sediment
This subsection of the sediment physicochemistry and microbiology covers pipelines,
cumulative impact component of this study. Six (6) sediment samples were collected from
the study area for sediment studies. The result of the physico chemical parameters of the
bottom sediment samples are presented in Table 4.10m.
Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
Particle size distribution (PSD) showed that sand particle range from 8.00% to 91.00 %
(mean, 59.83%). The percentage clay ranged from 4.00 % to 48.00% (mean, 22.67%) while
the silt fraction ranged between 0.00% and 44.00% with a mean of 17.50%. Sand particle
was dominant in four (4) stations (SED1DN, SED2UP, SED2DN and SED3C) while clay
fraction was dominant in SEDBP followed by silt fraction.
Table 4.10m: Summary of the Physico-Chemical Results of the Bottom Sediment
Parameters
Total Sand (%)
Total Clay (%)
Total Silt (%)
Bulk Density (g/cm3)
Porosity
Ph
Conductivity (S/cm)
Redox Potential (mV)
Total Organic Carbon (%)
Phosphate (mg/kg)
Sulphate (mg/kg)
Total Nitrogen (%)
Nitrite (mg/kg)
Nitrate (mg/kg)
Chloride (mg/kg)
Sodium (Na) (meq/100g)
Potassium (K) (meq/100g)
Magnesium (Mg) (meq/100g)
Calcium (Ca) (meq/100g)
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) (mg/kg)
Total Hydrocarbon (THC) (mg/kg)
Polychlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) (mg/kg)
Concentrations
Range
8.00 91.00
4.00 48.00
0.00 44.00
0.55 1.60
79.60 39.62
4.16 5.79
15.33 542.00
44.00 140.00
9.26 35.16
0.01 0.03
1.00 76.85
0.02 0.06
0.00 0.03
0.17 0.48
4.12 135.88
3.66 12.72
0.21 9.78
1.25 9.34
0.99 8.63
0.10 0.47
0.03 0.15
0.03 0.08
Mean
59.83
22.67
17.50
0.94
64.59
4.87
239.84
97.83
15.91
0.02
31.51
0.04
0.02
0.31
60.65
8.15
5.28
5.49
4.62
0.20
0.06
0.04
237
Bulk Density
Bulk density is an indicator of sediment compaction. Bulk density reflects the sediments
ability to function for structural support, water and solute movement, and aeration. The bulk
density values recorded in this study ranged between 0.55g/cm3 and 1.60g/cm3 (mean =
0.94 g/cm3). Bulk densities of sediments generally vary between 0.8 and 1.7g/cm3.
Sediments having high bulk densities have low pore space and therefore low permeability
and infiltration (Radojevic & Bashkin, 1999).
Porosity
Porosity is the percentage (%) of pore volume or void space, or that volume within the
sediment that can contain fluids. The porosity values recorded in this study ranged between
39.62 and 79.60% with a mean value of 64.59%. Typical porosity ranges for unconsolidated
sediments are shown in the Table 4.10n.
Table 4.10n: Typical porosity ranges for unconsolidated sediments
Material
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Sand and gravel
Glacial till
Porosity (%)
25 - 35
25 - 45
35 - 50
45 - 55
20 - 30
20 - 30
Source: Freeze and Cherry (1979).

pH
The sediment pH ranged from 4.16 to 5.79. The mean value is 4.87. All values were acidic.
The values are however within limits expected in normal freshwater environments (Delaune
and Reddy, 005). According to Delaune and Reddy (2005) normal values between 5 and 6
are associated with absorption of CO2 from and imput of decaying organic matter. Low
values around 4 are associated with acid sulphate soils. Ezekiel et al. (2011) reported values
of 5.06-5.85 in Sombreiro River around Degema. Table 4.10o shows the historical
physicochemical data for sediments of the project area. pH values were generally acidic.
The present levels of pH are therefore normal for the area. Low pH sediments particularly
under reducing conditions are a potential source of toxic metals and phosphate to overlying
waters (Atkinson et al., 2007).
238
Table 4.10o: Sediment Trending Values for Assa North CEIA

Parameter
Sediment
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
pH
Electrical
Conductivity
(S/cm)
Total
Organic
carbon (%)
Available
Phosphorus
(mg/kg)
K (meq/100g)
Kolo
Creek-Rumuekpe
2004 (data 1999)
Ahia EER, 2003 (data 2002)
dry
dry
Wet
Assa North
Appraisal,
2006
(data
Nov. 2003)
Wet
dry
Assa
Ohaji
2012
NorthSouth
Wet
5.6 5.8
42.20 44.60
4.02-4.52
4.28-7.00
62.70- 199.80
4.24-5.11
137.4-295.4
0.32 5.63
0.16 0.18
0.14-0.24
0.23-5.85
0.78-1.72
9.26 35.16
0.096-0.398
0.24 0.38
1.30-2.10
0.005-0.043
0.010-0.028
0.01 0.03
0.42 0.48
4.57-10.10
mg/kg
0.30-6.40
mg/kg
3.76-8.70
mg/kg
2.683-5.566
3.182-11.102
0.21 9.78
1.868-6.263
15.869-38.065
3.66 12.72
1.049-6.703
2.580-4.930
0.99 8.63
0.522-6.703
1.036-5.221
8.68-28.54
12.41-47.18
33.17-60.21
17.73-60.90
1.25 9.34
0.17 0.48
1.00 76.85
4.12 135.88
4.88-5.99
33.4
70.12
42.00 73.50
2.7- 5.01
0.18-0.312
3.4 - 6.0
80 - 127
6.5 - 6.8
48 87
0.78 0.84
Ca (meq/100g)
0.74 0.78
30.46-394.5

(data 2009)
8.00 91.00
0.00 44.00
4.00 48.00
4.16 5.79
15.33 542.00
Na (meq/100g)
Mg (meq/100g)
Nitrate (mg/kg)
Sulphate (mg/kg)
Chloride (mg/kg)
Cation Exchange
Capacity
(meq/100g)
Assa
North
Field,
2007 (data
2007)
dry
33.95-437.32
0.62 0.66
5.8 6.2
0.39-0.48
0.38-0.79
5.45-9.80
239
Parameter
Sediment
Bulk
density
(g/m3)
Porosity (%)
V (mg/kg)
Zn (mg/kg)
Pb (mg/kg)
Mn (mg/kg)
Hg (mg/kg)
Ni (mg/kg)
Fe (mg/kg)
Cr (mg/kg)
Cd (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
Oil and grease
(mg/kg)
THC (mg/kg)
PAH (mg/kg)
Kolo
Creek-Rumuekpe
2004 (data 1999)
Ahia EER, 2003 (data 2002)
dry
dry
Wet
Assa North
Appraisal,
2006
(data
Nov. 2003)
Wet
Assa
North
Field,
2007 (data
2007)
dry

(data 2009)
dry
Assa
Ohaji
2012
NorthSouth
Wet
0.55 1.60
0.009-0.02
0.01-0.031
0.013
0.024
0.036
2.70 10.8
8.13-226.14
10.47-214.76
<0.001
8.43-20.83
<0.001
9.83-10.50
<0.001
0.80 - 1.20
786.75 -1229.50
0.53 - 0.70
2.30 - 2.75
1.70 - 2.05
10664.2523939.25
<0.001
14.325 - 25.350
0.025 - 0.275
0.675 - 0.900
<0.001
<0.001 - 4.900
3585.25 - 8117.50
0.225 - 0.925
0.225 - 1.400
0.725 - 0.875
448.73 2725.46
<0.01
4.28 5.84
0.246 0.284
2.643 4.825
<0.01
2.105 2.234
0.546 0.626
0.118 0.142
36.50 47.60
<0.01
0.15-0.42
<0.1-0.6
0.26-1.45
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001-0.045
0.001-0.003
<0.001-0.004
<0.05-0.15
1.74-128
0.08-0.20
<0.05
<0.001-0.591
1.629-9.790
<0.001
6.197-34.040
<0.001-0.038
2.932-5.852
<0.001-0.007
14.210-36.674
<0.05
0.52-0.81
0.60-1.27
79.60 39.62
0.001
0.07 0.25
0.86 4.00
0.03 0.14
0.001
0.30 0.53
5.43 10.23
0.001
0.59 0.74
0.05 0.14
0.03 0.15
0.03 0.08
240
Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Electrical conductivity varied from 10.36 to 49.90 S/cm (mean, 31.37S/cm). EC values
lower the 900 S/cm are considered freshwater (RPI/NNPC, 1985). The values recorded
showed is a reflection of the freshwater ecosystem particularly considering that
measurements were collected during rainy season. Ezekiel et al. (2011) measured values
from 40-1,940 in the Sombreiro River sediments. Historical measurements of EC in the
project area sediments did not show any significant trend but current measurement were
similar to previous levels all reflecting the freshwater environment.
Redox potentials
Redox potential determines the geochemical mobility of pollutants and nutrients
(especially sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals in various compartment of the
environment and consequently their influence on the ecosystems (Radojevics and
Bashkin, 1999) and it varies with depth. The redox potential (Eh) values recorded in this
study ranged between 44.00 and 140 mV with a mean of 97.83 mV. According to
Delaune and Reddy (2005) the redox of wetland soils (sediments) cand range between 300 and +700 mV. The observed redox potentials are within the range for moderately
reducing natural aquatic environments dominated by facultative microbial metabolism
(Delaune and Reddy, 2005).
The total organic carbon is the amount of carbon containing compounds in sediment and
provides a means for determining the degree of organic contamination. The TOC levels
recorded ranged between 0.50 and 1.201% with a mean of 0.75%. USEPA (2002)
recommended the following assessment categories for TOC in sediments: Low: 1%,
Intermediate: 1 to 3%, High: >3%. TOC values encountered are generally within the low to
intermediate range. The values are generally low compared with 2.02-2.13 % reported by
Ezekiel et al. (2011) for the Sombreiro River sediments indicating the pristine nature of the
project area.
Nutrients
The range of values recorded for total nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate in sediments are 0.02 to
0.06%, 0.00 to 0.03 mg/kg and 0.17 to 0.48 mg/kg respectively with mean values of
0.04%, 0.02mg/kg and 0.31mg/kg respectively. The phosphate values ranged between
0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg with a mean of 0.02 mg/kg. Ezekiel et al. (2011) reported values of
2.6 to 4.1 mg/kg nitrate and 8.9 to 15.7 mg/kg phosphate for the Sombreiro River. The
present nutrient values are low and considered normal for the study area. Under the reducing
environment of the sediments (low redox potentials) mobilization of phosphate into the water
column is expected. Redox processes at sediment-water interface can lead to significant
releases of nitrates and phosphates into the water column even in the absence of significant
external loading (Marsden 1989; Holz and Hoagland 1999) leading to low sediment values.
Historical data for available phosphate did not show any significant trend but nitrate reduced
241
significantly by over 2 orders of magnitude from 1999 to 2012. This may be attributed to
increased siltation of rivers with nutrient- deficient catchment silt loads.
Major ions
The cations were generally low. The values for the cations are as follows: calcium, 0.99
8.63 meq/100g (mean, 4.62 meq/100g), sodium, 3.66 12.72 meq/100g (mean, 8.15
meq/100g), magnesium, 1.25 9.34 meq/100g (mean, 5.49 meq/100g) and potassium, 0.21
9.78 meq/100g (mean, 5.28 meq/100g). Chloride and sulphate values ranged from 4.12 to
135.88 mg/kg and 1.00 to 76.85 mg/kg respectively with mean values of 60.65 mg/kg and
31.51 mg/kg respectively. Ezekiel et al. (2011) reported a range of 21-30 mg/kg for the
Sombreiro River. Present ionic concentrations in sediment are low and reflect the freshwater
nature of environment.
Trace Metals (Heavy metals)
Levels of Heavy metals recorded in this study were low (Table 4.10p). The highest value of
10.23 mg/kg was recorded for Iron (Fe2+) in SED2UP while the lowest values of 0.001 mg/kg
were recorded for Chromium, Vanadium, Arsenic and Mercury in all the stations. All heavy
metal levels were below the regulatory target values for sediments and within range of values
reported previously by RPI/NNPC (1985) for the Niger Delta area.
Table 4.10p: Summary of the Heavy Metals Results of the Sediment Samples
Heavy Metal
6+
Chromium (Cr ), mg/kg

2+
Cadmium (Cd ), mg/kg

2+
Copper (Cu ), mg/kg

2+
Lead (Pb ), mg/kg

2+
Iron (Fe ), mg/kg

Nickel (Ni), mg/kg
Vanadium (V), mg/kg
2+
Zinc (Zn ), mg/kg

Arsenic (As), mg/kg
2+
Mercury (Hg ), mg/kg

Manganese (Mn), mg/kg
Range
Mean
0.001
Target
Values*
100
Interventio
n Values*
380
RPI/NNPC,
1985
BDL-8.0
0.001
0.59 0.74
0.66
0.8
12
BDL-8.0
0.05 0.14
0.09
36
190
0.86 4.00
1.42
85
530
5.43 10.23
7.83
0.30 0.53
0.001
0.07 0.25
0.42
0.001
0.15
35
210
BDL-21.6
140
720
1.8-76.0
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
29
0.3
55
10
0.03 0.14
0.07
BDL-37.0
42.0-27,700
*DPR, 2002
Hydrocarbons
The values of total hydrocarbon (THC), polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and
total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in this study were low. The values for THC and PAH
ranged from 0.03 to 0.15 mg/kg and from 0.03 to 0.08 mg/kg respectively. The mean values
are 0.06 mg/kg and 0.04 mg/kg respectively. On the other hand, the total petroleum
hydrocarbon (TPH) ranged between 0.10 and 0.47 mg/kg with a mean of 0.20mg/kg. Ezekiel
et al. (2011) reported values from 21.6 to 52.7 mg/kg for the Sombreiro River. The regulatory
242
target value for mineral oil is 50 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg for total PAH. All measured
concentrations were below the regulatory target values.
Sediment physicochemical properties at various sampling locations
This subsection of the sediment physicochemistry and microbiology covers only facilities and
the zone of influence (12 15 km) in order to address the existing, potential and associated
impacts of past and the proposed project (AN-OH facilities). The Tables below shows the
results of the physicochemical properties of the sediments in the various sampling locations.
Physicochemical characteristics of the sediment sample at the 2006 Appraisal well
drilling location and mothballed Assa flow station
The Table 4.10q displays the physicochemical characteristics of the sediment sample at the
2006 Appraisal well drilling location and mothballed Assa flow station. This was represented
by one station SED-3. The pH was acidic and may be attributed to cationic and anionic
interactions in the sediment. Electrical conductivity and chloride levels suggest freshwater
ecosystem. The Total Organic Carbon was enough to support biological activity within the
sediment. The sediment had equal parts clay and silt. Heavy metals and organics (TPH, PAH
and Aliphatics) were all within DPR target and intervention levels.
Table 4.10q: Physicochemical characteristics of the sediment sample at the 2006
Appraisal well drilling location and mothballed Assa flow station
SED-3
pH
4.16
151.80
Moisture Content (%)
35.16
TOC (%)
1.20
PO4 (mg/kg)
0.02
SO4 (mg/kg)
20.00
Redox Potential
140.00
H2S (mg/kg)
<0.001
THC (mg/kg)
0.150
Cl (mg/kg)
36.10
NO2 (mg/kg)
0.01
NO3 (mg/kg)
0.220
Nitrogen (mg/kg)
0.060
Bulk density
1.60
Porosity
39.62
DPR
limits
target
DPR
limits
intervention
Particle size
% Sand
%Clay
48
%Silt
44
Texture
SILTY CLAY
Heavy Metals
243
SED-3
Cr (mg/kg)
<0.001
DPR
limits
100
target
DPR
limits
380
Cd (mg/kg)
0.685
0.8
12
Cu (mg/kg)
0.135
36
190
Pb (mg/kg)
4.000
85
530
Fe (mg/kg)
5.433
Ni (mg/kg)
0.401
35
210
V (mg/kg)
<0.001
As (mg/kg)
<0.001
29
55
Zn (mg/kg)
0.073
140
720
Hg (mg/kg)
<0.001
0.3
10
Mn (mg/kg)
0.139
intervention
Cation
Na (meq/kg)
3.658
K (meq/kg)
0.214
Ca (meq/kg)
0.987
Mg (meq/kg)
1.254
Aliphatics
0.1020
PAH
0.0437
TPH (mg/kg)
0.1457
50
5000
Physicochemical characteristics of the sediment sample at the sample station around

SPDC wells
In Table 4.10r the physicochemical characteristics of the sediment sample at the sample
station around SPDC wells are presented. The sediment was slightly acidic. Total
Hydrocarbons were low, indicating that watercrafts powered by fossil fuels were hardly used.
Total Organic Carbon was normal and enough to sustain biological activity. Redox potentials
were positive, indicating oxygenation of sediments as a result of low water volume (water
depth was low). Texture is Clay Loam (equal parts clay, silt and sand). Heavy metals and
organics (TPH, PAH and Aliphatics) were all within DPR target and intervention levels. The
area is pristine.
Table 4.10r: Physicochemical characteristics of the sediment sample at the sample
station around SPDC wells
SED-1
Sample Description
Nwagbakobi
Upstream
pH
5.79
15.33
Moisture content (%)
14.60
TOC (%)
0.80
PO4 (mg/kg)
0.013
SO4 (mg/kg)
1.00
River
DPR TARGET
LIMITS
DPR
Intervention
Limits
244
SED-1
Sample Description
Nwagbakobi
Upstream
Redox Potential
44.00
H2S (mg/kg)
<0.001
THC (mg/kg)
0.048
Cl (mg/kg)
4.12
NO2 (mg/kg)
0.00
NO3 (mg/kg)
0.172
Nitrogen (mg/kg)
0.040
Bulk density
1.12
Porosity
57.73
River
DPR TARGET
LIMITS
DPR
Intervention
Limits
Particle size
% Sand
31
%Clay
35
%Silt
34
Texture
CLAY LOAM
Heavy Metals
Cr (mg/kg)
<0.001
100
380
Cd (mg/kg)
0.680
0.8
12
Cu (mg/kg)
0.089
36
190
Pb (mg/kg)
0.883
85
530
Fe (mg/kg)
7.430
Ni (mg/kg)
0.295
35
210
V (mg/kg)
<0.001
As (mg/kg)
<0.001
29
55
Zn (mg/kg)
0.246
140
720
Hg (mg/kg)
<0.001
0.3
10
Mn (mg/kg)
0.060
Cations
Na (meq/kg)
5.530
K (meq/kg)
2.978
Ca (meq/kg)
2.609
Mg (meq/kg)
3.707
Aliphatics (mg/kg)
0.2249
PAH (mg/kg)
0.0371
TPH (mg/kg)
0.2620
50
5000
Physicochemical characteristics of the sediment samples around project zone of

In Table 4.10s the physicochemical characteristics of the sediment samples around project
zone of influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) is presented. Two
stations were represented in this location (SED-2 and SED-3). Sediment pH was acidic. Total
Organic Carbon was normal considering depth of the water coloum and the flowrate of the
245
water. Redox potentials were positive, indicating oxygenation of sediments as a result of low
water volume (water depth was low). Heavy metals and organics (TPH, PAH and Aliphatics)
were all within DPR target and intervention levels. The area is pristine.
Sample Description
SED-2
Nwagbakobi River
Downstream
Sombriero Rivers
at Itu Waterside
Bridge)
Table 4.10s: Physicochemical characteristics of the sediment samples around project

zone of influence (12 15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities)
SED-C3
pH
4.96
4.45
186.40
198.50
10.32
14.10
TOC (%)
0.50
0.70
PO4 (mg/kg)
0.01
0.03
SO4 (mg/kg)
23.55
22.52
Redox Potential
91.00
99.00
H2S (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.001
THC (mg/kg)
0.025
0.027
Cl (mg/kg)
46.88
51.88
NO2 (mg/kg)
0.01
0.02
NO3 (mg/kg)
0.25
0.30
Nitrogen (mg/kg)
0.02
0.02
Bulk density
0.69
0.90
Porosity
73.96
66.08
% Sand
91
67
%Clay
21
%Silt
5
SAND
12
SANDY
CLAY LOAM
Cr (mg/kg)
<0.001
Cd (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
DPR
TARGET
LIMITS
DPR Intervention
Limits
<0.001
100
380
0.629
0.743
0.8
12
0.092
<0.001
36
190
85
530
35
210
Particle size
Texture
Heavy Metals
Pb (mg/kg)
0.870
0.980
Fe (mg/kg)
6.947
7.431
Ni (mg/kg)
0.386
0.532
V (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.001
246
As (mg/kg)
Zn (mg/kg)
SED-C3
DPR
TARGET
LIMITS
DPR Intervention
Limits
Sombriero Rivers
at Itu Waterside
Bridge)
SED-2
Nwagbakobi River
Downstream
Sample Description
<0.001
<0.001
29
55
0.232
0.112
140
720
Hg (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.001
0.3
10
Mn (mg/kg)
0.056
0.058
Na (meq/kg)
5.490
10.421
K (meq/kg)
3.945
6.649
Ca (meq/kg)
2.997
4.337
Mg (meq/kg)
3.538
6.060
Aliphatics (mg/kg)
0.0492
0.4048
PAH (mg/kg)
0.0772
0.0695
TPH (mg/kg)
0.1264
0.4743
50
Cation
5000
Comparison of physicochemical characteristics of sediments between the Study area

and control stations
In Table 4.10t a comparison of physicochemical characteristics of sediments between the
Study area and control stations is presented. The study area and the control displayed similar
levels of acidity. Total Organic Carbon between the sample and control sites was similar.
Redox potentials were positive and the study area and control site results were similar. Total
Hydrocarbon results in the sample sites and control were similar, indicating the absence of
watercraft driven by fossil fuels. The texture is predominantly sandy, indicating a low depth
of water. Heavy metals and organics (TPH, PAH and Aliphatics) were all within DPR target
and intervention levels. The areas are pristine.
Table 4.10t: Comparison of physicochemical characteristics of sediments between the
Study area and control stations
Sample
Location/Parameters
Study area (2012)
Control
(2012)
pH
4.970.82
4.45
117.8490.45
198.50
20.0313.28
14.10
TOC (%)
0.830.35
0.70
PO4 (mg/kg)
0.010.005
0.03
DPR
Target
limits
DPR
Intervention
Limits
247
Sample
Location/Parameters
Study area (2012)
Control
(2012)
DPR
Target
limits
DPR
Intervention
Limits
SO4 (mg/kg)
14.8512.13
22.52
Redox Potential
91.6748.00
99.00
H2S (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.001
THC (mg/kg)
0.0740.067
0.027
Cl (mg/kg)
29.0322.24
51.88
NO2 (mg/kg)
0.0070.006
0.02
NO3 (mg/kg)
0.2140.04
0.30
Nitrogen (mg/kg)
0.040.02
0.02
Bulk density
1.140.46
0.90
Porosity
57.1017.18
66.08
% Sand
43.3342.85
67
%Clay
2922.61
21
%Silt
27.6720.26
12
Cr (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.001
100
380
Cd (mg/kg)
0.660.031
0.743
0.8
12
Cu (mg/kg)
0.110.03
<0.001
36
190
Pb (mg/kg)
1.921.80
0.980
85
530
Fe (mg/kg)
6.601.04
7.431
Ni (mg/kg)
0.360.057
0.532
35
210
V (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.001
As (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.001
29
55
Zn (mg/kg)
0.180.10
0.112
140
720
Hg (mg/kg)
<0.001
<0.001
0.3
10
Mn (mg/kg)
0.0850.05
0.058
Na (meq/kg)
4.891.07
10.421
K (meq/kg)
2.381.94
6.649
Ca (meq/kg)
2.201.07
4.337
Mg (meq/kg)
2.831.37
6.060
Aliphatics (mg/kg)
0.130.09
0.4048
PAH (mg/kg)
0.0530.022
0.0695
TPH (mg/kg)
0.180.073
0.4743
50
Particle size
Heavy Metals
Cation
5000
Sediment Microbiology
The sediment microbiology of the study area is presented in Table 4.10u covering 2 two
seasons (dry and wet), 2 rivers (Sombreiro and Orashi) obtained over 10-year period. The
population of THB was higher in the dry season (106 107 cfu/g) compared to the wet season
(102 106 cfu/g). HUB exhibited similar trend, being higher in the dry season (102 105
cfu/g) than wet season (102 103 cfu/g). Hence, HUB accounted for 0.01 1% in the dry
season and 0.1 - 100 % in the wet season, indicating that the study area is exposed to
248
hydrocarbons. The predominant bacteria in the sediment were Bacillus sp, E. coli,
Pseudomonas, Serratia and Klebsiella. TF was similarly higher in the dry season (102 107
cfu/g) than wet season (102 105 cfu/g). HUF was higher in the dry season (102 105 cfu/g)
than wet season (102 104 cfu/g). Hence, HUF accounted for 1 100% during the dry season
and 10 - 100% during the wet season, also indicating that the area was exposed to
hydrocarbons. The major genera of fungi in the area are Mucor, Aspergillus, and Penicillium.
Microbiology of sediment at the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location, mothballed Assa
flow station and engineered storage basin
In Table 4.10u the microbiology of sediment at the 2006 appraisal well drilling location,
mothballed Assa flow station and engineered storage basin is presented. This facility was
represented by station BTSW. The THB and TF count suggests organic inputs in the
sediment which supports the physicochemical results (TOC). The percentage HUB was low,
suggesting little or no exposure to petroleum hydrocarbon in the sediment.
Table 4.10u: Microbiology of sediment at the 2006 Appraisal well drilling location,
mothballed Assa flow station and engineered storage basin
Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (cfu/g) X106 (THB)
Total Fungi (cfu/g) X104 (TF)
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria (cfu/g) X104 (HUB)
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi (cfu/g) X103 (HUF)
%HUB
%HUF
BTSW
0.83
0.15
0.17
0.03
2.05
2
Microbiology of sediment at the sampling stations around SPDC wells

In Table 4.10v the microbiology of sediment at the sampling stations around SPDC wells is
presented. This facility is represented
Table 4.10v: Microbiology of sediment at the sampling stations around SPDC wells

X105(THB)
Total Fungi X105 (TF)
0.67
SW-1
Nwagbakobi River Downstream
SW-1
Nwagbakobi River Upstream
Sample Description
0.08
249
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria

X104 (HUB)
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi
X103 (HUF)
%HUB
%HUF
SW-1
Nwagbakobi River Downstream
SW-1
Nwagbakobi River Upstream
Sample Description
1.47
0.14
0.69
0.01
1.03
0.13
Microbiology of sediment samples around project zone of influence (12 15km radius
outside the pipelines and facilities)
In Table 4.10w the microbiology of sediment samples around project zone of influence (12
15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities) is presented. The THB and TF counts in the
Sombriero River at the three sample sites were similar and normal for such aquatic systems.
Percentage HUB suggested little or no exposure or no exposure to pertroluem hydrocarbons.
Low levels of TPH and THC in the physicochemistry support this observation.
250
SW-2
Sombriero Rivers at Ubimini Omoku Road by

Ikiri Junction(Upstream)
Sombriero Riversat Itu Waterside Bridge)
Total Heterotrophic Bacteria X105(THB)

Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria X104 (HUB)
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi X103 (HUF)
%HUB
%HUF
0.89
0.11
0.32
0.04
3.60
0.36
0.91
0.31
0.34
0.03
3.74
0.10
0.75
0.23
0.15
0.03
2
0.13
at
Ubimini
Market
Sample Description
Rivers
Sombriero
(Downstream)
Table 4.10w: Microbiology of sediment samples around project zone of influence (12
15km radius outside the pipelines and facilities)
SW-2
SW-C3
A comparison of sediment microbiology in the study and control areas

In Table 4.10x a comparison of sediment microbiology in the study and control areas is
presented. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria and TF were similar in the study and control study
areas. Percentage HUB suggested little or no exposure or no exposure to pertroluem
hydrocarbons. Low levels of TPH and THC in the physicochemistry support this observation.
Table 4.10x: A comparison of sediment microbiology in the study and control areas
Study area (2012)
Control (2012)
5
Total Heterotrophic Bacteria X10 (THB) 0.880.04
0.75
5
0.260.24
0.23
4
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria X10 0.49 0.56
0.15
(HUB)
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi X103 (HUF) 0.16 0.30
0.03
%HUB
5.57
2
%HUF
0.62
0.13
251
4.4.10.3: Hydrobiology
This subsection of the hydrobiology covers pipelines, facilities (exisiting and proposed) and
study. The facilities data in this component is manily located within sample stations around
SPDC wells (SW1UP, SW1DN).
Phytoplankton
The results of phytoplankton studies in the project area are summarized in Table 4.11a. The
Phytoplankton was represented by forty two (42) taxa distributed in six divisions (Fig. 4.11a).
The phytoplankton was composed of Chlorophyta (54.1%) represented by 12 species,
Bacillariophyta (32.7%) represented by 12 species, Cyanophyta (4.9%) represented by 4
species, Euglenophyta (4.8%) represented by 10 species, Dinophyta (2.9%) represented by 2
species and Charophyta (0.6%) represented by 2 species.
Table 4.11a: Phytoplankton Distribution in Assa North/Ohaji South Area
TAXA
BACILLARIOPHYTA
Baccillaria paradoxa
Flagillaria sp
F. construens
F. javanica
Melosira sp
Surirella sp
Surirella engleri
S. fastuosa
Synedra ulna
Synedra superb
Synedra acus
Odontella regia
CHLOROPHYTA
Cladophora sp
C. setaceum
Pandorina morum
Pleurotaenium ovatum
P. ovatum
P. subcoronulatum
Spirogyra sp
S. majuscule
S. karnale
Sirogonium melanosporum
Tabellaria floculosa
ulothrix tenuissima
CYANOPHYTA
Merismopedia elegans
Microcystis aeruginosa
Oscillatoria princeps
Oscillatoria bornettia
SW1UP
SW1DN
Individuals/l
SW2UP
SW2DN
SW3 UP
SW3DN
88
2
1
5
1
1
1
3
4
-
8
5
4
4
-
2
8
1
1
4
2
1
5
9
-
1
8
-
4
84
1
2
6
6
-
2
1
400
1
2
1
4
-
1
-
1
1
4
5
1
-
2
-
2
20
2
1
-
1
6
1
9
1
3
1
1
14
4
252
TAXA
SW2UP
SW2DN
SW3 UP
SW3DN
6
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
-
6
4
4
1
1
6
1
-
1
10
1
4
24
535
3.502
0.9737
12
41
2.962
2.19
7
18
2.076
1.581
16
54
3.76
2.532
4
14
1.137
1.116
20
171
3.695
1.954
600
500
400
300
Taxa (S)
200
Individuals
100
SW3DN
SW3 UP
SW2DN
SW2UP
SW1DN
0
SW1UP
Taxa (No.) and Individuals (cells/l)
EUGLENOPHYTA
Euglena sp
E.ehrenbergii
Euglena actissima
E. acus
E. spirogyra
Leponcilis sp
Phacus longicauda
P. curvicauda
Coelosphaerium pallidum
Aphanotheca sp
DINOPHYTA
Dinophysis caudata
Gymnodinium fusum
CHAROPHYTA
Triploceras gracile
Hyalotheca undulata
Taxa (S)
Individuals
Margalef (D)
Shannon (H)
SW1UP
SW1DN
Individuals/l
Stations
Fig. 4.11a: Phytoplankton density and species distribution in the project area
253
4.90%
4.80%
2.90%
0.60%
Bacillariophyceae
Chlorophyceae
54.10%
Cyanophyceae
Euglenophyceae
32.70%
Dinophyceae
Charophyceae
Fig. 4.11b: Distribution of phytoplankton taxa in the project area

The phytoplankton diversity index (H) ranged from 1.12 at SW3UP to 2.53 at SW2DN.
Species richness (D) ranged from 1.14 at SW3UP to 3.76 at SW2DN (Fig. 4.11c).
Margalef (D)
Shannon (H)
4
3.5
Indices (No.)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
SW1UP
SW1DN
SW2UP
SW2DN
SW3 UP
SW3DN
Stations
Fig. 4.11c: Variation in phytoplankton diversity and richness in the project area
254
According to Ashutosh Mishra et al. (2010) the Shannon Wiener index for aquatic
environment (soil/water) is classified as very good when H is > 4, good quality 4- 3,
moderate quality 3-2, poor quality 2-1 and very poor quality <1. A community becomes more
dissimilar as the stress increases and accordingly species diversity decreases with poor water
quality. The observed range of phytoplankton diversity in the project area (1.12-2.53) reflects
a poor to moderate quality system. Only two stations, SW1DN and SW2DN reflected
moderate quality. The low species diversity is attributed to high rainfall/flooding and
associated high turbidities in the area. Table 4.11b presents the historical data on plankton
and macrobenthos in the project area. Temporal trends were observed in taxa numbers from
1999 to 2012 (Fig. 4.11d).
255
Table 4.11b: Historical data on plankton and macrobenthos in the project area
PHYTOPLANKTON
Bacillarophyceae
Kolo Creek, 1999
Assa North Node, 2007
ANOH, 2012
Eunotia pectinalis, Nitczchia

spp,
Penularia undalata,
Diatoria sp.,
Cymbella gracillis, Naviculla
bacillium
Gomphonemena
accuminatum
7 species (25.4%)
Phyto species richness 4.214.34
32 taxons (33%),
Amphiprora ornate
Anomoeoneis Sp.
Bacillaria sp.
Caloneis sp.
Caloneis pulchra
Ceratoneis arcus
Cocconeis placentula
Cyclotella sp.
Diatoma elongatum
Diatoma vulgare
Epithemia sp.
Eunotia robusta
Fragillaria sp.
Frustulie sp.
Melosira sp.
Mougeotia sp.
Navicula sp.
Navicula bicapitellata
Neidium sp.
Pinnularia sp.
Skeletonema sp.
Oscillatoria sp
Synechocystis aquatilis
Stauroneis sp.
Sunrella sp.
Synedra sp.
Synedra acus
Synerda ulna
Tabellaria fenestrata
12 species (32.7%)
256
Chlorophyceae,
Kolo Creek, 1999
Pleurotenium trumata,
Cosmarium obsolatum,
Pediopera rugurosum,
Microsteria spp., Xantidium
20 species (70.4%)

Thalassionema nitzschioides
Thalassiothrix sp
Thalassiosira sp.
Amphora holsatica
Diatoma elongatum
Diatoma vulgare
Diatoma hiemale
Achnantes gibberula
Achnantes laterostrata
Achnantes linearis
Achnantes delicatissima
Asterionella zasuminensis
Asterionella formosa
Cymbella mutica
Cymbella lunaris
Cymbella ventricosa
Eunotia exigua
Frustulia vulgaris
Navicula cispidata
Navicula gibba
Navicula sohrensis
Navicula cryptocephela
Navicula inflata
Synedra ulna
Synedra parasitica
Taballeria flocculosa
Pinnulatria sp.
Surirela linearis
25 taxons (25%)
Chaetomorpha aerea
Gloeotila
Koliella tatrae
ANOH, 2012
12 species (54.1%)
Merismopedia elegans
Microcystis aeruginosa
Oscillatoria princeps
257
Kolo Creek, 1999

spp.,
Volvox aureus,
Microstria rotata
Cladophoria spp.
Euglenophyceae

Micrasterias sp.
Stichocorus fragile
Spirogyra gracilis
Euastrum sp. a
Ulothrix tenerina
Closterium sp.a
Closterium sp.b
Closterium lunula
Closterium incuvum
Spirogyra crassa
Spirogyra gibbosa
Micrasterias sol
Strausturm sp.
Volvox sp.
Spirogyra senegalensis
Scenedesmus sp. a
Scenedesmus sp. b
Scenedesmus sp. c
Zygnema sp.
Gloetila sp.
Zygnemopsis sp.
Micraterias crux-melitensis
17 taxons, (17%)
Tracholomonas olla
Urceolus ovatus
Phacus ulula
Phacus contortus
Phacus undulatus
Phacus triqueta
Strombomonas pungens
Strombomonas urceolota
Euglena acus
ANOH, 2012
Oscillatoria bornettia
10 species (4.8%)
Euglena sp
E.ehrenbergii
Euglena actissima
E. acus
E. spirogyra
Leponcilis sp
Phacus longicauda
P. curvicauda
Coelosphaerium pallidum
258
Cyanophyceae
Kolo Creek, 1999
Eucapis sp. Microcoleus spp,

Anabena
flos
aqua,
Mycrocystis
incerta,
Oscilatoria
simplisima, O. nigra, O.
brevita,
Phormidium
papyraetum, Lyngbya
conctreta, Euglena caudata,
E.
acus
and
Phacus
austreatus.
2 species

Euglena viridis
Euglena sp.
Gyropaigne spiralis
Gyropaigne ucrainica
Lepocinelis cymbiformis
Phacus acuminatius
Phacus balatoniccus
Phacus branchentron
25 taxons (25%).
10 species (4.8%)
2 species (2.9%)
Dinophysis
Gymnodiniumi fusum
2 species (0.6%)
Triploceras gracile
undulata
Dinophyceae
Charophyceae
ZOOPLANKTON
Copepoda
ANOH, 2012
Aphanotheca sp
Nuaplii
Cyclopoids
Calanoids
7 species,
Zoo species richness D=5.35.75
(24 %)
Copepod nauplii
Corycaeus obtusus
Thermocyclops neglectus
Halicyclops sp
Cyclops sp.
Calanoid sp.
caudata
Hyalotheca
Hapacticoida
Tachidus triagularis
Cyclopoida
Microcyclops
Mesocyclops bodanicola
varians
259
Kolo Creek, 1999

Polypharmus sp.
Rotifera
Branchionus spp., Collurella

spp., and
Trichocera.
17.4%
(20 to 23 per station)
(31 %),
Filina longiseta
Euchlanis dilatata
Brachionus falcatus
Trichocerca stylata
Polyathra vulgaris
Trichocerca clindica
Lucane luna
Vorticella sp.
Ketratella sp.
Insecta
Larval coleoptera and larval

euphemoptera
Cladocera
Macrothrix spp., and Moina

spp.
ANOH, 2012
Ephemeroptera
Baetis sp,
Cloeon bellum sp; Odonata,
Coenagrion sp
Lestes sp;
Hemiptera
Nepa sp,
Pelocoris femoratus Coleoptera,
Dytiscus marginalis, Dytiscus sp
Amphiops gibbos; Tricoptera,
Hydroptila sp;
Diptera,
Chironomus fractilobus
Lepidoptera, Nymphula sp
82.6% 13 species
(24 %).
Moina micrura
Chydorus sphaericus
Daphnia hyalina
Bosmina longirostris
260
Kolo Creek, 1999
Rhizopoda
ANOH, 2012
Caridina Africana,
C. gabonensis,
Desmocaris trispinosa (shrimps)
Sesarma alberti (crab)
Aquatica sp
Decapoda
Arachnida
MACROBENTHOS
Insecta

Euryalona occidentalis
Moinodaphnia sp.
Chydoorus sp.
21 %
Diflugia hydrostatica
Arcella sp.
Cyphoderia ampulla
Euglephia sp.
Zoothaminium sp.
Tintinnopsis lacustris
Gybister
marginicolis, Chlorosypha sp.,
Macronia sp. Rhotanticus
congetus, Amphiop
senegalensis, Odonnata larva,
Enochrus sp
Diptera
6 taxa (42.4%)
Ephemeropterans
5 taxa (21.5%)
Odonata
(12.3%)
Ephemeroptera
Baetis sp,
Cloeon bellum sp
Odonata
Coenagrion sp
Lestes sp; order
Hemiptera
Nepa sp,
Pelocoris femoratus Coleoptera
Dytiscus marginalis, Dytiscus sp
Amphiops gibbos; Tricoptera
Hydroptila sp;
Diptera
Lepidoptera, Nymphula sp
261
Oligocheata
Bivalvia
Pisces
Decapods
Arachnida
Kolo Creek, 1999

Alma africanus,
Dero sp,
Naidid sp.
Lumbricus sp
Mutela Larva, Psiloteria
Synodontis budgetti, Clarias
sp. Malapterurus electricus

5 taxa (11.9%).
(11.9%).
ANOH, 2012
Caridina Africana,
C.
gabonensis,
Desmocaris
trispinosa
(shrimps)
Sesarma
alberti (crab
Aquatica sp
262
6
5
Taxa No.
4
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Macrobenthos
1
0
1999
2007
2009
2012
Study Periods
Fig. 4.11d: Historical data on plankton and benthos

Phytoplankton taxa showed an increasing trend from 1999 to 2012 with the value in 2012
being over 2 times that of 1999. Such increase seems to suggest an improvement in
environmental conditions leading to increase in diversity. It may also be attributed to
introduction of exotic species from the catchment areas by the flood waters. Dinophyta and
Charophyta occurred only during 2012.
Zooplankton
Three (3) zooplankton taxa were recorded in this study (Table 4.11e). The species
Tachidus triangularis (Tachididiae) was recorded in SW1DN (1 individual) while
Microcyclops varians (Cyclopoidae) was recorded in SW1UP (1 individual) and SW2DN (4
individuals) and Mesocyclops bodanicola (Cyclopoidae) was recorded in SW1UP (2
individuals) and SW3UP (1 individual). Zooplankton species were not recorded in SW2UP,
SW3C and SW3DN.
Table 4.11e: Zooplankton distribution in Assa North-Ohaji South Area
TAXA
HARPACTICOIDA, TACHIDIDIAE
Tachidus triagularis
CYCLOPOIDA, CYCLOPOIDAE
Microcyclops varians
Mesocyclops bodanicola
SW1UP
SW1DN
Individuals/l
SW2DN
SW3 UP
1
2
4
-
A community dominated by relatively few species indicates environmental stress (Plafkin et

al., 1989). The sparse distribution of zooplankton in the area is attributed to flooding and
normal seasonal pattern of zooplankton in the area. According to Egborge (1994)
zooplankton density in Nigerian freshwater systems peaks in the dry season and are low or
completely absent in the rainy season. Historical data did not reveal any significant
temporal trend in zooplankton taxa numbers of the project area. However, 2012 showed the
highest taxa of insecta (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Tricoptera,
263
Diptera andLepidoptera). Species of Decapoda and Arachnida were also collected in 2012
only. The large number of insect taxa in 2012 clearly point to the impact of floods.
Benthic Macrofauna
Nineteen (19) benthic taxa of three invertebrate groups (decapoda, insecta and arachnida)
were recorded in the study (Table 4.11f). They comprised four (4) species of decapoda
represented by Caridina Africana, C. gabonensis, Desmocaris trispinosa (shrimps) and
Sesarma alberti (crab); fourteen (14) species of Insecta distributed in seven (7) orders.
Order Ephemeroptera, represented by Baetis sp, Cloeon bellum and sp; order Odonata,
represented by Coenagrion sp and Lestes sp; order Hemiptera, represented by Nepa sp,
Pelocoris femoratus and unidentified species; order Coleoptera, represented by Dytiscus
marginalis, Dytiscus sp and Amphiops gibbos; order Tricoptera, represented by Hydroptila
sp; order Diptera, represented by Chironomus fractilobus and order Lepidoptera,
represented by Nymphula sp while Arachnida was represented by Aquatica sp (Araneae)
(Fig. 4.11e). Macrobenthic invertebrates were not recorded in SW3C and SW3UP.
(Fig.4.11f)
Table 4.11f: Macrobenthic fauna distribution in Assa North/Ohaji South Area
Order
Species
DECAPODA
Caridina africana
Caridina gabonensis
Desmocaris trispinosa
Sesarma alberti
Baetis sp.
Cloeon sp.
Cloeon bellum
Coenagrion sp.
Lestes sp.
Nepa sp.
Pelocoris femoratus
Unidentified Hemiptera
Dytiscus sp.
Dytiscus marginalis
Amphiops gibbos
Hydroptila sp.
Nymphula sp.
Aquatica sp.
Taxa (S)
Individuals
Margalef
Shannon_H
EPHEMEROPTERA
ODONATA
HEMIPTERA
COLEOPTERA
TRICHOPTERA
DIPTERA
LEPIDOPTERA
ARACHNIDA
SW1UP SW1DN
Individuals/m2
3
1
3
2
2
1
5
3
46
5
1.303
1.443
1.366
0.6931
SW2UP
SW2DN
SW3DN
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
12
20
2.817
1.979
3
5
2
8
0.4809
0.6616
1
5
3
6
8
1
6
24
1.573
1.564
264
DECAPODA
1% 2%
1%1%
EPHEMEROPTERA
15%
ODONATA
HEMIPTERA
18%
COLEOPTERA
5%
1%
9%
TRICHOPTERA
DIPTERA
LEPIDOPTERA
ARACHNIDA
Fig. 4.11e: Percentage distribution of macrobenthos in the project area
Density (cell/m2)
18
16
DECAPODA
14
EPHEMEROPTERA
12
ODONATA
10
HEMIPTERA
COLEOPTERA
6
4
TRICHOPTERA
DIPTERA
LEPIDOPTERA
SW1UP SW1DN SW2UP SW2DN SW3DN
ARACHNIDA
Stations
Fig. 4.11f: Spatial distribution of macrobenthos in the project area

The diversity index (Shannon-H) for macrobenthos varied between 0.661 (SW2DN) and
1.979 (SW2UP), while richness (D) ranged from 0.481 (SW2DN) to 2.817 (SW2UP) (Fig.
4.11g).
265
Diversity indices (No.)
2.5
2
1.5
Margalef
Shannon_H
0.5
0
SW1UP
SW1DN
SW2UP
SW2DN
SW3DN
Stations
Fig. 4.11g: Spatial distribution of mcrobenthic species diversity and richness indices in
the project area.
Apart from station SW2UP, diversity was low in all other stations indicating stressed
environment (Ashutosh Mishra et al., 2010). Historical data on macrobenthic community of
the project area revealed a marked decreasing trend from 1999 to 2012. Notwithstanding,
2012 still had the highest taxa of insecta in addition to Decapods and Arachnida. The low
benthic taxa in 2012 may be associated with stressed benthic environment possibly due to
siltation associated with flooding.
4.4.10.4: Fisheries Studies
Fish Composition
Fisheries involve the exploitation of harvestable aquatic organisms in fresh, brackish and
marine waters. Fishing is one of the minor occupations of the people around the study area;
mainly carried out by women and children (Plate 4.10a). Common fishing gears used
include basket traps, cast net, fish trap, gill net, long lines (Plate 4.10b).
The fisheries resources observed during this study are of two types: shellfish and finfish
(Plate 4.10c). The shell fish were shrimps and crab, recorded in SWIUP, SW2UP and
SW2DN while fin fish were recorded in SW1DN and SW2UP (Table 4.11g). A number of
unidentified fish fingerlings and fries were recorded in SW2UP and SW1UP. The shellfish
encountered are Caridina africana, C. gabonensis, Desmocaris trispinosa and Sesarma
alberti while the finfis encountered are Marcusenius sp, Malapterurus electricus,
Mastacembelus nigromarginatus and Epiplatys sp. Smoking is one of the commonest
methods of fish preservation in the area and smoked fish is a major protein source in most
homes in the area (Plate 4.10d).
266
SW2U
P
SW2D
N
PISCES (FISH)
SW1D
N
DECAPODA
Taxa
SW1U
P
Table 4.11g: Shell and finfish encountered in Assa North/Ohaji South Area
Caridina africana
Caridina gabonensis
Desmocaris trispinosa
Sesarma alberti
Marcusenius sp
Malapterurus electricus
Mastacembelus nigromarginatus
Epiplathys sp.
Fish fingerlings (unidentified)
Fish fry (unidentified)
3
36
3
-
1
2
1
1
1
2
4
-
3
5
-
Plate 4.10a: Children displaying their catch.
Plate 4.10c: Finfish displayed for sale.
Plate 4.10b: Typical basket fish trap

used in the area.
Plate 4.10d: Smoked fish on display.
Fish Tissue Analysis

Tissue analysis was carried out on three (3) fish species collected from the study area for the
detetermination of organics and heavy metal concentration (Table 4.11h). The heavy metal
concentration in the fish species were low and within the WHO and FAO maximum limit in
fish.
267
Table 4.11h: Fish Tissue Analysis

Heavy Metals
Cr (mg/kg)
Cd (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
Pb (mg/kg)
Fe (mg/kg)
Ni (mg/kg)
V (mg/kg)
As (mg/kg)
Zn (mg/kg)
Hg (mg/kg)
Mn (mg/kg)
TPH (mg/kg)
Clarias
gariepinus
0.001
0.027
0.143
0.900
3.090
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.229
0.001
0.001
3.45
Clarias
gariepinus
0.001
0.003
0.113
0.001
2.380
0.219
0.001
0.001
0.137
0.001
0.001
1.67
Clarias
camerunensis
0.001
0.012
0.109
0.001
2.470
0.121
0.001
0.001
0.203
0.001
0.001
1.56
WHO (1989)
0.5
2
1
2
0.5
10
FAO
(1983)
standards
0.5
30
0.5
-
30
Trends in the Fisheries

Trend analysis data for fisheries in the project area (Table 4.11i) showed no distinct pattern.
However, comparison of Assa North (2007) and AN-OH (2012) showed a downward trend
in fish catch. The flooding experienced in the project area in 2012 may be partly responsible
for the reduction in species abundance recorded in 2012.
Table 4.11i: Trend analysis for fisheries in the project area
Taxonomic
Kolo
Creek Assa
North Egbema West AN-OH 2012
groups
1999
2007
2009
No of species
69
12
52
8
4.4.11: Socio-economic Environment
The socio-economic environment comprises aspects of the material and non-material
culture of the people and their livelihood endeavours.
4.4.11.1: Social Spatial and Temporal Boundaries
The social spatial boundaries are defined by micro-level influence of each component of the
project on the social environment. The project area formed a geographical coverage that
stretched across two states (Imo and Rivers) involving five local Government Areas (LGAs)
and 34 communities. These are Ohaji/Egbema, and Owerri west LGAs in Imo State and
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Emohua, and Ahoada East in Rivers State (Tables 4.12b and Table
4.12c). The temporal boundary for the baseline description goes back to late 16th century
when the local inhabitants of the project area of influence had interaction with Europeans
which transformed their social environment and stretches to 40 years of postimplementation time frame. This time frame accommodates a 30-year Assa North-Ohaji
South Gas project lifespan including and extending beyond a ten-year period after
decommissioning and abandonment when it is anticipated that the residual social effects of
the project might be felt in the area of influence.
268
4.4.10.2: Language and History

The communities under the direct influence of the Assa North/Ohaji South gas project are a
mixture of people with different languages and dialects. In the Imo State axis of the
communities, the inhabitants are of Igbo sub-group in their present native domain. The
widely spoken language in this area is Igbo language. Extending to the Rivers State axis, are
communities of the Ikwere ethnic extraction, and of Ndoni, with yet the rest of the Ekpeye
people (Akoh and Upata language groups) of Ahoada East. Historical origins of the
inhabitants under the influence of the proposed project therefore are varied.
For the Igbo sub-group, their origin has been traced from three perspectives: First, is the
geographical migration and settlement of the Igbos at their homes at two different periods the Jewish stock that wandered through the Sudan and eventually settled at their current
homes earlier than 9th Century A.D. and the Nris, the Aros, the Igbo Ukwus, the Otuochas
and others. The second group originated from Benin Kingdom and settled at the Riverline
area or the Ika Igbo country land of the Igbo man in 17th century. The first and second
categories of the Igbos are most likely the ones that form bulk of the Igbos located in the
areas influenced by this project. The third category is Igbos of Benue River region origin.
This set of Igbos settled in the northern Igbo areas in 17th Century A.D possibly to avoid the
Fulani slave trade. This third category of the Igbos most likely is not the ones that inhabit
the areas under direct influence of this proposed project. Thus Egbema Igbos in this project
field can be categorized as a clan and an ethnic extraction with origin from Benin Kingdom
(Edos). Idoke and Ahoada components of population are sons of Ekpeye who was the first
of the three sons of Akalaka who migrated from Benin Kingdom in the 15th century into the
area.
The Emohua component of the population to be influenced by the proposed project belongs
to Ikwerre ethnic extraction. The Ikwerre history has recognized the ethnic group as being
descendants of Akalaka who migrated from Benin Kingdom in the 15th century. Their
language is Ikwerre with dialects such as Ndele, Ogbakiri, Aluu and Obio. Many
publications classify Ikwerre language as Igboid language. Williamson and Blench (2000)
concluded that Igbo, Ikwerre, Ogba, and their sister languages with exemption of Ekpeye
form a language cluster and are somewhat mutually intelligible.
4.4.10.3: Intangible and Tangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)
The entire project area is very rich in terms of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) and values
such as festivals, sacred items and taboos. Various shrines also exist (Table 4.12a). Plate
4.12a shows a historic building at the palace of Nye Nwe Ali in Egbeda /Ubimini
community.
269
Plate 4.12a: A historic brick building at the palace of Nye Nwe Ali in Egbeda /Ubimini
community.
Table 4.12a: Cultural Values in Some of the Study Communities
Communities
Assa
Awarra
Festivals/Time
celebrated
Avura
(New
yam
festival July August )
Annually
Ekwe (tied to harvesting
of crops) (December)
Aji
(Celebrated
by
single
ladies
only.
Period for thanking
single ladies for their
role in farming) Oct
Nov. (Annual)
Idumivi
Avura (new yam)
Ewe (men only)
Aji (women only)
Obile
Avura (July yearly)

Aji
Ekwe (Harvest festival
in November)
Amafor
Agba
Omungwu
Shrines/Sacred groves
Taboos
Alauku-Assa
Agumazu-umuokpara
Oloshi
Nwaobiji
Eziakwu
Onuobo-oka
Nwuonu
Uluosi-umuaga
Hyena
Snake (ekenta) puff ader
Nkokugboru
Aluku-Awarra
Ovipi
Okwean-eze
Nwaleka
Alubo
Opiamiri
Nwodubasi
Eke-ubo
Abara-obechi
Oyeukwo
Aleobegwe
Viyaran
Alimuhuon
Alubi
Akomusu
Ngumosu
Ogugu
Oju-umuwaren
Ale-obile
Ala (New yam) last for 4 days
Snakes
3- leafed yam
270
Communities
Avu
Etekwuru
Umudike
Festivals/Time
celebrated
Iriga (new yaw)
Okwu-avu
Ohia-ozuzu
Igwaji
(September
yearly)
Igwajinze
(August
yearly)
Irigi
Uzonwesa
Obite
Igbo-ogue
(Every
August)
Egwo-kpukpu
Idumili (Masquerade)
Ede
Igbo-ugwe
(Every
August)
Egwu-ogbukwu
(Nov/Dec)
Wresting
festival
Ozuzu (Nov. for 3 days)
Ibeanu
Obosima
(including
Obogwe
and
Adapalm)
Obiyede
Egwh-Ogba (new yam

festival)
Shrines/Sacred groves
Taboos
Amadioha (God of thunder)

Umo-odo-alomu
Chi-owned by each kindred
Ogugu-odu
Nwogwugwu
Oke
Ihuanla
Ngbaji-okwo
Nwayeka
Ihuanhe
Ugwugwu-odu
Odo
Ekwe-eto
Okpa
Ihimili
Ugbakiri
Ugbafose
Olo
Erusumili
Ogugu
Minikoma
Abaran
Oguzogu
None
Anama-oguoji
Ihianle
Erinshigwi
Udokwu
Ogbuekwe
Egeshi
Erishin ugo
Snakes
Frogs
Covering of womans
hair with wrappers
Snakes (all types)
3 leafed yam (ona)
Alligator (Awu)
Snake
Frog
Domestication of dogs
Snake
Keeping of pets (dogs &
cats)
Animal husbandry (pigs)
Source: Fieldwork (May 2007).

A look at the above presentation shows that similar festivals are celebrated across
communities further accentuating the strong kinship ties among them. This indicates that
these localities share great affinity in terms of ethnic and genealogical connections. It was
observed that both Christians and non-Christians over the years have been celebrating these
festivals with mutual respect and hope to be doing so.
4.4.10.4: Population and Socio-demographic Characteristics
Population Size, Distribution and Growth
The proposed Assa North-Ohaji South development project has thirty four (34) immediate
communities that contiguously spread from Imo State (12 communities) to River State (22
communities). These communities are parts of the following local Government Areas
(LGAs): Ohaji/Egbema, and Owerri West in Imo State; Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Emohua, and
271
Ahoada East in Rivers State. These communities and their local Government Areas and
population issues are as in Tables 4.12a, Table 4.12b, 4.12c and 4.12d. Table 4.12b showed
that out of the twelve communities in Imo State, eleven are in Ohaji/Egbema LGA while the
remaining community, Avu is in Owerri West LGA. The detailed population charachteristcs
and distribution in the five LGAs are presented in Appendix 4.5.
Table 4.12b: Study Communities in Imo State by their Local Government Areas
S/N
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Communities
Assa
Awara
Obile
Obitti
Umudike
Etekwuru
Amafor
Obegwe
ADA Palms
Obosima
Ochia
Avu
Total LGAs
Local Goernment Area

Ohaji/Egbema
Ohaji/Egbema
Ohaji/Egbema
Ohaji/Egbema
Ohaji/Egbema
Ohaji/Egbema
Ohaji/Egbema
Ohaji/Egbema
Ohaji/Egbema
Ohaji/Egbema
Ohaji/Egbema
Owerri West
2 Local Government Areas
State
Imo
Imo
Imo
Imo
Imo
Imo
Imo
Imo
Imo
Imo
Imo
Imo
In the Rivers State area, twelve (12) out of twenty two (22) communities are in
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni LGA; nine other communities are in Emohua LGA, while Idoke
community belongs to Ahoada East LGA (Table 4.12c).
Table 4.12c: Study Communities in Rivers State by Their Local Government Areas
S/N
Community
Local Government Area
State
1.
Ede
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni (ONELGA)
Rivers
2.
Ohiauga
Rivers
3.
Akaputa
Rivers
4.
Obiyebe
Rivers
5.
Ogbogu
Rivers
6.
Obite
Rivers
7.
Okpurukpu-Ali
Rivers
8.
Obor
Rivers
9.
Obirikom
Rivers
10.
Okansu
Rivers
11.
Ebegoro
Rivers
12.
Omoku
Rivers
13.
Ubumini
Emohua
Rivers
14.
Egbeada
Emohua
Rivers
15.
Omudioga
Emohua
Rivers
16.
Akpabu
Emohua
Rivers
17.
Itu
Emohua
Rivers
18.
Alimini
Emohua
Rivers
272
S/N
19.
20
21.
22
23
Community
Ekutche-Rumuekpe
Imoga-Rumekpe
Ovelle-Rumekpe
Idoke
Edia
Total LGAs
Local Government Area

Emohua
Emohua
Emohua
Ahoada East
3 Local Government Areas
State
Rivers
Rivers
Rivers
Rivers
Rivers
Table 4.12d: Local Government Areas and their Population in AN-OH Project Area
S/N
Local Govt. Area
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ohaji/Egbema
Owerri West
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni
Emohua
Ahoada East
Total
2006
(Base Population)
182,538
99,265
284,010
201,901
166,747
934,461
2066 Projected Population *

Linear
Exponential
730,152
330,960
397,060
179,977
1,136,040
514,939
807,604
366,067
666,988
302,329
3,737,844
1,694,272
* r = 3.0%
Population growth is realistically a phenomenon that follows exponential pattern. The
exponential projection of total population of all LGAs in the area of project influence at
expected future growth rates is shown in Table 4.12e.
Table 4.12e: Distribution of Population Growth of Assa-North-Ohaji Project Area
YEAR
2006
2016
2026
2036
2046
2056
POPULATION
3.0% Growth rate
934,461
1,119,205
1,297,126
1,429,539
1,528,031
1,601,385
Trend
-72,744
177,921
132,413
98,492
73,354
5.0% Growth rate

-1,205,456
1,429,725
1,560,550
1,644,625
1,700,719
Trend
--270,995
224,269
130,825
84,075
56,094,
Table 4.12e shows the trend in population growth of inhabitants at 3.0% and 5.0% annual
rates in the states of project influence. Explaining with mean population growth rate of subSaharan Africa (3.0%) in which this project is domicile, it is evident that between 2006 and
2016, the population is expected to grow at 3.0% annual growth rate by 72,744 inhabitants;
and between 2016 and 2026, by 177,921 inhabitants and increase by 132,413 between 2026
and 2036; while between 2036 and 2046 it will grow by 98,492 and by 2056 it will grow by
73,354 inhabitants. This trend indicates a population that is increasing at a decreasing rate.
The 5.0% annual growth rate equally gave the same trend but at relatively higher numbers.
Age-Sex Distribution of Population across the LGAs
Ohaji/Egbema (Imo State)
The total population of Ohaji/Egbema LGA according to Table 4.12f is 182,891 persons
composed of 92,604 (49%) males and 90, 287 (51%) females. This gave a sex ratio of 102
males per 100 females, with a broad base indicating the population is relatively young. The
273
5-9 years age group gave the highest number of 23, 189 persons and the 75-79 years age
group gave 1,021 persons.
Table 4.12f: Distribution of Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex in
Ohaji/Egbema
Age Groups
Sex
Total
Males
Females
OHAJI/EGBEMA
TOTAL
182,891
92,604
90,287
0
-4
OHAJI/EGBEMA
22,859
11,829
11,030
5-9
23,189
12,127
11,062
10 - 14
22,338
11,812
10,526
15 - 19
21,587
11,235
10,352
20 - 24
17,842
8,641
9,201
25 - 29
15,082
6,723
8,359
30 - 34
11,855
5,335
6,520
35 - 39
10,074
4,480
5,594
40 - 44
9,348
4,736
4,612
45 - 49
7,362
3,900
3,462
50 - 54
6,707
3,659
3,048
55 - 59
3,306
1,775
1,531
60 - 64
3,795
2,095
1,700
65 - 69
1,941
1,066
875
70 - 74
2,145
1,239
906
75 - 79
1,021
567
454
80 - 84
1,169
651
518
85+
1,271
734
537
Source: National Population Commission, 2009

Owerri West LGA (Imo State)
Table 4.12g reveals that Owerri West LGA consists of a total of 101,754 persons made up
of 49,968 males (49.1%) and 51, 786 females (50.9%). These figures show a sex ratio of
96.5 males for every 100 females in the LGA. The age composition indicates the age
bracket of 20-24 years as the most populous comprising 14,202 persons and the age bracket
of 80-84 as the least populous with only 789 persons.
274
Table 4.12g: Distribution of Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex in Owerri
West LGA
Sex
Age Groups
Total
Males
Females
OWERRI WEST
TOTAL
101,754
49,968
51,786
0-4
12,909
6,040
6,869
5-9
8,900
4,703
4,197
10 - 14
9,510
4,893
4,617
15 - 19
10,711
5,142
5,569
20 - 24
14,202
7,180
7,022
25 - 29
9,427
4,814
4,613
30 - 34
7,105
3,062
4,043
35 - 39
4,808
2,243
2,565
40 - 44
4,933
2,117
2,816
45 - 49
3,974
2,093
1,881
50 - 54
3,859
2,063
1,796
55 - 59
2,203
1,285
918
60 - 64
3,294
1,575
1,719
65 - 69
1,477
647
830
70 - 74
1,379
686
693
75 - 79
1,169
461
708
80 - 84
789
422
367
85+
1,105
542
563
Source: National Population Commission, 2009.

Onelga (Rivers State)
Table 4.12h showed that a Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni LGA in Rivers State as made up of
283,294 inhabitants consisting of 145,326 males (51.3%) and 137,968 females (48.7). This
gave a sex ratio of 105.3 males for every 100 females. The distribution of the population by
age also revealed a young population with relatively more people in the lower age cohort.
Table 4.12h: Distribution of Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex in
ONELGA
Sex
Age Groups
-Total
Males
OGBA/EGBEMA/NDONI
Females
TOTAL
283,294
145,326
137,968
04
36,226
18,570
17,656
59
36,868
19,354
17,514
10 14
33,688
18,037
15,651
15 19
32,654
17,023
15,631
275
Sex
Age Groups
Males
Females
20 24
-Total
28,989
14,256
14,733
25 29
24,528
11,290
13,238
30 34
19,100
8,961
10,139
35 39
15,662
7,249
8,413
40 44
14,083
7,342
6,741
45 49
10,980
5,884
5,096
50 54
9,365
5,279
4,086
55 59
5,290
2,962
2,328
60 64
5,479
3,201
2,278
65 69
3,033
1,703
1,330
70 74
2,900
1,721
1,179
75 79
1,554
870
684
80 84
1,505
823
682
85+
1,390
801
589
Source: National Population Commission (2009)

Emohua (Rivers State)
Table 4.12i showed that Emohua LGA in Rivers State as made up of 201,057 inhabitants
consisting of 102,634 males (51.0%) and 98,423 females (49.0%). This gave a sex ratio of
104.2 males for every 100 females. The distribution of the population by age also revealed a
young population with relatively more people in the lower age cohort.
Table 4.12i: Distribution of Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex in Emohua
Sex
Age Groups
-Total
-
Males
Females
EMOHUA LGA
TOTAL
201,057
102,634
98,423
04
26,418
13,865
12,553
59
25,762
13,606
12,156
10 14
24,448
12,820
11,628
15 19
23,577
12,062
11,515
20 24
20,051
9,698
10,353
25 29
17,058
7,694
9,364
30 34
13,595
6,114
7,481
35 39
10,977
5,091
5,886
40 44
10,089
5,274
4,815
45 49
7,726
4,247
3,479
50 54
6,725
3,888
2,837
55 59
3,469
1,897
1,572
60 - 64
4,251
2,427
1,824
276
Sex
Age Groups
-Total
-
Males
Females
EMOHUA LGA
65 - 69
1,987
1,070
917
70 - 74
1,954
1,178
776
75 - 79
855
479
376
80 - 84
1,011
577
434
85+
1,104
647
457

Ahoada East (Rivers State)
Table 4.12j showed that a Ahoada East LGA in Rivers State as made up of 166,324
inhabitants consisting of 85,467 males (51.4%) and 80,857 females (48.6%). This gave a
sex ratio of 105.7 males for every 100 females. The distribution of the population by age
also revealed a young population with relatively more people in the lower age cohort.
Table 4.12j: Distribution of Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex in Ahoada
East
Sex
Age Groups
-Total
-
Males
Females
AHOADA EAST
TOTAL
166,324
85,467
80,857
04
20,763
10,668
10,095
59
22,078
11,737
10,341
10 14
20,606
11,138
9,468
15 19
19,046
10,113
8,933
20 24
16,025
7,996
8,029
25 29
14,143
6,395
7,748
30 34
10,967
4,946
6,021
35 39
9,358
4,223
5,135
40 44
8,315
4,232
4,083
45 49
6,637
3,518
3,119
50 54
5,801
3,270
2,531
55 59
3,098
1,685
1,413
60 64
3,404
1,877
1,527
65 69
1,698
940
758
70 74
1,705
1,052
653
75 79
799
488
311
80 84
952
562
390
85+
929
627
302
277
Educational Attainment
Education is identified as one of the key valued social components for this Cumulative
Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA) primarily due to concerns raised during public
and stakeholder consultation. Education provides people with basic knowledge and skills to
improve quality of life. Thus policies and programmes that help to increase access and the
proper utilization of educational opportunities often assists in the reduction of poverty
(FOS, 2006). An appreciable proportion of the Zone of Influence (ZOI) population has
received some formal educational training indicating a satisfactory literate society. The
proposed project will result in changes in the level of educational attainment which is
considered to be a valued social resource, particularly for youth in the communities.
At the period of field survey, the information on educational attainment in Imo and Rivers
States are presented in Table 4.12k and Table 4.12l respectively. In Imo State among the
population of 1,692,880 of males aged 6 years and above, 17%, 16.6%, 8.4% and 1.6% of
them attained nursery, primary, university degree/HND, and postgraduate education
respectively. On the other hand, 12.5%, 15.2%, 27.2% and 1.1% of 1,682,143 of females
aged 6 years and above have no formal education, have attained JSS, SSS/TTC, and
postgraduate education respectively. In Rivers State, for the males, 13.4% have no formal
education while, 26.3%, 9.8% and 2.1% of the males have attained SSS/TTC,
HND/University degree and Postgraduate qualifications respectively. With regards to the
females, 16.5% have no formal education while 14.7% and 27.3% of them have completed
JSS, and SSS/TTC education respectively.
278
Table 4.12k: Educational Attainment by age in IMO State

Age Group
Total
None
Nur
Primary
JSS/
Modern
School
SSS/
SEC/
TTC
OND/
NCE
University
Graduate/
HND
Post
Graduate
Others
Total
6 -9
10 14
15 19
20 24
25 29
30 34
35 39
40 44
45 49
50 54
55 59
60 64
65 69
70 74
75 79
80 84
85+
Males
Total
6 -9
10 14
15 19
20 24
25 29
30 34
35 39
40 44
45 49
50 54
55 59
3,375,032
389,926
473,472
466,441
397,704
332,920
256,101
217,092
198,762
163,647
143,457
80,269
85,172
49,220
48,160
24,777
23,668
24,244
353,016
56,148
22,046
11,711
12,797
14,575
17,685
17,830
24,300
22,063
29,526
17,745
28,503
18,483
22,683
11,774
12,638
12,509
561,460
328,601
209,701
8,915
947
1,225
1,411
1,519
1,658
1,411
1,474
873
1,017
786
721
398
430
373
541,437
5,177
204,745
111,172
11,079
16,193
22,039
23,891
27,707
27,385
27,322
16,044
16,540
10,466
9,271
4,781
3,769
3,856
514,825
36,030
263,183
136,452
29,645
9,597
8,923
8,042
6,164
4,894
2,650
2,736
1,947
1,754
1,016
851
941
898,114
944
62,243
181,178
175,757
124,784
99,349
80,216
60,683
44,618
23,549
19,525
8,582
6,720
3,574
3,023
3,369
193,156
7,464
24,958
37,026
28,794
24,422
21,100
16,828
12,332
6,560
5,526
2,968
2,196
1,033
952
997
257,418
1,567
26,406
51,823
44,333
34,207
28,697
22,961
17,574
9,558
8,211
4,259
3,306
1,527
1,437
1,552
46,638
3,327
5,986
6,734
6,124
6,103
5,228
4,653
2,604
2,270
1,269
1,051
452
380
457
8,968
6
186
560
690
724
827
939
924
1,064
686
844
460
458
222
188
190
1,692,889
204,016
247,149
237,486
192,750
148,814
113,749
96,830
100,355
86,375
78,929
44,422
152,012
29,596
11,481
6,003
5,942
6,047
6,684
6,438
9,277
8,031
10,850
6,287
293,549
171,700
110,585
4,777
453
520
551
565
785
647
672
439
281,942
2,720
106,089
56,951
5,484
6,989
9,418
10,416
13,487
14,195
15,115
9,356
91,255
3,692
11,514
15,641
11,642
9,901
10,061
8,717
7,319
3,923
142,303
785
12,816
24,831
22,575
17,663
16,881
14,190
11,690
6,508
258,626
18,528
134,731
67,774
13,397
3,960
3,672
3,895
3,045
2,766
1,527
440,300
462
30,470
86,900
78,134
55,007
44,555
41,772
33,702
26,655
14,139
27,916
1,649
2,975
3,629
3,266
3,712
3,343
3,215
1,804
4,986
4
77
218
280
283
354
485
505
647
439
279
Age Group
Total
None
Nur
Primary
JSS/
Modern
School
60 64
65 69
70 74
75 79
80 84
85+
Females
Total
6 -9
10 14
46,947
25,651
27,736
14,078
13,123
14,479
10,572
6,249
10,239
5,409
6,152
6,755
506
345
380
209
220
195
10,220
6,498
6,404
3,422
2,525
2,653
1,634
1,051
1,084
527
483
552
1,682,143
185,910
226,323
201,004
26,552
10,565
267,911
156,901
99,116
259,495
2,457
98,656
15 19
20 24
25 29
30 34
35 39
40 44
45 49
50 54
55 59
60 64
65 69
70 74
75 79
80 84
85+
228,955
204,954
184,106
142,352
120,262
98,407
77,272
64,528
35,847
38,225
23,569
20,424
10,699
10,545
9,765
5,708
6,855
8,528
11,001
11,392
15,023
14,032
18,676
11,458
17,931
12,234
12,444
6,365
6,486
5,754
4,138
494
705
860
954
873
764
802
434
511
441
341
189
210
178
54,221
5,595
9,204
12,621
13,475
14,220
13,190
12,207
6,688
6,320
3,968
2,867
1,359
1,244
1,203
SSS/
SEC/
TTC
OND/
NCE
University
Graduate/
HND
Post
Graduate
Others
12,296
5,420
4,539
2,277
1,849
2,123
3,615
1,872
1,491
684
553
630
5,878
2,952
2,455
1,059
930
1,090
1,652
917
797
323
282
352
574
347
347
168
129
129
256,199
17,502
457,814
482
101,901
-
115,115
-
18,722
-
3,982
2
128,452
68,678
16,248
5,637
5,251
4,147
3,119
2,128
1,123
1,102
896
670
489
368
389
31,773
94,278
97,623
69,777
54,794
38,444
26,981
17,963
9,410
7,229
3,162
2,181
1,297
1,174
1,246
3,772
13,444
21,385
17,152
14,521
11,039
8,111
5,013
2,637
1,911
1,096
705
349
399
367
782
13,590
26,992
21,758
16,544
11,816
8,771
5,884
3,050
2,333
1,307
851
468
507
462
1,678
3,011
3,105
2,858
2,391
1,885
1,438
800
618
352
254
129
98
105
109
342
410
441
473
454
419
417
247
270
113
111
54
59
61
280
Table 4.12l: Educational Attainment by Age in Rivers State

Age Group
Total
None
Nursery
Primary
JSS/
Modern
School
SSS/SEC/
TTC
OND/
NCE
University
Graduate/
HND
Post
Graduate
Other
Total
6 -9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
60 - 64
65 - 69
70 - 74
75 - 79
80 - 84
85+
Males
Total
6 -9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
60 - 64
4,434,640
498,370
609,536
604,685
549,285
486,825
376,281
305,566
266,010
206,836
176,057
89,060
100,391
48,667
45,384
21,675
24,682
25,330
661,956
136,929
69,262
37,928
39,671
42,576
45,272
41,343
46,945
38,516
43,573
22,350
33,436
17,076
18,070
8,644
10,125
10,240
606,085
351,871
227,636
13,634
1,541
1,699
1,631
1,351
1,336
1,076
1,006
442
749
643
498
253
357
362
585,119
9,570
261,661
142,798
16,517
20,686
21,858
20,561
20,170
17,551
16,454
8,716
9,909
5,853
5,098
2,494
2,603
2,620
643,029
49,530
312,356
187,701
44,028
11,029
9,014
7,179
5,489
4,421
2,261
2,908
1,896
1,746
1,047
1,174
1,250
1,189,159
1,439
87,587
240,689
252,892
172,769
130,041
98,465
71,550
52,856
26,172
23,703
9,501
8,241
3,897
4,610
4,747
282,184
8,099
29,104
49,303
44,347
38,423
33,783
26,180
19,968
9,905
9,726
4,552
3,578
1,594
1,778
1,844
379,456
1,873
29,588
66,764
67,180
53,203
46,176
36,484
28,566
14,360
14,484
6,539
5,802
2,528
2,915
2,994
75,895
3,470
7,513
10,976
10,444
10,706
8,867
8,000
4,112
4,703
2,182
1,952
985
929
1,056
11,757
8
410
1,004
1,364
1,219
1,186
1,250
1,123
1,213
742
773
425
399
233
191
217
2,278,595
260,587
318,678
309,657
270,691
227,651
180,438
147,428
142,369
114,505
101,052
50,986
58,736
306,389
71,914
36,521
19,691
18,996
17,831
17,652
15,251
18,766
15,156
18,711
9,273
15,312
314,673
183,502
118,540
6,911
679
683
658
506
599
541
525
235
355
599,915
743
43,268
117,859
119,455
82,958
62,233
52,967
39,943
31,333
15,421
14,671
150,527
4,244
14,339
23,044
21,507
19,003
19,018
15,432
12,567
6,217
6,445
225,430
950
14,468
33,086
36,828
31,049
29,881
24,647
19,630
9,955
10,310
48,805
1,731
3,732
6,192
6,270
7,321
6,179
5,741
2,952
3,476
7,039
6
193
470
649
603
645
788
737
815
530
545
299,112
5,171
136,866
72,898
7,262
8,660
9,268
8,632
9,549
9,134
9,310
5,188
6,011
326,705
26,002
161,502
94,887
20,511
4,772
3,839
3,480
2,736
2,420
1,215
1,611
281
Age Group
Total
None
Nursery
Primary
65 - 69
70 - 74
75 - 79
80 - 84
85+
Females
Total
6 -9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
60 - 64
65 - 69
70 - 74
75 - 79
80 - 84
85+
26,329
28,358
12,357
13,712
15,061
6,878
9,576
4,182
5,107
5,572
280
245
114
136
164
3,347
3,319
1,471
1,453
1,573
2,156,045
237,783
290,858
295,028
278,594
259,174
195,843
158,138
123,641
92,331
75,005
38,074
41,655
22,338
17,026
9,318
10,970
10,269
355,567
65,015
32,741
18,237
20,675
24,745
27,620
26,092
28,179
23,360
24,862
13,077
18,124
10,198
8,494
4,462
5,018
4,668
291,412
168,369
109,096
6,723
862
1,016
973
845
737
535
481
207
394
363
253
139
221
198
286,007
4,399
124,795
69,900
9,255
12,026
12,590
11,929
10,621
8,417
7,144
3,528
3,898
2,506
1,779
1,023
1,150
1,047
JSS/
Modern
School
SSS/SEC/
TTC
OND/
NCE
University
Graduate/
HND
Post
Graduate
Other
974
1,003
531
584
638
5,749
5,443
2,321
2,685
2,866
2,809
2,584
1,080
1,050
1,188
4,433
4,365
1,792
1,918
2,118
1,556
1,535
693
645
782
303
288
173
134
160
316,324
23,528
150,854
92,814
23,517
6,257
5,175
3,699
2,753
2,001
1,046
1,297
922
743
516
590
612
589,244
696
44,319
122,830
133,437
89,811
67,808
45,498
31,607
21,523
10,751
9,032
3,752
2,798
1,576
1,925
1,881
131,657
3,855
14,765
26,259
22,840
19,420
14,765
10,748
7,401
3,688
3,281
1,743
994
514
728
656
154,026
923
15,120
33,678
30,352
22,154
16,295
11,837
8,936
4,405
4,174
2,106
1,437
736
997
876
27,090
1,739
3,781
4,784
4,174
3,385
2,688
2,259
1,160
1,227
626
417
292
284
274
4,718
2
217
534
715
616
541
462
386
398
212
228
122
111
60
57
57
282
Figure 4.12a and Figure 4.12b present the total number of primary and secondary schools in
the project ZOI states between 2006 and 2010 respectively. In both states, the figures reveal
steady increase in the number of secondary and primary schools. Corresponding to the
numbers of schools are the primary school enrolment (Figs. 4.12c and 4.12d) and secondary
school enrolment (Fig. 4.4.10.5). In Rivers State, the enrolment level increased sharply in
2009 and continued in 2010 while in Imo State the enrolment level have been on steady
increase for the period under review. The pupil/teacher ratios for the two States are
presented in Figure 4.12e, and are above national average of 1:35 and when compared with
the number of pupils per class statistic presented in Figure 4.12f, this shows worsening
accessibility to basic universal education by school age children in the long run. The pupils
per class statistic for the area reveals that the recommended threshold populations for
primary school of 5,000 (UNO, 1979) was exceeded in the two States, a situation that
depicts gross paucity of facility in the area. Thus, any further population increase in the area
will mount pressure on this resource and this will have adverse effect on the total numbers
of years of schooling (primary to tertiary) that a child can expect to receive, assuming that
the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular future age is equal to
the current enrolment ratio at that age; a phenomenon known as School Life Expectancy
(SLE).
14000
Numbers of schools
12000
10000
8000
Number of Primary School
6000
Number of secondary
schools
4000
2000
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Years
Fig. 4.12a: Number of primary and Secondary Schools in Rivers state over years
283
12000
Numbers of Schools
10000
8000
6000
Number of Primary School

Number of secondary schools
4000
2000
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Years
Primary school enrolment
Fig. 4.12b: Number of primary and Secondary Schools in Imo State over years
500000
400000
300000
Male enrolment in
public primary school
200000
Female enrolment in
100000
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Years
Primary school enrolment
Fig. 4.12c: Primary School enrolment in Rivers State

500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Male enrolment in public

primary school
Female enrolment in
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Years
Fig. 4.12d: Primary school enrolment in Imo State
284
2010
Years
2009
2008
Rivers State
Imo State
2007
2006
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
Secondary school enrolment
Fig. 4.12e: Secondary School enrolment in Imo and Rivers States compared over years
Pupil-Teacher ratio
300
250
200
y = 44.772x - 33.642
Rivers State
150
Imo State
100
y = 12.339x + 34.467
Linear (Rivers State)
50
Linear (Imo State)
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Years
Fig. 4.12f: Pupil-Teachers ratio in both Rivers state and Imo state compared over
years
Number of Pupil per class room
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
Imo State
30
Rivers State
20
10
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Years
Fig. 4.12g: Number of Pupil per classroom in Rivers and Imo States compared over
years
285
Housing
A good mix of housing types exists in the area. There are quite a large number of housing
stock constructed with high quality building materials such as cement blocks, burnt bricks,
and zinc roof tops. Aluminum roofing sheets are easily noticeable too in the area. In small
communities, a number of houses are constructed with wood/mud with zinc roof. There are
also those built with thatched roof, mud and or wood. These ones were more common in the
Rivers State axis than in Imo State. In addition to the above, a good number of houses were
fenced with cement blocks and iron gates, wire gauze or planks.
No public housing estate was found in the entire project area. Toilet facilities were located
within the home in some isolated cases. Most premises or households sited their toilets
either at the back of their houses or far into the bush obviously for health reasons.
Abandoned structures were noticed in some communities. Reasons adduced include the
harsh economic conditions and hanging/unresolved land issues. None of the communities
surveyed had visible town planning schemes.
4.4.10.5: Local Economy and Livelihood
Occupation and Employment
Agriculture and fishing are the traditional occupation of inhabitants of communities in the
area of influence of Assa North-Ohaji South gas development project. Food crops grown
include cassava, yam, cocoyam, fruits, vegetables, plantain, maize and melon. The cash
crops grown are plantain and oil palm (Table 4.12m). Majority of the palm fruits are
harvested from the wild, though a few households own acres of oil Palm plantation.
Plate 4.11a: Garri processing in

Egbeda/Ubumini Community
Plate 4.11b: Palm Oil Processing at Assa

community
286
Plate 4.11c: Garden Egg Farm at Awarra

Table 4.12m: Percentage of crop grown in the area
Types of crop grown
Cassava
Yam
Melon
Vegetables
Cocoyam
Plantain
Oil palm production
Fruit

31.20
59.60
1.00
0.90
2.80
1.80
0.90
1.80

71.40
22.10
0.80
0.60
1.90
1.30
0.60
1.30
Relatively more yam than cassava is grown by farmers in communities in the Imo State
while relatively more cassava than yam is grown by communities in the Rivers State.
Varying edaphic and farmers attitudinal factors may have accounted for these differences.
Percentage response
60
50
40
30
Rivers State
20
Imo State
10
0
Constant trend
Increasing
trend
Decreasing
trend
Direction of growth in crop yield
Fig. 4.12h: Respondents Perception of crop yield trend in recent years in Rivers and
Imo States communities.
The crops grown have many consequences on the local economy, food security and social
milieu of the communities. In communities of Imo State, Figure 4.12h shows that 48.0% of
the respondents are of the view that their farm harvests have been increasing in the past five
287
years while 39.0% of the respondents believe that they have been experiencing decrease in
farm harvest in the past five years. But in Rivers State, the Figure shows that 51.0% of
respondents reported decrease in farm harvest as against 40.0% that reported they have been
experiencing farm harvest increases in the past five years. Increases or decreases in farm
harvests depend on a number of factors including quantities of production factors mobilized
for farm work, effective use of agricultural extension outfit, adoption of high input
technologies, attitudinal changes, and management of enterprise mix by farmers. These
crops are cultivated generally in small household farms that are rarely more than 3.0
hectares per season using cultural implements (hoe, and cutlass) and low quantities of
artificial fertilizers.
Fishing and farming employ over 70.0% of inhabitants of communities within the influence
of the proposed Assa North-Ohaji South gas development project. Processing of palm
produce and fish smokings engage many men and women in the area. Other occupation
employing people in the area include petty trading in household wares, commercial
motorcycling by young men (Okada riding), bricklaying, carpentry, hair dressing saloon,
and local crafts. Youth unemployment is of great importance in this area that has young
and growing population. Both issues among others need to be tackled if only the required
peace and security paramount for smooth execution and operation of this project are
maintained.
Income and quality of life
The income of the people supports their livelihood, and gives them unhindered access to
resources and conditions that guarantee basic conditions of life. Figure 4.12i reveals the
range of income earned by people in the workforce of households within the Zones of
influence in Imo and Rivers States. The Figure shows that about 24.0% earned more than
N50,000 monthly. This group of income earners is followed by two groups (15.0% each)
that earned between N1,000 and N15,000. From the results, the present inhabitants are
dominated by people within the low income class. Income is directly related with volume
and quality of consumption and hence a great determinant of welfare.
Fig. 4.12i: Range of Income Distribution in the Study Area

Source : Fieldwork (2012)
288
Income earned from self employments and paid employments constitute empowerment to
households and facilitate their purchase of items they need but have not produced from their
farms. Local markets exist in designated market areas. Plate 4.11d shows an evening farm
gate market at Awarra community for vegetables and plantains.
Plate 4.11d: An Evening Market for Vegetable (Ugu) and Plantain at Awarra
Poverty is widespread across the communities. Poverty amongst a group or society very
much corroborates with income inequality. Analysis of income inequalities in Imo and
Rivers States is presented in Table 4.12n. There are relatively higher inequalities in income
between 2004 and 2010 in Imo State (10.6%) and Rivers State (13.9%) compared to the
national average (4.1%). These show that the difference between poor and non-poor
households was more in Rivers State than in Imo State, and also more in both States than in
Nigeria as a nation.
Table 4.12n: Income Inequalities in Imo and Rivers State Compared to Zonal and
National Values for 2004 and 2010.
Location
Gini Coefficients (Income Trend)

2004
2010
Differential
National
Zone
State
Rural
Urban
South East
South South
Imo
Rivers
0.4296
0.4239
0.4154
0.376
0.3849
0.3844
0.4052
0.447
0.4334
--0.4442
0.434
0.425
0.4614
0.0174
0.0095
-0.4154
0.0682
0.0491
0.0406
0.0562
% Change in
inequality
4.1
2.2
4.2
18.1
12.8
10.6
13.9
Source: Adapted from Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics, 2010

Moreso, considering poverty using Relative Poverty Measurement (RPM) where
households with expenditure greater than two-thirds of their total per capita expenditure are
rich (non-poor) and households with expenditure less than one-third of their total per capita
are core-poor, and those households with expenditure of greater than one-third but less than
two-thirds of their per capita expenditure are moderately poor, Nigeria national bureau of
statistics gave trend of poverty in Imo and Rivers State as in Table 4.12o. Moderately poor
based on 2/3 of the weighted mean household per capita Expenditure regionally deflated
showed an increasing trend of poverty in the two states in which the proposed project is to
289
be sited. In Imo State, poverty amongst households increased from 45.6% in 2004 to 57.3%
in 2010 and further increased 59.8% in 2011. In River State, poverty equally increased from
46.5% in 2004 to 58.6% in 2010 and further increased to 60.7% in 2011.
Table 4.12o: Distribution of Poverty Rates (%) by States
Location
2010
2010
National
Zone
State
Rural
Urban
South East
South South
Imo
Rivers
Poor
69.0
73.2
61.8
67.0
63.8
57.3
58.6
Forecast
2004 (126million)
Relative Poverty
Non-Poor
Poor
Non-Poor
31.0
54.4
45.6
26.8
58.4
41.6
38.2
47.2
52.8
33.0
52.4
47.6
36.2
49.2
50.8
42.7
45.6
54.4
41.4
46.5
53.5
2011(168Million)
Poor
71.5
75.5
64.3
69.5
66.3
59.8
60.7
Non-Poor
28.5
25.5
35.7
30.5
33.7
40.2
40.3
Source: Adapted from Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics, 2010

Availability and accessibility to rural infrastructure are other important indicators of level of
rural development, hence quality of life in the rural communities (Madu, 2007; Ali &
Onokala, 2008). Table 4.12p shows the ownership structure of electrical appliances in the
ZOI communities. The table reveals that while 64.0% of respondents own personal
generators in Imo State, about 49% of respondents own such personal electric generators in
Rivers State.
Table 4.12p: Percentage of ownership of appliances by households in the ZOI
communities
Types of appliances
Generating sets
64.7
49.1
Television set
69.8
67.6
Radio sets
73.5
67.8
Refrigerator
47.5
50.0
Electric fan
55.8
58.1
Telephone/Mobile phones
81.0
82.4
There is no observed difference in ownership of television sets in communities in both State
in spite of the fact that more communities in Rivers State have access to public electricity
than communities in Imo State. With regards to ownership of radio, 73.0% of respondents
from Imo State communities own radio compared with about 67.0% of respondents in
Rivers State communities. More respondents in Rivers State communities reported having
refrigerators than the respondents in Imo State.
4.4.10.6: Infrastructure
The availability and accessibility of rural infrastructure can effectively be used as an
indicator of the level of rural development, hence the quality of life in the rural communities
(Madu, 2007; Ali & Onokala, 2008). Amenities may also serve as indicator of, and
290
contribute to quality of life expectations and outcomes of the popualtion of such an area
(Nzeadibe and Ajaero 2010).
Generally, the the picture of infrastructural development in Nigeria, especially in the Niger
Delta region is poor. It is even worse in areas where there are emerging socio-economic
progress and urbanization. This is because the existing facilities have depreciated over the
years and with the increasing immigration of persons without corresponding replacement
and addition, the gap between supply and demand would be widened and the cost of
accessibility increased. Inventory of infrasturcture has been done in two broad groups,
namely hard and soft infrastructure. Hard infrastructure constitutes the large physical
networks of facilities necessary for transforming an economy into a modern industrial one
while the soft infrastructure constitute all the institutions/facilities that are required to
maintain the economic, health, cultural and social values of the economy. Table 4.12q
shows the overall inventory of the infrastructures in each of the community.
Hard infrastructure group
Transportation Infrastructure
Roads appear to be the only example of transportation infrastructure available in the area.
Almost all the communities have at least a tarred road with Ede community having the best
networks of tarred roads in terms of quantity and quality. Some of these roads are in a state
of disrepair. On State levels, the communities in Rivers State have relatively better roads
than the communities in Imo State. The tarred roads in these communities were constructed
by several institutions comprising Federal and State Governments, NDDC, Shell, Total/ Elf
etc. Generally, the communities still have urgent need for more roads. The major means of
commercial transportation to all parts of these communities is the use of buses and cars, and
in some instances, especially in Imo State, motorcyclists popularly called Okada
Energy infrastructure
With regards to energy and power infrastructure, all the communities in Imo State have
electricity poles and wires but very few of them have power supply. On the other hand,
more of the communities in Rivers State have power supply ranging from the supply from
the National grid, to gas turbine-powered electricity. Specifically, about 13.9% and 38.1%
of the communities in Imo and Rivers States respectively have access to electricity from the
PHCN.
Water management infrastructure
Drinking water supply is the only water management infrastructure available in the
communities. The sources of water supply in these communities include bore holes, hand
pump, rainfall, wells, springs, streams and rivers which are usually seasonal in nature.
Generally, the supply of water is short of demand especially in the dry season even as the
people trek long distances to source for water. The public water boreholes are dug by oil
companies, individuals, Federal, State and Local Governments, NDDC, OMPADEC
(defunct), community efforts, and even through interventions by the European Union,
UNICEF or as MDG project. Sewage collection and waste water disposal facilities are
291
absent throughout the communities. Also, the drainage system facilities are not available, as
such making the communities vulnerable to flooding in event of heavy rainfall.
Communication infrastructure
Different GSM service providers operate in these communities even though in some cases,
their reception is poor. In Imo state communities, AIRTEL network is easily the most
widely available and used communication line. MTN and GLO services exist in few
communities in Imo State in fluctuating frequencies. In Rivers State, MTN, AIRTEL and
GLO are almost available in all the communities. Beside the telecommunication services,
there are only three functional postal services in the area. There is increasing awareness and
utilization of internet services in the communities, especially among the youth.
Solid waste management infrastructure
None of the communities have any solid waste management infrastructure, and there are no
plans by either the public or the public organization to provide any in the nearest future.
Therefore, the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste currently in practice by the households
in the communities will continue unabated. Therefore, waste management is a valued social
component that must be considered in the proposed AN-OH project.
Earth monitoring and measuring networks infrastructure
Vulgarity in the weather elements in the recent times requires their monitoring for ease of
early warning in the event of natural disaster. However, in the project zone of influence
there is no meteorological station that provides immediate and first hand climatic data on
demand. The closest institutions to provide such information are the airport(s) in Port
Harcourt and Owerri respectively.
Soft infrastructure
Governance infrastructure
The project area has only three police units that are operational with fourth one under
construction. With a total population of 934,461 (2006 census figure) that is skewed toward
younger age-cohort and high incidence of crime and social vices recorded in the recent past,
the level of policing can be adjudged highly inadequate to guarantee safety and security of
lives and properties in the host communities. With commencement of the AN-OH project,
more people will migrate to the area with associated crime rise that will demand much from
the police. Apart from police station, other governance infrastructure that will be needed for
effective law enforcement include judiciary penal system and emergency services such as
fire service and responsive health care facilities.
Economic infrastructure
The general level of economic infrastructure in the communities is inadequate. The
financial, exchange and payment systems are inadequate due to distance of banking
facilities amongst the inhabitants. Basic business logistics facilities and system like
warehouse is grossly lacking except for some small privately owned business lock-up
stores. Also, manufacturing infrastructure and processing plants for basic materials used as
inputs in industry is lacking, except handful small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that are
292
involved in craft works and processing of agricultural produce. Even though the
communities are largely agrarian, agricultural, forestry and fishery infrastructure are
lacking. This means that the level of value addition on agricultural produce is quite low as
well as agribusiness activities. In nearly all the communities visited, markets existed but
majority of them were constructed with make-shift structures except in Assa and Ede
communities which have structures that could be said to have the qualities of a market. In
the case of Ede, the market was constructed under the MPP3a European Unionassisted
project scheme. Data obtained during FGDs indicate that more than 95.0% of the markets
were constructed through community efforts. Identified markets include Nkwo Amafor and
Nkwo Obile both located along village roads leading into these communities. These potend
security issues when heavy duty equipment will be transported into the area during the
construction phase of the project. Concerted care should be taken to avoid conveying such
equipment on the market days except permission is given to move them at night. A wide
variety of farm produce and industrial goods constitute the articles of trade in these markets.
It is expected that commerce, trading activities and other economic activities would increase
following commencement of the proposed AN-OH project.
Social infrastructure
Access to conventional health care is possible in 21 of the 34 AN-OH communities, mostly
as PHC facilities. Nearly all communities have primary schools but the situation is different
with secondary schools. Survey data revealed that more than 50.0% of the communities in
the project area do not have secondary school. In addition, close to 60.0% of the
communities where secondary schools are located have only one secondary school. With the
exception of Etekwuru all other communities have primary schools (96.0%). More than
70.0% of these communities have two or more primary schools. There is no tertiary
educational institution existing in all the communities. The schools in Rivers State
communities are comparatively better built and equipped than the schools in Imo State
communities. The Rivers State Governments had embarked on massive construction of
model schools in different parts of the state quite unlike in Imo State where such policy is
yet to be adopted. The schools in Imo state therefore wear their old look, dilapidated and
apparently not maintained. Plate 4.11e shows a dilapidated primary school in one of the
project communities.
Plate 4.11e: A Dilapidated primary school

in Assa Community
Plate 4.11f: Hand pump (monopump)

supply water to most project communities
293
Table 4.12q: Inventory of Social Infrastructures in the Study Communities

Communities
Schools (Nos)
Health facilities
Water supply
Electricity
/Communication
Roads
Markets
Town Hall/
Housing
Estate
Post
Office/
Police post
1 health Center
provided
by
LGA
and
management is
based
on
partnership
arrangement
4
Monopump
provided
by
UNICEF
and
DFRRI and some
abandoned water
projects
On-going
by
NDDC
AIRTEL services
Tarred/
untarred road
(NDDC)
30
open
stalls and
10 lock-up
None
None
On-going
(NDDC).
No
Step-down
facilities yet
MTN/AIRTEL
/ETISALAT
On-going
(stringing stage)
AIRTEL
GLO erratic
Electricity
(NDDC)
MTN
network
available
Yes
Tarred (SPDC)
&
Untarred roads
1
(communit
y effort)
1
(Walter
Smith)
1police
Station
Windy
rough.
tarred
and
Not
1
(communit
y effort)
None
1 post
Office
Only the main

road tarred
1
(communit
y effort)
None
None
Tarred
1
Communit
y effort
1 (But
small)
Primary
6 (2 community
effort and 4 by the
private sector)
Secondary
1 (community
effort)
Awarra
6 (3 Private and 3
Government)
1 (community
effort)
1 maternity/
health centre
Mono-pumps
(UNICEF)
Obile
6 (3 Community
effort
and
3
private)
1 (Private)
1 health centre
Mono-pumps
(UNICEF)
Amafor
(including
Adapalm and
Obogwe)
Avu
3
(Community
effort)
3 (1Govt. and 2
Private)
1 health centre
(not functional)
Mono-pumps
(UNICEF)
2, Government (1)
Missionary(1)
1
PHC
(communal effort
but handed over
to the LGA for
management)
Mono-pumps
(UNICEF)
Assa
very
None
294
Communities
Schools (Nos)
Health facilities
Water supply
Electricity
/Communication
Roads
Markets
Primary
Secondary
Obosima
1
Hospital
(Missionary) and
1 Health Center
(LGA)
Mono-pumps
(UNICEF)
AIRTEL only
Ochia
1 (community)
1 (community)
1 health centre
Mono
pumps
(UNICEF)
1 tarred &
Untarred road
Etekwuru
2 (1 community, 1
private)
1 (private)
1 Health Center
(NAOC)
Umudike
1
(Community
effort)
2 (community)
5 (2 community, 3
private)
1 (NDDC)
None
Mono-pumps
(OMPADEC,
LGA
and
Community
effort)
2 Mono-pumps
No electricity
AIRTEL Network
available
Electricity
(NAOC)
AIRLEL netwotk
None
Untarred
None
1 (Community)
1 (not functional)
1 health centre
Tarred
Tarred road
Obite
3 by the State
Government
1
(Mission
school)
1
(Built
by
Totalfinaelf)
Pipe-borne water
(Totalfinaelf)
AIRTEL only
Electricity
MTN/AIRTEL
available
Exists (Gas plant
at Obite)
Ede
1 (State Govt.)
None
None
Hand
pump
(MPP 3)
Borehole (Total)
Has
electricity
(Govt. & Total)
MTN/GLO/AIRT
Obitti
Avu
Town Hall/
Housing
Estate
Untarred
Rough
and
Tarred streets
within
the
communities
are untarred
Good
tarred
road (NDDC)
Post
Office/
Police post
1 post
office
none
None
1 built by
the LGA
One
None
None
None
None
One
1 built by
Totalfinaelf
None
1 (MPP 3)
295
Communities
Schools (Nos)
Primary
Health facilities
Water supply
Electricity
/Communication
Roads
Markets
Town Hall/
Housing
Estate
Post
Office/
Police post
Conducted
in the open.
No shad.
1 (Community
effort)
None
Secondary
EL
available
Okansu
None
None
NDDC Borehole
Obiyebe
1
(Community
effort)
None
none
Pipe-borne
1
Borehole
(Totalfina/Elf)
Borehole
(uncompleted by
NDDC)
Omudioga
1
primary(uncomplet
ed by NDDC)
3 (state govt)
1 (yet to be
commissioned/
Furnished)
1 health centre
Itu
Ohiauga
1 health centre
1 (UBE)
2
(1
community and
1 private)
None
Egbeda
4 (state govt)
1 (community)
1 health centre
Akpabu
1 (state govt)
1 (community)
1 health centre
Ubumini
2 (state govt)
1 (community)
1 health centre
Akabuta
1 (community)
None
1 health centre
1
borehole
(Totalfina/Elf)
Idoke
1 (community)
None
None
None
None
Exists
(Totalfinaelf)
MTN erratic
AIRTEL network
only
MTN,
AIRTEL,GLO
available
No electricity
MTN/AIRTEL
fluctuates
MTN/AIRTEL
available
Electricity under
construction
MTN erratic
MTN/AIRTEL
available
Electricity (Elf)
MTN/GLO/AIRT
EL
available
MTN erratic
Untarred
&
very bad
Not very good
1 police post
Untarred
None
1 police post
1 (tarred)
Police station
Under
construction
1(tarred)
296
Communities
Schools (Nos)
Primary
Health facilities
Electricity
/Communication
Roads
Markets
Town Hall/
Housing
Estate
Post
Office/
Police post
Civic centre
(Totalfina/Elf)
1 Post office
Secondary
Elele-Alimini
1 (state govt)
5 (private)
1(community)
3 (private)
1 hospital
(private)
OkpurupkuAli
None
None
None
Ogbogu
1 (private)
NDDC Cottage
hosp.(not
yet
commissioned)
1 health centre
(community
effort)
Obor
None
Obrikom
Water supply
GLO full
Electricity
Monopump
(community
effort)
Borehole
(Total/NNPC)
NDDC
1 health centre
Untarred
Electricity (Total)
Tarred
Electricity
available
Electricity (Govt)s
NDDC
Tarred
Townhall
(community
effort)
Town
hall
(self-help)
Housing Estate
(Total)
Youth
Secretariat
(self-help)
Town halls
297
4.4.10.7: Natural resource acquisition, ownership and management

In all the declarations and self-determination calls of the Niger Delta people, resource
ownership and control were cardinal objectives and has continued to be the major sociopolitical issue. Radical activism that followed these declarations metamorphosed into a
resilient subculture of youth violence and rebelliousness, which are a clear signal of social
disequilibrium (Odoemene, 2011; Jike, 2004). Such acts included the disruption of the
activities of oil companies in the Niger Delta by different protesting interest groups,
especially those of women and the youth which witnessed intensification since the 1990s.
The people of Niger Delta region are highly dependent on their environment (land, water
and forest) for sustenance. As a result of environmental degradation and oil company
activities, the economic activities of the people were soon dislocated as the effects on
farmlands, economic crops, creeks, lakes and rivers became so severe and devastating.
Hence, according to Uyigue and Agho (2007), the people could not engage in meaningful
productive activities as they used to do. Due to this development, the dominant economic
activity of the people has become traditional agrarian trading (Alamieyeseigha, 2005), while
very few are employed in the industries and/or in the civil service. This impaired capacity of
the people due to a degraded and devastated environment is a major cause of poverty in the
region (Amnesty International, 2009; UNDP, World Bank Report, 1995).
There is limited land in the project area due mainly to the presence of water-bodies leaving
limited land space either for habitation or cultivation. While the communities own most of
the land, individuals and families own the land on which they have built their residence and
farmlands. The family lands are held in perpetuity and under traditional titles that allow for
them to be transferred from one generation to another. In other words, the transfer of land
ownership is mainly by inheritance in all the communities as shown in Figure 4.12j. In Imo
State communities, 65.0% of respondents are of the view that inheritance of land from
families is the most common means of acquiring land while renting or leasing are the least
common means of land acquisition. In communities of Rivers State, 69.0% of the
respondents acquired land through process of inheritance as against 5.0% that rented or
leased their land. Thus the trend of land belonging to males in families and bequeathed to
succeeding generation by inheritance remain the same in all communities to be influenced
by the proposed gas development project.
298
Percentage of response
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Rivers State
Imo State
Inheritance
Outright
purchase
Rented/leased
Others
Modes of land acquisition
Fig. 4.12j: Modes of land acquisitions in the ZOI communities

Farm land trend in the area is shown in Table 4.12r. The table revealed that between 1986
and 1999 farm land increased in the area from 62.17 sq km to 87.2 square km, an increase
of 25.03 sq. km or a percentage of 3.47. As the years progressed, the trend showed a
decrease of 28.84 sq km in the area between 1986 and 2007 or a decrease percentage of
4.64.
Table 4.12r: Farm Land (Time Lapse Change) Trend in Imo-Rivers Area of Project
Influence
Year
1986
1999
2007
Area
(sq.Km)
Differential
(sq.km)
62.17
87.20
33.33
25.03
% increase (+)
1986-1999
% decrease (-)
1986-2007
3.47
-
-28.84
-4.64
SPDC, 2013 (Satellite Imagery LANDSAT TM-1986)

Forests and swamps provide households with important livelihood resources. Non-timber
Forest Products (NTFP) are used for food, as poles for building or materials for making fish
traps and as herbs. The soft and hard wood provide income for those engaged in the logging
trade. The forests also provide ready source of income for hunters. Abundant swamps
provide rich sources of shellfish and snails and mangrove stems. Many other forest plants
produce resins and dyes useful in textile manufactures. Canoe building thrives on the basis
of these trees found in that forest. Harvest of these products are not properly under check
with the result that lumbering and indiscriminate felling of trees for fuel purposes is fast
depleting the forest. Evidence of lumbering activities, hunting and sacrifice was seen at a
number of places such as the banks of the Nwagbakobi River.
4.4.10.8: Lifestyle and Values
The AN-OH project communities have recorded high level of oil related footprints that have
ultimately attracted people especially those within the middle age-cohort into the area in
search of jobs. This has altered the socio cultural behavior and lifestyle of the people. The
299
inhabitants of these communities have been found to show the following behavouirs against
their traditional norms:
Alcohol and Drug Use
Alcoholism, cigarette smoking, hemp smoking is now very common especially amongst the
youths in the area. Substance abuse in public places is done without fear by the youths and
some elders. This increased alcoholism and substance abuse have been noted by experts as
expression of adolescent turmoil that includes other problem behaviors linked to
unconventionality, impulsiveness, and sensation seeking (Jessor, 1977, Donovan, 1993).
Unlike in the case of alcohol use, smoking is relatively more of a behavior seen among the
male than the female gender. Key informant responses revealed that about 87.0% of the
community members drink alcohol especially local dry gin and about 55.0% of the young
male smoke cigarettes. Other substances abused in the communities include heroine, weeds,
and cocaine, especially by the youths. It is common to see youths smoking and drinking
strong beverages opening in the public places.
Family Values
Inheritance is patrilineal. Men generally own most properties except that women (wives)
were allowed to own properties such as houses and cars. Families value giving their
daughters to marriages and encouraging their sons to marry. The major forms of marriages
are monogamy and polygamy. The people are predominantly Christians (96.0%) belonging
to many orthodox and Pentecostal Churches. Yet a good proportion of inhabitants practise
traditional religion alongside Christianity.
Sex Trade (Prostitution)
Prostitution is common in the communities. This probably is due to poverty or high sexual
appetite of the sexually active youths.
Recreational Activities
Children and young adults recreate by playing football, dancing, listening to music, storytelling and driving cars and motor-cycles. In some communities, traditional wrestling
festivals and football competitions constitute annual recreational activities.
4.4.10.9: Social Organization and Traditional Governance
Social institutional arrangement and organizations remain dynamic in response to social,
cultural, political and economic changes that characterize human environment. Within the
project communities, residents have interacted for longer time and have evolved different
forms of social organizational structures. The basic social structure is family, which consists
of nuclear families, extended family units and lineages. In Niger Delta communities, there
is a unique double descent (maternal and paternal) system that tends to assure some form of
stability. Family stability is a sine qua non for the stability of society. These
notwithstanding, social groups are getting increasingly better organized to take advantage of
many development interventions, especially as provided by oil and gas companies operating
in the area.
300
With respect to traditional governance system, the communities are governed on the
principles of gerontocracy based on entrenched custom. The communities share a similar
system of traditional governance. Each community is headed by a paramount chief. In the
case of communities in Imo State, the paramount heads are referred to as Eze, while
communities in the Rivers State call the paramount rulers as Ochioha or Nye Nwali. The
Ezes or the Ochioha are the cultural and administrative heads of the communities. The
detailed enthnography of the study AN-OH communities are presented in Appendix 4.6.
The Ezes or Ochioha are assisted in their task of community governance by the Council of
Chiefs and Elders. In some communities such as Awarra, they are called Consultative
Assemblies or Cabinet Chiefs. In the case of Assa, this organ assists the traditional ruler for
the day-to-day administration of the community. The Council of Chiefs (village council) is
at the apex of traditional governance in the communities and in collaboration with the CDC
plays the key roles in community mobilization, decision-making and conflict resolution,
including community development, advocacy and supervision of oil and gas matters in the
area. Next on the line of power is the Community Development Council (CDC). This body
helps to articulate and implement community development needs of the locality. The CDC
is headed by a chairman and also has a secretary. The Youths come next in the chain of
governance. They are responsible for keeping the community clean (General Sanitation),
participate in community development programmes and mobilize members for vigilante
activities or peace-keeping. In short, the youths are the law enforcement agents in most of
the communities.
Paramount Ruler
(Ezes/ Ochioha)
Council of Chiefs
(Consultative Assembly)
Community Development
Committee (CDC)
Women
Youths
Other Social
Groups
Residents
Fig. 4.12k: Socio-Political Organization and Traditional Governance Structure in

project Communities
301
We also have various women groups. Generally women assist in income generation and
allied activities. Finally we have settlers. These ones are accorded some rights and allowed
to participate in various communal activities provided they are law-abiding. The system of
governance is schematically shown in Fig. 4.12k.
The power and authority structure observed in these communities is gradually being eroded
due to the increased monetization of the area and the radicalization of the youths. In
particular, youth associations have become a force in political, administrative development
and security affairs of every community. The Niger Delta region has witnessed instances
where youths and some powerful individuals in some communities have taken over the
reign of leadership either deposing of the traditional heads or causing a collapse of
traditional authority. Every community within the AN-OH project area has a functional
youth association. The youths have become so powerful that they now wield enormous
power of physical force, provide security for the community and lead agitations against oil
companies.
4.4.10.10: Security, Safety and Conflict Resolution
Emergence and intensification of socio-economic activities in an area usually generate some
economies and diseconomies. Some of the diseconomies include increased crimes and
social vices that affect the security of the area. The cumulative effect exerts social stress and
pressure on the peace and safety of persons and properties, and in some cases total
breakdown of order and malfunction of the communities. Thus, the traditional security
measures become ineffective and inadequate to arrest and abet the criminal tendencies
giving way to abruptly and unexpectedly change in the security situations. There are already
pervasive incidents of hostage taking, crude oil theft, inter/intra communal conflicts and
other security concerns in the area, which have a long history in the area (Dappa-Biriye,
1995), and concomitant militarization of the areas. Table 4.12s shows the number of oil
spills between 2005 and 2010 in the Niger Delta that are traceable to increased level of
insecurity. For the period, about 910 numbers of spills were recorded that resulted in the
loss of about 298,000 barrels of crude oil.
Table 4.12s: Oil Spillage, Volume and causes from 2005 - 2010 in Niger Delta
Years
Number
of Volume
of Major causes
spills
spills/barrels
2005
180
10,000
Sabotage (95%)
2006
170
20,000
Sabotage & operation (50%)
2007
250
30,000
Sabotage (30%)
2008
170
100,000
Sabotage (50%)
2009
150
110,000
Sabotage (90%)
2010
190
28,000
Sabotage (80%)
Culled from Amnesty International, 2011
302
Numbers of reported cases of

armed robbery
Figure 4.12l further reveals increasing level of insecurity to lives and properties in the
project influence states, which shows increasing trend of armed robbery cases reported to
the Police. But within the same period under review, the number of police stations, units
and post remained at 268 and 241 in Imo state and Rivers states respectively. Also, there
were incessant cases of kidnapping of oil workers by militant groups as presented in Figure
4.12m. However, the Figure shows declining trend of cases of kidnapping from 2009;
corresponding to the period of implementation of amnesty program of the FGN for repented
militants where a colossal sum of about $1billion have been expended by the FGN. Under
the programme, thousands of the repented militants are undergoing vocational training in
various centers within and outside the country for skill acquisition in relevant fields. Some
have enrolled in formal schools.
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Imo state
Rivers state
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Years
Fig. 4.12l: Reported cases of Armed Robbery in both Rivers and Imo States
35
Numbers of cases
30
25
20
15
Cases of kidnaps
10
5
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Years
Fig. 4.12m: Numbers of kidnap cases of oil workers

Communities usually embark on measures to ensure security of life and properties and the
general safety of their members. One of such mechanisms in place in the project area is the
vigilante arrangement which enables youths and other able-bodied men in the communities
303
to keep watch over the area particularly at night. Such arrangements are usually made
known to the police who provide advice on how best to make the strategy succeed.
Threats to security, especially in the form of youth restiveness in the area are likely to
continue with or without the AN-OH influence area. This is because it derives essentially
from perceived neglect of the area by government and oil companies operating in the area.
In the absence of meaningful government development intervention, oil and gas companies,
being the major operators in the area, are likely to continue to bear the brunt of youth
resentment and aggression.
Conflict in the Niger Delta generally as well as in the study area predate the advent of crude
oil exploitation, most of which were related to issues of land ownership, especially of palm
oil bearing land, quests for autonomy and struggles for leadership, etc. However, conflict
today is either directly caused by issues surrounding crude oil exploitation or fuelled by
them. In other words, crises have been magnified by oil and gas exploitation in the Niger
Delta over the years.
4.4.10.11: Community Perceptions and Expectations
Perceptions
The views of community members were sought regarding the proposed gas development
project. A lot of views were expressed about the project across the entire area. Below is a
summary of the socio-environmental perceptions;
Soil Erosion
Rainstorm
Gas flaring
Acid rain leading to corrosion of corrugated iron streets
Excessive heat due to gas flaring
Soil infertility
Water pollution and oil spillage
Air pollution and
Indiscriminate dumping of waste
loss of biological resources, including wildlife as well as impact on the domesticated
livestock in the area
Expectations
Integrating community perceptions and QoL (Quality of Life) expectations in social impact
assessment projects in the oil and gas sector in Nigeria has recently been canvassed
(Nzeadibe and Ajaero, 2010). QoL expectations of project communities centred mostly on
the following major themes:
Provision of gainful employment for the teeming unemployed population in the area;
Stimulation of socio-economic development with provision of infrastructures and
ancillary services
Availability of micro-credits and seed capital to farmers and entrepreneurs
304
Human development programmes in the form of youth trainy in the form of skills
acquisition and educational opportunities/ scholarships for more employment of
youths in the oil and gas industry.
The signing and implementation of an acceptable Global Memorandum of Understanding

(GMOU) - which some of the project communities canvassed for - between the project
owners and the project communities will go a long way, in the view of the communities, in
boosting the success of the project.
Comparative Analysis of Perception of Importance of Resources at State Levels
It has been argued that awareness and perceptions of environmental resources often shape
action or inaction on the resource (Nzeadibe and Ajaero 2010). The findings of the
fieldwork shows that in both states about 45% of respondents view forest resources as the
most important environmental resource. Figure 4.12n gives details of community
perceptions of the relative importance of environmental resources in Imo and Rivers States.
Perception of importance of Resources

50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Forest
Rivers
45.50%
River/
Water
12.80%
Imo
45.30%
13.20%
Ancestral
Sites
2.60%
Animals
Others
6.40%
32.70%
3.80%
5.70%
32.10%
Fig. 4.12n: RespondentsPerception of Importance of Resources.

Source: Fieldwork (2012)
4.4.11: Health Environment
Human health is the extent to which an individual or a group is able, on the one hand, to
realize aspirations and to satisfy needs, and on the other to change or cope with the
environment (WHO 1984). The determinants of human health include; environmental
(physico-chemical or biological), socio-economic and genetic factors. Healthcare, therefore,
is the sum total of all resources that individuals require to maintain, retain and promote their
good health, as well as meet challenges of ill health and disease.
Spatial and Temporal Boundaries of influence
The area of influence for the human health is anticipated to go beyond the physical
boundaries of the project footprint. The spatial boundary for health effects encompasses the
human populations and health determinants within the five local government areas (Ohaji/
Egbema and Owerri West in Imo State and Ogba/ Egbema/Ndoni, Emohua andAhoada East
305
in Rivers State), where the project influences could be felt. However, the health impacts
could extend beyond these delineated physical boundaries as the impact of health conditions
such as communicable diseases (sexually transmissible infections, STIs/ HIV/AIDS,
respiratory tract infections, including tuberculosis) and non-communicable diseases (health
effects of air pollution, water pollution, contamination of sea foods) are easily carried
between regions and geographical areas. The temporal boundary for the assessment of
cumulative effects extends from the time project is started to about 10 years postdecommissioning of the project.
Valued Health Components
The valued health components that profile the health status of the population are:
Community Health and Safety;
Healthcare Infrastructure and Services;
Reproductive Health;
Potable Water and Sanitation; and
Nutritional Status.
4.4.11.1: Community Health and Safety
In Nigeria, the cycle of poverty and ignorance still fuels the prevalence of diseases taking its
toll on the populace.
Common Causes of Morbidity in Children
Malaria and diarrhoea were the most common ailments in children accounting for 31% and
16% respectively (Figs. 4.13a and Figs 4.13b). Others include respiratory tract infections
(14%), malnutrition (9%), measles (8%), skin diseases (5%) and chicken pox (4%). A
number of other conditions were attributed to spiritual causes or witchcraft.
35
30
31
25
20
%
15
16
14
13
10
9
5
8
5
0
Malaria
Diarrhoea
Respiratory Malnutrition
disease Tract Infection
Measles
Skin diseases Chicken Pox
Others
Fig. 4.13a: Common causes of Morbidity in children.

Source: Fieldwork 2012
306
5%
5.40%
Malaria
8%
Respiratory Tract Infections

43.20%
16.40%
Diarrhoea
Measles
Dermatitis
Others
22%
Fig. 4.13b: Proportional distribution of childhood illnesses treated at the health

facilities.
Common Causes of Morbidity in Adults
The frequent causes of ill health in the adult population were malaria, typhoid, skin
diseases, arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders, hypertension and injuries (Fig. 4.13c). The
nature of the illnesses treated at available health facilities reflect the capability of these
healthcare centers rather than the actual distribution of causes of ill health in the general
population. A large number of respondents in the study perceive witchcraft and other
spiritual factors as largely responsible for most of the illnesses. This perception to a large
extent influences the illness behavior as well as utilization of health services.
7%
6%
Malaria
40.30%
15.40%
Musculoskeletal disorders
Respiratory Tract Infection
Hypertension
Diabetes
11.30%
Others
20%
Fig. 4.13c: Proportional distribution of common causes of ill health among adults.
Source: Fieldwork 2012
307
A five years case report of malaria and severe anaemia (shortage of blood) in Imo and
Rivers States showed that cases of malaria were high in both States (Fig. 4.13d). Though the
malaria prevalence in Rivers State had dropped from a high value of over 160,000 in 2008,
it still remained high. Imo state had steadily increased from about 65,000 in 2007 to 95,000
in 2010. These are in keeping with the high prevalence of malaria reported in the
communities.
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
Imo State
60,000
Rivers State
40,000
20,000
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Malaria and Sever Aneamia
Fig. 4.13d: Reported Malaria and Severe Aneamia Cases 2006 - 2010
Source: Federal Ministry of Health (Epid/HER Div., Public Health Dept.)
Even in the absence of the AS-OH project, the high prevalence rate of malaria is expected
to be sustained by factors such as long duration and high rainfall levels, foliage provided by
the thick rainforest, and water stagnation promoted by the extensive forest and seasonal
floods and poor refuse disposal methods. These ecologic factors maintain natural habitat
and breeding grounds for mosquitoes, the vector for transmission of malaria. Other
contributory factors include the absence of a coordinated pest control programme in the area
of influence, and inadequate provisions for prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria.
Respiratory tract infections are among the common causes of morbidity in the area in all
age groups. The quality of indoor air, within confined spaces (houses), is particularly
important for the health of the individual. The current levels of air pollutants (indoor and
out door) recorded in the area were within the Federal Ministry of Environment and World
Health Organisation limits. Indoor air is affected by the proximity of housing units to
traffic, industrial facilities, housing conditions (such as dampness, inadequate ventilation,
over-crowding), use of firewood and kerosene stoves for cooking and level of particulate
matter in the air (commonly high in the dry season).The WHO standard of two persons per
room must have been exceeded in the communities.
These factors are important determinants of the respiratory health of the occupants of a
home especially children. Poor indoor air quality exacerbates existing respiratory diseases
308
such as asthma, bronchitis and induces a condusive environment for the transmission of
Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) especially in children. RTIs, which are responsible for
20% of deaths in under-fives among Nigerians (National Strategic Health Plan 2010) is
common in the region. Respiratory function test indicates the health status of the respiratory
system. The respiratory function of adults in the area were assessed using the Peak Flow
Rate (PFR), which is the fastest rate an individual can blow out air from the lungs after
taking a deep breath.
Figure 4.13e shows that the PFR was markedly below the reference value in all age groups
tested, indicating a generally compromised lung function among the sampled adult
population. This result may be due to factors such as exposure to kitchen/domestic
generated smoke (e.g. from cooking), poorly ventilated houses, inhaled particles from
vehicle smokes and environmental dust as well as cigarette smoking.
700
600
PFR (L/M)
500
400
PFR 1
Standard
300
200
PFR 2
Sample
100
0
20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69
70+
AGE GROUP (YEARS)
Fig. 4.13e: Peak Flow Rate among Sampled Adults Compared to standard for Age
The influx of people into the area as a result of the project and inadequate housing
infrastructure could lead to further overcrowding in homes. This factor could exacerbate the
prevalence of respiratory diseases in the area.
Mortality
Accurate mortality data were unavailable because figures given by community members
were unreliable. The healthcare facilities had no records of mortalities either. The infant and
under 5 mortality rates for the States and geopolitical zones where the project is located is
compared with National and UN 2000 thresholds (Table 4.13a). The south east and south
south regions where Imo and Rivers States are located have lower mortality rates compared
with the National rates. However, the infant mortality rates are higher than the UN 2000
thresholds.
309
Table 4.13a: Comparison of ChildhoodMortality Rates in the Project Area

Rate
Infant
Mortality
Rate
(Deaths of
children in
the first year
of life per
1000 live
births)
Under 5
Mortality
Rate
(Deaths of
children
under 5 years
per 1000 live
births)
Rivers
State
Imo
State
South South
South East
National
2012
67
2012
109
2003
120
2012
75
2003
66
2012
87
2003
100
2012
105
Thresh
olds
(UN,
2000)
50
104
199
176
119
103
140
201
172
NA
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys 2011 (MICS).
Final Report, 2012.
The common causes of death in the under fives in Nigeria are malnutrition 53%, malaria
26%, pneumonia 24%, and diarrhoea 20% (Fig. 4.13f).
6%
Malnutrition
16%
53%
Neonatal Tetanus
Malaria
20%
Pneumonia
Diarrhoea
24%
26%
Measles
Fig. 4.13f: Causes of Under- Five Deaths

Source: National Strategic Health Plan 2010
The trends in the under 5 mortality rates showed a steady increase since 2007 though lower
than the 2003 levels. The infant mortality also showed a similar picture (Fig. 4.13g).
310
250
201
200
178
172
157
138
150
105
100
113
87
105
86
Under 5 Mortality
Infant Mortality
75
50
0
NDHS 1990 MICS 2 1999 NDHS 2003 MICS 3 2007 NDHS 2008 MICS 4 2011
Fig. 4.13g: Trends in Infant and Under 5 Mortality Rates 1990 2011
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) 2011,
Final Report 2012.
Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Indicators
Children in these communities are immunized mainly during routine sessions in the health
facilities while others are done during the National Immunization Plus Days (NIPDS).
About 73% of children under 5 years of age were reported by their mothers to have been
fully immunized. This is higher than the national average of 43%, including the States and
regional data (Table 4.13b and Fig. 4.13h).The use of insecticide treated nets in the area was
47.5%. This is low but still higher than the national average of 32.7% and the regional rates.
The vitamin A supplementation for the project area was 70%, higher than the national
average of 57% but less than the States and regional averages.
Table 4.13b: Selected Health Indicators for Children Under-5 years in the AN-OH
Communities, Region and the Nation
Completed
immunization
Vitamin
supplementation
Slept under ITN
Project
Communities
73.1%
Rivers
State
36.5%2
Imo State
South east
National
40.3%2
South
south
42.9%2
36%2
43%2
70%
82%1
78.3%1
76.1%1
77.4%1
57%1
47.5%
NA
NA
43.6%1
25.7%1
32.7%1
Sources: 1= National Bureau of Statistics, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS 2012).
2= National Demographic Health Surveys (NDHS) 2008
311
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Completed immunization
Vitamin A supplementation
Slept under ITN
Fig. 4.13h: Selected Health Indicators for Children Under-5 years in the AN-OH
Communities, Region and the Nation
Indicators for Pregnant Women
About 65% of women in our study attended ante natal clinics routinely during their last or
current pregnancy. The maternal health indicators of attending antenatal clinic, delivery in a
healthcare center, sleeping under Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) and receiving
tetanus toxoid during pregnancy is better in the project communities compared with national
average (Table 4.13c and Fig. 4.13i).
Table 4.13c: Indicators for Pregnant Women
Attended
antenatal
clinic
Delivered in
a healthcare
facility
Slept under
LLIN
Received
tetanus
toxoid
Project
Communities
(%)
65.4
Rivers
State (%)
Imo
73.2
51.5
47.9
State
(%)
South south
(%)
South
(%)
97.5
71.7
91
59.4
94.3
48.1
73.9
35
40.5
24
35.4
72.1
85.3
48.9
38.5
54.4
87.4
92.1
east
National (%)
Source: NDHS 2008 and MICS 4, Final Report 2012
312
120.00%
100.00%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
Attended antenatal clinic

Delivered in a healthcare facility
Slept under ITN
Received tetanus toxoid
Fig. 4.13i: Indicators for Pregnant Women

Source: NDHS (2008) and MICS 4 (2012)
Road Safety
Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) could be due to human, vehicular or road (highway) factors.
The human factors could be due to driver behavior (over speeding, drunk driving, ill health,
drugs, medication and fatigue) or pedestrians related. The vehicle factor relates to the roadworthiness of vehicles. Defects on roads such as potholes, sharp bends, width of road and
generally poor road conditions also contribute to road traffic accidents. In a study of RTA
on the Obinze/Nekede/Iheagwa road in Imo State, out of 5,921 accident cases, reckless
driving, inexperience, mechanical faults and road defects accounted for 30.3, 21.5 and
21.1%, respectively (Ohakwe et al. 2011). It was also found that private cars, minibuses and
taxis accounted for most of the accidents (94.7%). Another statistics of RTA between 2004
2007 showed that Imo State recorded 1197 accidents with 634 deaths and 955 injuries
while Rivers State recorded 2666 accidents with 674 deaths and 1764 injuries (Aderamo,
2012). A six years statistics of RTAs recorded in Imo and Rivers State showed a steady
decrease from high levels of 377 and 1080 in 2006 to 46 and 81 in 2010 respectively (Fig.
4.13j).
313
1200
1080
1000
811
788
800
552
600
400
377
Imo State
Rivers State
377
152
200
46
81
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Fig 4.13j: Number of Cases Reported on Road Accidents by States, 2006 2010
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Annual Abstract of Statistics (2011) Nigeria Police
Force/Federal Road Safty Commission.
The access road via Avu to the primary treatment facility at Assa is in a state of disrepair
with traders displaying their wares on sections of the road in the market. Also some houses
encroached on the road. This state of the road coupled with the increased vehicle movement
as a result of the project could predispose the communities to RTAs. However, there are
plans by the project proponents to upgrade the access road into the area. This coupled with
the other SPDC road safety measures could have a mitigative effect on road mishaps in the
area.
4.4.11.2: Healthcare Infrastructure and Services
Access to healthcare services was determined based on the presence of health facilities by
type, the relative distance from the nearest community and the number and cadre of heath
service personnel available (Table 4.13d). Generally the typical health facility was a
Primary Health Centre or health post, and even then some communities had no health
facility at all. There was no tertiary health facility in the entire project area.
The 2007 health assessment reported only eight health facilities in the 15 communities
assessed, Likewise the present assessment noted absence of any form of health service in
several communities, including Ochia, Umudike, Ada Palms, Obile, Amafor, Obogwe,
Etekwuru, Ede, Obiyebe, Itu, Idoke, Ekwutchie, and Imeogu. At Elele Alimini, there was a
General hospital which was functioning merely as health clinic due to gross understaffing
and inadequate materials and equipment for delivering healthcare services. Health services
capabilities were limited to general outpatient consultations, antenatal services, post natal
services, immunization and laboratory services. Over 85% of the health facilities assessed
had only basic medical equipment and materials such as sphygmomanometers, disposable
needles and syringes, weighing scales and vaccines. Refrigerators were available only at
Ubumini, Akpabu and Avu. Sterilizing equipment was present only at Avu Primary Health
314
Centre. There were no essential Drug Lists, ultrasound services, X-rays and ambulances in
any of the health centres visited. Notably, none of them had operating theatres, laundry
services or clean running water. Only few of the facilities had capacity for in-patient
services (admission of serious cases). Comparatively it is interesting to note that access to
health services and health services capabilities has changed very little between 2007 when
the initial health survey was conducted and present day.
The health needs in many of the communities are still served mainly by patent medicine
vendors, traditional birth attendants and traditional medicine healers. However, there were
no patent medicine stores at Ekwutchie and Imeogu. Community members are thus left with
the option of patronizing drug vendors who visit the community occasionally or travel long
distances to access healthcare services. Plate 4.12a and Plate 4.12b show two of the
healthcare facilities in the area.
315
Table 4.13d: Healthcare facilities availability, staffing and capabilities in the study communities
Community
Staffing
Services available
Awarra
Health
facility
available
PHC
No
of
Admission
beds
6
Average
daily
attendance
4
Referral centre
Time to the nearest

referral
centre
using a motor bike.
30 mins
Remarks
2 CHEWS
1 record clerk
Assa
PHC
3 CHEWS
Avu
PHC
1 doctor,
1 nurse,
1 lab. Technician,
7 CHEWS,
Antenatal, postnatal, child

welfare, general outpatient,
admissions,
HCT,
health
education
admissions, health education,
admissions,
HCT,
health
education, laboratory
General
hospital,Egbema,
FMC, Owerri
General hospital,
Owerri
1 hr, 30 mins
Facility in a
rented
apartment
Visiting doctor
only
16
Obosima
PHC
Akpabu
PHC
1 doctor,
1 lab technician,
4 CHEWs,
1 record clerk
1 doctor
2 nurses/midwives
3 lab technicians,
8 CHEWS

admissions,
HCT,
health
admissions,
HCT,
health
General
Owerri
30 mins
Visiting doctor
only
10
10
1 hour
Under-utililized
facility

admissions,
HCT,
health
General Hospital,
Ahoada;
Braithwaite
Memorial Hospital,
PH
General Hospital,
Omorku
Ubumini
PHC
Akabta
Health post
1
doctor,
2
nurses/midwives,
2
pharmacist technicians,
4 lab technicians, 1
CHO, 4 CHEWs, 2
records clerks, 2 ward
maids
2 CHEWs
25 minutes
Immunizations
NA
The health post
Private hospital
Hospital,
15 mins
Facility shared
with Ochia
316
Community
Health
facility
available
Staffing
Services available
No
of
Admission
beds
Average
daily
attendance
Referral centre
Time to the nearest

referral
centre
using a motor bike.
Ohiauga
PHC
Alimini
General
hospital
Okpurukpuali
Okansu
Remarks
located in a
rented
apartment
Health centre
flooded
Functions only
as a health
clinic, staff not
available
for
assessment
No
health
facilities
No
health
facilities
Source: Fieldwork 2012.
317
Plate 4.12a: A primary health centre

at Akpabu
Plate 4.12b: Post-natal ward at Avu PHC
About 57% of the facilities assessed had laboratory services but were all inadequate. Medical
waste disposal methods in all health facilities visited were limited to crude methods such as
burning in waste pits and use of safety boxes for used needles. Record keeping was generally
unsatisfactory in all the health centres visited. The available records revealed that the diseases
commonly managed in the facilities include malaria, respiratory tract infections, and
diarrhoeal diseases. Notably, there were no mortality records. This was explained by health
centre officials to be due to referral of severe cases to secondary or tertiary centres or the
relatives of ill patients taking them away for alternative healthcare. Apart from patronizing
orthodox health facilities, community members patronize alternative health care providers
like bone setters, traditional healers and traditional birth attendants. They do so particularly
when they perceive that the cause of ill-health is non-medical.
WHO health service coverage indicator is the percentage of one-year olds immunized and
births attended to by skilled health personnel. The births attended to by health professionals
in Imo State was 98% (South East 81.8%) while in Rivers State it was 63.61% (South South
55.8%). These figures are better than the National average of 27% (NDHS, 2008) and comply
with the UNFPA threshold of 60% (United Nations, 2000). The WHO threshold for health
workforce/ population density is 2.28 healthcare professionals per 1,000 population (WHO,
2006a). The healthcare service indicators of medical personnel and population ratio and
number of hospital beds in the study region fall short of the National target for 2010 and the
WHO standards as well as the required threshold of 60% access to basic health services
(United Nations, 2000).
These negative trends in healthcare delivery and system performance may likely continue
without improved funding for health at Local, State and National levels. Also, the expected
population increase associated with the AN-OH projects could further perpetuate this low
state of health care delivery. Based on the experience with similar large projects elsewhere in
the Niger Delta, influx of migrant populations such as prospective job-seekers, unskilled
labourers, petty traders, and commercial sex workers are expected in the region. This will
lead to an increased pressure on the available healthcare facilities and services.
318
4.4.11.3: Reproductive Health

The reproductive health aspects examined here include the fertility rate, sexual behaviours
and prevalence of sexually transmissible infections including HIV/AIDS.
Fertility
The 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) reported the Total Fertility Rate
(TFR) for the South-South zone as 4.6, while that of South East was 4.1. This means that on
the average, a woman in the South-South geo-political zone will be expected to give birth to
4.6 children within her reproductive years and a woman in south east 4.1 children. The total
fertility rates in these two regions are lower than the national TFR of 5.7 (Fig. 4.13k). This
figure represents a constant level of fertility over the last decade.
7
Number of Children
6.3
6.3
5.9
5.4
5.7
5.7
NDHS 2003
NDHS 2008
5.2
4
3
2
1
0
NFS 1981/82
NDHS 1990
PES 1991
SENTINEL
NDHS 1999
SURVEY 1994
Sources of Data/ Year of Study
Fig. 4.13k: Trends in the National Total Fertility Rates.

Source: NDHS, 1990, 1999, 2003 and 2008), NFS-National Fertility Surveys, NDHSNational Demographic and Health Survey, PES-Post Enumeration Survey
Early marriage, low literacy rate among adult females, low utilization of contraceptives and a
pronatalist socio-cultural tendency helped to account for a high fertility rate in all the
geopolitical zones of the federation (UNFPA/Anambra Government Survey Report, 2004).
This trend in high fertility rate could likely continue even in the absence of the AN-OH
project. However, the influx of migrant workforce who are sexually active could further
exacerbate this.
Sexual Behaviour
Sexual behaviour is directly related to the incidence of sexually transmissible infections and
diseases, including HIV/AIDS. The two key behaviours useful in public health action are
number of sexual partners and condom use. Among adults surveyed, 92.8% have heard about
Sexually Transmissible Infections (STIs), while a slightly higher number (95.4%) of them
have heard about HIV/AIDS. Similarly, over 80% of sexually active adults claim to be in a
319
monogamous relationship. About 23% of sexually active adults admitted previous history of
STI while only 35.8% knows their HIV status (have tested for HIV/AIDS) (Fig. 4.13l).
120
Percentages
100
95.4
92.8
77
80
64.2
60
Yes
35.8
40
No
23
20
7.2
4.6
0
Heard of STI
History of STI
Knows HIV
status
Heard of
HIV/AIDS
Awareness of STIs
Fig. 4.13l: Awareness of Sexually Transmissible Infections in the Study Communities

The 2003 NDHS reported that 70.6% of female youths in the South-South reported having
high risk (unprotected) sex in past one year (higher than the national averages of 29.4%)
however, the HIV/AIDS Reproductive Health Survey showed figures for South South
females and males to be 69.3% and 68.6% respectively (FMOH, Nigeria 2005). This shows a
slight decline but is still higher than the National average of 67% for females and 63% for
males from the same report. However, owing to the various campaigns against high risk sex,
in the 2008 NDHS report, the high risk sexual contacts had decreased to 32.7% in the south
south females and 21.9% in south east but still higher than the national average of 13.1%.
This risky sexual behaviour increases vulnerability to both STIs and HIV/AIDS, early and
unwanted pregnancies and the attendant risk of unsafe abortion. Negative social habits like
the consumption of drugs and alcohol are known to encourage risky sexual practices. These
habits appear to be low in the study areas as those who drank alcohol or smoke frequently
were 21.6% and 17% respectively. With sustained campaigns, the negative sexual behaviours
are expected to keep decreasing in the area. However, the employment of sexually active
males during the project executions, the absence of their spouses, the migration of
commercial sex workers into the area could tip the negative sexual behaviours further.
Condom Availability and Use
Condoms serve as a good barrier to the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmissible
infections. Respondents above 18 years of age were asked about condom availability and use.
Reasons given for the use of condoms include prevention of sexually transmissible infections
(85%) and prevention of conception (32%). Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) has
increased from a National average of 8.6% in 1999 to 15% in 2008 (NDHS, 2008). The low
contraceptive prevalence rate in the area has a negative implication for the spread of sexually
320
transmissible infections including HIV/AIDS especially with the potential population

increase.
HIV/AIDS
The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Rivers State is higher than the national average while that of
Imo State is lower as at 2005 survey (Fig. 4.13m).
9
8
7.8
7.7
6.6
6
5
5.4
3.3
5.4
4.4
3.9
4.3
4
3
5.8
Imo State
Rivers State
National
3.1
2
1
0
1999
2001
2003
2005
Fig. 4.13m: Trends in the HIV/AIDS Prevalence in the Study States Compared with
National Average.
Source: National HIV/ Syphilis Sero-prevalence Sentinel Survey, FMoH (2005)
The prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS could be sustained in the area by several factors including
project-induced influx of workers who have a higher income level than locals, migration of
commercial sex workers due to the economic attraction of oil/ gas workers, risky sexual
behaviours, and sexually active workers. The influx of people, especially the working class
population, is usually associated with an increase in the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other
STIs in an area. For example, in the Lethoso Highlands Dam Project, the prevalence of
HIV/AIDS near the construction site became five times that of villages at some distance
(Kravitzet al., 1995).
4.4.11.4: Potable Water and Sanitation
The increase in the sources of potable water is among the major goals of the Federal
Governments NEEDS 2, which targets increasing safe water sources in urban and rural areas
by 70% and 65% respectively by 2007. As a vital natural resource, water is necessary for
sustenance of life and ecological systems. In addition to having water to drink, people require
it for sanitation. Water and sanitation complement each other and have considerable
implications for the health, welfare, productivity and economic well-being of individuals, and
households.
321
Water Supply
The major source of water supply in the communities under study is the mono-pumps (handpumps). The amount of water supplied from this source is supplemented by those obtained
from streams, rivers and dug-up wells. Only 1 community Obiyebe (3.40%), in the Rivers
State axis had access to pipe-borne (treated) water provided by Total finaElf. The commonest
sources of drinking water in other communities were borehole (59%), rainwater (13.8%),
stream or river water (13.6%) and dugout wells (10.2%) (Plate 4.12c and Fig. 4.13n).
Borehole water (Plate 4.12c Plate 4.12e) was accessed in the form of manual pumps which
were mostly inadequate, having user ratio of 1 pump to 500-1000 persons. Lack of
maintenance and prompt repair of faulty pumps puts pressure on available. The mono pumps
and pipe-borne water were provided mainly by UNICEF, OMPADEC (defunct), NDDC,
TotalfinaElf and the Local Government Areas.
3.40%
13.80%
Tap (pipe-borne)
Borehole
13.60%
Well
10.20%
Stream/river
59%
Rain water
Fig. 4.13n: Common sources of drinking water in AN-OH communities

Source, Field work 2012
Access to improved drinking water is one of the Millenium Development Goals that Nigeria
and other nations worldwide have adopted.The population using improved sources of
drinking water are those using any of the following types of supply: piped water (into
dwelling, compound, yard or plot, public tap/standpipe), tube-well/borehole, protected well,
protected spring, and harvested rainwater collection.
The existence of pipe borne water and mono pumps and the existing statistics in the Project
communities is closely related to theNDHS Reports of 2008 which showed that about 45% of
rural dwellers and 75% of urban dwellers in Nigeria have access to an improved source of
drinking water. This also is strongly in conformity with the most recent MICS4 (2012) report
which reveals that More than half (55 percent) of the households in Nigeria are using an
improved source of drinking water with higher percentage of 72 percent in urban areas
against 49 percent in rural areas Fig. 4.13o. This report categorically states that the most
322
important source of improved drinking water is the borehole, which contributes 29 out of the
55 percent using improved water source in Nigeria (MICS4, 2012).
Fig. 4.13o: Sources of Improved water
Plate 4.12c: Well at Idoke
Plate 4.12d: Monopump

at Assa
Plate 4.12e: Hand pump at

Awarra by NDDC
The MDG goal is to reduce by half between 1999 and 2015, the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water. Though a little over half (59%) of the communities
in Assa North Ohaji South have access to an improved source of drinking water, the
situation falls below figures for South South with 67%, and South East with 66% (MICS4
2012) (Fig. 4.13p). The National report gives credit to Imo and Rivers States who were
recorded to have 82.4% and 80.2% of households with access to improved water sources
respectively (MICS4 2012).
323
Other available reports from Okereke et al. (2000) and Igbozurike et al. (2010) reported that
some households in rural Imo communities trek long distances to collect water from shallow
wells, ponds, streams, and springs. This falls below WHO standards which states that pipeborne water should be within 200m of reach.
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Project
Communities
Imo
Rivers
South East
South South
Fig. 4.13p: Access to an Improved Source of Water Supply

Sources: Field work 2012 and MICS4, 2012.
Sanitation
Safe sanitation is widely acknowledged to be an essential foundation for better health,
welfare and economic productivity, but progress in reducing the burden of sanitation related
diseases borne by poor people in developing countries remains slow and is holding back
progress on all other development outcomes.
The field work (2012) reveals that about 82.7% of the communities in AN-OH live in
unhealthy environment with bushes and shrubs very close to dwellings and litters around the
surroundings (Table 4.13e). Open dumps and stagnant drains were observed in over 90% of
the communities (Plates 4.12f Plate 4.12h). Vectors of public health importance such as
houseflies, cockroaches, mosquitoes, tsetse flies and rats were present in all the communities.
Lice and black flies were present in a few communities such as Obossima, Ekwutchie,
Akabta and Alimini.
Table 4.13e: General cleanliness of the environment
Description
*Un-swept + weed/bush uncleared
*Swept/ weed/ bush not cleared to ground level or completely
cleared to ground level but un-swept
** Cleared to ground level and swept
** Cleared to ground level, packed or burnt
TOTAL
Frequency
11
13
Percentage
37.9
44.8
5
29
17.3
100
Note: * = Unclean; ** = Clean

324
Plate 4.12f: Bushy

environment at Assa
Plate 4.12g: Open and

dirty drain at Alimini
Plate 4.12h: Poor drainage at

Amafor-breeding site for
vectors.
Waste disposal
Open dumping was the most common method of waste disposal (79.3%) (Plate 4.12i Plate
4.12j) while appropriate waste pits or refuse bins were found in only 17.2% of the
communities. Dumping of waste into the stream was a common method in Idoke. This
community was flooded resulting in a backflow of heavily contaminated water to land.The
major sources of wastes were agricultural products, domestic wastes and used water sachets,
bottles and cans.
Plate 4.12i: Open dumping of refuse
Plate 4.12j: Open dumping of refuse at

OkansuOkprukpruali
Sewage Disposal
Despite the fact that 80% of the communities have pit toilets (Plate 4.12k and Plate 4.12l),
studies reveal that 76% of the communities practise open defecation into the bushes. A
variant of open defecation was also found in which a small shallow hole is dug each time to
defecate in and covered afterwards, making the risk of faeces being dug up by children and
animals or being washed up and into streams very high. In Akabta and Idoke communities,
defecating into the streams was a common practice of sewage disposal.
325
Plate 4.12k: Latrine at Egeda
Plate 4.12l: Bathroom at Idoke
Hygiene and sanitation interventions are basic public health prescripts. These include access
to safe drinking water, hygienic disposal of human waste (e.g. through Ventilated Improved
Pit (VIP) latrines) and the promotion of good hygiene practices, particularly washing of
hands, especially after defecation and before preparing and eating meals. According to the
National Bureau of Statistics (2009) access to safe sanitation between 2003 and 2008 in
Nigeria was constant at 57.6%; 77.7% in urban areas, 46% in rural areas and 21% for the
rural poor. The National Population Commission (NPC) Demographic and Health Survey in
2008 reports that 46.6% of the rural population have access to safe water (74.4% for urban
areas), but only 29% of them have access to safe sanitation (disposal of human and domestic
wastes). This affirms the WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) (2010) Report
which states that as many as 17% of deaths due to malaria are compounded by unsafe water
and poor hygiene. According to MICS4 Report, access to improved sanitation for Imo State
stands at 58.6%, Rivers State, 26.5%, while the South East and South south geopolitical areas
stand at 28.3% and 26.0% respectively (Fig. 4.13q).
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Project
communities
Imo
Rivers
South East South South
National
Fig. 4.13q: Access to Improved Sanitation, 2012/2013.

Source: Field work 2012 and MICS 4, 2012.
326
Nationally, the major toilet facilities used by households in 2011 are bush/field toilet, 29.2%
of households, pit latrine with slab 25.5% of households, pit latrine without slab/open pit
23.0% and flush to septic tank 10.4%.In the rural areas, the toilet facilities commonly used
are Bush/field toilet and pit latrine without slab/open pit with 35.6 % and 27.3% respectively
(MICS4, 2012). The situation in project communities shows an outstanding increase in
proportion for both rural communities and the national using bush/field toilets.
80%
70%
60%
50%
study comunities
40%
Other Rural Communities
30%
National
20%
10%
0%
Bush/Field
Toilet
Defeacation
into streams
Pit Toilets
Water closet
Fig. 4.13r: common sewage disposal practices

Source: Field work 2012 and MICS 4, 2012.
The Millennium Development Goals target 75% global sanitation coverage by 2015.
Achievement of this goal especially in the project communities needs committed and joint
effort of the Government, Non-governmental organisations and partners considering that the
right to health is a basic right and need. Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation
helps reduce household expenditure on health care.
4.4.11.5: Nutritional Status
Malnutrition has been identified as a major constraint to development. The proportion of
households and individuals that are both malnourished and food insecure has been on the
increase in Nigeria. Children, women and the elderly are the most affected (NPC, 2005). The
consequences of poor nutrition in terms of both foods and feeding behaviours, during the first
two years of life, include significant illnesses, delayed mental and physical development and
death (FMOH, 2011).
Food Consumption Pattern
Dietary patterns were similar across the study communities. Commonly consumed food
items were rice, cassava, yam, cocoyam, plantain and corn, which were eaten in various
forms. Protein containing food such as beans, beef, meat, bush meat and fish were also
consumed. Many of the communities had food taboos such as three-leaved yam, pig and
deer. In Avu and Obosima communities water yam is also forbidden. However children
327
according to the study are allowed to partake in the consumption of all types of proteins. Also
significant for this report is the high level of consumption of medicinal plants in species that
were used for preparing soup and the low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Mostly,
banana and oranges were fruits found within the communities and these are seasonal. The
food consumption pattern discussed above, reveal high level of inadequacy in dietary intake
for both macro and micro nutrients by the communities.The predominant consumption of
staple carbohydrate based foods is a mark of food insecurity which also is in the increase
nationwide.
Assessment of the Nutritional Status
Adequate nutrition is defined as the intake and utilization of enough energy and nutrients to
maintain wellbeing, health and productivity of an individual (FMOH, 2011). The period of
birth to two years of age is recognised as a critical period during which adequate nutrition
should be provided for the child to achieve optimum development and full potential.
Malnutrition in children manifests as stunting, underweight and wasting in individuals. These
may result from deficiencies in macro and micro nutrients especially Vitamin A, iron, iodine,
zinc and folic acid. The nutritional status assessment for underfive children in the study area
was based on the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth standards as
recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The result showed that 20% are
stunted, 32.5% underweight and 24.1% wasted (Table 4.13f). The anthropometric indicators
are reputed to serve as a proxy to measure the quality of life for an entire population
(Pradhan, Sahn, Younger 2001).
The high proportion of wasting (24.1%) in the AN-OH Project communities describes a
recent and acute process that has produced a substantial weight loss in children under age five
in the communities. Wasting is a consequence of an acute or recent shortage of food, a recent
severe disease within a short time span, or both. The proportions of underweight and stunted
children also show marked variation from those reported for the South East which stands at
10.5% and 15.5%, but is comparable to statistics from South South zone (12.6% and 20.9%)
(MICS4 2012). The distribution of the nutrition parameters as compared to the States and
geopolitical regions of influence as well as the national statistics is shown Figure 4.13r.
Table 4.13f: Percentages of Stunting, Wasting and Under-nutrition in Study Area,
compared with State, Regional and National values.
Nutritional Indices
ANOH
Area(SPDC,
2012)
Imo
(MICS4,
2012)
Rivers
(MICS4,
2012)
South East
(MICS4,
2012)
National
(MICS4,2012)
15.5
SouthSouth*
(MICS,
2012)
20.9
Height-For-Age
(Stunting)
20
9.2
30.6
Weight-For-Height
(Wasting)
24.1
7.4
10.1
6.5
7.0
11.1
Weight-For-Age
(Under-nutrition)
32.5
9.1
18.8
10.5
12.6
28.3
41.6
MICS4: Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 4, 2011 (NBS, UNICEF, AND UNFPA)
328
* South East & South-South zones are two out of the six geo-political divisions of Nigeria of
which Imo and Rivers States are members.
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Height-For-Age (Stunting)
National
(MICS4,2012)
South-South*
South East
Rivers
Imo
AN OH Area (SPDC,
2012)
Weight-For-Height (Wasting)
Weight-For-Age (Under-nutrition)
Fig. 4.13r: Distribution of nutritional status indicators compared with States, regional
and National values
The significantly high rate of stunting, wasting and underweight in the study area against the
rates obtained in the geopolitical regions where they belong, reveals a high prevalence of
household food insecurity and inappropriate child caring practices such as inadequate
breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, which otherwise perpetuate younger
child vulnerability to diet related problems and or infections.
4.4.11.6: Public Participation/Stakeholder Consultations (include Scoping Workshop
and Inter-Agency Workshop, July 2012 and May 2013)
Consultation, as defined by the World Bank, is the 'soliciting of peoples' views on proposed
actions and engaging them in a dialogue'. It is an interactive 2-way flow of information,
ideas and opinions between Stakeholders and Project Proponents.
The objectives of Consultation are to:
inform the Stakeholders of the proposed project
encourage participation of the Stakeholders in the EIA process
build mutual trust between Stakeholders and the project proponents
enable stakeholders issues and concerns to be identified, analysed, evaluated and
taken aboard in preparing the EIA report/EMP.
In line with National legislation, SPDC started Impact Assessment (IA) process and
stakeholders engagement of Assa North - Ohaji South Gas Development Project in 2006.
Scoping of environmental issues was undertaken on 25th July, 2006 at the Hotel Presidential
in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Stakeholders invited for the scoping workshop include:
329

Environment (FMEnv), Rivers and Imo States Ministries of Environment (RSMEnv
and IMEnv),
Representatives of Rivers and Imo States Ministries of Health.
Representatives of Rivers State Ministry of Chieftaincy and Community Affairs,
SPDC.
EIA Consultants.
Representatives of 34 stakeholder communities relevant to the project (twenty two
from Rivers State and twelve from Imo State)
After the project was put back on stream in 2011, a stakeholders engagement/scoping
workshop was embarked upon on 11th and 12th July 2012 for Rivers and Imo states
communities respectively. This was to bring the new and old stakeholders to same level of
understanding of the project status and Impact Assessment as planned. Communities under
the direct influence of the proposed project covered in the Imo State and Rivers State axes are
presented in Table 4.13g
Table 4.13g: Communities in the project area
S/N
1
COMMUNITIES
ASSA
LOCAL GOVT AREAS

OHAJI/ EGBEMA
STATE
IMO
2
3
OCHIA
AWARRA
OHAJI/EGBEMA
OHAJI/ EGBEMA
IMO
IMO
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
ETEKWURU
AMAFOR
OBOGWE
OBOSIMA
OBITTI
UMUDIKE
ADA PALMS
AVU
OBILE
UBUMINI
EGBEDA
OMUDIOGA
AKPABU
ITU
IDOKE
OBIYEBE
OBITE
OVELLE-RUMUEKPE
IMOGA-RUMUEKPE
EKUTCHE-RUMUKPE
ALIMINI
OGBOGU
OKPURUKPU-ALI
OKANSU
OHAJI/ EGBEMA
OHAJI/ EGBEMA
OHAJI/ EGBEMA
OHAJI/ EGBEMA
OHAJI/ EGBEMA
OHAJI/ EGBEMA
OHAJI/ EGBEMA
OWERRI WEST
OHAJI/ EGBEMA
EMOHUA
EMOHUA
EMOHUA
EMOHUA
EMOHUA
AHOADA EAST
ONELGA
ONELGA
EMOHUA
EMOHUA
EMOHUA
EMOHUA
ONELGA
ONELGA
ONELGA
IMO
IMO
IMO
IMO
IMO
IMO
IMO
IMO
IMO
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
330
S/N
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
COMMUNITIES
OBOR
OBRIKOM
EDE
OHIAUGA
AKAPUTA
EGBOKORO
OMOKU
LOCAL GOVT AREAS

ONELGA
ONELGA
ONELGA
ONELGA
ONELGA
STATE
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
RIVERS
ONELGA
RIVERS
ONELGA
RIVERS
Consultation processes in the - States and Communities under the influence of the the
proposed project invoved the following:
Identification of key Stakeholders
Sensitization of Imo and Rivers States Governments on the proposed project through
letters to the office of the Executive Governors.
Sensitization of the affected Local Government Councils through letters to the office
of the Honourable Chairmen,
Involvement of the Imo and Rivers States liaisons and the Federal Ministry of
Environment in the field work,
Identified project Communities consultation and participation in field data gathering.
Selection of at least two persons as part of community participation in the collection of
social and health impact data.
4.4.11.7: Stakeholders Identification
Primary Stakeholders comprised Local Councils, traditional rulers, cabinet chiefs, CDCs,
community elders, men, women and youths. The consultations in the communities are shown
in Plate 4.12m to Plate 4.12q.
331
Plate 4.12m: Assa Community Forum during the consultation: (sitting L R) 2nd person Mrs N Onumajulu, Perm. Sec. Min. Of Petroleum and
Environment Imo State, 3rd person, Special Assistant to Imo State
Governor on Niger Delta, Hon. Eric Ihezie. The Honourable Commissioner
Ministry of Petroleum and Environment (Imo State) Hon. Emmanuel
Ekweremba (standing) addressing the forum, Prof. E. Nwachukwu and
Nurah Oyekan.
Plate 4.12n: Primary Stakeholder

engagement at a Community forum in
Obile
Plate 4.12o: Visit to Eze A.N Osoh JP,

Eze- Ali Usomini II of Ogbaland
Plate 4.12p: FGD and Household Questionnaires Administrations
332
Plate 4.12q: Consultation visit at the palace of Eze A.I Obodo of Umunwaku
Secondary stakeholders are made up of Imo and Rivers State Governments respectively,
Representatives of Federal and State Ministries of Environment, Representative of
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), project proponents (SPDC), EIA consultants and
experts. A representative of the project proponent (SPDC) gave the key note address and
intimated the people of the proposed project and the EIA processes. During these fora,
opportunity was given for questions and concerns to be raised by communities. All questions
and concerns were properly addressed by the project representative and consent was given for
the community to be assessed. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) involved men, women and
youths. Information bordering on history of the community, culture, traditional beliefs and
ceremonies, deities, socio-economic activities and infrastructures, welfare, and opinions
concerning the proposed project, were gathered.
Consultations in Imo State Communities
Assa Community
Community consultation for the project commenced on the 11th of October, 2012, starting
with the host community, Assa in Ohaji/Egbema, Imo State. In attendance were:
Hon. Commissioner, Imo State Ministry of Petroleum and Environment, Hon. Emma
Ekweremba.
Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Environment (Imo State), Nkechi
Onumajulu
Special Adviser to Governor on Niger-Delta Affairs, Hon. Eric Ihezie
Public Relation Officer (P.R.O) Ministry of Environment and Petroleum (Imo State),
Akutah Peace
Representative from Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), Abuja, Ajiboye T.O
Assa Community CLO, Hon (Nze) Onunwa
Assa community Youth president, Charles, Ofurum
Community Chairman and Community leaders
Men, women and Youths
Clergy, Pastor Walter Okedimma (Winners Chapel, Assa)
Project proponents (SPDC)
EIA Experts and Consultants (Ambah Projects Intl Ltd)
333
The meeting was held at the Assa Community Square. Prof. Eunice Nwachukwu,
representing the project proponent (SPDC) gave the key note address and intimated the
people on the proposed project and the role of EIA processes on the community as regards
the project. The Hon. Commissioner, Imo State Ministry of Petroleum and Environment,
Hon. Emma Ekweremba addressed the people, informing them of governments awareness
and approval of the project. He solicited the communitys cooperation with the project
proponent and pledged governments support to the community. Questions and concerns
were raised regarding the environmental effects and economic and social benefit of the
project to the community. All questions and concerns were well addressed by the SPDC
representative who also admonished the youths to acquire tertiary education and requisite
skills to qualify them for employment on take-off of the project. The community warmly
welcomed the project and pledged its total support. Focus Group Discussion involving men,
women and youths were carried out.
Ochia Community
Consultation in Ochia community was held on the 11th of October, 2012 at the communitys
square. It had in attendance communitys council members, village heads, representatives of
Federal and Imo State Government Ministries of Environment; Project Proponent (SPDC),
Ambah Projects EIA team, men, women and youths of the community. The SPDC
representative addressed and intimated the community on the proposed project and the need
for the EIA. The community welcomed the team and raised concerns on the effects of the Gas
plant on their environment, especially on their farm lands. All questions and concerns were
addressed to their satisfaction. Focus Group Discussions were carried out and all necessary
information gathered.
Awarra Community
Consultation in Awarra Community took place on the 12th of October, 2012 with all
stakeholders present and the SPDC representative leading the team. The proposed project and
purpose of the EIA exercise was made known to the community. The community especially
the youths raised concern on the involvement of the youths in the project. Employment
opportunity was paramount in the concerns raised. They pledged support for the proposed
project as they anticipate that SPDC will engage them when the project implementation
commences.
Obile Community
Obile community was visited on the 12th of October, 2012 with the EIA team headed by the
SPDC representative. Consultation in this community recorded a large turnout including
women and youths. The major stakeholders in the community were fully represented: the
traditional ruler and cabinet chiefs, community speaker and local council members, men,
women and youths of various professions. Consultation commenced with Prof. Nwachukwu of
SPDC giving the key note address. She intimated the community on the proposed project and
need for the EIA exercise.
334
In response, the Community Speaker questioned the genuineness of the interest of the project
proponent-the SPDC. He noted that SPDC has not been fair to the community in the years past
in the area of infrastructural development, employment, and provision of social amenities. He
stated clearly, on behalf of the community, that the community needs provision of the
aforementioned as well as building of institution of higher learning in the community and
provision of scholarship for the youths; for them to support the project. The team could not
work in the Community on this 12th of October because of prolonged argument from some key
community persons as the atmosphere became increasingly charged. The team tactically
withdrew. However Obile community was later assessed on the 15th of October on request by
the major stakeholders in the community. On this day, they showed understanding and also
created a friendly atmosphere for the team to work.
Amafor/Obogwe Community
Consultation in the community witnessed a turnout of major stakeholders in the community:
the traditional ruler, cabinet chiefs, clergymen, men of various professions, women and
youths. The Team of EIA experts headed by the SPDC representative were welcomed
traditionally with kola nuts. Briefing on the proposed project and EIA exercise were carried
out. The community gladly welcomed the project and also demanded clarity in the area of the
projects benefit on the community and environmental concerns which was given to them.
Obosima Community
Consultation in Obosima community went smoothly as the team was warmly received by the
traditional ruler. All necessary briefing as regarding the proposed project and the EIA exercise
were given to the community. Questions and concerns raised were addressed to the
satisfaction of the people.
Obitti Communiity
Consultation in Obitti community was carried out on the 12th of October, 2012 with all
stakeholders in attendance. The traditional ruler and his cabinet chiefs gladly welcomed the
team. Men, women and youths most especially, turned out in number. The proposed project
and purpose of the EIA exercise were made known to the community. Employment
opportunity was the major concern of the community. Questions raised by the people were
well addressed.
Umudike and Etekwuru Communities
Consultation in Umudike and Etekwuru communities were carried out on the 14th of, October
2012. The communities were briefed on the proposed project and the EIA exercise. The
communities were happy that such project was coming to them and gave their full support.
Ede, Adapalm and Avu Communities
Consultations in these communities were peacefully carried out on the 14th, October, 2012.
There was a good turnout of people. Communities welcomed the development and gave their
full support.
335
Consultations in Communities of Rivers State Extraction

Oyiyebe Community
Consultation in this community was carried out on the 20th of October, 2012 in the traditional
rulers palace. The EIA team was warmly welcomed amidst light refreshment. Major
stakeholders in the community were in attendance. The traditional ruler confirmed his
presence at the stakeholders scoping workshop at the Hotel Presidential, Port Harcourt. The
purpose of the visit was unveiled, and in response, the traditional ruler on behalf of his
community welcomed the proposed project and pledged the communitys maximum
cooperation. He also encouraged SPDC to engage in some community development just as
other oil companies operating in the community have done.
Obite Community
Consultation in Obite community was amidst controversy and hostility. The turnout of people
was made up of mostly youths who claimed they were not informed of the teams visit; they
were not aware of the proposed project and the scoping workshop that was held in Hotel
Presidential, Port Harcourt. They also claimed not to have received the supposed FTO prior to
the teams visit. They generally claimed to have no confidence in SPDC and its activities.
Rumuekpe Community
Consultation in Rumuekpe community was held on the 18th of October, 2012. Consultation in
this community was amidst a low turnout the people. This can be related to the series of
community clashes and unrest in the recent past which led to people fleeing the community.
Although consultation witnessed some disagreements, the community was still accessed.
Egbeda, Omudiogha and Akpabu Communities
Consultations in these communities took place on the 16th of October, 2012. The team of EIA
experts led by the SPDC representatives was warmly received. Questions and concerns raised
after the briefing, concerning the proposed project were addressed to the communitys
satisfaction. The communities pledged their cooperation and also encouraged SPDC to engage
in various community developments.
Alimili Community
Consultation in this community was successfully carried amidst a large turnout of the
community. The major stakeholders in the community were present. The EIA team was
warmly received with kola nut and light refreshment. The community was also presented with
kola from the project proponent and EIA team. The purpose of the visit was unveiled and in
response, the community asked questions on the proposed project concerning the laying of
pipelines. They also demanded SPDCs contribution in community development and provision
of job opportunities for the youths.
Ogbogu and Ubumini Communities
Major stakeholders in the two communities were present. The people were intimated on the
proposed project and in response to the briefing, questions were asked on the Right of Way
(RoW) of the pipelines. The community requested to know if a new Right of Way will be
336
created for the pipelines and existing R-oW abandoned. The SPDC representative made it
clear that the pipelines will be laid along the existing RoW in their community. The
community welcomed the development and issued their cooperation.
Ohiauga and Akabuta Communities
A consultation in these communities was amidst a good turnout of major stakeholders in the
communities. The community responded positively to the proposed project and gave their
maximum support. All questions and concerns raised were well addressed to the satisfaction
of the people.
Idoke and Itu Communities
Consultation was received positively in the two communities respectively. All necessary
briefings regarding the proposed project and the EIA exercise were adhered to. Questions and
concerns raised were addressed to the satisfaction of the people.
Okpurupu-Ali, Obor, Obrikom and Okansu Communities
Consultations in these communities were carried out on the 2nd phase of the fieldwork as a
result of flooding that covered them earlier in the year.
4.4.11.8: Identified Needs of the Communities
The communities at the various fora were asked to itemize their community felt needs in
order of preference. The list they came up with is as shown in Table 4.13h.
Table 4.13h: Community Needs in Order of Preference
Community
Assa
Obile
Awarra
Identified Needs in order of Preference

Town hall
Hospital
Tarred road
Extra (1) primary School
Borehole for water supply
Employment of youths in the community
Establishment of skill/vocational Centers
Soft loans/micro finance for all
Roads
Cottage Hospital
Pipe-borne water
Connecting electricity to national grid
Standard market
Secondary school
Employment for their youths
Empowerment of women
Tarred road
Pipe-bore water
Employment (for youths in the locality)
Hospital
337
Community

Award of scholarships to students in the community
Town hall
Modern market
Skill acquisition Center
Award of contracts to indigenous contractors
Amafor (Including Obogwe Hospital
and Adapalm)
Youth employment
Pipe-borne water
Standard market
Obosima
Market
Resurfacing of the existing tarred road
Energize the electricity
Avu
Standard market
Fence the health Center and equip it with drugs and qualified
personnel
Refurbish the secondary school
Resurface the old tarred road
Establish skill acquisition Center
Establish a befitting town hall
Employment and scholarships for their youths
Etekuru
Scholarships
Cottage industries
Market
Secondary school
Functional electricity
Ultra-modern civic Center
Umudike
Health Center
Improve facilities in the secondary school
Market
Tarred road and construction of drains
Electricity supply
Water supply
Increased scholarship slots
Collage industry
Obite
Employment for their youths
Hospital
Increased scholarship slots
Tarred roads
Cottage industry
Stipends to elders in the community as social security
Standard market
Ede
Youth employment
Health Center
Egita
Hospital
Secondary school
338
Community
Obiyebe

Tertiary institution
Construction of drain
Collage industry
Tarred road
Modern market
Loans to farmers
Secondary school
Use of local contractors
Micro finance/empowerment scheme
339
CHAPTER FIVE
POTENTIAL, ASSOCIATED AND CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
5.1: Introduction
Assessment was conducted to identify and qualify potential, associated and cumulative
impacts, and evaluate their likelihood of occurrence, magnitude and significance. Risks and
impacts including cumulative effects were assessed within the context of both the immediate
project impact area and the wider zone of influence (12 15km for soil, surface water,
sediment and groundwater and 50km for air quality modelling). Similar to the baseline
description, emphasis was placed on assessment of valued ecosystem and social components
and resources.
Assessment of Potential Impacts of the Project
The potential and associated impacts consisted of impacts of the proposed project activities
(This included the FLB, PTF, wells and a storage basin). There are several approaches and
techniques developed for evaluating potential impacts of any project on the environment. The
Overlays techniques (McHarg, 1968); Leopold matrix (Leopold et al., 1971); Battelle
Environmental Evaluation System (Dee et al., 1973), Peterson Matrix (Peterson et al., 1974)
and ISO 14001 are among the most widely used methods. The ISO 14001 method is simple
to apply and provides a high level of detail and a high degree of accuracy and reliability. The
ISO 14001 method, therefore, is selected for the identification and evaluation of impacts for
the proposed Project.
Assessment of Cumulative Impacts (SPDC existing and proposed facilities and third
party facilities)
This consisted of impacts of the existing SPDC facilities (mothballed Assa flow station,
SPDC wells, Ahia Manifold flow station and 18 x 53 km Assa to Rumuekpe Trunkline),
third party facilities (Oil wells and facilities belonging to Total and NAOC), Government
planned projects and proposed SPDC projects. The methodology of Hegmann et al. (2002)
was used for evaluating the cumulative impact. Quantitative approaches to impact prediction
and assessment were employed for air quality and noise, using appropriate computer-based
mathematical models. For air quality emission and noise modelling using the ISC-AERMOD
version 8.2.0 with number AER00005543 was used. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was
employed for Cumulative Impact Assessment of surface and ground water. The soil quality
index was used for Soil quality. Environmental components like wildlife and fisheries were
assessed using professional judgment and local knowledge. Geographical Information System
(GIS) spatial analysis was employed for land use and vegetation. For Social and Health
components; Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) was assessed using National Regulation,
World Bank, Food and Agricultural Organization and International Finance Corporation
guidelines.
5.2: Potential Impact Identification and Evaluation
In line with general guidelines for an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, the
following were the basic steps adopted for identification and evaluation of impacts (Fig. 5.1):
340
Impact identification
Impact qualification
Impact rating
Impact description
5.2.1: Impact Identification

The aim of impact identification is to account for the entire potential bio-physical, social and
health impacts making sure that both significant and insignificant impacts are accounted for.
The environmental components considered include: Surface water, Soil, Sediment,
Groundwater, Vegetation/Wildlife, Social and Health Profile of the communities around the
proposed project area. The anticipated impacts were determined based on the interaction
between project activities and environmental sensitivities.
The identified potential impacts during the different phases of the proposed project are listed
in Table 5.1.
341
Table 5.1: Associated and Potential Impacts of AN-OH Project (Proposed Facilities)
Project Phase
Project Activity
Pre-mobilization
Mobilization
preparation
and
site
Mobilization
of
Equipment
and
Personnel to Site
Project Activities/
Environmental Aspects
Land Acquisition
Land survey
Mobilization of personnel, materials, equipment and Rig

to site by road.
Employment of local labour and award of contracts to

members of the communities
Potential and Associated Impacts
Temporary
campsite
construction
Vegetation clearing, fencing. Grading, concreting, sand

filling / bund walls, road network inside the fence and
drainage, helipad construction,
Loss of access to land and resources

Third party agitation
Injuries and attacks from wild animals
Opportunity for business
Road traffic accidents with injuries
Damage to existing access roads
Air/Noise pollution from increased vehicular movement
Interference with land transport
Kidnappings
Inter and intra community conflicts
Increased cash flow and stimulation of local economies
within the Communities
Increase pressure on existing social amenities/infrastructure
Stimulation of local economy and markets from increased
demand for food, and other products in the local market.
Third party agitations
Attraction of commercial sex workers
Increased prevalence of sexually transmissible infections
(STIs) including HIV
Third party agitation and conflicts
Vegetation loss and exposure to direct insolation
Wildlife migration and loss
Biodiversity loss and ecological degradation
Increased exposure to erosion by surface run-off
Wildlife attacks and insect bites
Exposure to allergic plants
Change in topography of the sand filled area
342
Project Phase
Project Activity
Project Activities/
Power generation
Drilling of water borehole/ treatment plant, geotechnical/

geophysical investigations
Pilling, telecom masts
Construction
Construction
of
FLB, access road,
Laying
of
electrical cables,
installation of the
process
plant/
utilities,
Construction of FLB building, construction of access

road. Laying of electrical cables, installation of the
process plant/ utilities,
Personnel recruitment
Noise/air emissions
Diesel leaks/spills
Hearing impairment
Generation of earth wastes
Contamination of groundwater
Noise, vibrations and ground motions

Contamination of ground water
Occupational injuries
Work site injuries
Noise/Air pollution
Opportunity for contracting
Opportunity for employment

Increased cash flow and stimulation of local economies
within the Communities
Increase pressure on existing social amenities/infrastructure
Stimulation of local economy and markets from increased
demand for food, and other products in the local market
Attraction of commercial sex workers
Increased prevalence of sexually transmissible infections
(STIs) including HIV
Increased resident population
Urbanization of the area
Increased prevalence of diseases
Skills acquisition
Increased level of insecurity
Impacts on traditional authority structure
Impacts on social, cultural and family values
Increase in the cost of land
343
Project Phase
Project Activity
Drilling
and
completion
of
wells
(Rig positioning,
Casing
and
cementing
completion
and
perforation, Well
testing,
flowline
hook-up)
Project Activities/
DEMOBILIZATION
Mobilization
of
Equipment
and
Construction
workers out of the
project site
Boring into the earth crust to get to the Gas Reservoir

Employment of local labour and award of contracts to
members of the communities
Influx of labour and followers (dependants, bounty
seekers, CSWs, etc)
Accidents and injuries
Surface/groundwater contamination and impairment
of air quality
Waste generation and disposal
Increase in noise and vibration levels
Increase in periods of brightness
Contamination
of
the
environment
by
chemicals/drilling wastes
Changes in topography and aesthetic quality of the
environment
Contamination of the environment by domestic
wastes
Threats to health of workers (wildlife attack, insect
bites, injuries etc)
Transportation of personnel, materials, equipment and
Rig from site by road
Downscaling of local labour and community
contracts
Emigration of workers and followers (dependants,
bounty seekers, CSWs, etc)
from the host
Communities
Increase potential for road traffic volume and
accidents from movement of heavy equipment from
worksites
Housing impacts (Overcrowding, shanties)
Impairment of air quality by emissions of air pollutants

including greenhouse gases
Noise and vibration nuisance
Hearing impairment
Contamination of surface and groundwater
Increase in social vices
Injuries and death from blowouts
Equipment failure and damage leading to injuries/fatality
Continuous glare from rig operation
Opportunities for business and employment
Soil and water pollution from chemicals, drill cuttings and
mud
Contamination of the environment by wastes
Destruction of local topography and scenery
Impairment of air quality by emissions of air pollutants

including greenhouse gases
Road traffic incidents
Improper disposal of materials removed from site
Increase in noise and vibration level
Loss of employment/ income
344
Project Phase
OPERATIONS
MAINTENANCE
Project Activity
AND
DECOMMISSIONING
& ABANDONMENT
Operations
and
Maintenance
of
Flow
stations,
manifold,
separators,
compressors and
wellhead.
Demolition
of
structures
and
excavation
of
underground
facilities including
Demobilization of
Equipment,
Materials
and
Wastes out of the
project site
Project Activities/
Clearing and Disposal of solid wastes
Pressure on traditional economic systems and
resources (farming, fishing, hunting) leading to Inter
and Intra community conflicts
Oil and Gas leaks
Noise and vibration levels
Reduction in air quality
Degradation of soils and surface water by spills and
leaks
Danger of explosion and fire
Opportunity for contracting and employment
Gas production and sales
Skills training and acquisition
Transportation of personnel, materials, equipment and
wastes from site by road
Disengagement of local labour and community
contractors
Emigration of workers and followers (dependants,
from the host
Communities
Increase potential for road traffic volume and
accidents from movement of heavy equipment from
project sites
Contamination of soils, ground and surface water
from excavation of well heads
Clearing and Disposal of solid wastes
Pressure on traditional economic systems and
resources (farming, fishing, hunting) leading to Inter
and Intra community conflicts
Oil and Gas leaks
Environmental pollution arising from improper disposal of

lubricants and oily debris
Equipment failure and damage leading to injuries/fatality
Revenue generation to government and company
Increase in noise levels
Oil and Gas leaks
Employment and income generating opportunity

Restoration of aesthetic value of the environment
Increase in noise and vibration/levels
Kidnappings
Impairment of air quality from fumes, dust, including
greenhouse gases
Potential increase in erosion
Threats to health of workers (snake bites, insect bites,
injuries etc)
Increase potential for road traffic accidents/injury
Potential for inhalation of welding fumes
Potential for conflicts arising from labour issues (welders)
Potential for falls into exposed trenches (by animals,
unsuspecting passers-by)
Contamination of surface and groundwater
345
Project Phase
Project Activity
Project Activities/
Noise and vibration levels
Reduction in air quality
Degradation of soils and surface water by spills and
leaks
Danger of explosion and fire
Alteration of soil fauna community

Destruction of vegetation and fauna population
Soil exposure and erosion
Soil degradation from spills and leaks
Injury/fatalities in workforce
346
5.2.2: Impact Qualification

The identified impacts of the project were qualified based on the following four criteria:
Positive or negative
Short-term or long-term
Reversible or irreversible
Direct or indirect
Negative impacts are those that adversely affect the biophysical, health and social
environments while positive impacts are those which enhance the quality of the environment.
For this study, short term means a period of time less than three months while any period
greater than three months is considered long term. By reversible/irreversible, is meant
whether the environment can either revert to previous conditions or remain permanent when
the activity causing the impact is terminated.
Potential Impact Assessment Source References
Baseline Data
and Project
Activities
Description
National EIA
Sectoral
Guidelines (FEPA,
1995)
EGASPIN 2002
Guideline
ISO 14001 and

RAM
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identify
Impacts
Normal and
Abnormal Incidents,
Past Events
Direct and
Indirect
Evaluate
Impacts
Impact
Medium Low
Significant?
High
Legal/regulatory
Requirements
Yes/No
Risk
Yes/No
Frequency
Yes/No
Importance
Yes/No
Public Perception
Yes/No
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mitigation Measures
for Identified Potential
and Associated Impacts
Fig. 5.1: Approach to Impact Assessment
347
5.2.3: Risk Assessment for Environmental Consequences

Risk (R) What is risk/hazard rating based on Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM)? (Fig. 5.2 and
Table 5.2)
1= Low risk
3 = Medium/intermediate risk
5 = High risk
Environmental Impact Frequency (F) What is frequency rating of impact based on RAM?
0 = Low frequency
3 = Medium / intermediate frequency
5 = High frequency
Importance of Affected Environmental Component and Impact (I) What is the rating of
importance based on consensus of opinions?
1 = Low importance
3 = Medium/intermediate importance
5 = High importance
Public Perception (P) What is the rating of public perception and interest in the compressor
station activities and impacts based on consultation with stakeholders?
1 = Low perception and interest
3 = Medium/intermediate perception and interest
5 = High perception and interest
348
Consequence
Severity
People
Asset
No injury or health No
effect
damage
1
Slight injury or Slight
health effect
damage
2
Minor injury or Minor
health effect
damage
3
Major injury or Moderate
health effect
damage
4
*PTD or up to 3 Majorr
fatalities
damage
5
More
than
3 Massive
fatalities
damage
Fig. 5.2: Risk Assessment Matrix
*PTD: Permanent Total Disability
Environment
No effect
Slight effect
Minor effect
Localized effect
Major effect
Massive damage
Increasing Probability
A
B
C
D
Reputation Never
Incident
Incident
Happens
heard of has
has
several
incident in occurred in occurred in times per
industry
oil industry SPDC
year
in
SPDC
No impact
Slight
impact
Minor
impact
Moderate
impact
Major
impact
Massive
impact
E
Happens
several
times per
year
in
District
Low
Risk
Medium
Risk
High
349
Table 5.2: Further definition of consequence severity rating for risk matrix
Severity
0
Potential
Impact
Zero effect
Slight effect
Minor effect
3
4
Localized
effect
Major effect
Massive effect
Definition
No environmental damage. No change in the environment. No financial
consequences.
Local environmental damage within the fence and within systems.
Negligible financial consequences.
Contamination, damage sufficiently large to affect the environment. Single
exceedance of statutory or prescribed criteria, single complaint. No
permanent effect on the environment
Limited loss of discharges of known toxicity. Repeated exceedance of
statutory or prescribed limit. Affecting neighbourhood
Severe environmental damage. The company is required to take extensive
measures to restore the contaminated environment to its original state.
Extended exceedance of statutory or prescribed limits
Persistent severe environmental damage or severe nuisance extending over
a large area. In terms of commercial or recreational use or nature
conservancy, a major economic loss for the company. Constant high
exceedance of statutory or prescribed limits.
Source: SIEP (1996).

5.3: Impact Assessment Methodology
Stage one: Classification
The first stage involved in the assessment of impact is impact classification. Impacts are
classified as follows:
Adverse (-) or Beneficial (+) in nature,
Short term < 3 months (S) or Long term > 3 months (L), and
Reversible (R) or Irreversible (I).
Adverse impacts are those, which impact negatively on the environmental components while
beneficial impacts are those that enhance the quality of the environment. For this study, short
term means a period of time less than three months while any period greater than three
months is considered long term. By reversible/irreversible, is meant whether the environment
can either revert to previous conditions or remain permanent once the activity causing the
impact is terminated.
Stage two: Significance
The second stage involves evaluation to determine whether or not the impact is significant.
The criteria and weighting scale employed in evaluation are as follows:
Legal/regulatory requirements (L);
Risk factor (R);
Frequency of occurrence of impact (F);
Importance of impact on an affected environmental component (I); and
Public perception/interest (P).
350
The quantification scale of 0, 1, 3 and 5 was used. This is a modification of the arbitrary scale
proposed by Vesilind, et al. (1994). The ratings are as described below and are adapted from
The International Organization for Standardization ISO 14001 Environmental Management
System Approach.
Legal/Regulatory Requirements (L) Is there a legal/regulatory requirement or a
permit required?
- 0 =
There is no legal/regulatory requirement
- 3 =
There is legal/regulatory requirement
- 5 =
There is a legal/regulatory requirement and permit required
Risk Factor (R) What is the risk/hazard rating based on the Risk Assessment Matrix?
1 =
Low risk
3 =
Intermediate risk
5 =
High risk
Frequency of Impact (F) What is the frequency rating of impact based on the Risk
Assessment Matrix?
- 1 =
Low frequency (rare)
- 3 =
Intermediate frequency (likely)
- 5 =
High frequency (very likely)
Public interest/perception (P) What is the rating of public perception and interest in
proposed project and impacts based on consultation with stakeholders?
- 1 =
Low interest/perception
- 3 =
Intermediate interest/perception
- 5 =
High interest/perception
Importance of affected environmental components and impacts (I) What is the rating
of importance based on consensus of opinions?
- 1 =
Low
- 3 =
Medium
- 5 =
High
This approach combines the following factors in assessing the overall impact rating of the
project on the environment:
The sensitivity/vulnerability of the ecosystem components;
The productivity evaluation/rating of the ecosystem components;
Knowledge of the possible interactions between the proposed project and the
environment;
Envisaged sustainability of the project environment;
The economic value of the proposed project activities; and
351
Projected duration of the impact of each project activity on various environmental

components.
The frequency of occurrence of each impact was determined from historic records while the
importance of affected environmental component was determined through consultation and
consensus of opinions. The perception of the communities and the general public on each
potential impact and its effects were determined through consultation with the communities
and consensus of opinions of environmental professionals. The overall impact rating is
determined as shown in Table 5.3. The potential and associated impacts of the project are
presented in Table 5.4.
Table 5.3: Impact Value and Rating
Impact value
Cut off values
Impact Rating
L+R+F+I+P
Low
L+R+F+I+P
8 but <15
Medium
L+R+F+I+P
15
F+I
P
6
=5
Positive
High
Positive
352
Mobilization
Impact Rating
21
Irreversible
Reversible
Long term
Short term
Impact Values
L R F I
F+I
Pre-mobilization
Impact Quantification
Loss of access to land and

resources
18
Injuries and attacks from

wild animals
Impairment of air quality
from emissions of air
pollutants (SPM and VOCs)
Increase in incidence of
STIs including HIV
Increase in noise and
vibration/levels
Interference
with
land
transport
Kidnappings
Road traffic accidents
Influx of workers into the
host Communities/change in
local population
Changes in culture, lifestyle
and habits
Increase in inflation level
Pressure
on
existing
infrastructures and utilities
13
16
Indirect
Direct
Impact Qualification
Negative
Description of Impact
Positive
Project Activity
Total
Table 5.4: Potential and Associated Impacts of Proposed AN - OH Gas Project
11
13
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3
3
0
5
5
5
3
3
3
5
5
3
5
5
5
21
21
16
8
8
6
H
H
H
16
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3
0
0
5
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
5
5
3
5
21
12
16
8
6
8
H
M
H
18
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
353
Construction
(site
clearing, sand filling,
Civil
and
earth
works etc.)
Increased cash flow and

stimulation
of
local
economies
within
the
commmunities
Loss of flora and fauna
Loss of habitat
Community unrest
Pressure
on
existing
infrastructure
(health,
recreational etc.)
Increased level of noise and
vibration with possible
hearing loss
Increase in dust, fumes, and
reduction in air quality
Threats to health of workers
(snake bites, insect bites,
injuries etc)
Influx of labour and
followers
(dependants,
Opportunity for contracting
and employment
Traditional
occupation
(farming, fishing, hunting)
could be adversely affected
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Total
F+I
Impact Values
L R F I
Irreversible
Reversible
Long term
Short term
Indirect
Direct
Negative
Positive
Project Activity
x
x
x
x
3
3
0
0
3
1
5
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
5
5
3
3
5
5
12
11
18
16
6
4
8
8
M
M
H
H
11
x
x
x
x
0
0
3
3
1
3
3
5
3
5
4
16
10
8
M
H
16
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Impact Rating
x
x
x
x
P
0
0
5
3
3
3
5
3
5
3
18
12
8
6
H
H
354
15
11
15
17
17

vibration levels
Contamination
of
the
environment by wastes
(drilling waste)
Injuries and death from

blowouts
Continuous glare from rig
operation
Opportunities for business
and employment
Soil
pollution
from
chemicals, drill cuttings, and
mud
Irreversible
Reversible
Long term
Short term
from
construction
operations
Impairment of air quality by
emissions of air pollutants
(SPM and VOCs)
Noise
and
vibration
nuisance
Contamination of surface
and groundwater (turbidity)
Indirect
Impact Rating
F+I
Impact Values
L R F I
Total
Drilling
Slot sweeping
Rig Move (including
personnel, equipment
and supplies logistics)
Drilling Campaign
Casing and cementing
Completion
and
perforation
Well testing
Flowline hook up
Site
Direct
Negative
Positive
Project Activity
x
x
11
18
17
11
11
355
Commissioning
Operations
Maintenance
and
Impact Rating
Improper
disposal
of
materials removed from site
vibration level
Loss
of
employment/
income
13
21
Irreversible
Reversible
Long term
Short term
Impact Values
L R F I
F+I
Demobilization
Indirect

Positive
Direct
Negative
Project Activity
Total
13
11
16
Gas
leaks
and
explosions
Loss of
properties/assets and
lives from fire/blowout
Loss of revenue to
government and
company from
equipment failure and
blowout
15
16
16
Environmental
pollution
arising
from
improper
disposal of lubricants and
oily debris
Equipment
failure
and
damage
leading
to
injuries/fatality
15
17
356
Decommissioning
and Abandonment
11
21
Irreversible
Reversible
Long term
Short term
x
Indirect
Direct
Impact Rating
Impact Values
L R F I
F+I
Revenue
generation
to
government and company
vibration/levels
Oil (lubricants, fuels) and
Gas
leaks
(fugitive
emissions)
Employment and income
generating opportunity
Destruction of aesthetic
value of the environment
vibration/levels
Interference
with
land
transport
Kidnappings
Total
Negative
Positive
Project Activity
11
11
13
21
13
18
21
14

Increase potential for road

traffic accidents/injury
Potential for falls into

exposed
trenches
(by
animals,
unsuspecting
passers-by)
357
11
11
Injury/fatalities
workforce
17
in
Irreversible
Reversible
Long term
Short term
Alteration of soil fauna

community
Destruction of vegetation
and fauna population
Soil exposure and erosion
Indirect
Impact Rating
F+I
Impact Values
L R F I
Total
Direct
Negative
Positive
Project Activity
358
Description of Impacts
Potential Positive Impacts
The positive Potential Impacts for the proposed project are described below:
Opportunity for contracting and employment
Project activities require a number of skilled and unskilled labour and other service providers.
All these create opportunities for contracting and employment during the project life span.
This is likely to improve the economic wellbeing of the various stakeholders.
Revenue generation to government and company
Government derives a lot of its foreign exchange earnings from oil and gas sales. Projects
such as this will increase the gas resources of the country.
Restoration of aesthetic value of the environment
Removal of physical structures during decommissioning and abandonment exercise, regrassing of exposed land surfaces and cleanup of contaminated lands help to restore the
aesthetic value of the environment.
Potential Negative Impacts
The high and medium negative impacts for the project are described below:
Transportation of personnel, equipment and materials is a major activity during the project
execution phases. This will take place over land routes from Shell Industrial Area (I.A.),
Owerri and Port Harcourt International Airports, Onne and other parts of Port Harcourt to the
Project Site in Assa. The modular equipment for the Assa Gas Plant will be imported through
the Federal Ocean Terminal (FOT) at Onne Rivers State Nigeria, from where it will be
moved by truck to the Project Site.
The preferred land route that connects FOT and AN-OH Project Location is the 110 Km road
that passes through Eleme Junction, Eliozu, Elele, Umuakpu and on to Assa North. This road
contains within it, 3 river bridges Aleto (Onne Road), Eliozu marshland, and Isiokpo (P.H.Elele Road). It also has a bridge over Railway Line at Elelenwo (Onne Road) and Fly-overs
at Eleme and Eliozu Junctions. There are sections where the road is not good, and there are a
few Electricity Transmission Grid Lines crossing the road in a few places. Other risks on this
road include heavy traffic and pedestrian movement as well as domestic electricity
distribution line crossing in certain places. A summary of the observed hazards along the
route and their locations are shown in Table 5.5.
359
Table 5.5: Risk Summary/Analysis for Route 1 (Preferred Route)

S/No RISK OBSERVED
LOCATION OF RISK
1
Heavy trucks double parking on Refinery Approach, 4km from Trailer Park
highway
2
Pedestrian and motorcycle traffic
Refinery Junction, Onne Road.
3
Bridge
Aleto River, 7.3 Km from Trailer Park
4
Bridge over rail line
Elelenwo Section of Onne Road
5
Heavy traffic and pedestrians
Eleme Junction
6
Bad Road and heavy traffic
Eleme Junction to Eliozu R/About
7
Electricity Transmission Grid Crossing Eliozu Bridge and New Road Junction
8
Heavy Traffic, Pedestrians, Street Eleme Junction, Obigbo Junction
Trading
9
Electricity Transmission Line, 6m+ Eleme Junction
Clearance
10
33 KVA Electricity Cables
Over 20 locations
11
Uneven Road Surface and ditches
Several location on the road
12
Trucks
discharging
cross-country Okro Market, 3.5km from Obigbo
produce
13
Urban Traffic
Elele Town
14
Bad Road, ongoing Road Dualisation Omerelu to Umuakpu, 16.1 km from Elele
Works
Roundabout
15
500m bad road
Umuakpu exit, 19.5 from Elele Roundabout
16
Domestic electricity lines crossing Umuakpu, 500m stretch from Umuakpu Jnctn;
weakly
and Obitti, 9 Km from Umuakpu
17
Orie Market on the main road, Busy
Obitti Community, 9km from Umuakpu
18
Heavy Traffic, Pedestrians, Street Eleme Junction, Obigbo Junction
Trading
19
Electricity Transmission Line, 6m+ Eleme Junction
Clearance
20
33 KVA Electricity Cables
Over 20 locations
21
Uneven Road Surface and ditches
Several location on the road
22
Trucks
discharging
cross-country Okro Market, 3.5km from Obigbo
produce
23
Nkwo market on the main road, Busy
Amafor and Obile communities
Source: SPDC Assa North Ohaji South Route Survey, 2012
The road connecting Elele and Omoku exits unto the Project Site at Telewood Junction
Umudioga and at Ubimiri Junction. These roads will necessarily be used during the project.
From Elele another road connects Rumuekpe through Elele Alimini. However, the best
access to Rumuekpe from Federal Ocean Terminal (FOT) Onne is through the East-West
Road. This road is currently being dualised and includes a bridge at Choba/Uniport. The best
route to these facilities would be on the Route 3 (FOT East West Road Ahoada) which
360
passes through the Shell Production Centre at Egbema. The risk summary/analysis for this
route 3 (east west road) is given in Table 5.6.
Table 5.6: Risk Summary/Analysis for Route 3: East-West Road
S/No RISK OBSERVED
LOCATION OF RISK
1
Heavy Traffic with bad roads
Eleme Junction to University of P.H.
2
Bridge
Choba by Univ. of Port Harcourt, 20km
from Eleme Junction
3
Ongoing Road Dualisation Work
Eleme Junction To Ahoada
4
Heavy Traffic
Elele Alimini and Ahoada Junction
5
Double Bridges 50m apart
8.4 Km from Elele Alimini before
Ahoada
6
Urban Traffic including cyclists and Ahoada Town
pedestrians
7
Occasional ditches/failures on the road
Ahoada to Omoku
8
5 Points of Electricity Transmission Grid Entrance to Omoku from Ahoada; and
crossing the road.
from Omoku Town: 2.8km, 5.9km,
6.5km, and 9.2km.
9
Bad Road surfaces
Elele Alimini to Elele
Source: SPDC Assa North Ohaji South Route Survey, 2012
Increase in project related traffic volume during the mobilization phase with the
transportation of flow line pipes, ongoing road constructions, bad road surfaces and existing
heavy traffic could increase the incidences of road accidents and is expected to last through
out the mobilization phase. Such accident could lead to temporal/ permanent disabilities or
death. The frequency of this impact could be high. The impact is direct and reversible but
consequences of accident such as permanent disability or death are irreversible. The impact
has been rated High.
Damage to existing access roads/ Disruption of Traffic Flows
Some sections of the preferred access route are currently in bad conditions. Though new road
constructions are currently ongoing in the area but it is anticipated that with increased traffic
load and volume while moving the gas facility modules, personnel and other heavy
construction equipment could cause damages on the roads.
Air/Noise pollution from increased vehicular movement
The values of air quality measurements from this study were all within regulatory limits and
below levels measured in 2004 before commencement of the project. Land transportation is
known to produce obnoxious gases that could lead to atmospheric pollution. Some of these
air pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM),
and sulphur dioxide (SO2). Greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2) can also be
emitted.
361
Acid rain. These acids (nitric and sulfuric acids) are formed by nitrogen oxides and
sulfur oxides released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. The effect of
acid rains include; damages to vegetations, acidification of soil and water bodies
making the water unsuitable for some fish and other wildlife as well as damages to
buildings.
Climate change. The Earth's atmosphere contains naturally occurring gases that trap
some of the sun's heat near the Earth's surface. This "greenhouse effect" keeps the
Earth's temperature stable. Disturbance of this natural balance by producing large
amounts of some of these greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and methane
results in the trapping of more of the sun's heat, causing the Earth's average
temperature to rise - a phenomenon known as global warming. Global warming could
have significant impacts on human health, agriculture, water resources, forests and
wildlife.
Third Party agitations

Major projects in Niger Delta including some of the proposed project communities had
witnessed agitations amongst kindred and communities over share rights of compensations to
land, choice of persons for employment, distribution of contracts and environmental
interferences.
Vegetation loss and exposure to direct insolation
Vegetation cover plays a major "ecosystem services" role in maintaining the quality of soil,
water and air. Vegetation clearance contributes to the process of habitat modification and
fragmentation. At a global scale, clearing contributes to the build-up of green-house gases in
the atmosphere. According to Houghton et al. (1987), clearing in Australia caused the release
of an estimated 28 million tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere in 1980. The new land take
could involve farm lands and economic crops, the farmers that cultivate on these lands shall
lose their control and ownership over them. The land clearing could thus deprive these people
access to these resources with loss of farm crops. This impact is long term and irreversible.
The removal of vegetation cover will result in wildlife migration and eventual loss. Similarly,
removal of vegetation and ecological degradation can ultimately lead to biodiversity loss.
Vegetation provides food and cover for wildlife. The key wild lives in this piece of land are
rodents, birds, mammals etc and other natural fauna of the area. The removal of the
vegetation could cause the loss of their natural habitat. This could also result in direct death
of organisms, dispersal into surrounding areas and exposure to easy capture. This could
further threaten the population of endangered species of wildlife in the area. Some microorganisms and slow surface soil dwelling animals (earthworms, millipedes, termites, etc) may
be destroyed due to excavation and drying up of the soil. This impact is long term and
irreversible.
362
Wildlife attacks and insect bites/ Exposure to allergic plants

The project area is the natural habitat for some poisonous snakes, bees, and other wildlife to
which both the company workers and community members could be exposed to in the
process of vegetation clearing, construction and operation. The consequences of such
exposure may be fatal in some cases. People could also be exposed to poisonous plant parts
that may cause allergic reactions and other health problems. This impact could be short or
long term (depending on whether death occurs), reversible or irreversible.
The presence of oil/ gas workers in the project area will heighten the expectations and
aspirations to derive maximum benefits from the establishment of the project in their
community. This could lead to frequent inter and intra community conflicts. In a similar
vein, this could result in third party agitations.
Increased cash flow and stimulation of local economy within the Communities
The presence of oil/gas workers and the influx of ancillary business operators will increase
cash flow and stimulate the local economy within the Communities. In addition, there will be
an increased food demand and other products to satisfy the needs of the high population.
Increased pressure on existing social amenities/infrastructure
The increased population arising from the presence of oil/gas workers and those engaged in
others activities will increase pressure on existing social amenities/infrastructure.
Attraction of commercial sex workers and increased prevalence of sexually transmissible
infections (STIs) including HIV
The anticipated increase in population due to movement of workforce, camp followers, job
seekers and business people into the area could occur during mobilisation. This population
increase of usually young males could attract commercial sex workers. The availability of the
commercial sex workers could increase sexual promiscuity. The under aged could also
engage in sex for favours thereby predisposing them to teenage pregnancies and sexually
transmissible infections. All these could lead to an increased prevalence of sexually
transmissible infections including HIV.
Sexual behaviour is directly related to the incidence of sexually transmissible infections and
diseases, including HIV/AIDS. The risky sexual practices that fuel STI are number of sexual
partners and non condom use. Negative social habits like the consumption of drugs and
alcohol are known to encourage risky sexual practices. These habits appear to be low in the
study areas as those who drank alcohol or smoke frequently were 21.6% and 17%
respectively. About 23% of sexually active adults admitted previous history of STI while
only 35.8% knows their HIV status. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Rivers State (5.4%) is
higher than the national average (4.4%) while that of Imo State (3.9%) is lower as at 2005.
This pattern of increased STIs has been noted in several other E and P activity sites. During
the Shell operation in the Camisea Concession of the Lower Urubamba Valley of Peru, it was
363
reported that sexual relations with indigenous women, including many rapes, left sexually
transmitted diseases and the ironically named 'baby Shells' as a legacy (Shell Game, New
Internationalist magazine, November 2000). Also during the Shell Forcados Terminal
Integrated Project, the population of the nearest community of Ogulagha in Delta State was
doubled by migrant workers influx. Cases of stealing, violent attacks, substances abuse and
sexual promiscuity shot up in the area (SPDC, Health Impact Assessment, Forcados Terminal
Integrated Project, 1998). The likelihood of this impact occurring during the AN-OH project
is thus high. Its effect could be short/ long-term, reversible/ irreversible.
Site preparations
Third party agitation and conflicts
Third party agitation is common in major projects in the area. Such agitation may be
associated with employment, contracts and environmental issues.
Vegetation loss and exposure to direct isolation
Site preparation will involve the clearing of vegetation at the site, leading Vegetation loss and
exposure to direct isolation. Vegetation clearing at the PTF and the FLB will involve the
complete removal of fresh water secondary forest vegetations. Vegetation cover plays a
major "ecosystem services" role in maintaining the quality of soil, water and air. Vegetation
clearance contributes to the process of habitat modification and fragmentation. At a global
scale, clearing contributes to the build-up of green-house gases in the atmosphere. According
to Houghton et al. (1987), clearing in Australia caused the release of an estimated 28 million
tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere in 1980.
The community hunters presently use the acquired parcel of land to be cleared, and others, as
hunting ground and also as access route to reach other hunting grounds. The farmers cultivate
on these lands. The vegetation clearing could lead to reduction of access to these natural
resources as well as loss of farm crops and meat produced via hunting. In addition, there
could be loss of forest products (medicinal, food and cash crops). The key medicinal plants,
food and cash crops in the area are Pycnanthus angolensis, Pentaclethra macrophylla,
Pterocurpus osun economic or cash crops, Azadirachta indica, Newbouldia laevis,
Mangifera indica medicinal and Spondias mombin, Artocarpus cummunis - food. These
among others shall be removed in the process of vegetation clearing. This is a long term and
irreversible impact.
The removal of vegetation cover will result in wildlife migration and eventual loss.
Similarly, removal of vegetation cover, will result to exposure to soil erosion by runoff, and
ecological degradation leading ultimately to biodiversity loss. Vegetation provides food and
cover for wildlife. The common wild lives in this piece of land are Blue Duiker, Giant rat,
Cutting grass etc and other natural fauna of the area. The removal of the vegetation therefore
could cause the loss of their natural habitat. This could also result in direct death of
organisms, dispersal into surrounding areas and exposure to easy capture. This could further
threaten the population of endangered species of wildlife in the area. Some micro-organisms
364
and slow surface soil dwelling animals (earthworms, millipedes, termites, etc) may be
destroyed due to compaction, sand filling and drying up of the soil. This impact is long term
and irreversible.
Wildlife attacks and insect bites/ Exposure to allergic plants
When an area is being cleared of vegetation, there exists the potential to encounter poisonous
snakes, bees, spiders, scorpions as well as plants. The poisonous and dangerous reptiles
encountered in the area include royal python and Nile crocodile. Workers traversing the bush
during geotechnical and site surveys, as well as vegetation clearing could be exposed to
attack by these animals. Some plants could elicit allergic reactions when the human body
comes in contact with them. These could result in injuries, anaphylactic shock, poisoning and
even death. The impact was rated high and the consequences could be irreversible.
Change in topography of the sand filled area
Sand-winning and sand filling activities are likely to result in topography changes due
principally to the pits that could be created at the sand winning sites and the elevation of the
PTF and FLB sites as a consequence of sand filling. The pits have the potential to form large
water ponds. These ponds also provide suitable breeding sites for mosquitoes and other
vectors of disease. As noted in the baseline, the project area is prone to seasonal flooding.
Also, the construction of bund walls, helipad and road network within the acquired area could
lead to alteration of surface drainage paths, with possible cases of accelerated erosion and
flooding.
Plant succession
The removal of primary vegetation cover will lead to plant succession, with the emergence of
secondary vegetation growth.
Noise/ air emissions
The operation of diesel engine generators will lead to noise/air emissions, diesel leaks/spills
with attendant health hazards, including hearing loss.
Noise, vibrations and ground motions
Piling of Telecom mast and other associated foundations can result in Noise, vibrations and
ground motions. Also, incidences of work site injuries and groundwater contamination may
occur.
Hearing loss
Heavy machineries could be used during the site clearing activities. These include bulldozers,
excavators etc. in addition, diesel generating sets shall be used to provide light. Other sources
of noise will include vehicular movements. There is the potential to cause temporary or
permanent hearing loss. This impact was rated medium.
365
Construction
Work site injuries
exploration and production industry. The injuries could result from, rig blowouts, falls, cuts,
etc. associated with construction activities and gas drilling. Shell Companies in Nigeria
worked from December 2012 to September 2013 without any injury requiring time off work.
The record translates to 78 million hours worked by a total of 31,973 people without any
significant injury.
However, eight people lost their lives while working for Shell group worldwide in 2012. This
was two more than in 2011. Three fatalities were industrial accidents during construction and
operations, two were armed attacks in Nigeria, two were road transport incidents, and one
was an occupational illness related to air travel. The Companys fatal accident rate (FAR)
the number of fatalities per 100 million hours worked worsened in 2012 compared to 2011,
when they achieved the lowest FAR that Shell has recorded. Figures 5.3 and 5.4 shows the
fatal accident rates and number of injuries in Shell group operations over a ten years period.
Total number, 2003, 45

Contractors, 2003, 40
Contractors,
35 2005, 34
Total2006,
number,
Contractors,
Total2005,
number,
31 2004, 31
Contractors,
2004, 29
Total number
Contractors, 2008, 24
TotalContractors,
number, 2007,
2120
TotalContractors,
number, 2009,
2019
2007,
2009,
Employees
Contractors
Fatal accident rate (FAR)
TotalContractors,
number, 2010,
2010,
1212
Fatal accident rate
Fatal accident
rateaccident
Fatal
rateaccident rate
Fatal
(FAR), 2003, 6.1
Total
number,
2011,
6
Fatal
accident
rate
Fatal accident(FAR),
rate 2006,(FAR),
5.6 2005,(FAR),
Contractors,
Contractors,
2012, 5 2011,
5accident
5.0 Employees,
Fatal
rate
2004, 4.6 2003, 5
Fatal
rateaccident(FAR),
Fatal
accident
rate
Fatal
accident
rate
2008,
3.4
(FAR), 2007, 3.1 Employees, 2005, 3
Employees, 2012, 3
(FAR),
2009,
2.3
Employees,
2008,
2
Employees,
2006,
2
Employees,
2004, 2
(FAR),
1.56 2009, 1
(FAR), 2012,
1.32 2011,
Employees,
2011,
1 2010,
Employees,
Employees, 2007, 1
(FAR),
0.96
Employees,
2010, 0
Fig. 5.3: Fatalities in Shell Group, 2003 - 2012

Source: Shell sustainability report 2012, www.reports.shell.com
366
0, 25.6, 30.6
0.09
0.09, 25.6, 16.6
0.09,0,0.5,
0.5,1.4
0.9
0.09,0,0,0,0 0
0.09,
0.09,0,
, 0, 0 0.09,0,, 0, 0 0.09,0,
, 0, 0 0, 0.048333333
0,0.09,
0, 0 0, 0.053738988
0, 0, 0 0.09,0,
, 0, 0 0.09,0,
, 0, 0
Fig. 5.4: Injuries in Shell Group Operations 2003-2012

Source: Shell sustainability report 2012
Despite the adoption of best practice strategies in large-scale oil and gas construction
projects, occasionally, rig blowout incidents can occur with potential for injuries and
fatalities. For instance, The case of Hasbati Platform Well 6 blow-out in the Persian Gulf
1980 cost the lives of (19) men; Petrobras Enchora Platform 1988 (37 fatalities), and a leg
punch- through in Saudis Khafi field 2002, (3 lives).
Construction of access roads, laying of electrical cables, installation of the process plant/
utilities
Increased prevalence of communicable diseases
The project has the potential to perpetuate the menace of communicable diseases in the zone
of influence. The anticipated persistent increase in population especially during the
construction, drilling and operation phases of the project could help to exacerbate factors that
sustain the high prevalence of these communicable diseases.
Communicable diseases such as malaria, gastroenteritis (diarrhoea) and respiratory tract
infections are prevalent in the study area. The high rate of maternal and childhood (infant and
underfive) morbidity and mortality rates recorded in the region and nationally is largely
attributed to the incidence of malaria, respiratory and diarrhea diseases. Malaria, diarrhea and
respiratory tract infections were the most common ailments in children accounting for 31%,
16% and 14% respectively. The increased pressure on healthcare facilities and social
infrastructure could reduce herd immunity and increase susceptibility to these communicable
diseases. The non-immune expatriate staffs are also at higher risk of malaria as they will
surely be exposed to mosquito bites, the mode of transmission of the disease.
367
The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that there are more than one million deaths
per year from malaria, mostly among children under five years old (WHO, 2002). This is
supported by the three years increasing trend in prevalence of malaria as a leading cause of
illnesses and death (77.8%, 76.56%, 78.06%) for years 2003, 2004 and 2005 respectively in
Rivers State (RS MoH,2006).
The open dumping of refuse in the communities constitutes a habitat for disease vectors such
as mosquitoes, housefly, rodents and cockroaches. These disease vectors are involved in the
transmission of diseases including diarrhoea. The increased overcrowded dwellings and the
pressure on available/ unsafe sources of domestic water with the consequent unhygienic
practices could increase the incidence of communicable diseases.
Vegetation provides food and cover for wildlife. The key wild lives in this piece of land are
rodents, birds, mammals etc and other natural fauna of the area. The removal of the
vegetation therefore could cause the loss of their natural habitat. This may also result in direct
death of organisms, dispersal into surrounding areas and exposure to easy capture. This could
further threaten the population of endangered species of wildlife in the area.
Conflicts over ownership rights, share of compensations to natural resources damaged by
multinational companies are common issues within and between members of project
communities in Niger Delta area of Nigeria and in other places where natural resources are
owned in common. The presence of oil/gas workers in the project area will heighten the
expectations and aspirations to derive maximum benefits from the establishment of the
project in their community. This could lead to frequent inter and intra community conflicts.
In a similar vein, this could result in third party agitations.
Increased prevalence of communicable diseases
Recruitment of workforce who carry communicable diseases (malaria, respiratory tract
infections, diarrhoea, STI including HIV/AIDS) and the presence of camp followers of
similar status could result in an increase in communicable diseases. Already the
environmental factors that are favourable to the spread of malaria, respiratory tract infections,
diarrhoea etc are prevalent in the area. Also the level of healthcare centers coverage for the
area is low. However, the population increase is not expected to be much hence the
prevalence of communicable diseases may not vary much.
Increased level of insecurity
Poverty and unemployment amongst youths and some idle adults in southeast and southsouth communities of Nigeria have heighten level of insecurity to humans and properties in
the area. There are many reported cases of Kidnapping and ransom taking, armed robbery and
theft in both rural and urban communities such that personnel stand high risk of falling victim
to such crimes.
368
Impacts on traditional authority structure

The traditional authority structure vested much power on traditional heads such as Ezes or
Ochiohas in the past. Contemporary developments have revealed taking-over of leadership
of communities by youths and members of Community Development Committees (CDCs).
Issues like this have not gone down well with the traditional heads such that in some cases
fracas and conflicts have resulted between the community heads and such power hijackers
especially on matters relating to major oil and gas projects in the area.
Exposure to Welding Flash/ sparks
The welding activity generates high intensity welding flash, visible and invisible (ultraviolet
and infrared) rays. This flash could affect unprotected eyes giving rise to conjunctivitis. The
sparks generated during the welding activities could result in injuries on soft tissues of the
body such as the skin.
Drilling
Loss of assets and properties from blow-out
During oil well drilling, there is a rare potential for well blow-out. The term blowout refers
to the uncontrolled release of formation fluids (usually gas) in the course of drilling an oil
well. A blowout results from the failure of well control systems (drilling mud hydrostatics
and blow-out preventers), and when formation pore pressure is greater than the wellbore
pressure. In extreme cases, it results in damage to drilling rigs, injuries or fatalities to rig
personnel, and release of huge quantities of hydrocarbon into the environment, usually
involving fire outbreaks. This could lead to loss of assets and properties both to nearby
inhabitants and the project owners (SPDC). These would be a short or long term impact and
also with both reversible and irreversible consequences. It was rated medium
Air pollution from release of formation gases
Potential sources of gaseous emission during the drilling phase of the project include:
formation gases and machineries emissions. The formation gases that could be released
include hydrogen sulphide, methane and volatile organic compounds (VOC). The gases from
machinery include SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, suspended particulate matter (SPM) etc. The current
mean levels of these gases at the project sites are within the Federal Ministry of Environment
regulatory limits. These emissions could impact the environment air in several ways;
Acid rain. These acids (nitric and sulfuric acids) are formed by nitrogen oxides and
sulfur oxides released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. The effect of
acid rains include; damages to vegetations, acidification of soil and water bodies
making the water unsuitable for some fish and other wildlife as well as damages to
buildings.
Haze. This is caused when sunlight encounters tiny pollution particles in the air. Haze
obscures the clarity of visions.
Ozone depletion. Ozone is a gas that occurs both at ground-level and in the Earth's
upper atmosphere, known as the stratosphere. At ground level, ozone is a pollutant that
can harm human health. In the stratosphere, however, ozone forms a layer that protects
369
life on earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Depletion of the protective
ozone layer can cause increased amounts of UV radiation to reach the Earth, which can
lead to more cases of skin cancer, cataracts, and impaired immune systems. UV can
also damage sensitive crops, such as soybeans, and reduce crop yields. The ozone
depleting gasses such as chlorofluorocarbons shall not be used in this project.
Continuous glare from rig operation
Drilling and rig operations take place on a 24 hour basis. The continuous lighting of the
environment increases the photolytic hours and disrupts the ecosystems cycle with attendant
health implications.
Demobilization
Risk of road accidents
Increased human and vehicular movement during demobilization of installed facilities
congest the access roads, leading to traffic mistakes and attendant road accidents.
Damage to Existing Access Roads
Roads leading from PTF into these rural communities are not robust enough to withstand
stress and strains of weight of demobilized gas project facilities when they are transported
out. Such roads are likely to collapse under the heavy weights especially during the rainy
season.
Commissioning
Gas leaks and explosions
At commissioning, gas is injected into installed facilities. Gas leakages at this stage may
result in explosions.
Loss of properties/ assets and lives
The start off of the PTF facilities will consume appreciable volumes of gas and may result in
blow outs that may burn off equipment and other assets.
Loss of Revenue to Company and Government
Gas consumed during commissioning amount to some loss of revenue to the company and the
Federal government of Nigeria.
Operations and Maintenance
Gas Leakage from Equipment Failure
Equipment failures will give way for gas leakage into the surrounding. This may catch fire
and result to damage to lives and properties.
Air quality pollution
Leakages of gas during the operational phase will impact on air quality of the surrounding
area.
370
Loss of properties/ assets and lives

Operation and maintenance of acquired land and FLB facilities will consume appreciable
resources and stand the danger of loss of equipment, other assets and even life any time there
is equipment failure.
Loss of Revenue to Company and Government
Sale of gas is a source of revenue to the company and Federal government of Nigeria.
Maintenance failures, operational shut down, or unnoticed gas leakage amounts loss of
revenue to project Proponent Company and Federal Government of Nigeria.
Noise, vibrations and air emissions
The operation of gas turbine and engines generate noise, vibrations and emissions during
operations and maintenance activities. This may engender hearing loss to personnel within
the facility.
Loss of properties, assets and lives from fire
During commissioning and operations there could be gas leaks leading to explosion and fire.
This could result in loss of assets and properties both to nearby inhabitants and the project
owners (SPDC/Chevron).
Wellhead failure and condensate leakage from such facility amounts to spillage and damage
to the environment. This will mean damage to assets, crops and source of water. These would
be a short or long term impact and also with both reversible and irreversible consequences.
Gas leak from equipment failure
Equipment failures will give way for gas leakage into the surrounding. This may catch fire
and result to damage to lives and properties.
Decommissioning & Abandonment
Removal/dismantling of structures, and their disposal of materials used in construction of
projects in Niger Delta communities had witnessed agitations amongst inhabitants and
interest parties scrambling for possessing of what they consider valuable wastes or discards
during decommissioning exercises.
Contamination of soil
Diesel and condensate spills during decommissioning percolate and infiltrate the surrounding
soils and contaminate groundwater.
Road traffic accidents and injuries
Increased human and vehicular movement during Decommissioning & Abandonment congest
the access roads, leading to traffic mistakes and attendant road accidents.
371
5.4: Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment

This subsection outlines the process of identifying cumulative effects of the AN-OH project,
establishment of spatial and temporal boundaries for the assessment of cumulative effects and
analysis of past, existing and reasonably foreseeable future projects which contribute to
impact in the defined area of cumulative impact influence. The existing EIA reports were
relied upon for identification of the direct and indirect impacts of the project. Cumulative
effects and issues of concern were distilled out of these reports and the outcomes of wide
ranging consultation with stakeholders at both community and institutional levels which were
undertaken for the purposes of filtering out concerns and identifying possible mitigation
measures.
Given these realities, SPDC shall deploy a Social Performance strategy that is consistent with
the SEPCiN Sustainable Development Mission and the Group Social Performance Manual
Requirements. The delivery framework for the strategy integrates strategic Social
Investments, Local Content initiatives and Access to Energy through interdependency
projects. Global Memorandum of Understanding (GMoU) will be the platform for
community engagement for the achievement of both business and social objectives. Four (4)
clusters (Ohaji and Egbema clusters in Imo State and Emohua and Ogba clusters in Rivers
State) have been identified in the project area. This strategy shall allow for consistency in the
management of community interface and provide opportunity for communities to drive their
own development in a sustainable manner. Details of the consultation which formed part of
the scoping process are contained in records of inter-agency consultation meeting held.
Relevant GMOUs are in the process of being signed.
5.4.1: Identification of Valued Ecosystem/Social Components (VECs/VSC)
Valued Ecosystem/Social Components (VECs/VSCs) were identified as resources or
environmental features that are of importance to the local populations, or have a measure of
international profile or importance. VECs were also chosen on the basis of their future
importance in evaluating the impacts of development activities. They will also constitute the
focus of management and regulatory attention, if altered from their existing status. Valued
Ecosystem Components (VECs) were identified for the area of interest as a means of
focusing subsequent assessment/evaluation of cumulative effects arising from the AN-OH
project and other human activities. Proper identification of the Valued Ecosystem
Components was considered of primary importance on account of the VEC-centred nature of
the cumulative impact assessment.
Given the rural nature of the project area, there is a general high dependence on natural
resources for sources of livelihood. High unemployment rates, increasing militancy and
propensity for violence also characterize the area. The VECs/VSCs were selected after due
consultation with stakeholders and with regards to the environmental and social peculiarities
of the area. The communities, regulators, Local Government Chairmen, Government agencies
and NGOs were also engaged at various stages (scoping, and open fora) during the EIA
preparation for the project. The VECs/VSCs selected after these processes formed the focus
372
of the cumulative effects assessment. Identified valued environmental component and the
cumulative effects which may arise from project activities are outlined in Table 5.7.
Table 5.7: Identification of Valued Ecosystem and Social Components (VECs/VSCs)
S/No
Valued Ecosystem
Components
VEC/VSC
Air Quality
2
3
Noise Levels
Vegetation
Wildlife
Issues of Concern
(Cumulative Effects)
Possible Indicators
Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs)

Decrease in quality of air through NOx, SOx, TSP, CO, VOC
noxious emissions
Noise level
Deforestation
Reduction in canopy cover
Vegetation loss
Area cleared
Fisheries Resources
Habitat fragmentation
Forest gaps
Habitat loss
Decrease in wildlife populations
Loss of endangered species
Area cleared
Area cleared
Population status
De-reservation/ Loss
reserves
Depletion of fish stocks
Forest reserve status
of
forest
Interference with fisheries activities

Loss of aquatic productivity
Land Resources
Soil (Quality)
Wetlands
9
10
Biodiversity
Aquifer
11
Surface
(Quality)
Language
Impairment of fish health (gill

damage)
Loss of Soil fertility
Decrease in available land area
Increased erosion potential
Degradation and contamination of
soils
Disruption of water circulation and

die-off of wetland vegetation
Loss of wetland habitats
Habitat loss
Groundwater quality
Water
Contamination of surface waters
Biomass, catch per unit of effort, total

catch
Migration pattern
Primary productivity, plankton standing
crop
Condition factor, parasitic infection
Crop yields, flora and fauna diversity
Hectares of land cleared/ land take
Hectares of land cleared
pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total
Organic
Carbon,
Texture,
Total
Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Soil Quality
Index
Change in hydrology, vegetation impacts
Wetland status
Area cleared
pH, Temperature, Phosphate, Nitrate,
Ammonia, Turbidity, Total Coliforms,
Oil and Grease, Heavy metal, Total
Dissolved Solids
pH, Electrical Conductivity, Dissolved
Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
Turbidity,
Total
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, Water Quality Index
Valued Social Components (VSCs)

Reduction in use
Use of local languages in schools and
churches
373
S/No
Valued Ecosystem
Components
VEC/VSC
Shrines
and
culturally
significant features
Issues of Concern
Possible Indicators
Desecration
Number of incidents of desecration
destruction and/or loss of shrines
Social organization
and
traditional
governance
Erosion of social values and norms,
Number of shrines and other objects of

traditional worship destroyed/lost.
Incidents of violation of taboos
Incidence of sanctions for violation of
taboos
Incidents of confrontation between
subjects and traditional rulers
Room occupancy rate
Population distribution
Age-Sex distribution
Actual densities
Incidence of crime
Decline in the authority of traditional

rulers
Population Increase
Population
Change in Structure
increase in density
Increase in crime rate, Springing up
of squatter settlements
Emergence of squatter settlements
Livelihood sources
Employment
Income
and
Destruction of forest resources

Loss of habitat for flora and fauna;
Unemployment rate
Under employment
Shifts from traditional employment
Education
Literacy levels
Number and quality of teachers and
facilities
Increased drop-out rate
Housing
Quantity
Quality
Infrastructure
Pressure on available infrastructure
10
Security
Increase in crime rate

Youth restiveness
Communal conflicts
11
Healthcare
Pressure on health facilities due to
Number and locations of emerging

squatter
settlements
Income from forest resources;
Extent of land take
Area Cleared
Level
of
employment
and
unemployment
Employment status
Nature of work
Number of people engaged in traditional
occupations
Educational attainment
Number of trained teachers in schools
Number, type and quality of facilities
Number of pupils and students
completing primary and secondary
schools
Number of approved residential building
plans
Number of housing starts
Number of low cost houses by
government
Type of walling, roofing materials and
foundations
Types of housing
Facility/population ratios
Traffic volumetric counts.
Crime rate
Incidence of youth restiveness
Incidence of communal conflicts
Police-population ratio
Population/ doctor
374
S/No
Valued Ecosystem
Components
VEC/VSC
Infrastructure/
Services
Issues of Concern
Possible Indicators
population increase
Population/ nurse
Population/ hospital bed

Births attended by professionals
12
Food and nutrition
Access to healthcare
Loss of forest based livelihood and Prevalence of stunted in
nutrition sources
under-fives (chronic PEM)
Prevalence of wasted in under-fives (acute
PEM)
Increase
in
malnutrition
13
Reproductive
Health
prevalence
of Prevalence of underweight in under-fives
Increase in high risk sexual practices Knowledge of use of condom to prevent

due to influx of virile population STI
(Low use of condoms and
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate
contraceptives)
Increased HIV sero-prevalence rate
HIV sero-prevalence
High Risk Sex Encounters
14
Community health
and safety
Increase and pressure on healthcare

and waste facilities
Available safe water/ pers/day

Access to safe water
Increase in communicable disease,

morbidity and mortality (respiratory
tract infections, malaria, and
diarrhoea) from population increase.
Access to latrine
Access to a flush toilet
Access to improved sanitation
Malaria prevalence
Increase in road-traffic accident and
5.4.2: Boundaries
work-related injuries & fatalities
Both spatial and temporary boundaries were established for the study.
Establishing Spatial Boundaries
Spatial boundaries have been defined for the purposes of the cumulative effects assessment to
represent the geographic area within which the influence of the AN-OH project will be felt. It
is also considered as the area within which other external actions and natural events may be
expected to interact with the direct and indirect effects of the AN-OH. The setting of spatial
boundaries was guided by the environmental setting of the area and relied on the outcome of
stakeholder interaction and the professional judgement of the assessment team.
Geographical boundaries of influence have been defined for individual VECs/VSCs and the
considerations which guided their delineation have been presented along with a discussion of
their respective baseline conditions. The ZOI occupies an area of 917.84 sq km with a
375
population of approximately 935,320 covering 34 communities (Fig 5.5). Subsequent

baseline description of valued ecosystem/social components and assessment of cumulative
effects will be focused within this defined area of influence. The area is within 2 OMLs (21
and 53), 2 States and 6 LGAs (Table 5.8).
Table 5.8: Local Government Areas and States within the Project Area of Influence
Imo State
Rivers State
Owerri West
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni
Ohagi/Egbema
Emuoha
Ahoada East
376
Fig. 5.5: AN-OH Area of Influence (Purple Line)
377
Establishing Temporal Boundaries

Setting of temporal boundaries for the assessment sought to answer the question of how far
back in time and how far into the future. Ideally, the temporal boundary in this case should
represent the pre-oil and gas industrial development in the region. This could also be
considered as the point in time when the environment of the region would be expected to be
in its pristine and ecologically sustainable condition. For most VECs, this will be constrained
by the absence of dependable baseline information. Accordingly, temporal boundaries were
set at the point in time when some form of comprehensive baseline information became
available in the region. Against this background, therefore, it was possible to follow the
sequence of human activities (industrial or otherwise) and natural events which have
interacted with the past to leave behind footprints and effects which continue to influence
present baseline conditions.
The future temporal boundary of the project took into consideration the allotted 30-year
projected life span of the project and any additional periods when the anticipated residual
effects will remain. Temporal boundaries were equally set for the respective VECs and were
presented along with a discussion of their baseline conditions.
5.4.3: Project Identification (existing/past, current and foreseeable future)
The identified area of cumulative effects influence represents a location of growing
infrastructure, oil and gas industry development. Other activities undertaken by both SPDC
and other parties within this area and which may cause effects that will possibly interact with
those of the AN-OH were identified and described with available information. They include
activities which were established and abandoned in the past, existing actions and those
planned for the reasonably foreseeable future. The major criteria for the inclusion of projects
in the assessment is that they must have measurable effects that might overlap in time and
space with those of the AN-OH and must have been defined/outlined in some form. Purely
hypothetical projects which may or may not arise as a result of the AN-OH excluded in the
assessment. The regional study area/area of cumulative influence is traditionally a location of
low industrial and infrastructural development. The spectrums of other projects whose
activities may interact and cumulate with the AN-OH have been grouped into the following
categories:
Oil and gas
Non-oil and gas
- Agricultural;
- Infrastructural
Other Activities
Every effort was made to ensure inclusion of relevant activities within the area of influence
for the purposes of this analysis through the following means:
Institutional/Inter-agency stakeholder consultations during which information was
sought from other operators and development agencies in the area such as the Niger
Delta Development Commission, Niger Delta Basin Development Authority,
Representatives of the governments of Rivers and Imo States, other oil Industry
378
operators in the area (NAOC, Total, Addax), NGOs, local government chairmen.
Information was also obtained from NGOs and CBOs.
Assessment of development plans (Imo/Rivers State)
EIA project proposals submitted for regulatory approval/review
5.4.3.1: Past and Existing Activities

Existing oil and gas facilities in the study area is presented in Table 5.9. The infrastructure
consists of wells and production facilities operated by SPDC and third party including Total,
NAOC and CNL.
Table 5.9: Oil and gas infrastructure in the Zone of Influence
Infrastructure Fluid type Operator Facilities
Types
Flowstations & Flowstation SPDC
AHIA, ASSA, MINI NTA, RUMUEKPE
gas plants
Third
party
Gas plant
SPDC
Third
party
Wells
Oil and gas SPDC
RUMUEKPE-001,
RUMUEKPE-002,
RUMUEKPE-003, RUMUEKPE-004, ASSA001, ASSA-002, ASSA-003, ASSA-004,
ALIMINI-001, AHIA-001, AHIA-002, AHIA003, AHIA-004, AHIA-005, AHIA-006, AHIA007, AHIA-008,
AHIA-009,
AHIA-010,
AHIA-011, AHIA-012, AHIA-013, AHIA-014,
AHIA-015,
IBIGWE-001,
IBIGWE-002,
IBIGWE-003,
OBOYI-001,
AMAPU-001,
OGWUGWU-001, AGGAH-003, NKISA-001,
AWARA-001, MINI NTA-001, MINI NTA-002,
MINI NTA-003, MINI NTA-004, MINI NTA005, MINI NTA-006, MINI NTA-007, MINI
NTA-008, MINI NTA-009, ASSA NORTH-001,
ASSA NORTH-002
Third
OBRIKOM-001, OBRIKOM-003, OBRIKOMparty
004,
OBRIKOM-005,
OBRIKOM-007,
OBRIKOM-008, OBRIKOM-009, OBRIKOM010,
OBRIKOM-011,
OBRIKOM-012,
OBRIKOM-013, EBEGORO- 001, EBEGORO002,
EBEGORO-003,
EBEGORO-004,
EBEGORO-005, EBEGORO-006, EBEGORO007,
EBEGORO-008,
EBEGORO-009,
EBEGORO-010, EBEGORO-011, EBEGORO
379
Infrastructure Fluid type

Types
Operator Facilities
DEEP-001, OHAJI SOUTH-001, OHAJI
SOUTH-002,
OBAGI-003,
OBAGI-004,
OBAGI-005, OBAGI-006, OBAGI-007, OBAGI010, OBAGI-011, OBAGI-012, OBAGI-015,
OBAGI-018, OBAGI-020, OBAGI- 021,
OBAGI- 050, OBAGI-052, OBAGI-054,
OBAGI-062, OBAGI-063, OBAGI-064, OBAGI065, OBAGI-066, OBAGI- 067, OBAGI-068,
OBAGI-078, OBAGI-079, OBAGI-080, OBAGI084, OBAGI-085, OBAGI-086, OBAGI- 087,
OBAGI- 108, OBAGI-109, OBAGI-110,
OBAGI-113, OBAGI-114, OBAGI-115, OBAGI116, OBAGI-117, SOMBREIRO RIVER-001,
AMA-001, IBEWA-001, IBEWA-002, IBEWA003, IBEWA-004, IBEWA- 005, ICHE-001
Oil and Gas production facilities

The regional area of influence lies within the Oil Mineral Leases (OMLs) 21 (SPDC) and 53
(Chevron-Texaco). Shell Petroleum Development Company, SPDC is the major operator of
past and existing oil industrial installation in this area. The other operators are the Nigerian
Agip Oil Company (NAOC) and to a much lesser extent, Total. Oil and gas projects account
for over about 80% of the industrial developments in the area of interest. A map of oil and
gas installations and facilities belonging to all parties within the project area of influence is
presented as Fig. 5.6.
380
13
November, 2013
Fig. 5.6: AN-OH projects in relation to other projects in the region

Wells
Table 5.10 presents the summary of existing, planned and future wells in the ZOI. Within the
ZOI, the AN-OH had 6 wells in existence of which SPDC drilled 4 and their partner CNL
drilled the rest 2. Other SPDC wells within the ZOI are 40, while third party wells belonging
to mostly CNL, Total and NAOC are 115, hence a total of 161 wells are existing in the ZOI
prior to the commencement of the AN-OH project. Under the present scope (AN-OH
project), 6 additional gas wells shall be drilled, while 3 are planned for future drilling. There
is no information of any future drilling in the area by third party operators. Hence, a total of
170 wells are envisaged in the area comprising of 161 existing, 6 planned in the present and
the rest 3 in the future. The area covered by the wells is 0.1 km2 compared to a total well area
of 1.12 km2, which is about 8.92% of the total area covered by wells. Moreover, the well
density of the AN-OH project (0.02 wells/km2) is low compared to the total well density
(0.24 wells/km2). The well density reported in this study is nearly about a half of what is
recorded for H block (0.036 wells/km2).The trend in drilling campaign in the area therefore
shows that additional drilling by the AN-OH is minimal compared to existing wells and may
therefore not constitute a major impact.
381
Table 5.10: Existing, planned and future wells in the AN-OH

Wells
Existing
AN-OH
Planned
(AN-OH
6 (gas)
Other
SPDC
Third
party
Total
40
Future
3 (contingency
gas)
-
115
161
Total
wells
15
*Area
(km2)
0.099
40
0.264
0.06
115
0.759
0.16
1.122
0.24
170
Coverage
Well density (No

of wells/sq km)
0.02
*Well site area is approximately 60 m x 110 m = 6600m = 0.0066 sq km
Table 5.11: Land take of existing infrastructure with the ZOI

Description
Wells
Production
facilities
Agric
Others
Flowstations
Akri-Oguta gas recycling plant
Obiafu- Obrikom Gas Plant
Obite gas plant
Ada palm Imo palm Plantation
Risonpalm Estate
Farmlands
Obitti Rubber farm estate
Social
infrastructure,
roads,
communities
Operator
SPDC
Third party
SPDC
NAOC
NAOC
Total
IMSG
RVSG
TOTAL
Within ZOI
40 (No.)
115 (No.)
4 (No.)
Land take, km2

0.26
0.76
0.48
0.50
0.50
2.50
6.36
62.33
33.33
0.02
9.29
117.35
Production facilities
Production facilities in the study area include 4 SPDC flowstations (Ahia, Mini Nta, Assa and
Rumuekpe), 2 NAOC gas recycling plants (Akri-Oguta and Obiafu- Obrikom) and Obite gas
plant owned by Total. These production facilities have land coverage of 3.98 km2 (Table
5.11).
Agricultural Development
Farmland coverage was 62.17 sq km in 1988, which increased to 87.2 sq km in 1999 and
decreased to 33.33 sq km in 2007 (Table 5.12). In 2007, which approximates the present
condition, farmland occupies at least 4.36% of the ZOI. Some major agricultural projects
within the ZOI include Risonpalm Estate, Ada palm and Obitti Rubber farm estate.
Table 5.12: Land use change in the ZOI
Land use cover
types
Riparian forest
Secondary forest
Bare Soil
Sparse vegetation
Settlements
1986 (sq km)

204.97
283.05
1.29
164.14
2.85
1999
km)
116.01
436.47
5.417
70.62
2.13
(sq
2007 (sq
km)
210.93
319.46
37.69
105.75
9.29
Land use change equations

y = -0.403x + 983.2 (P>0.05)
y = 2.704x 5055 (P>0.05)
y = 1.596x 3174 (P>0.05)
y = -3.206x + 6517 (P>0.05)
y = 0.271x 538.0 (P>0.05)
382
Land use
types
Rivers
Farmland
Total
cover
1986 (sq km)

1.37
62.17
719.84
1999
km)
1.99
87.2
719.84
(sq
2007 (sq
km)
3.39
33.33
719.84
Land use change equations

y = 0.091x 180.5 (P>0.05)
y = -1.055x + 2168 (P>0.05)
Infrastructure Projects
Infrastructure, for the purposes of this assessment will include activities and projects
established to meet the social needs, requirements of the local populations and the project
proponents. They include facilities such as roads, transmission lines, telecommunication
facilities, large-scale agricultural establishments, institutions and recreational facilities.
Selected for consideration are those that leave, or have left, a significant environmental
footprint in the area of concern. The area is characterized by a general deficiency of
infrastructural development. The typology of the social infrastructure in the study area is
presented in Table 5.13. Within the ZOI, communities occupied 2.85 km2 in 1986, 2.13 km2
in 1999 and increased to 9.29 km2 in 2007. The trend of this VSC is increasing.
Table 5.13: Typology of social Infrastructures
Description
Number available
Providers
Communities
(no/total)
Overall
functionality
rating
1. Hard infrastructure
Transport infrastructure
Road & highways
26
NDDC, Govt
23/34
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
13 tarred & 13
untarred)
NA
NA
NA
PRIVATE
CONCERN
NA
PRIVATE
CONCERN
NA
PRIVATE
CONCERN
NA
PRIVATE
CONCERN
NA
17
NDDC,
Total, Govt
NAOC,
17/34
8 (functional)
9(under
construction)
NDDC,
NAOC/NNPC,MPP3,
Total,
UNICEF,
DFRRI,OMPADEC,
LGA,
Community
effort
NA
NA
NA
19/34
1-uncompleted
1-abandon
22-functional
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Govt
3/34
Functional
Bridges
Culverts
Sidewalk/pedestrian
walkways
Mass transit system
Railways
Energy infrastructure
Electric power network
Water management infrastructure

Drinking water supply
24 (15 monopump;
2-pipeborne;
7borehole)
Sewage collection
NA
Disposal of waste water
NA
Drainage system
NA
Communication infrastructure
Postal service
3
383
Description
Number available
Providers
Communities
(no/total)
Telecommunication
services
20
AIRTEL,
MTN,GLO,
ETISALAT
NA
PRIVATE
CONCERNS
20/34
Television & radio stations

Internet
Overall
functionality
rating
17-full signal
3-erratic
NA
PRIVATE
CONCERNS
Solid waste management infrastructure
Municipal
garbage
collection
Solid waste landfills
NA
NA
Solid waste incinerators
NA
NA
Earth monitoring and measurement networks infrastructure
Meteorological station
NA
NA
2. Soft infrastructure
Governance infrastructure
Police station
4(2=police
post; Govt
2=police station)
NA
PRIVATE
CONCERNS
NA
PRIVATE
CONCERNS
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7/34
Prison service
Justice system (courts)
Fire services
Military
Economic infrastructure
Banks
Warehouses
Industrial park
Market Infrastructure
3=operational
1=under
construction
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
NA
NA
NA
LGA,
community
NA
NA
NA
10/34
NA
NA
NA
1-lock-up
9-open
23
(21=PHC,
2=hospital )
LGA, NAOC, Total,

missionary, private,
community
21/34
62 (18=community,
20=private,1=NDDC,
23=govt
Secondary school
23 (11=community,
10=private,
1=govt,1=NDDC)
Tertiary institution
NA
Research institution
NA
Social welfare
NA
Cultural, sports & recreational infrastructure
Parks
NA
Museums
NA
Libraries
NA
Hotels
NA
Community, NDDC,
private, govt
27/34
2=not
functional
2=not
yet
commission
19=functional
Functional
Community, NDDC,
private, govt
18/34
Functional
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Social infrastructure
Hospitals
Primary school
MPP3,
384
Description
Number available
Providers
Town hall
Community,
private
Housing estate
Communities
(no/total)
Total,
9/34
Overall
functionality
rating
Functional
2/34
Functional
Protected Areas
Protected areas within 50 km radius of the AN-OH project are listed in Table 5.14 along
with other information such as size, ecosystem types and conservation status. Seven
protected areas have been established within 50 km radius of the project location occupying
a total area of 727.93 km2, which accounts for about 9.27 % of the 50km radius (7855
km2). This value falls short of the recommended national protected area of 25% (FAO,
1995). Several issues pertaining to protected areas in the region make it difficult for them
to meet the conservation goals for which they were set up. Protected areas in the region are
characterized by lack of management plans, small size limitations, poor enforcement of
legal provisions and lack of trained staff deployed for management of the reserves for the
purpose of protecting the biodiversity within them.
Reservation is also not a guarantee for protection. Reserves are under threat of a variety of
sources such as plantation, agricultural development and loggers. Most of the reserves have
only been proposed and have not been legally constituted. All protected areas in the region
are classified as Forest Reserve, a nomenclature that recognises only a narrow band of
management options. There are no other categories of nationally or internationally
recognised protected areas for multiple use management of biodiversity elements. In spite
of the range of aquatic ecosystem components and the rich ichthyofaunal diversity, no
attempts have been made to include this theme in the conservation planning. Furthermore,
no state has a legally designated Game Reserve in spite of the presence of globally
important species.
Sombreiro Forest Reserve
The area designated as Sombreiro Forest Reserve within the project zone of influence is
confirmed to be an Oil Palm Estate (Risonpalm, Rivers State Ministry of Agriculture
Table 5.14: Status of Protected Areas Associated within 50 km radius of the Project
Area of Influence
Name
Area km2
Osomari forest
reserve
Ohaji Egbema
forest reserve
Sombreiro FR
Taylor Creek FR
Status
Remarks
141.77
Ecosystem
type
FWSF
11.63
FWSF
218.91
Palm estate
FWSF
gazetted on 13th
October, 1964
not gazetted
Gazetted 1975
Agricultural activities is
encroaching on the reserve
Oil Palm estate
Highly degraded. Oil and
gas infrastructure laid
inside.
385
Name
Area km2
Otamiri River FR
Status
Remarks
150.44
Ecosystem
type
FWSF
designated as
forest reserve in
1975
Upper Imo River
115.28
FWSF
designated as
forest reserve in
1975
Upper and Lower

Orashi FR
89.9
FWSF
gazetted on 19th
January 1984
Uncontrolled logging,
increased access into
interior of forest by oil and
gas activities, hunting and
gathering, increasing
demand for agricultural
land
It is reported to have been
taken over by indigenes,
due to absence of
government presence and
investments.
Uncontrolled logging,
incessant oil spills. Illegal
hunting and farming.
Access created into core of
reserve through oil
prospecting activities
Total
727.93
FWSF = fresh water swamp forest; FR = forest reserve

Egbema-Ohaji Forest Reserve
The Egbema-Ohaji Forest Reserve is located in Ohaji-Egbema Local Government Area of
Imo State. It was gazetted on 13th October, 1964 with Gazette Reference: Supplement to
Eastern Nigeria Gazette No. 52, Vol.13, dated 29th October 1964 Part B, E.N. L. N. No.
56 of 1964. The coordinates of the reserve with an area of 986 hectares are: 6 45 E 5
30N. The reserve was excised out of the old Eastern Nigerian Farm Settlement lands,
acquired from five villages of Ohaji and Agwa; namely Amafor, Obosima, Ohoba, Obile
and Agwa. This portion was leased out to former East Central State Agricultural
Development Authority for a term of 99 years; from 1st January 1962 on a premium
payment. After the soil classification of the entire area, the part known as Ohaji Forest
Reserve was handed over to the Forestry Department with no resistance.
The Reserve is managed by the Government of Imo State under the auspices of the
Ministry of Petroleum and Environment, Forestry Department. However as at mid March,
2012, the Forestry Department was still under the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural
Resources. There is no management plan for the Reserve. Patches of Gmelina, Teak and
Opepe (Nauclea) are grown.
Lower Orashi Forest Reserve (LOFR)
Lower Orashi Forest Reserve is located in Abua/Odual/Degema/Akuku Toru LGA of
Rivers State. It covers an area of 4,765 hectares. It was legally established and designated a
Forest Reserve on 3rd of April 1984, and lies between coordinates E470426.311 and
N82675.655 (Rivers State Government Official Gazette No.10 Vol.18). On gazetting, the
rights of indigenes were extinguished.
386
The management authority is the Government of Rivers State, Ministry of Agriculture,

through the agency of its Forestry Department. Lower Orashi Forest Reserve is located
within the freshwater swamp forest ecological zone of the Niger delta. Lower Orashi
harbours important wildlife species including Ogilbys Duiker (Cephalophus ogilbyi) and
shares some of the same species as Upper Orashi. The Reserve receives some attention and
annual planting of indigenous tree crops, especially duka nut, bush mango or Ogbono
(Irvingia gabonensis) goes on.
Lower Orashi shares the same legal encumbrance as Upper Orashi Forest Reserve. If the
original plan to clear the whole of the Upper Orashi and convert it into an oil palm
plantation holds, the natural flow of water would have been disturbed. In its original plan
which entailed the development of 30,000 hectares being 2% of Rivers State, the fully
gazetted Upper Orashi Forest Reserve would have been cleared and dykes constructed. The
network of dykes which included many of the proposed drainage canals were of the
magnitude of 24 km and in its original design meant to be 80 km long. This was meant to
dry the plantation and It would also have disturbed water flow into the Lower Orashi Forest
Reserve, located downstream of the oil palm development project (The World Bank, 1995).
Funding for the project by the EU was consequently stopped. It is necessary to ensure that
this threat is removed. One of the ways this can be done is by conducting an environmental
audit of the Orashi basin, in Rivers State, since an environmental impact assessment was
not conducted prior to the establishment of the Risonpalm in this area.
5.4.3.2: Future/Planned Projects
Projects planned for the foreseeable future were also evaluated for the purposes of this
assessment. They represent activities whose effects are expected to interact with those of
the AN-OH in time. The criteria used for the identification of planned/future projects in the
area essentially follow those suggested by Hegmann et al. (1998) and include the
following:
Approved projects in the area
Approved projects under construction
Projects with Approval imminent
Projects in the approval process
Project announced, funding confirmed and construction anticipated within the life
of the project
Projects with developed footprint or design specification at the time CEIA for ANOH is being considered
Projects that may likely be induced by the AN-OH will not be included (they are
still hypothetical in nature)
Planned projects generally fall mainly within the infrastructure, oil and gas categories.
Every effort was made to obtain relevant information from project proponents through
interactions, stakeholder consultations, EIA project proposal. Where sufficient information
387
was not available, informed judgement as to relevant project features were distilled from
project outlines.
Table 5.15 presents the planned and future projects in the study area, which comprise of oil
and gas and other activities. The planned and future developments in the study area will
occupy a land area of 11.43 km2, which represent about 1.59% of the ZOI. Hence, the new
developments, AN-OH and others represent a minor contribution to the land take in the
area.
388
Table 5.15: Planned and future projects within the ZOI

Sector
Facility
Operator
No.
types
Oil and gas
Flow line
AN-OH
9
(km)
Other SPDC
Third party
Wells
AN-OH
9
(No.)
Production
AN-OH (PTF)
facilities
Other SPDC
Third party*
Camp sites
Other
activities
TOTAL
* estimated
** planned on existing RoW
AN-OH (FLB)
Other SPDC
Third party
Egi IPP 14
MW*
Egi
Glass
blower*
Imo Industrial
park*
Bokir
Refinery*
AN-OH (present)
Future
Land take, sq km
0.08
0.06
0.6 km
6 (gas) (4 SPDC & 2 CNL)

1
FGN
CPF
(1),
1
0.25
0.25
0.11
0.25
0.25
5
3
11.43
389
The nine (9) new wells will occupy a total of 0.06 km2, PTF 0.25 km2 and FLB 0.11 km2.
The AN-OH project will occupy a total of 2.68 km2; along with other projects in the
foreseeable future will occupy 11.43 km2, which represent about 1.59% of the ZOI. In the
future, SPDC planned to develop some other reservoirs (Awarra, Oguali and Umugologo)
in the study area and associated flowline that will be hooked to the PTF in the future
especially when Assa reservoir might have depleted in about 15 years (Fig. 5.7).
In addition, to the AN-OH, the Federal Government has begun the laying of the 24 x 20
km AN-OH- OB3 from OB/OB to Oben and planned to establish a CPF at OB/OB (Fig
5.8). Other third party projects to be established in the area in the area include
AN-OH
Tarred Road
Untarred Track
New NAG Well
New NAG Flowline or
Bulkline
Proposed Assa North Location

PTF & FLB
Umugologo
PTF
Assa
FLB
Condensate to Assa Manifold then

spiked into crude pipeline
Existing Assa Flowstation &
Manifold
Awarra
Main SPDC -N
S Liquid
Pipeline
Oguali
Fig. 5.7: AN-OH and other reservoirs for future development
390
Oben
NGMP CPF
Obiafu
FGN Proposed
OB-3
NGMP
CPF
Obrikom NAOC
Biseni
Western
Domgas
Market
Train 1 with H/C

Dew pointing
Train 2 without H/C

Dew pointing
Obite
(EPNL)
-
Obite
Bayelsa
(SPDC)
Gbaran
/Ubie
OUR
Assa North
Ohaji South
GTS-4
GTS -1
Kolo
Creek
Indorama
Alaoji (SPDC)
120
Imo River
Rumuekpe
NOPL
Rumuji
Soku
Calaber
GTS -2
AfamV
AfamVI
Agbada
Obigbo
Obigbo
Cawthorne
Channel
180
Brass Fertilizer
Alakiri
NGMP CPF
Okoloma
ALSCON
150
NOTORE
Ibom/
Eastern
Ikot Abasi
Domgas
(SPDC)
Bonny
(XOM)
H-Block
OGGS
Fig. 5.8: Foreseeable projects linked to the NGMP (notice the OB3 pipeline and CPF)
391
Planned Projects Infrastructure

Planned infrastructural projects in the study area are presented in Table 5.16. Future
agricultural projects include Pineapple plantation, Awarra and Pilot farm, Assa to be
developed by IMSG and NDBDA respectively. On-going road projects include EtekwuruAssa, Assa- Awarra and Obossima- Ohoba road to be constructed by NDDC, NDDC and
ISOPADEC respectively. Future projects in the area include power plants, transmission
lines and transformers.
Table 5.16: On-going and future developments in the study area
Description
Agricultural
Roads
Power
transmission
line
Power
generation
Pineapple plantation, Awarra (IMSG)

Pilot farm, Assa (NDBDA)
Etekwuru-Assa (NDDC)
Assa- Awarra (NDDC)
Obossima- Ohoba road (ISOPADEC)
Amafor/Obossima electricity project
(4 km of 33 kv lines), 4 nos. 200KVA
330/415 KV transformer and 3 KVA
low voltage lines
Construction of 4 nos. electricity
project consisting of over 10 km of
330/415 K lines and 4 nos.
transformer, Ohaji (NDDC)
4 x 25 MW Omoku gas turbine
station
500 KVA substation at Obite
(ISOPADEC)
On-going
Future
x
x
8km
8km
7.8km
Land take,
Sq km
0.02
0.02
0.14
0.14
0.14
5.4.4: Cumulative Impact Assessment Methodologies

Three major cumulative impact assessment approaches (computer modelling, GIS spatial
analysis and effects pathways/professional judgement) were selected for use. They were
used to determine the magnitude of change or alteration to individual valued ecosystem
resources (Air, Soil, Surface water, groundwater, fisheries etc.) expected to arise from ANOH activities acting in combination with past, existing and reasonably foreseeable future
activities. Their use was determined by the terrain characteristics, nature of the VEC in
question within the specific assessment area, the availability and reliability of data.
Internationally accepted computer modelling techniques were employed for the analysis
and assessment of noise and air emissions parameters. Spatial analysis using GIS
techniques was employed for the estimation of changes to the landscape arising from
terrain-related interventions such as land clearing and road construction. Other
methodologies (e.g. Water quality index) used for the assessment were qualitative in nature
and depended on the professional judgement of the cumulative impact assessment team and
their wide experience in the environmental characteristics of the regional area. The details
392
of the various tools used, the underlying arguments, assumptions and uncertainties are
presented along with the assessment for the individual VECs.
Air Quality and Noise
An air emission modelling study was carried out to determine the air quality impacts of the
proposed Assa North/Ohaji South Gas Development Project. The ISC-AERMOD version
8.2.0 with number AER00005543 was used to investigate the project specifics and
cumulative impacts using eight operations scenarios of facility operation and fuel types as
proposed by the SPDC Project Team. These scenarios modelled the emission levels at the
receptor points to predict concentrations for the prevailing meteorological conditions.
While four of the scenarios are for the impacts of the proposed project, the other four
represent the cumulative impacts as the proposed project interacts with the existing projects
in the zone of influence.
In scenario 1, a normal operation was anticipated where only the export compressors, the
gas turbines and the gas engine generators of the proposed project will be in operation.
Scenario 2 assumed abnormal operation that requires all the gas flares with the export
compressors, gas turbines, and gas engine electric power generator in operation. Though
scenario 3 also investigated the normal operation as anticipated in scenario 1, it assumed
the diesel engine generator in operation instead of the gas engine. Scenario 4 is another
abnormal operation similar to scenario 2 but the diesel engine replaces the gas engine
assumed in scenario 2.
Scenario 5 is similar to scenario 1 but assumed all the gas flares in the existing SPDC and
the third parties facilities in the zone of influence to be in operation along with the
proposed project. Scenario 6 is like scenario 2 but all the gas flares in the existing SPDC
facilities and those in the third parties facilities in the zone of influence are in operation
with the proposed Assa North project. In Scenario 7, the elements of scenario 3 were
investigated in addition to those in the existing SPDC and third parties facilities in the zone
of influence. Scenario 8 is similar to Scenario 4 but the existing SPDC and third parties
facilities in the zone of influence were assumed in operation. In all these last four scenarios
5 - 8, the Omoku Power Plant was assumed to be in operation. The modelling exercise
assumed that the facility would operate continuously in all the scenarios considered.
The Enterprise Edition of NoiseMap 2000 Version 2.7.1 with Dongle Number 2279
licensed to Dr. Jacob Ademola Sonibare of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
was used for noise emission modeling. Four major noise emission categories investigated
are the construction noise, drilling noise, operation noise and helipad noise category.
Construction Noise: Construction equipment will generate some significant levels of noise
at the construction stage of the proposed project. These are earthmoving equipment,
materials handling equipment, stationary equipment, impact equipment and some others.
Two units of each of the equipment items were assumed to be in operation at each stage
and their sound power level (SPL) were used as modelling input.
393
Drilling Noise: A major activity anticipated in the proposed project is drilling. Since
drilling rigs are known major sources of noise in oil and gas well activities, 122 dB(A) SPL
of drilling rig was considered in modelling.
Operation Noise: Four different scenarios of facility operation were investigated. While
two are for the impacts of the proposed project, the other two represent the cumulative
impacts as the proposed project interacts with the existing projects in the zone of influence.
In scenario 1, a normal operation was anticipated where only the export compressors, the
gas turbines and the gas engine generators of the proposed project will be in operation.
Scenario 2 assumed abnormal operation that requires operation of all the gas flares in
addition to scenario 1 process equipment. Scenario 3 is similar to scenario 1 but assumed
all the gas flares in the existing SPDC and the third parties facilities in the zone of
influence to be in operation. Scenario 4 is like scenario 2 but all the gas flares in the
existing SPDC facilities and those in the third parties facilities are in operation. The Omoku
power plant is in operation in the last two scenarios. The modelling assumed continuous
operations of facility in all the scenarios.
Helipad Noise: To investigate the impact of the proposed helipad on ambient noise, 103
dB(A) anticipated sound power level of the helicopter operating in the helipad was
considered an input into the modelling tool.
Determination of Significance
Evaluation of the significance of cumulative effects sought to answer the question of how
acceptable the alterations to the VEC/VSC were considered to be. The magnitude of
change in each valued resource was determined on the basis of established thresholds
where they exist (national regulatory limits, WHO limits, IFC/World Bank Guidelines),
known carrying capacities of the resources or acceptable benchmarks beyond which
resource sustainability is considered threatened. In some cases where no known
thresholds/benchmarks are available, the professional judgement of the assessment team
was relied upon for an estimation of the magnitude of change to the resource. In others,
published national average values were used to benchmark VEC parameters where
applicable. The list of criteria applied in this assessment is presented in Tables 5.17 a - d.
The approach of Hegmann et al. (2002) which matches the magnitude of change to the
trend in the valued resource was adopted as a means of determining the class of effects
significance. The class matrix for significance determination and the implications of the
individual classes are provided in Table 5.18.
394
Table 5.17 (a): Summary of Cumulative Assessment Criteria

Valued
Environmental/
Social Component
Air Quality
PM10
(24
average)
NOX (24 hours)
hours 75-113 g/m3
11.2 g/m3
105 dB(A)
CO
Noise (1 hour)
Fisheries
Potential fish
(kg/ha)
Water quality
Soil Quality
Wildlife
Threshold/Benchmark/Carrying capacity
National
International
IFC
Regulation
(World
Bank, Guidelines
WHO, FAO )
80 g/m3
150g/m3
50g/m3
(WHO)
200 g/m3 (1
hour average)
(WHO)
55 dB (day),
70 dB (night)
55dB (urban),
50 dB (rural)
yield
Threshold
40-60Kg/Ha
16% (WQI)
20% (SQI)
10% regional area
under
conservation
Access
Density;
Fragmentation Index+
Wildlife Density>
Mammals
2813
indiv/km2
1250
indiv/km2
10240
indiv/km2
14900
indiv/km2
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Vegetation
Vegetation
clearing
(Deforestation)
Hydrogeology/
Groundwater
Air Quality
PM10
(24
hours average)
NOX (24 hours)
75-113 g/m3
11.2 g/m3
105 dB(A)
CO
Noise (1 hour)
Fisheries
Potential fish
(kg/ha)
Water quality
Expert
Judgement
25% Forest cover

(FAO)
>15 (GWQI)
80 g/m3
150g/m3
50g/m3
(WHO)
200 g/m3 (1
hour average)
(WHO)
55 dB (day),
70 dB (night)
55dB (urban),
50 dB (rural)
yield
16% (WQI)
395
Valued
Environmental/
Social Component
National
International
IFC
Regulation
(World
Bank, Guidelines
WHO, FAO )
Soil Quality
Wildlife
Threshold
20% (SQI)
10% regional area
under
conservation
Access
Density;
Fragmentation Index+
Wildlife Density>
Mammals
2813
indiv/km2
1250
indiv/km2
10240
indiv/km2
14900
indiv/km2
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Vegetation
Vegetation
clearing
(Deforestation)
Hydrogeology/
Groundwater
Expert
Judgement
25% Forest cover

(FAO)
>15 (GWQI)
* FMEnv limits are for waters intended for drinking. Values in parenthesis are for fisheries
waters.
** HPL/HDL/MPL = Highest permissible level/ Highest Desirable Level/maximum
permissible level
*** MC=maximum criteria
Nat. Av. = National Average Values
+Assessment on basis of professional judgment
>Wildlife Density Estimates (Brian Tomasik, 2013)
Table 5.17b: Summary of Cumulative Socio-economic Assessment Criteria
Valued Environmental / Social
Component
National
International
IFC Guidelines
Regulation
(World Bank, WHO,
FAO )
Social Component
Shrines and culturally significant sites
Education (teacher /student ratio) in

schools
Housing (occupancy rate), persons
per room
Security
0% tolerance for
destruction
and
desecration
of
shrines and cultural
properties
1:30 (1 school)
1:35 ( 2 school)
Two per room
1:250 (Interpol)
396
Valued Environmental / Social

Component
National
International
IFC Guidelines
Regulation
(World Bank, WHO,
FAO )
Police - Population ratio

Infrastructure
(Motorable road, schools, hospital,
telecommunication, police station,
market)
Table 5.17c: Summary of Cumulative Socio-economic Assessment Criteria

Value Social Components
(VSCs)
Demography
(Population)
and
Migration
Young or Old Population

Age dependency ratio
Old age dependency ratio
Child age dependency ratio
Income inequality
Poverty index
Unemployment
Indicator
Growth (%)
Sex-ratio (%)
Density
Age under 15 years
Age 65 years or older
Ratio of aged + Children to
workforce
Ratio of aged to workforce
Ratio of children under 15 years to
Workforce
Minimum Wage or
Gini coefficient
Relative Poverty rate (%)
Unemployment rate
Threshold
3.0 %
97.6 %
77pph
40 %
4.0%
70.0%
3.0% of population 65
years of age
45.0% of population 15
years of age
N18,000.00 or
0.44
64.7%
14.6%
Age-Sex Ratio
Age and sex are important characteristics of a population. The number and proportion of
males and females in each age group or community have considerable impact on a
populations social or economic character both at present and future life of a project.
Sex Ratio
A sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a given population or population cohort at a
time, usually expressed as percentage of males to every 100 females (Haupt and Kane,
2004).
Sex ratio = Number of males x 100
Number of females 1
Most developing countries of the world have population sex-ratio of 105 or 106 males to
every 100 females.
397
Population Density
Population density is the ratio of a given population to land area either in hectare or
kilometer square. In terms of hectare, an ideal density is 77 persons to one hectare of land
area or 0.77/km2.
Age Dependency Ratio
This refers to the ratio of persons in the dependent ages (under the age of 15 years and
above the age of 64 years) to persons in the economically productive ages (15-64 years)
in a population.
Population under 15 years + Population over age 64
Age Dependency Ratio =
Population aged 1564 years
100
1
Old Age Dependency Ratio
This is the ratio of people aged at least 65 years to persons in the economically productive
ages (15-64 years) in a population.
Old Dependency Ratio =
Population over age 64

100
In developing countries including Nigeria, this ratio is 3.0%.

Child Dependency Ratio
This is the ratio of children aged 1-15 years to persons in the economically productive
ages (15-64 years) in a population.
Child Dependency Ratio =

100
1
In developing countries including Nigeria, this ratio is expected to be about 45.0%.

Table 5.17d: Summary of Cumulative Human Health Assessment Criteria
VEC/VSC
Issues of Concern
Possible Indicators
Healthcare
Infrastructure/
Services
Pressure on health facilities

due to population increase
Population/
doctor
Population/ nurse
Population/hospital
bed
Thresholds/ Benchmarks/ Carrying

Capacities
National
International
Regulation
Guidelines
/Planning Goals)
(IFC, World
Bank)
3473 (National
2.28 to 1000
target by 2005,
persons (WHO)
Vision 2010)
467 (National
target by 2005,
Vision 2010)
747 (National
target by 2005,
Vision 2010)
398
VEC/VSC
Issues of Concern
Possible Indicators
Births attended
by professionals
Access to
healthcare
Immunization
coverage
Reproductive
Health Status
Community
Health and
Safety
Increase in high risk

sexual practices due to
influx of virile
population (Low use of
condoms and
contraceptives)
Knowledge of use
of condom to
prevent STI
Contraceptive
Prevalence Rate
Increased HIV seroprevalence rate
HIV seroprevalence
High Risk Sex
Encounters
Increase and pressure on

healthcare and waste
facilities
Available safe
water/ pers/day
Access to safe
water
Increase in
communicable disease,
morbidity and mortality
(respiratory tract
infections, malaria, and
diarrhoea) from
population increase.
Increase in road-traffic
accident and workrelated injuries &
fatalities
Access to latrine
Access to a flush
toilet
Access to
improved
sanitation
Malaria
prevalence
Prevalence of
fever in under 5s
children:

Capacities
National
International
Regulation
Guidelines
/Planning Goals)
(IFC, World
Bank)
27% (Nat. Av.
UNFPA
NDHS 2008)
threshold of
60% (United
Nations, 2000).
97% (National
target in Vision
2010)
25% DPT 3 (Nat
35% (WHO,
Av.) & 70%
2003),
(National target
for 2007)
24.0% National
benchmark
(MICS4, 2012);
14.1% national
statistics from
MICS4, 2012
4.6% (FMOH,
2008).
33.5% females &
31.5% males
(National target by
2007)
< 20l/ pers/day
Rural
communities
(65%) Urban areas
(70%) Nat. Target
by 2007 NEEDS
2.
63% (National
average, 2003)
11% (National
average, 2003)
National average,
30-48%
30-50l/pers/day
95% of
population
95% of
population
21.0% national
average (MICS4
2010)
National Av.
10.3% (NDHS,
2003)
399
VEC/VSC
Issues of Concern
Possible Indicators
Infant mortality
rate
Maternal
mortality rate
Under 5 mortality
rate
Food and
nutrition
Loss of forest based

livelihood and nutrition
sources
Increase in prevalence
of malnutrition
Prevalence of
stunted in underfives (chronic
PEM)
Prevalence of
wasted in underfives (acute PEM)
Prevalence of
underweight in
under-fives

Capacities
National
International
Regulation
Guidelines
/Planning Goals)
(IFC, World
Bank)
11.3/ 1000 live
50 per live
births National
births
target by 2011
(NEEDS 2)
300/ 100,000 live
births National
target by 2011
(NEEDS 2)
underfive
70 per 1000 live
Mortality Rate
birth
(U5MR) should be
reduced to 77 per
1000 live births by
2015
stunting 41%,
2%
(NDHS, 2008)
wasting 14%
(NDHS, 2008)
2%
underweight 23%
(NDHS, 2008)
2%
Table 5.18: Class Matrix for determination of effects significance

Magnitude of Change to
Benchmark
Low (<1%)
Moderate (1-10%)
High (>10%)
Trend in VEC/VSC
Positive
Class 3
Class 3
Class 2
Negative or Neutral
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1
After Hegmann et al. (2002)

Class 1 Effect: The predicted trend in the measurable parameters under projected levels of
AN-OH activity could threaten the sustainability of the VEC/VSC in the study area, and
should be considered of management concern. Any negative change in the VEC/VSC value
of greater than 25% from the benchmark is considered to be a Class 1 effect, regardless of
VEC/VSC trend at the time of assessment.
Class 2 Effect: The predicted trend in a measurable parameter under projected levels of
AN-OH activity will likely result in a decline in the VEC/VSC to a level lower than the
baseline but stable in the study area after project closure and into the foreseeable future.
400
Class 3 Effect: The predicted trend in the measurable parameter under project levels of
development may result in a decline in the VEC/VSC in the study area during the life cycle
of the project, but VEC/VSC levels should recover to baseline after project closure. No
immediate management initiatives, other than requirements for responsible industrial
operational practices, are required.
5.4.5: Cumulative Impacts
Cumulative impacts of the AN-OH in combination with other activities were assessed for
the following identified valued ecosystem resources: Air Quality, Noise, Water Quality,
Local Hydrology, Fisheries, Groundwater, Land Use and Vegetation, Wildlife, Soil, Social
Environment and Health. The cumulative impact assessment of the AN-OH project is
presented in Table 5.19 and discussed in the following subsections.
401
Table 5.19: Cumulative Effects Assessment Matrix

Biophysical Resources
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued Social
Components
(VSCs)
AIR QUALITY
(CO, NOx PM10)
Project
Specific
Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)
Effects Overlap with other

Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Emission
loading
(50km)
Ahia
Flow
Station;
Assa
Flow Station;
Mini Nta Flow
Station;
Ubie
West
Flow
Station;
Rumuekpe Flow
Station; Obele
Flow Station;
Ohaji/Egbema
Flow Station;
Akri
Flow
Station; Oguta
Flow Station;
Obiafu-Obrikon
Gas
Plant;
Omoku
265
MW Plant
FMENV/DPR
limits
Cleaner fuels,
AG & NAG;
Flare
liquid
knock
out
vessels; flares
designed
to
Ringlemann
No. 1;
Low
NOx
Burners;
regular
maintenance
of combustion
systems
Federal
Government
policy on flares
out; Domestic
gas utilization
Same as
for
spatial
WHO/WB/IFC
Limits
&
Guidelines:
Probable
Trend of VEC
Effect
Type
Estimated
Magnitude
effect
Negative:
Increasing
emissions
arising
from
industrial
activities impair
air
quality.
Values, however
still
within
regulatory
limits.
Project
Low:
Positive
with
decommissioning
of
Assa Flow
Station
Overall
Low
Cumulative
of
Class
of
Effect
Significance
NS
NS
402
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued Social
Components
(VSCs)
NOISE
Project
Specific
Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Emission
loading
(1.75km)
Ahia
Flow
Station;
Assa
Flow Station;
Mini Nta Flow
Station;
Ubie
West
Flow
Station;
Rumuekpe Flow
Station; Obele
Flow Station;
Ohaji/Egbema
Flow Station;
Akri
Flow
Station; Oguta
Flow Station;
Obiafu-Obrikon
Gas
Plant;
Omoku
265
MW Plant
FMENV/DPR
limits
Barrier
attenuation;
Use of PPE;
Safe distances;
installation of
silencers,
enclosures, etc
Compliance
monitoring
Same as
for
spatial
WHO/WB/IFC
Limits
&
Guidelines :
Probable
Trend of VEC
Effect
Type
Estimated
Magnitude
effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Negative:
Increasing noise
levels
from
industrial
and
other
development
activities
Project
Low
NS
Overall
Low
Cumulative
NS
of
403
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued Social
Components
(VSCs)
FISHERIES
RESOURCES
Project
Specific
Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Over fishing
due
to
increase in
local
population
AN-OH, Other
SPDC and 3rd
Party Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP
&
CPF, 3rd Party
Gas
Plants,
Bokir Refinery,
Imo Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm, Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
Professional
Judgment
Encourage
aquaculture
development
in immediate
project
communities
Promote
Regional
initiatives
to
enhance fish
stocks through
re-stoking of
overfished
water bodies.
Improve fish
stocks through
culture-based
fisheries
activities
.
Enforcement of
fisheries
regulations,
including gear
and mesh size
regulations,
monitoring
surveillance
and protection
of
fish
breeding and
nursery
grounds
Habitat loss
AN-OH, Other
Same as
for
spatial
Promote
aquaculture
development
in
communities
around project
area
Same as
Designation of
Limit
Legal status of
Probable
Trend of VEC
Effect
Type
Estimated
Magnitude
effect
Negative:
generally
declining trend
in the fisheries.
Project
Declining;
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Moderate
Overall
Moderate
Cumulative
Project
Moderate
of
404
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued Social
Components
(VSCs)
WILDLIFE
RESOURCES
Project
Specific
Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
(Regional
area)
SPDC and 3rd

Party Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP
&
CPF, 3rd Party
Gas
Plants,
Bokir Refinery,
Imo Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm, Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
at least 10%
area cover as
protected area
vegetation
clearing to the
barest
minimum, to
cover only the
required space
for
construction.
Develop and
implement
BAP ;
Optimization
of
existing
roads
protected
areas ;
enforcement of
conservation
regulations
for
spatial
25% vegetation
cover
(FAO
1995)
Probable
Trend of VEC
Effect
Type
Estimated
Magnitude
effect
of
Class
of
Effect
Significance
negative
Overall
Moderate
Cumulative
405
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued Social
Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific
Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Degradation
of soil from
vegetation
clearing and
spills leading
to decrease
in
Soil
Quality
Index (SQI)
AN-OH, Other
SPDC and 3rd
Party Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP
&
CPF, 3rd Party
Gas
Plants,
Bokir Refinery,
Imo Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm, Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
Soil
Quality
Threshold
(SQT) of 20%
Best practice
in
land
management
in
cleared
areas,
Prevention of
spills arising
from sabotage
on oil facilties,
enforcement
of no flare
policy,
Treatment of
effluents and
improved
waste
management
practices
Initiatives and
programmes to
improve
security
by
public agencies
Same as
spatial
Probable
Trend of VEC
AN-OH, Other
SPDC and 3rd
Party Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP
&
CPF, 3rd Party
Gas
Plants,
Bokir Refinery,
Imo Industrial
Same as
spatial
25% regional
forest cover
Reduce
vegetation
destruction.
Optimization
of
existing
roads,
revegetation.
Enforcement of
forestry laws
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Moderate
Overall
Moderate
Cumulative
Project
Low
NS
Positive,
Project
increasing due
reduction in oil
spills
and
improvement in
spill clean-up.
SOIL
Loss
of
vegetation
due to land
clearing.
Effect
Type
Negative:
Vegetation
cover has been
declining in the
area over the
years due to
increasing
urban/industrial
land use.
Estimated
Magnitude
effect
of
406
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued Social
Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific
Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Probable
Trend of VEC
Effect
Type
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Moderate
Overall
Moderate
Cumulative
Regional
Estimated
Magnitude
effect
of
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm, Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
VEGETATION
AND
LAND
USE
Overall
Moderate
Cumulative
Surface
Water
Quality
deterioration
from
vegetation
clearance and
spills
of
chemicals
and effluents
and acid rain
Surface
Res.
Water
AN-OH, Other
SPDC and 3rd
Party Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP
&
CPF, 3rd Party
Gas
Plants,
Bokir Refinery,
Imo Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm, Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
Same as
spatial
Water Quality
threshold
(WQT) of 16%
Best practice
in
land
management
in
cleared
areas,
Prevention of
spills arising
from sabotage
on oil facilties,
enforcement
of no flare
policy,
Treatment of
effluents and
improved
waste
management
practices
Initiatives and
programmes to
improve
security
by
public
agencies.
Policies
and
programmes to
discourage gas
flaring.
Negative,
Project
increasing trend
407
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued Social
Components
(VSCs)
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
Groundwater
Res.
Project
Specific
Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Effects Overlap with

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Depletion of
DO
by
disposal of
faecal wastes
by casuals
AN-OH,
Other SPDC
and 3rd Party
Flowlines and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP &
CPF, 3rd Party
Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery, Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm,
Obitti Rubber
>4 mg/l
95% sewage
Treatment,
compliance
monitoring
Regional
plans
for
central
sewerage
and potable
water supply
Acidification
of
groundwater
by discharges
of
drilling
wastes
Same as
for
spatial
pH 6-9
Effect
Type
Regional
Project
Specific
Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)
Same as
spatial
Probable
Trend of VEC
Management
of
drill
cuttings,
compliance
monitoring
Compliance
monitoring
Estimated
Magnitude
effect
Class
of
Effect
of
Significance
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect
Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Negative:
declining
groundwater
quality from
population
increase and
urbanization
Project
Low
localized
impacts
restricted to
mostly
drilling areas
Overall
Moderate
Cumulative
Project
Moderate
408
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific
Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)
groundwater
quality
deterioration
from
oil
spills

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
Plantation,
Glass Blow
Factory
Same as
for
spatial
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
WQI
threshold of
70%
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Spills
and
leakages
Regional
Surveillance
and
compliance
monitoring
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Negative,
increasing
trend due to
sabotage
Effect
Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Overall
High
Cumulative
Project
Moderate
Overall
High
Cumulative
409
Table 5.20: Valued Social Components

Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
SHRINES AND
CULTURALLY
SIGNIFICANT
SITES
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Project-specific
Regional
Desecration
and destruction
of shrines
AN-OH, Other
SPDC and 3rd
Party Flowlines
and Flowstations
FGN-IPP
&
CPF, 3rd Party
Gas
Plants,
Bokir Refinery,
Imo Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm, Obitti
Rubber
Plantation, Glass
Blow Factory
0% tolerance
for destruction
and
desecration of
shrines
and
cultural
properties (IFC
2006)
Respect cultural
sites,
Compensation
Best practices
to enhance the
protection of
cultural
property
of
indigenous
peoples.
Same as
spatial
Designate
authentic
shrines
protected
cultural
properties
Probable
Trend of VEC
Effect
Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Negative;
Shrines
and
cultural
properties
increasing loss
to development
projects
and
other pressures
Project
Moderate
as
Overall
Moderate
Cumulative
410
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
EDUCATION
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Project-specific
Regional
-Pressure
on
school facilities
-Teacher/public
ratio
AN-OH, Other
SPDC and 3rd
Party Flowlines
and Flowstations
FGN-IPP
&
CPF, 3rd Party
Gas
Plants,
Bokir Refinery,
Imo Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm, Obitti
Rubber
Plantation, Glass
Blow Factory
1:30
pupil/teacher
ratio in 1
schools;
1:35
student
teacher ratio in
2 schools
Upgrading of
school facilities
Programmes
on upgrade of
school
facilities
Same as
spatial
Probable
Trend of VEC
Effect
Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Negative:
Increasing
pressure
on
school facilities
Project
Moderate
Moderate
Overall
Cumulative
411
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
HOUSING
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Project-specific
Regional
Pressure
available
housing
LGA-wide
AN-OH, Other
SPDC and 3rd
Party Flowlines
and Flowstations
FGN-IPP
&
CPF, 3rd Party
Gas
Plants,
Bokir Refinery,
Imo Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm, Obitti
Rubber
Plantation, Glass
Blow Factory
Occupancy
rate
of
2
persons
per
room
SPDC
will
house workers
in camps to
reduce pressure
and
local
housing stock.
State policies
to
improve
housing
for
the area
on
Same as
spatial
Comply
with
local
content
policy
Probable
Trend of VEC
Effect
Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Negative
There
is
decreasing
adequacy
of
housing in the
area.
67%
overcrowding
Project
High
High
Overall
Cumulative
412
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
INFRASTRUCTURE
Roads,
electricity,
drinking
water
supply,
schools,
police
station,
market, hospital
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Pressure
on
available
infrastructure
(LGA-Wide)
AN-OH,
Other SPDC
and 3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP &
CPF,
3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass Blow
Factory
Coverage
index
Infrastructural
development
via
GMoU
implementation
Regional
development
master plan for
infrastructure
and
services
(NDDC, ISG,
RVSG)
Same as
spatial
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Negative;
Decreasing
levels
of
infrastructure
and services
Project
Moderate
Moderate
Overall
Cumulative
413
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
SECURITY
(Police-population
ratio, oil theft, spills,
conflicts)
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Increase
in
crime
rate,
youth
restiveness and
communal
conflicts.
AN-OH,
Other SPDC
and 3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP &
CPF,
3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass Blow
Factory
Zerotolerance for
sabotage,
hostage taking
and
other
crimes;
1:250 police
to population
index
Sign
and
implement
GMoU
with
communities;
Stakeholders
engagement
Improvement in
public security
profile: Creation
of Development
Agency for the
Niger Delta to
deal
with
problems
of
perceived
deprivation:
Adequate
consultation
with
stakeholders
Same as
spatial
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Negative:
Increasing
incidences of
crimes
including
sabotage,
hostagetaking etc
Project
High
High
Overall
Cumulative
414
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
LIFESTYLE,
VALUE SYSTEM
(increase social vices
like alcoholism )
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Increase in mix
culture
and
dilution of the
tradition of the
people
AN-OH,
Other SPDC
and 3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP &
CPF,
3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass Blow
Factory
Not applicable
Respect culture
of the area,
orientation and
advocacy
National
Orientation
Agency,
Strengthen
democratic
decision making
process
Same as
special
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Negative:
Increasing
social vices
Effect Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Project
Moderate
Overall
Cumulative
Moderate
415
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
LANGUAGE
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Reduction
of
use of local
languages
(Igbos,
Ikwerres,
Ahoadas)
AN-OH,
Other SPDC
and 3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP &
CPF,
3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass Blow
Factory
usage of local,
indigenous
languages in
1 and 2
schools and
churches
None
Encourage
language
teachers;
reprinting local
language texts
and enforcing
usage
in
schools.
Same as
spatial
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Negative
Use
and
mastery of
local
languages is
decreasing
on account of
increasing
cultural mix.
Speaking
Pigin English
is
on
increase.
Project
Low
NS
Low
NS
Overall
Cumulative
416
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
POPULATION
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Increase
in
population.
Approx. 35,000
Workers
and
about
70,000
followers over
time. At peak
period-10,000
workers
and
30,000followers
overall and for
the
AN-OH
project.
AN-OH,
Other SPDC
and 3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP &
CPF,
3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass Blow
Factory
77persons per
ha maximum
density
Provision
of
accommodation
for work force
and supporting
regional
initiative
for
development of
growth centers.
Government
Decentralization
policy
and
incentives for
investment
in
designated
growth centers
Same as
spatial
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Negative:
Steadily
increasing
population
particularly
in
Assa,
Awarra, and
Obile
communities.
Regional
population
density still
well within
benchmark
Project
Moderate
Moderate
Overall
Cumulative
417
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)
Increase
population
density
PTF/FLB
facility
in

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
Same as
Spatial
at
Increase
in
population
density at level
of communities
covering 719.84
sq. Km
Same as
Spatial
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
77persons per
ha maximum
density; or
0.77 persons
per sq.Km.
Moving
workers in and
out in Phases as
activity
demands
Government
assisting
initiative
for
development of
rural housing to
help people own
their houses to
accommodate
visitors
1,299
persons
per
sq. Km.
Provision
of
accommodation
for work force
and supporting
regional
initiative
for
development of
growth centers
Government
Decentralization
policy
and
incentives for
investment
in
designated
growth centers
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Low
NS
Overall
Cumulative
Project
&
project
Communities
Low
NS
High
Overall
Cumulative
Low
Horizontally Project
neutral and
ends
on
completion
of project
Negative:
Steadily
increasing
population
particularly
in
Assa,
Awarra, and
Obile
communities.
Regional
population
density still
well within
benchmark
418
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
Unbalanced
gender growth
in Population
Same as
Spatial
Increase
opportunity for
youth
restiveness
Same as
Spatial
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Managing
total project
community
population
with a slight
tilted sex ratio
in favour of
males.
Provision
of
skill s and
employment for
work force and
supporting
initiative
for
overall
community
development.
Government
Decentralization
policy
and
incentives for
investment
in
community
development
issues
Managing
about 527,671
persons made
up
children
under 15 of
years of age
and persons in
the workforce
age group .
Provision
of
skill s and
employment for
work force and
supporting
initiative
for
child
development.
Government
Decentralization
policy
and
incentives for
investment
in
Youth
development
centers
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Negative:
Steadily
increasing
male
population
particularly
in
Assa,
Awarra, and
Obile
communities.
Project
&
project
Communities
Low
NS
Overall
Cumulative
Project
&
project
Communities
Low
NS
High
Overall
Cumulative
Low
Negative:
Steadily
increasing
youth
population
particularly
in
Assa,
Awarra, and
Obile
communities.
419
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
Reduction
of
Old
age
dependency
Same as
Spatial
Reduction
of
child
dependency
Same as
Spatial
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Adults aged
65
years
consisted of
35,
636
persons
Providing
support to the
aged
development
infrastructures
(hospitals etc)
under
the
GMoU
agreement.
Government
providing social
amenities
to
serve the need
of the aged
including
prompt social
security
allowance,
hospitals
and
old
peoples
home.
Children aged
15 years
consisted of
486,
336
persons
Providing
support to child
development
infrastructures
(schools, day
care
centers,
maternity,
hospital
etc)
under
the
GMoU
agreement.
Government
providing social
amenities
to
serve the need
of
children
including
scholarships to
deserving
children
now
and in future of
the project.
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Positive:
Increasing
number
of
people aged
at least 65
years in the
communities.
Project
communities
Low
NS
Overall
Cumulative
Project
communities
Low
NS
Low
NS
Overall
Cumulative
Low
Positive:
Increasing
number
of
child
beneficiaries
Class
of
Effect
Significance
NS
420
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
EMPLOYMENT
AND INCOME
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Increase
in
Employment
opportunities
AN-OH,
Other SPDC
and 3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP &
CPF,
3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass Blow
Factory
96%
employment
rate
Provision
of
employment for
local
work
force
and
supporting
regional
initiative
for
human capital
development
Government to
ensure that local
content policy is
implemented.
Same as
Spatial
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Positive:
steadily
increasing
level
of
employment.
Project
Positive
Overall
Cumulative
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Positive
421
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
Increase
in
personal,
household and
community
income, hence
general
enhancement
Same as
Spatial
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Effect Type
Regional
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Projectspecific
Nigerian
National
Minimum
monthly
income (N15,
000.00) or
Gini
coefficient of
0.44.
Project employ
local workforce
and
subcontractors
from
project
communities
Capacity
building
programmes,
local
content
policy
Positive:
steadily
increasing
level
of
employment.
Project
Positive
Overall
Cumulative
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Positive
422
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
QUALITY OF LIFE
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Increase
in
quality of life of
the People in
the
project
communities
AN-OH,
Other SPDC
and 3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP &
CPF,
3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass Blow
Factory
Nigerian
National
Minimum
monthly
income (N15,
000.00) or
Gini
coefficient of
0.44.
Project employ
local workforce
and
subcontractors and
other
businesses to
people project
communities
Same as
Spatial
Effect Type
Regional
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Capacity
building
programmes,
local
content
policy
Positive:
steadily
increasing
level
of
employment.
Project
Positive
Overall
Cumulative
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Positive
423
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
INCOME
INEQUALITY AND
RELATIVE
POVERTY
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Decrease
income
inequality
AN-OH,
Other SPDC
and 3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP &
CPF,
3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass Blow
Factory
Nigerian
National
Minimum
monthly
income (N15,
000.00) or
Gini
coefficient of
0.44.
Project employ
local workforce
and
subcontractors and
other
businesses to
people project
communities
Capacity
building
programmes,
local
content
policy
in
Same as
Spatial
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Positive:
steadily
increasing
level
of
income
to
low income
earners.
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Positive
Overall
Cumulative
Positive
424
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)
Reduction
relative
absolute
poverty
in
&

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
Same as
Spatial
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Nigerian
National
Minimum
monthly
income (N15,
000.00) or
Gini
coefficient of
0.44.
Project employ
local workforce
and
subcontractors and
other
businesses to
people project
communities
Capacity
building
programmes,
local
content
policy
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Positive:
steadily
increasing
level
of
income
to
low income
earners.
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Positive
Overall
Cumulative
Positive
425
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
NATURAL
RESOURCES
(Land,
Vegetation,
aquatic and wildlife).
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
252 Ha Land
take, reduction
of access to
natural
environment
and
its
resources
(Across
the
three LGAs)
AN-OH,
Other SPDC
and 3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstations
FGN-IPP &
CPF,
3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm,
Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass Blow
Factory
Minimum of
25% regional
forest cover
for sustenance
of
natural
resources
based
livelihood
Adequate
compensation
to affected land
owners,
encourage
skills
acquisition and
training
programme.
Skills
acquisition and
training
programme.
Same as
spatial
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Negative
Livelihood
sources
including
those derived
from natural
resources
generally
decreasing
Project
High
Overall
Cumulative
High
Class
of
Effect
Significance
426
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/
Valued
Social Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific Effect
(Zone
of
Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Temporal
Increase
in
income
from
received
compensations
for land take
Same as
spatial
VEC
Benchmark
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Identifying
the
rightful
land owners
and
paying
adequate
compensation;
entering
a
binding
GMoU
agreement.
Adequate
compensation
to affected land
owners,
encourage
skills
acquisition and
training
programme.
Skills
acquisition and
training
programme.
Implementing
GMoU
at
cluster levels.
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect Type
Positive
Overall
Cumulative
Third
party
agitations
associated with
management of
compensations
for taken land.
Same as
spatial
Identifying
the
rightful
land owners
and
paying
adequate
compensation;
entering
a
binding
GMoU
agreement.
Adequate
compensation
to affected land
owners,
encourage
skills
acquisition and
training
programme.
Skills
acquisition and
training
programme.
Implementing
GMoU
at
cluster levels
Negative
Livelihood
sources
including
those derived
from natural
resources
generally
decreasing
Overall
Cumulative
Estimated
Magnitude
of effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Moderate
Moderate
High
High
427
Health Concerns
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
Healthcare
Infrastructure/
Services
Project
Specific
Effect (Zone
of Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Tempor
al
VEC
Benchmar
k
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Pressure on
health
facilities due
to population
increase
AN-OH,
Other
SPDC and
3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstatio
ns
FGN-IPP
& CPF, 3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm
, Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
2.28 health
professiona
ls per 1000
population
(WHO)
Provision of
campsite
clinics
for
workforce
and support
existing
health
care
facilities/
provision of
drugs
revolving
fund.
Support existing health

facilities upgrade and
staff training
Same as
for
spatial
70%
(National
target for
2007)
27% (Nat.
Av. NDHS
2008)
(UNFPA
threshold of
>60%)(
UN, 2000)
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect
Type
Estimate
d
Magnitu
de
of
effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Increasing
pressure on
health care
facilities
from rising
population
National
target
not
met
Project
Moderate
UNFPA
threshold of
60% not met
428
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific
Effect (Zone
of Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Tempor
al
VEC
Benchmar
k
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect
Type
Estimate
d
Magnitu
de
of
effect
Overall
Moderate
Cumulativ
e
Class
of
Effect
Significance
429
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
Food
and
Nutrition
Project
Specific
Effect (Zone
of Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Tempor
al
VEC
Benchmar
k
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Increase in
levels
of
malnutrition
due to loss of
forests and
population
increase.
AN-OH,
Other
SPDC and
3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstatio
ns
FGN-IPP
& CPF, 3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm
, Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
2%
expected
for
a
healthy
population.
Exceeded
Establishment
of
agric
extension
services,
empowermen
t
scheme,
adequate
compensation
support
Implementati
on
of
National
IYCF Policy.
The implementation of
the FGN National Plan
of Action/ Policy on
Food and Nutrition,
FGN/ Implementation
of National Infant and
Young Child Feeding
Policy(FMOH, 2011)
Same as
for
spatial
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect
Type
Estimate
d
Magnitu
de
of
effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Increasing
level
of
malnutrition
due
to
increasing
population,
increasing
rate
of
communicab
le
disease
and
food
scarcity.
National
Targets for
2005
not
met.
WHO(2013)
tolorence
level
for
stunting
<20%,
wasting
<5%,
underweight
<10%
far
exceeded.
Project
Moderate
430
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific
Effect (Zone
of Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Tempor
al
VEC
Benchmar
k
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect
Type
Estimate
d
Magnitu
de
of
effect
Overall
Moderate
Cumulativ
e
Class
of
Effect
Significance
431
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
REPRODUCTI
VE HEALTH
Project
Specific
Effect (Zone
of Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Tempor
al
VEC
Benchmar
k
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
Increase in
high
risk
sexual
practices due
to influx of
virile
population
(Low use of
condoms and
contraceptive
s)
AN-OH,
Other
SPDC and
3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstatio
ns
FGN-IPP
& CPF, 3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm
, Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
National
average for
contracepti
ve
prevalence
rate
is
14.1%
Awareness
campaigns on
dangers
of
risky sex and
distribution of
condoms
Support for NACA and

SACA efforts
Same
for
spatial
overlap
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect
Type
Estimate
d
Magnitu
de
of
effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Increasing
and
negative.
Project
High
432
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific
Effect (Zone
of Influence)
Increased
HIV
seroprevalence
rate

other Activities
Spatial
Tempor
al
AN-OH,
Other
SPDC and
3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstatio
ns
FGN-IPP
& CPF, 3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm
, Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
Same as
for
spatial
overlap
VEC
Benchmar
k
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
National
average
seroprevalence
rate
of
4.6%
Effects Management
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Projectspecific
Regional
SPDC policy
on HIV and
AIDS.
Pre-project
HIV/AIDS
awareness
campaign
Support for NACA and Increasing

SACA efforts
and
negative.
Effect
Type
Estimate
d
Magnitu
de
of
effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Project
High
433
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
COMMUNITY
HEALTH AND
SAFETY
Project
Specific
Effect (Zone
of Influence)
Increase in
communicabl
e
disease,
morbidity
and mortality
From
population
increase and
pressure on
health
facilities

other Activities
Spatial
Tempor
al
AN-OH,
Other
SPDC and
3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstatio
ns
FGN-IPP
& CPF, 3rd
Party Gas
Same as
for
spatial
overlap
VEC
Benchmar
k
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Access to
improved
sanitation
National
average,
30-48%
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Project waste
containment ,
treatment &
disposal
measures
Regional
Federal Government
policy
on
waste
management
programme
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Negative
trend:
sanitation
access
declining
Effect
Type
Estimate
d
Magnitu
de
of
effect
Overall
High
Cumulativ
e
Project Moderate
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Community
awareness of
dangers
of
poor
sanitation
434
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific
Effect (Zone
of Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Tempor
al
VEC
Benchmar
k
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Effect
Type
Estimate
d
Magnitu
de
of
effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Regional
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Projectspecific
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm
, Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
Prevalence
of fever in
under
5s
children:
National
Av.
21%
(MICS4
2012)
Insecticide
treated
net
(ITN)
use
campaigns
within
the
area and also
for workforce
Roll-back
malaria
programme of FGN
Negative:
Increasing
Project
Moderate
Overall
Moderate
Cumulativ
e
SPDC/Africarepartners
hip on malaria control
435
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific
Effect (Zone
of Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Tempor
al
VEC
Benchmar
k
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Increase in
respiratory
disorders
from
emissions,
overcrowdin
g
,
population
increase and
low
healthcare
services
AN-OH,
Other
SPDC and
3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstatio
ns
FGN-IPP
& CPF, 3rd
Party Gas
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm
, Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
Max.
2
persons per
room
(WHO)
Best available
technology
(BAT), use of
high
efficiency
motors,
maintenance
of machinery,
accommodati
on
for
contractor
workforce
Same as
for
spatial
overlap
Effect
Type
Estimate
d
Magnitu
de
of
effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Regional
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
National plans for

cessation of gas flaring
by 2008 (FGN, JV
Partners),
Negative:
Increasing
crowding
index,
Project
Moderate
National
housing
policy and programme
436
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific
Effect (Zone
of Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Tempor
al
VEC
Benchmar
k
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Children
with acute
respiratory
infections
(ARI):
National
Av. 20%
Increase in
road-traffic
accident and
work-related
injuries
&
fatalities
AN-OH,
Other
SPDC and
3rd Party
Flowlines
and
Flowstatio
ns
FGN-IPP
& CPF, 3rd
Party Gas
Same as
for
spatial
overlap
Nil
Regional
Encourage use of gas

in cooking against
biomass,
Implementation of the
National programme
on housing
SPDC policy
on
road
traffic
journey
management
shall
be
adhered
to
(all journey
must
be
approved, no
night
the FGN policy on the
transport sector, (which
is aimed at the
strengthening
of
FERMA and involving
the private sector in the
management of roads,)
- NEEDS Doc 2005,
The activities of the
Federal Road safety
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect
Type
Estimate
d
Magnitu
de
of
effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Negative:
Probably
Project
Moderate
Overall
Moderate
Cumulativ
e
RTA could Project Medium
increase
437
Valued
Environmental
Components
(VECs)/ Valued
Social
Components
(VSCs)
Project
Specific
Effect (Zone
of Influence)

other Activities
Spatial
Tempor
al
Plants,
Bokir
Refinery,
Imo
Industrial
Park,
Risonpalm
, Adapalm,
Obitti
Rubber
Plantation,
Glass
Blow
Factory
VEC
Benchmar
k
Threshold/
Carrying
Capacity
Effects Management
Projectspecific
Regional
journeys,
speed limits
on land and
water).
commission (FRSC)
the Factory Act of
2005 and
SPDC shall
upgrade
existing roads
to suite the
anticipated
project
activities and
additional
access road
provided,
where
necessary
Probable
Trend
of
VEC
Effect
Type
Estimate
d
Magnitu
de
of
effect
Class
of
Effect
Significance
Project
Low
NS
Work related
injuries
could remain
low
in
SPDC
operations
Overall
Moderate
Cumulativ
e
438
5.4.5.1: Air Quality

Details of the air quality modelling report for this project are presented in Annex 5.1, while
the summary is presented in the following subsections.
Predicted Ground Level Concentrations from the Proposed Project
The normal operations of the proposed project as investigated in scenario 1 is anticipated to
result in 1-hour ground levels CO of 0.03 - 3.94 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9a) with 8-hour levels of 0.01 1.31 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9b) and 24-hour concentrations of 0.01 0.70 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9c). While its
1-hour ground level TSP is 0.0 0.15 g/m3 (Fig. 5.2.8), its 24-hour TSP will be 0.00 0.03
g/m3 (Fig. 5.9d). The 24-hour VOCs and NOX are 0.0 0.01 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9e) and 0.01
1.32 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9f) respectively.
In scenario 2 where abnormal operation of the project with gas flares is anticipated, the 1hour, 8-hour and 24-hour CO ground level concentrations are 5.9 346.15 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9g),
2.0 85.99 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9h) and 24-hour levels of 0.96 38.15 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9i)
respectively. Its 1-hour and 8-hour TSP are respectively 0.06 3.26 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9j) and
0.01 0.36 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9k). While its 24-hour VOCs will be 0.40 14.3 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9l),
its 24-hour NOX levels are 0.18 7.49 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9m).
The normal operation with diesel power generator replacing the gas engine power generator
as investigated in scenario 3 is anticipated to generate 1-hour CO levels of 0.05 6.08 g/m3
(Fig. 5.9n) with 8-hour levels of 0.02 1.95 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9o) and 24-hour concentrations of
0.01 1.12 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9p). The 1-hour and 24-hour TSP ground level concentrations
expected from this scenario are 0.01 0.98 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9q) and 0.00 0.16 g/m3 (Fig.
5.9r) respectively. While its 1-hour VOCs will be 0.00 0.17 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9s), the 24-hour
NOX will be 0.03 3.18 g/m3 (Fig. 5.9t) with 1-hour SO2 levels of 0.01 0.86 g/m3 (Fig.
5.9u) and 24-hour level of 0.00 0.14 (Fig. 5.9v).
In the worst case abnormal operations as investigated under scenario 4 where the gas flares
will be in continuous operation and the diesel engine replaces the gas engine, the 1-hour CO
will be 0.0 347.30 g/m3 with 8-hour concentrations of 2.0 85.99 g/m3 and 24-hour
levels of 0.96 38.31 g/m3. In the same scenario, the anticipated 1-hour TSP is 0.06 3.71
g/m3 with 24-hour level of 0.01 0.47 g/m3 . While its 24-hour VOCs will be 0.40
13.40 g/m3 its 24-hour NOX levels are 0.20 9.34 g/m3.
439
Fig. 5.9a: Predicted 1-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 1
Fig. 5.9b: Predicted 8-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 1
Fig. 5.9c: Predicted 24-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 1
440
Fig. 5.9d: Predicted 1-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 1
Fig. 5.9e: Predicted 24-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 1
Fig. 5.9f: Predicted 24-Hr NOX Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 1
441
Fig. 5.9g: Predicted 24-Hr VOCs Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 1
Fig. 5.9h: Predicted 1-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 2
Fig. 5.9i: Predicted 8-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 2

442
Fig. 5.9j: Predicted 24-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 2
Fig. 5.9k Predicted 1-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 2
Fig. 5.9l: Predicted 24-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 2

443
Fig. 5.9m: Predicted 24-Hr NOX Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 2
Fig. 5.9n: Predicted 24-Hr VOCs Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 2
Fig. 5.9o: Predicted 1-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 3

444
Fig. 5.9p: Predicted 8-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 3
Fig. 5.9q: Predicted 24-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 3
Fig. 5.9r: Predicted 1-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 3

445
Fig. 5.9s: Predicted 24-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 3
Fig. 5.9t: Predicted 24-Hr NOX Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 3
Fig. 5.9u: Predicted 24-Hr VOCs Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 3

446
Fig. 5.9v: Predicted 1-Hr SO2 Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 3
Fig. 5.9w: Predicted 24-Hr SO2 Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 3
Fig. 5.9x: Predicted 1-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 4

447
Fig. 5.9y: Predicted 8-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 4
Fig. 5.9z: Predicted 24-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 4
Fig. 5.10a: Predicted 1-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 4

448
Fig. 5.10b: Predicted 24-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 4
Fig. 5.10c: Predicted 24-Hr NOX Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 4
Fig. 5.10d: Predicted 24-Hr VOCs Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 4

449
While the 1-hour and 24-hour maximum ground level concentrations of all the air pollutants
from the project in scenario 1 will be to the east of the project site, the 8-hour maximum CO
will be in its northeastern direction (Table 5.21a). In scenario 2, the 1-hour maximum ground
level TSP and CO will be in the southeast of the site but its 24-hour CO, VOCs and NOX and
the 8-hour CO are anticipated in the east of the proposed site (Table 5.21b). As anticipated in
scenario 1, the 1-hour and 24-hour maximum concentrations of all the pollutants in scenario 3
will be at the east of the site but the 8-hour CO will be in its northeast (Table 5.21c).
Similarly, in scenario 4, the maximum ground level concentrations of all the pollutants will
be in the same directions as those in scenario 2 for all the investigated averaging periods
(Table 5.21d).
Table 5.21a: Scenario 1 Predicted Location of Maximum Ground Level Concentrations
Parameter
TSP
CO
VOCs
NOX
Averaging
Period
Concentration
(g/m3)
1 Hour
24 Hour
1 Hour
8 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
0.15
0.03
3.94
1.31
0.01
0.01
1.32
Location
X (m)
70799.35
75490.25
70799.35
75490.25
75490.25
75490.25
75490.25
Y (m)
55116.38
55116.38
55116.38
59617.09
55116.38
55116.38
55116.38
Direction
East of Site
East of Site
East of Site
Northeast of Site
East of Site
East of Site
East of Site
Table 5.21b: Scenario 2 Predicted Location of Maximum Ground Level Concentrations

Parameter
TSP
CO
VOCs
NOX
Averaging
Period
Concentration
(g/m3)
1 Hour
24 Hour
1 Hour
8 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
3.26
0.36
346.15
85.79
38.15
14.3
7.49
Location
X (m)
75490.25
70799.35
75490.25
75490.25
70799.35
70799.35
70799.35
Y (m)
50615.67
55116.38
50615.67
55116.38
55116.38
55116.38
55116.38
Direction
Southeast of site
East of Site
Southeast of site
East of Site
East of Site
East of Site
East of Site
Table 5.21c: Scenario 3 Predicted Location of Maximum Ground Level Concentrations

Parameter
TSP
CO
VOCs
NOX
SO2
Averaging
Period
Concentration
(g/m3)
1 Hour
24 Hour
1 Hour
8 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
1 Hour
24 Hour
0.98
0.16
6.08
1.95
1.12
0.17
3.18
0.86
0.14
Location
X (m)
70799.35
75490.25
70799.35
75490.25
75490.25
75490.25
75490.25
70799.35
75490.25
Y (m)
55116.38
55116.38
55116.38
59617.09
55116.38
55116.38
55116.38
55116.38
55116.38
East of Site
East of Site
East of Site
Northeast of site
East of Site
East of Site
East of Site
East of Site
East of Site
450
Table 5.21d: Scenario 4 Predicted Location of Maximum Ground Level Concentrations

Parameter
TSP
CO
VOCs
NOX
Averaging
Period
1 Hour
24 Hour
1 Hour
8 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
Concentration
(g/m3)
3.71
0.47
347.30
85.99
38.31
13.40
9.34
Location
X (m)
Y (m)
75490.25
75490.25
75490.25
75490.25
70799.35
70799.35
75490.25
50615.67
55116.38
50615.67
55116.38
55116.38
55116.38
55116.38
Designation/Nearest
Community
Southeast of site
East of Site
Southeast of site
East of Site
East of Site
East of Site
East of Site
Cumulative Ground Level Concentrations from Interactions of the Proposed Project

with Some Existing Projects in the Zone of Influence
Interaction of the proposed project with the existing projects in the 50-km radius zone of
influence during its normal operation as investigated in scenario 5 will give cumulative 1hour CO, 8-hour CO and 24-hour CO ground level concentrations of 5.0 - 26.83 g/m3 (Fig.
5.11a), 1.2 - 10.71 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11b) and 0.60 - 4.47 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11c) respectively. Its 1hour TSP is 0.08 - 0.43 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11d) with 24-hour TSP level of 0.01 - 0.06 g/m3 (Fig.
5.11e). While its 24-hour VOCs will be 0.20 - 1.52 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11f), its 24-hour NOX will
be 0.26 - 2.06 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11g).
In scenario 6, where the proposed project experiences abnormal operation with the gas flares
at the flowstations and Omoku power plant in operation, the anticipated 1-hour CO level is
14.4 - 271.47 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11h) with 8-hour level of 3.1 84.00 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11i) and 24hour level of 1.7 37.07 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11j). Its 1-hour TSP is 0.17 - 2.57 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11k)
with 24-hour level of 0.02 - 0.34 0.17 - 2.57 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11l). While its 24-hour VOCs
were 0.60 13.96 0.17 - 2.57 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11m), its 24-hour NOX was 0.42 7.42 0.17 2.57 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11n).
The scenario 7 anticipated 1-hour CO is 5.2 26.85 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11o) with 8-hour and 24hour concentrations of 1.2 10.71 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11p) and 0.61 4.48 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11q)
respectively. Its 1-hour and 24-hour TSP are respectively 0.10 0.89 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11r) and
0.01 0.14 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11s) with 24-hour VOCs of 1.73 9.64 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11t) and 24hour NOX of 0.27 3.01 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11u).
The worst case cumulative interaction as investigated in scenario 8 gives CO of 14.4
272.41 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11v), 3.1 84.20 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11w) and 1.7 37.16 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11x)
as 1-hour, 8-hour and 24-hour averaging periods concentrations respectively. Its 1-hour and
24-hour TSP are respectively 0.17 3.00 g/m3 (Fig. 5.11y) and 0.02 0.43 g/m3 (Fig.
5.11z) while its 24-hour VOCs are 0.60 14.00 g/m3 (Fig. 5.12a) with 24-hour NOX levels
of 0.44 8.78 g/m3 (Fig. 5.12b). The scenario 6 and scenario 8 SO2 concentrations are as
anticipated in scenario 3.
451
Fig. 5.11a: Predicted 1-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 5
Fig. 5.11b: Predicted 8-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 5
452
Fig. 5.11c: Predicted 24-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 5
Fig. 5.11d: Predicted 1-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 5
Fig. 5.11e: Predicted 24-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 5
453
Fig. 5.11f: Predicted 24-Hr VOCs Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 5
Fig. 5.11g: Predicted 24-Hr NOX Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 5
Fig. 5.11h: Predicted 1-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 6

454
Fig. 5.11i: Predicted 8-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 6
Fig. 5.11j: Predicted 24-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 6
Fig. 5.11k Predicted 1-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 6

455
Fig. 5.11l: Predicted 24-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 6
Fig. 5.11m: Predicted 24-Hr VOCs Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 6
Fig. 5.11n: Predicted 24-Hr NOX Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 6

456
Fig. 5.11o: Predicted 1-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 7
Fig. 5.11p: Predicted 8-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 7
Fig. 5.11q: Predicted 24-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 7

457
Fig. 5.11r: Predicted 1-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 7
Fig. 5.11s: Predicted 24-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 7
Fig. 5.11t: Predicted 24-Hr VOCs Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 7

458
Fig. 5.11u: Predicted 24-Hr NOX Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 7
Fig. 5.11v: Predicted 1-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 8
Fig. 5.11w: Predicted 8-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 8
459
Fig. 5.11x: Predicted 24-Hr CO Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 8
Fig. 5.11y: Predicted 1-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 8
Fig. 5.11z: Predicted 24-Hr TSP Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 8

460
Fig. 5.12a: Predicted 24-Hr NOX Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 8
Fig. 5.12b: Predicted 24-Hr VOCs Ground Level Concentrations - Scenario 8

As presented in Table 5.22a, the maximum 1-hour cumulative TSP in scenario 5 will be at the
southwest of the proposed site, while the maximum 1-hour CO will be at Sombreiro in the
south-south of the site. The maximum 24-hour cumulative VOCs are at Ubie West in the
southwest of the site, while the other investigated parameters in the scenario will be at
Omoku in the west of the site. In scenario 6, the maximum 1-hour cumulative TSP and CO
will be at the north of the site, while its maximum 24-hour NOX will be at the east but with
the other parameters at the proposed site (Table 5.22b). While the maximum cumulative 1hour TSP and 24-hour NOX will be at the east of the site in scenario 7 with the 1-hour CO in
Sombreiro, the maximum 24-hour TSP and VOCs are at Ohaji in its north. Both the
maximum 8-hour and 24-hour cumulative CO will be at Omoku in the west of the site (Table
5.22c). The worst case scenario investigated in scenario 8 (Table 5.22d) produces
maximum 1-hour cumulative TSP, 24-hour TSP, and 24-hour NOX at east of the proposed
site while its maximum 1-hour CO is in the north with the remaining parameters anticipated
at the site.
461
Table 5.22a: Scenario 5 Predicted Maximum Ground Level Concentrations

Parameter
TSP
CO
VOCs
NOX
Averaging
Period
Concentration
(g/m3)
1 Hour
24 Hour
1 Hour
8 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
0.43
0.06
26.83
10.71
4.47
1.52
2.06
Location
X (m)
61536.40
56845.50
70918.20
56845.50
56845.50
47463.70
56845.50
Y (m)
46828.78
55830.20
33326.65
55830.20
55830.20
28825.94
55830.20
Direction
Southwest of site
Omoku, west of site
Sombreiro, south-south
Omoku, west of site
Omoku, west of site
Ubie West, site southwest
Omoku, west of site
Table 5.22b: Scenario 6 Predicted Maximum Ground Level Concentrations

Parameter
TSP
CO
VOCs
NOX
Averaging
Period
Concentration
(g/m3)
1 Hour
24 Hour
1 Hour
8 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
2.57
0.34
271.47
84.00
37.07
13.96
7.42
Location
X (m)
Y (m)
70918.20
70918.20
70918.20
70918.20
70918.20
70918.20
75609.10
6030.91
55830.20
6030.91
55830.20
55830.20
55830.20
55830.20
Designation/Nearest
Community
North of site
Project site
North of site
Project site
Project site
Project site
East of site
Table 5.22c: Scenario 7 Predicted Maximum Ground Level Concentrations

Parameter
TSP
CO
VOCs
NOX
Averaging
Period
Concentration
(g/m3)
1 Hour
24 Hour
1 Hour
8 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
0.89
0.14
26.85
10.71
4.48
9.64
3.01
Location
X (m)
75609.10
70918.20
70918.20
56845.50
56845.50
70918.20
75609.10
Y (m)
55830.20
64831.62
33326.65
55830.20
55830.20
64831.62
55830.20
Direction
East of site
Ohaji, North of site
Sombreiro, southsouth
Omoku, West of site
Omoku, West of site
Ohaji, North of site
East of site
Table 5.22d: Scenario 8 Predicted Maximum Ground Level Concentrations

Parameter
TSP
CO
VOCs
NOX
Averaging
Period
Concentration
(g/m3)
1 Hour
24 Hour
1 Hour
8 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
24 Hour
3.00
0.43
272.41
84.20
37.16
14.00
8.78
Location
X (m)
75609.10
75609.10
70918.20
70918.20
70918.20
70918.20
75609.10
Y (m)
55830.20
55830.20
6030.91
55830.20
55830.20
55830.20
55830.20
Direction
East of site
East of site
North of site
Project site
Project site
Project site
East of site
462
Air Quality Impacts of the Proposed Project

The ground level concentrations of air quality parameters in all the eight operation scenarios
investigated were used to investigate the impacts of the proposed project on its host airshed.
Furthermore, the impacts of the proposed project in its zone of influence during its interaction
with the existing projects in the zone were investigated to determine what the cumulative
impacts would be during its lifespan.
Project-Specific Impacts on Ambient Air Quality
The maximum 1-hour TSP from the proposed project are 0.03 0.62% of the FMEnv limit
but 0.07 1.61% of the DPR limit (Table 5.23a) while the maximum 24-hour TSP are 0.01
0.19%, 0.03 0.52% and 0.04 0.59% of the FMEnv, DPR and the World Bank limits
respectively (Table 5.23b). The proposed project maximum 1-hour CO are 0.01 1.16% of
its DPR and World Bank limits (Table 5.23c), its maximum 8-hour ground level
concentrations are 0.01 0.38% of the FMEnv limit and 0.01 0.86% of the DPR limit
(Table 5.23d). Its maximum 24-hour CO are 0.0 0.34% of the FMEnv limit but 0.0 0.38%
of the DPR limit (Table 5.23e). The maximum 24-hour VOCs are 0.0 0.24% of the FMEnv
limit (Table. 5.23f) with the maximum 24-hour NOX being 1.17 8.27% of the FMEnv limit
and 0.88 6.23% of the DPR and World Bank limits (Table 5.23g). As presented in Table
5.23h, the maximum 1-hour and 24-hour SO2 are 0.33% and 0.54% of their respective
FMEnv limits. In all the averaging periods, the least impacts are from normal operation as
investigated in scenario 1 with the maximum in the abnormal operation investigated in
scenario 4.
Table 5.23a: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 1-Hr Averaging Period TSP
Scenario
Maximum Concentrations (g/m3)
Proposed Project Impacts

1
0.15
2
3.26
3
0.98
4
3.71
Cumulative Impacts
5
0.43
6
2.57
7
0.89
8
3.00
% of Limit
FMEnv
DPR
World Bank*
0.03
0.54
0.16
0.62
0.07
1.42
0.43
1.61
0.07
0.43
0.15
0.50
0.19
1.12
0.39
1.30
*Has no limit for 1-hour TSP
463
Table 5.23b: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 24-Hr Averaging Period TSP
Scenario

1
0.03
2
0.36
3
0.16
4
0.47
Cumulative Impacts
5
0.06
6
0.34
7
0.14
8
0.43
% of Limit
FMEnv
DPR
World Bank
0.01
0.14
0.06
0.19
0.03
0.40
0.18
0.52
0.04
0.45
0.20
0.59
0.02
0.14
0.06
0.17
0.07
0.38
0.16
0.48
0.08
0.43
0.18
0.54
Table 5.23c: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 1-Hr Averaging Period CO

Scenario

1
3.94
2
346.15
3
6.08
4
347.30
Cumulative Impacts
5
26.83
6
271.47
7
26.85
8
272.41
% of Limit
FMEnv*
DPR
World Bank
0.01
1.15
0.02
1.16
0.01
1.15
0.02
1.16
0.09
0.90
0.09
0.91
0.09
0.90
0.09
0.91
*Has no limit for 1-Hr CO

Table 5.23d: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 8-Hr Averaging Period CO
Scenario

1
1.31
2
85.79
3
1.95
4
85.99
Cumulative Impacts
5
10.71
6
84.00
7
10.71
8
84.20
% of Limit
FMEnv
DPR*
World Bank
0.01
0.38
0.01
0.38
0.01
0.86
0.02
0.86
0.05
0.37
0.05
0.37
0.11
0.84
0.11
0.84
464
Table 5.23e: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 24-Hr Averaging Period CO

Scenario

1
0.01
2
38.15
3
1.12
4
38.31
Cumulative Impacts
5
4.47
6
37.07
7
4.48
8
37.16
% of Limit
FMEnv
DPR
World Bank*
0.00
0.33
0.01
0.34
0.00
0.38
0.01
0.38
0.04
0.33
0.04
0.33
0.04
0.37
0.04
0.37

Table 5.23f: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 24-Hr Averaging Period VOCs
Scenario

1
0.01
2
14.3
3
0.17
4
13.40
Cumulative Impacts
5
1.52
6
13.96
7
9.64
8
14.00
% of Limit
FMEnv
DPR*
World Bank*
0.00
0.24
0.00
0.22
0.03
0.23
0.16
0.23
*Have no limit for 24-Hr VOCs

Table 5.23g: Maximum Impacts of Proposed Project on 24-Hr Averaging Period NOX
Scenario

1
1.32
2
7.49
3
3.18
4
9.34
Cumulative Impacts
5
2.06
6
7.42
7
3.01
8
8.78
% of Limit
FMEnv
DPR
World Bank
1.17
6.63
2.81
8.27
0.88
4.99
2.12
6.23
0.88
4.99
2.12
6.23
1.82
6.57
2.66
7.77
1.37
4.95
2.01
5.85
1.37
4.95
2.01
5.85
465
Table 5.23h: Scenarios 3, 4, 7 and 8 Maximum Impacts of Project on Ambient Air

Quality
Parameter
SO2
Averaging
Period
1 Hour
24 Hour
Concentration
(g/m3)
0.86
0.14
% of Limit
FMEnv
0.33
0.54
DPR
-
World Bank
-
*Have no limit for 1-Hr and 8-Hr SO2

Cumulative Impacts on Ambient Air Quality in the Zone of Influence
Also presented in Tables 5.23a 5.23g are the maximum anticipated impacts of the proposed
projects when it interacts with the other projects in the chosen 50-km radius zone of
influence. The maximum 1-hour cumulative ground level TSP are 0.07 0.50% of the
FMEnv limit but 0.19 1.30% of the DPR limit Its 24-hour averaging period cumulative TSP
are 0.02 0.17% of the FMEnv limit but 0.07 0.48% and 0.08 0.54% of the DPR and
World Bank limits respectively. The maximum 1-hour cumulative CO is 0.09 0.91% of
both the DPR and the World Bank limits. Its maximum 8-hour cumulative CO is 0.05
0.37% of the FMEnv limit but 0.11 0.84% of the World Bank limit with the maximum 24hour level being 0.04 0.33% and 0.04 0.37% of the FMEnv and the DPR limits
respectively. The maximum 24-hour VOCs are 0.03 0.23% of the FMEnv but its maximum
24-hour NOX are 1.82 7.77% of the FMEnv limit, 1.37 5.85% of the DPR limit and 1.37
5.85% of the World Bank limit. However, its 1-hour and 24-hour SO2 impacts are anticipated
to be as those in scenario 3.
Proposed Project Specific Impacts on the Communities Air Quality
The emissions from the proposed project will result in total NOX of 0.02 50.86% of the
daily FMEnv limit in the communities in the projects zone of influence during the normal
operation. But during the abnormal operation, the resulting NOX will be 0.41 35.23% of
the daily limit except in Assa where the limit may be exceeded due to its high level during the
fieldwork. It may be twice the limit in the community. Emissions from the proposed project
normal operation will result in total ambient VOCs of 27.04 48.67% of the daily FMEnvs
VOCs limit while its abnormal operation will result in total ambient VOCs of 0.02 48.69%
of the limit. While the anticipated total daily CO from the normal operations of the project
will be 0.0 11.65% of the FMEnvs limit in the communities, emissions from its abnormal
operations will result in total CO of 0.01 11.72% of the limit. The resulting daily TSP
during normal operation of the project is 0.0 24.48% of the daily limit while its abnormal
operation is expected to give total daily TSP of 0.01 24.50% of the limit. Its resulting daily
SO2 are 0.0 51.2% of its daily FMEnv limit both in the normal and the abnormal operations
Cumulative Impacts on the Communities Ambient Air Quality
The interactions of air emissions from the proposed Assa North project with the existing
significant air emissions sources in the 50-km radius zone of influence will result in total air
emissions of the levels summarized in Tables 5.24a 5.24i. While the normal operations will
result in total daily NOX which is 0.49 52.35% of the set limit, its abnormal operation will
result in total NOX of 0.71 38.39% of the limit except in Assa where the resulting NOX is
466
2.1 fold of the limit due to the present ambient level. The resulting cumulative ambient daily
VOCs in the communities are 0.01 48.68% of the limit during the projects normal
operation but 0.02 48.71% of the limit when in abnormal operation. The cumulative total
daily ambient CO ranges from 0.01 11.66% of the FMEnv daily CO limit when in normal
operation but when in abnormal operation it is anticipated to be 0.01 11.77% of the limit.
While the resulting daily cumulative TSP in the normal operation will be 0.02 61.23% of
the FMEnv daily TSP limit, it will be 0.04 61.26% of the limit during abnormal operation
as presented in Table 5.24i.
467
Table 5.24a: Impacts of the Proposed Project on Ambient NOX

S/No
Communities
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Project Site
Assa
Awarra
Obitti
Obite
Alimini
Ogbogu
Ede
Omoku
Normal Operations Concentrations (g/m3)

Measured
Predicted
Total
38.27
0.06
38.33
57.4
0.07
57.47
0.1
0.1
0.23
0.23
19.13
0.12
19.25
0.07
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.07
0.07
% of Limit
33.92
50.86
0.09
0.20
17.04
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.06
Abnormal Operations Concentrations (g/m3)

Measured
Predicted
Total
38.27
1.54
39.81
229.6
4.76
234.36
3.44
3.44
2.62
2.62
19.13
0.46
19.59
1.61
1.61
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.47
1.55
1.55
% of Limit
35.23
207.40
3.04
2.32
17.34
1.42
0.41
0.42
1.37
Table 5.24b: Impacts of the Proposed Project on Ambient VOCs

S/No
Communities
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Project Site
Assa
Awarra
Obitti
Obite
Alimini
Ogbogu
Ede
Omoku

Measured
Predicted
Total
1946.76
0.0
1946.76
1622.3
0.0
1622.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2920.13
0.0
2920.13
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
% of Limit
32.45
27.04
0.00
0.00
48.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Measured
Predicted
Total
1946.76
2.25
1949.01
1622.3
3.88
1626.18
3.86
3.86
4.22
4.22
2920.13
1.31
2921.44
1.15
1.15
1.42
1.42
0.94
0.94
2.3
2.3
% of Limit
32.48
27.10
0.06
0.07
48.69
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.04
Table 5.24c: Impacts of the Proposed Project on Ambient CO

S/No
Communities
1
2
Project Site
Assa

Measured
Predicted
Total
3028.29
0.06
3028.35
3494.18
0.32
3494.5
% of Limit
10.09
11.65

Measured
Predicted
Total
3028.29
10.12
3038.41
3494.18
23.12
3517.3
% of Limit
10.13
11.72
468
S/No
Communities
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Awarra
Obitti
Obite
Alimini
Ogbogu
Ede
Omoku

Measured
Predicted
Total
0.09
0.09
0.04
0.04
512.48
0.15
512.63
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.04
0.04
% of Limit
0.00
0.00
1.71
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Measured
Predicted
Total
24.11
24.11
5.61
5.61
512.48
16.12
528.6
3.41
3.41
4.22
4.22
6.71
6.71
10.34
10.34
% of Limit
0.08
0.02
1.76
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
Table 5.24d: Impacts of the Proposed Project on Ambient TSP

S/No
Communities
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Project Site
Assa
Awarra
Obitti
Obite
Alimini
Ogbogu
Ede
Omoku

Measured
Predicted
Total
36.18
36.18
41.3
0.01
41.31
0
0
0.01
0.01
61.21
0
61.21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
% of Limit
14.47
16.52
0.00
0.00
24.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Measured
Predicted
Total
36.18
0.05
36.23
41.3
0.22
41.52
0.21
0.21
0.1
0.1
61.21
0.05
61.26
0.06
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.08
% of Limit
14.49
16.61
0.08
0.04
24.50
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.03
Table 5.24e: Impacts of the Proposed Project on Ambient SO2

S/No
Communities
1
2
3
4
5
Project Site
Assa
Awarra
Obitti
Obite

Measured
Predicted
Total
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
133.11
0.0
133.11
% of Limit
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
51.20

Measured
Predicted
Total
0.0
0.01
0.01
0.0
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
133.11
0.0
133.11
% of Limit
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
51.20
469
S/No
Communities
6
7
8
9
Alimini
Ogbogu
Ede
Omoku

Measured
Predicted
Total
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Measured
Predicted
Total
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.01
0.01
% of Limit
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
% of Limit
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
Table 5.24f: Cumulative Impacts from the Proposed Project on Ambient NOX
S/No
Communities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Project Site
Assa
Awarra
Obitti
Obite
Alimini
Ogbogu
Ede
Omoku

Measured
Predicted
Total
38.27
1.92
40.19
57.40
1.76
59.16
1.68
1.68
1.15
1.15
19.13
0.72
19.85
1.13
1.13
1.37
1.37
0.55
0.55
2.06
2.06
% of Limit
35.57
52.35
1.49
1.02
17.57
1.00
1.21
0.49
1.82

Measured
Predicted
Total
38.27
5.11
43.38
229.6
4.85
234.45
4.38
4.38
4.57
4.57
19.13
2.14
21.27
1.24
1.24
1.16
1.16
0.80
0.8
5.29
5.29
% of Limit
38.39
207.48
3.88
4.04
18.82
1.10
1.03
0.71
4.68
Table 5.24g: Cumulative Impacts from the Proposed Project on Ambient VOCs
S/No
Communities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Project Site
Assa
Awarra
Obitti
Obite
Alimini
Ogbogu
Ede

Measured
Predicted
Total
1946.76
1.14
1947.9
1622.30
0.78
1623.08
0.69
0.69
0.71
0.71
2920.13
0.60
2920.73
0.97
0.97
0.57
0.57
0.52
0.52
% of Limit
32.47
27.05
0.01
0.01
48.68
0.02
0.01
0.01

Measured
Predicted
Total
1946.76
4.14
1950.9
1622.30
6.89
1629.19
8.63
8.63
7.77
7.77
2920.13
2.64
2922.77
2.91
2.91
6.18
6.18
1.18
1.18
% of Limit
32.52
27.15
0.14
0.13
48.71
0.05
0.10
0.02
470
S/No
Communities
9.
Omoku

Measured
Predicted
Total
1.45
1.45
% of Limit
0.02

Measured
Predicted
Total
4.14
4.14
% of Limit
0.07
Table 5.24h: Cumulative Impacts from the Proposed Project on Ambient CO

S/No
Communities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Project Site
Assa
Awarra
Obitti
Obite
Alimini
Ogbogu
Ede
Omoku

Measured
Predicted
Total
3028.29
3.67
3031.96
3494.18
2.46
3496.64
2.08
2.08
2.10
2.1
512.48
2.05
514.53
1.99
1.99
1.65
1.65
1.96
1.96
4.47
4.47
% of Limit
10.11
11.66
0.01
0.01
1.72
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

Measured
Predicted
Total
3028.29
7.12
3035.41
3494.18
37.16
3531.34
8.55
8.55
20.78
20.78
512.48
7.19
519.67
7.79
7.79
3.86
3.86
3.15
3.15
11.54
11.54
% of Limit
10.12
11.77
0.03
0.07
1.73
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.04
Table 5.24i: Cumulative Impacts from the Proposed Project on Ambient TSP
S/No
Communities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Project Site
Assa
Awarra
Obitti
Obite
Alimini
Ogbogu
Ede
Omoku

Measured
Predicted
Total
36.18
0.05
0.05
41.30
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
61.21
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.06
% of Limit
36.23
41.34
0.03
0.03
61.23
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.06

Measured
Predicted
Total
36.18
0.08
0.08
41.30
0.22
0.22
0.13
0.13
0.15
0.15
61.21
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.14
0.14
% of Limit
36.26
41.52
0.13
0.15
61.26
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.14
471
Impacts with Fugitive Emissions

Fugitive emissions from petroleum and gas production, processing and transportation
facilities include unintended releases of hydrocarbons via leaking equipment components
seals, valves, joints, flanges, and others. This type of leakage does not necessarily indicate a
malfunctioning component, but rather, arises from normal wear and age (API, 2007). Since
combustion activities are not anticipated from these sources, the major associated emissions
are the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Because of the possible release rates from
some of these sources, it is always desirable to control them. The minimum are usually from
the flanges with the maximum from the gas compressors (Table 5.25a). If leaks and venting
are prevented and accident rate is minimal, anticipated fugitive emissions contribution to the
project areas airshed will be negligible.
Table 5.25a: VOCs Emission Factor of Some Facilities in the Proposed Project*
S/No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Source
Flanges
Oil Pump seals
Gas Compressor seals
Well rod pumps
Complete well
Miscellaneous (Well)
Emission factor (kg/day)

0.01
0.41
12.54
0.47
0.40
0.29
*Source: EPA (2001)

Impacts on Transportation Emissions
Transport needs of individuals and movement of goods and personnel to and fro the
proposed project site may put more vehicles on the roads in the study area. Transportation
activities can be a significant source of emissions and this can be evaporative, refueling, and
exhaust from the routes. Absence of transport statistics on the project area made it difficult to
predict the possible increase in vehicles that the project may bring. However, emission
factors show that every 1 kg of fuel consumed in the zone of influence for transportation may
increase the criteria air pollutants by some levels on the road (Table 5.25b). Since
transportation emission sources are line and mobile, the effects are expected to be minimal
thus cumulative impacts with emissions from the proposed project Facility may be
insignificant.
Table 5.25b: Emission Factor of Some Transport Facilities
S/No
Source
Road Transport (g/kg fuel)a

1.
Gasoline Car
2.
Gasoline Bus
3.
Light Duty AGO Bus
4.
Heavy Duty AGO Bus
5.
Motorcycle
a
Emission factor
CO
NOX
PM
152.2
243.3
11.67
9.2
570.02
10.84
18.72
18.3
25.23
6.09
3.33
1.8
-
Source: Sonibare and Jimoda (2007)
472
In order to reduce traffic congestion and discomfort to road users especially during the
mobilization and construction phases, movement of large and slow-moving vehicles are to be
scheduled for off-peak traffic periods. Also, creation of awareness on the potential of
increased traffic for road users and community members during the period will help to
minimize both vehicular emissions. Incidentally, SPDC has a policy on road traffic journey
management and when this is adhered to by all the parties involved traffic associated
emissions will be put under control.
Impacts on Global Warming
A measure of how much a given mass of greenhouse gas is estimated to contribute to global
warming is defined as Global Warming Potential. To evaluate the project-specific and
cumulative impacts of the proposed project on global warming in the zone of influence, the
emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the AN-OH project and the other identified major
combustion activities locations in the zone of influence were evaluated. The estimated CO2
are summarized in Table 5.25c.
During the normal operation of the proposed facility, the anticipated daily CO2 will be
244,160 kg/day (89,118.4 tons/annum) which is about 0.10% of the national CO2 emission
level from energy consumption. Under the abnormal operation, the anticipated CO2 level is
33,641,760 kg/day (12,279,242.4 ton/annum) which is about 13.92% of the national annual
CO2 emissions from energy consumption.
Emissions of CO2 from the normal operation of the proposed project will result in cumulative
CO2 emissions of about 21,418,350 kg/day (7,817,697.75 ton/annum) in the zone of
influence. This is about 8.87% of the Nigerias annual CO2 emissions from energy
consumption. The interactions of its CO2 emissions from its abnormal operations with the
CO2 from the other significant emission sources in the projects zone of influence will result
in 54,818,775 kg/day CO2 (20,008,852.9 tons/annum), about 22.69% of the national CO2
emission from energy consumption.
Table 5.25c: Estimated CO2 Emissions from the Project Zone of Influence*
S/No
Source
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Export Compressor 1
Export Compressor 2
HP Flare
LP Flare
Atmospheric Flare
Gas Turbine 1
Gas Turbine 2
Gas Turbine 3
Gas Turbine 4
Diesel Generator
Gas Engine Generator
Greenhouse Emissions Annual Equivalent

(kg/day)
(x 103 Ton)
Proposed AN-OH Project Facility
34880
12.7312
34880
12.7312
31937000
11657.005
1308000
477.42
152600
55.699
34880
12.7312
34880
12.7312
34880
12.7312
34880
12.7312
2824.95
1.03110675
34880
12.7312
% of Nigerias
Annual
0.01
0.01
13.22
0.54
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
473
Greenhouse Emissions Annual Equivalent

(kg/day)
(x 103 Ton)
Sub-Total
33644585
12731.2
Other Projects in the Zone of Influence
12.
Ahia Flow Station
1539719
561.997435
13.
Assa Flow Station
1539719
561.997435
14.
Mini Nta Flow Station
1539719
561.997435
15.
Ubie West Station
1539719
561.997435
16.
Rumuekpe Station
1539719
561.997435
17.
Obele Flow Station
1539719
561.997435
18.
Ohaji/Egbema Station
1539719
561.997435
19.
Akri Flow Station
1539719
561.997435
20.
Oguta Flow Station
1539719
561.997435
21.
Obiafu-Obrikon Plant
1539719
561.997435
22.
Omoku Power Plant
5777000
2108.605
Sub-Total
21174190
7728.5794
Grand Total
54818775
20008.853
S/No
Source
% of Nigerias
Annual
13.93
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
2.39
8.76
22.69
Source: calculated using IPCC (1995) emission factors
5.4.5.2: Noise
Ambient Noise Levels from the Proposed Project
Facility Construction Noise
From 10 m to the construction site, the anticipated significant ambient noise from the
earthmoving equipment during construction is 25.3 105.9 dB(A) as shown in Figure 5.13a,
the materials handling construction equipment significant ambient noise is 20.8 86.8 dB(A)
from 10 m. The stationary equipment at the construction site are expected to generate 25.0
70.7 dB(A) significant ambient noise level from 10 m (Fig. 5.13b) while the Impact
Equipment will generate significant noise of 21.4 87.5 dB(A) from the same distance as
shown in Figure 5.13c. The significant ambient noise of 26.7 75.0 dB(A) is expected from
the other construction equipment as from 10 m. The minimum noise from each of the
equipment groups in the construction site will be from 150 m.
Drilling Noise
As shown in Figure 5.2.69, the anticipated significant ambient noise in any of the well sites
during drilling is 24.7 103.0 dB(A) from 10 m to the site (Fig. 5.13e). The minimum will be
from 180 m to the drilling site.
Operational Noise
From the scenario 1 operational studies, the ambient noise level from 10 m away is 20.3
84.9 dB(A) as shown in Figure 5.13f but in scenario 2, it is 21.4 92.5 dB(A). Similarly the
scenario 3 and scenario 4 operations as shown in Fig 5.13j and Fig 5.13k respectively will be
22.5 93.4 dB(A) and 27.0 97.5 dB(A) from 10 m to the proposed project facility site. In
all these scenarios the minimum noise levels will be attained at 160 m from the project site.
474
Helipad Noise
Helicopter operation at the helipad is anticipated to generate ambient noise level of 28.3
80.6dB(A)
from
10
m
distance
to
the
helipad
(Figure
5.13l).
475
Fig. 5.13a: Predicted Ambient Noise Levels of Earthmoving Equipment
476
Fig. 5.13b: Predicted Ambient Noise Level of Materials Handling Equipment
477
Fig. 5.13c: Predicted Ambient Noise Level of Stationary Equipment
478
Fig. 5.13d: Predicted Ambient Noise Level of Impact Equipment
479
Fig. 5.13e: Predicted Ambient Noise Level of Other Construction Equipment
480
Fig. 5.13f: Anticipated Ambient Noise Level of Drilling Rig
481
Fig. 5.13h: Anticipated Ambient Noise of Scenario 1 PTF Operation
482
Fig. 5.13i: Anticipated Ambient Noise Level of Scenario 2 PTF Operation
483
Fig. 5.13j: Anticipated Cumulative Ambient Noise Levels from Scenario 3
Fig. 5.13k: Anticipated Cumulative Ambient Noise Levels from Scenario 4
484
Fig. 5.13l: Anticipated Ambient Noise Level from the Helipad
Impacts of the Proposed Project on Ambient Noise Levels

From the investigated construction activities, the 90 dB(A) shop floor 8-hour noise limit of
the Federal Ministry of Environment will be attained between 10 and 60 m from the
construction site (Table 5.26). While the noise from the earthmoving equipment will attain
the noise limit at 60 m, the noise from the four other equipment categories will be at 10 m
from activity site. The noise limit will be attained at 60 m from the drilling rig site. While the
limit will be attained at 10 m from the facility site during its normal operation, it will be
attained at 40 m from the abnormal operations and the cumulative interactions. This limit is
expected to be attained at 10 m from the helicopter location in the helipad.
485
Table 5.26: Distance for 90 dB(A) FMEnv 8-hour Limit to be Attained

S/No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Project Activity
Construction Earthmoving Equipment
Construction Materials Handling Equipment
Construction Stationary Equipment
Construction Impact Equipment
Construction Other Equipment
Well Drilling
Facility Normal Operation
8.
Facility Abnormal Operation
9.
Cumulative Normal Operation
10.
Cumulative Abnormal Operation
11.
Helipad
Distance (m)
60
10
10
10
10
60
10 m from source but
Fenceline
fenceline
fenceline
fenceline
10 m, within the Helipad
within
within
within
within
As presented in Table 5.27a, the 70 dB(A) industrial area limit of the World Bank will be
attained at 20 80 m during construction but during drilling, it will at 100 m. While noise
from the facility normal and abnormal operations will attain the limit at 60 m, their
cumulative noise will attain the limit at 80 m. Similarly, the noise from the helipad will attain
the limit at 80 m from the helipad.
Comparison of the anticipated noise from the construction activities with the 55 dB(A) daytime limit of the World Bank showed that the limit will be attained at distances 80 120 m
with the minimum and maximum distances from the stationary equipment and the
earthmoving equipment respectively.. Noise from well drilling is expected to attain the limit
at 120 m with the facilitys operation attaining it at 80 120 m. The helipad noise will attain
it at 80 m.
486
Table 5.27a: Distance for 70 dB(A) Industrial Area World Bank Limit to be Attained
S/No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Project Activity
Well Drilling
Helipad
Distance (m)
80
60
20
60
40
100
60
60
80
80
80
Table 5.27b: Distance for 55 dB(A) Day-Time World Bank Limit to be Attained
S/No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Project Activity
Well Drilling
Helipad
Distance (m)
120
100
60
100
80
120
80
90
100
120
80
The night-time 45 dB(A) limit of the World Bank limit will be attained at 100 140 m by the
construction noise (Table 5.27c) while the well drilling and construction noise will attain the
limit at 140 m. The facility normal operation, its abnormal operation and the cumulative
normal operation noise will attain the limit at 120 m while the cumulative abnormal operation
will attain it at 140 m. Around the helipad, this night-time limit will be attained at 120 m.
Table 5.27c: Distance for 45 dB(A) Night-Time World Bank Limit to be Attained
S/No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Project Activity
Well Drilling
Helipad
Distance (m)
140
120
100
120
100
140
120
120
120
140
120
487
Conclusions
From construction activities, the anticipated significant ambient noise from the earthmoving
equipment is 25.3 105.9 dB(A) but 20.8 86.8 dB(A) from the materials handling
equipment. The stationary equipment noise is 25.0 70.7 dB(A) while the Impact Equipment
will generate 21.4 87.5 dB(A). The ambient noise of 26.7 75.0 dB(A) is expected from
the other construction equipment. The ambient noise during well drilling is 24.7 103.0
dB(A). The ambient noise from facility normal operation was predicted to be 20.3 84.9
dB(A) but 21.4 92.5 dB(A) from abnormal operation. The resulting normal and abnormal
operations cumulative noise levels are 22.5 93.4 dB(A) and 27.0 97.5 dB(A) respectively
while helicopter operation at the helipad is anticipated to generate 28.3 80.6 dB(A) noise
levels.
The resulting ambient noise from investigated activities will attain the 90 dB(A) shop floor 8hour noise limit of the Federal Ministry of Environment between 10 and 80 m while the 70
dB(A) industrial area limit of the World Bank will be attained at 20 80 m. The anticipated
noise levels will attain the 55 dB(A) day-time limit of the World Bank at 80 140 m but the
night-time 45 dB(A) limit of the World Bank limit will be attained at 100 140 m from the
point of generation. In none of the investigated communities was significant noise received
from the proposed project. The noise from the proposed project will not cumulate with other
existing and future projects.
With the barrier attenuation, the predicted noise could attain the set limits at closer distances
to the proposed facility and construction sites. There are good natural surfaces and forest
covers in the site and zone of influence and if these are considered in noise propagation, the
predicted noise levels could be lower. Generally, the project environment has a very good
forest barrier (Plate 5.1a, Plate 5.1b and Plate 5.1c) and with screening value of vegetation in
the range of 30 200 dB/km (SPDC, 2004), the cumulative impact of noise can be lower than
as predicted.
Plate 5.1a: Typical Forest Canopy in the Study Area
488
Plate 5.1b: Typical Forest Canopy in the Study Area
Plate 5.1c: Typical Forest Canopy in the Study Area
489
5.4.5.3: Surface Water Quality

Six (6) routine water quality parameters were selected for the computation of Water Quality
Index (WQI) for use in Cumulative Impact Assessment. Table 5.28a shows the computed
thresholds and impact rating indices. Table 5.28b presents the impact assessment of the water
in relation to the thresholds for the project area of influence. The level of impact is given by
the percentage deviation of water quality from the established threshold for good quality
water (30). Impacts greater than 16% are adjudged significant and rated as medium or high
depending on the level of deviation from the threshold. The water quality within the projects
area of influence showed a significant decreasing temporal trend (Fig. 5.14) and the overall
quality is lower than established threshold indicating a significant negative impact. The
cumulative impact on water is rated medium. Without the project, the water quality is
declining. This trend will likely continue in the presence of AN-OH and other foreseeable
projects within the ZOI.
Table 5.28a: Determination of Surface Water Quality Index and level of impact
Parameter
S/N
Quality Class
Parametric Quality score**
1
pH
2
DO (mg/l)
3
BOD5 (mg/l)
4
EC (S/cm)
5
Turbidity (NTU)
6
TPH (mg/l)
TOTAL SCORE
Quality level
Good
Poor
5
3
6.5-8.5
4.5-6.5 or 8.5-9
>4
2-4
<2
2-10
<500
500-1,000
<25
25-100
<0.1
0.1-0.5
30
18
Bad
1
<4.5 or >9
<2
>10
>1,000
>100
>0.5
6
*Lower limits of the Quality Index are computed as Total Score (Threshold) for Quality
Class minus 5. **Parametric scores for Quality classes are arbitrarily assigned in decreasing
order from good quality to bad quality. ***Cumulative Impact is calculated as percentage
deviation from Good Quality threshold (60)
Table 5.28b: Water Quality Index Classification
Quality Index
Quality Threshold
Impact Description
(%)
25-30
0-16
Low
13-24
17-65
Medium
<13
>65
High
Impact Rating
3
2
1
490
Table 5.28c: Assessment of cumulative impact on water quality in the project area of
influence
S/No
Parametric Quality score

Parameters
1
2
3
4
Assa North
Field 2007
5
3
3
3
1
3
AN-OH,
2012
4.5-6.5
or 8.5-9
2-4
2-10
5001,000
<4.5
>9
<2
>10
>1,000
<25
25-100
>100
<0.1
0.1-0.5
>0.5
5
28
LOW
3
5
24
MEDIUM
2
3
16
MEDIUM
2
pH
6.5-8.5
DO (mg/l)
BOD5 (mg/l)
>4
<2
EC (S/cm)
<500
Turbidity
(NTU)
6
TPH (mg/l)
Quality Index
Impact Description
Impact Rating
Water Quality index and impact rating
Assa North
Appraisal,
2006
or
Impact Rating
Quality Index
y = -6x + 34.667
y = -6x + 34.667
Linear (Quality Index)
R = 0.9643R = 0.9643
Years
Fig. 5.14: Temporal trend in water quality in the project area of influence
At the project specific level, best practice in land management in cleared areas, enforcement
of no flare policy, treatment of effluents and improved waste management practices would
reduce negative impacts on water quality. At the regional level, policies and programmes to
discourage gas flaring would reduce impact on water quality.
5.4.5.4 Local Hydrology
Two major rivers traverse the project area of influence, namely, Sombreiro and Orashi. The
section of the Sombreiro River in the project area is the seasonal headwater, with generally
dry riverbeds in the dry season and flooded plains in the wet season. The Orashi River flows
through a distinct path within the project area. Average discharges of the two rivers (Table
5.29) reveal that Orashi River is 4 x times larger than Sombreiro. Both rivers are known to be
turbid (NEDECO 1961), with considerable silt load.
491
Table 5.29: Average Discharge Capacities of some Rivers in the Area

S/N
River/Creek
Discharge (m3/s)
1.
Orashi River
2030
2.
Sombreiro River
386
Source: NDBDA, 1980

The hydrograph of Orashi River at Mbiama indicates that peak stage and by extension
discharge is attained in September/October (Fig. 5.15). The range between minimum and
maximum is of the order of 3m.
STATE HYDROGRAPH, ORASHI RIVER, MBIAMA

10
STAGE (m)
8
6
4
2
0
April
May
June July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Fig. 5.15: Hydrograph of Orashi River at Mbiama

The principal activity that will impact on local hydrology is the supply of 0.9 x106 m3 (Table
5.30) of sand for the project from mainly artisanal mining sources. The effects of sand mining
would aggravate the rate of river bank erosion on the outer banks. However, sand
requirements would be sourced from spatially dispersed locations (Fig. 5.16). Given the wide
separation in space and time of the different sand activities, the intensity of river bank erosion
will be greatly minimized. Consequently, the impacts will not cumulate.
The area occupied by rivers within the project area of influence was analysed, based on Land
use change between 1986 and 2007. Results show that, within the period, the area occupied
by rivers more than doubled, from 1.37 km2 in 1986 to 3.39 km2 in 2007. Much of this
change has been ascribed to floods which have intensified in recent years, and only little to
artisanal sand mining in the area. The results also provided a basis for predicting future
changes, which may be broadly described by the equation: y = 0.091x - 180.5, where x is
time in years. Therefore, with or without sand mining the increasing trend in surface water
enlargement would continue due to impact of floods. The cumulative impart of the project on
surface water enlargement is rated low and insignificant.
492
Table 5.30: Sandfilling requirement of the project

Area (m2)
No.
Area Considered
1
2
3
4
Well Site Area

22,400
PTF Area
500,000
FLB
200,000
Construction Lay down 20,000
Area
Total
742,400
Estimate on Volume of Sand (m3).

Based on 1m height fill
22,400
500,000
200,000
20,000
742,400
Fig. 5.16: Proposed sources of sand supply

Topographic map (Fig. 5.17) of the project area for facility indicates a gradual slope towards
the proposed storage basin, implying that surface run-off will generally be directed into this
natural depression, which measures 500m x 500m in area. The relatively small area taken up
by the facility, suggest that much of the land area will still be open for infiltration. With
infiltration rate between 180,000m3/day and 1,200,000m3/day, a significant proportion of the
precipitation within the project area would infiltrate into the subsoil. As a policy, SPDC will
generally not drain unpaved areas. Run-off into the depression (proposed storage basin) may
therefore be slow and relatively small. At the same time, siltation of pond will be slow,
considering the availability of large infiltration area, coupled with a gentle gradient of the
ground surface. The cumulative impact of the project on surface runoff and siltation of
surface waters is rated low and is insignificant.
493
Fig. 5.17: Topographic map of the facility project area

The project concept is to avoid contaminating rainwater, by roofing all areas, which have the
potential for oil contamination. Storm water (uncontaminated rainwater) collected from
surface drains at the AN-OH PTF and FLB will be collected and routed to the Storm water
discharge basin.
Areas with potential for significant oil (lubricants), fuel or chemical contamination will be
drained to open drains for ease of management, roads and paved areas with low risk of oil
contamination will drain into open concrete storm water gullies. These gullies will be
provided with grid protection at intervals to collect debris. A schematic flow diagram for the
routing of project site drainage is presented in Figure 5.18.
494
FROM AOC
& PROCESS
WASH
WATER
SEGREGRATED
FLOW - FIRE
WATER
EFFLUENT
OIL /WATER
REMOVAL
PLANT ( CPI)
OPEN DRAIN
FLOW
FROM SEWAGE
STORAGE
SYSTEM
WATER/FOAM
REMOVAL
PLANT
SETTLING/TESTING BASIN
SETTLING/TESTING
BASIN
STORAGE FOR
TOILET FLUSHING
USE
ENGINEERED STORAGE AND REUSE BASIN
Fig. 5.18: Schematics showing routing of project site drainage

5.4.5.5: Fisheries
Nigeria is endowed with rich aquatic resources, including fish stocks which form valuable
economic commodities within the vast environment, with some species of regional and global
importance in the countrys diverse ecosystems.
With adequate management, the resources can be sustainably utilized to increase revenue
generation, employment creation, yields and socio-economic enhancement of the rural
communities. Up till the present time, most natural resources are still underutilized while
some prominent flora and fauna resources have been over exploited, with the associated
problems of environmental degradation (Falaye 2011).
495
Fisheries constitute a major valued ecosystem component in the region of the project.
Implementation of the AN-OH Project can have impacts on the local fisheries of the region of
influence through several pathways which include over fishing, disruption of fishing
activities, direct fish mortality due to degraded water, tainting of fish flesh, migration and
general depletion of fish stocks through impacts on rivers, ponds and lakes. These effects
have the capability to cumulate with those of past and existing projects and natural events
which have so far defined the nature of the fisheries in the region. Planned projects also have
the capability to add to these effects. However, in the absence of reliable and up-to-date
fisheries-relevant data in the area such as catch statistics, catch-per-unit of effort, maximum
sustainable yield of the fisheries, and stock assessment, estimating magnitude of cumulative
effects will mainly be qualitative and based on professional judgment and local knowledge.
Over-fishing
Overfishing has been a major cause of dwindling fish yield in water bodies with inadequate
enforcement of regulatory measures. In view of the open access nature of fisheries resources
and the absence of any form of licensing or enforcement of gear regulations, over fishing
leading to depletion of available fish stocks has been a persistent problem of the Niger Delta
region as more practitioners enter the fisheries (World Bank, 1995). Pressure on the fisheries
resources encourages the application of obnoxious fishing practices such as the use of nonselective gears as well fish poisons and explosives.
The fish production capacity of 43.4 kg/ha estimated from the project area falls within the
known range of 40-60 kg/ha for African flood plains (Welcomme, 1985), and 35-500 kg/ha
for Nigerian reservoirs (JICA, 1994). Aquaculture is generally practised at subsistence and
semi-intensive levels in the area with the annual production of about one tonne/ha in rural
fish ponds. If total finfish and shellfish production are considered, annual onshore artisanal
production in the project area is approximately 170.66 kg/ha which is about 20.5 % below
the Nigerian average. This signifies a downward trend of the fisheries of the area.
Fish accounts for about 40% of animal protein consumption in Nigeria. Therefore, the general
increase in population of the area as a consequence of the various projects introduced in the
area will also increase the demand for fish, further putting pressure on available stocks.
Considering the low percentage of the population of the project area of influence involved in
fisheries (0.42-0.6%), there is opportunity for occupational shift towards aquaculture. It
should be noted that there is a trend of increasing enlargement of the floodplain area with
potentials for aquaculture production. This requires the promotion of aquaculture as a means
of rational fish production and diversification from over-fishing. Enforcement of fishing
regulations particularly the use of approved gear and mesh sizes. However, these observed
cumulative impacts on the fisheries are likely to be indirect.
5.4.5.6: Groundwater
Groundwater is an important source of water supply due to its relatively low susceptibility to
pollution in comparison to surface water. Polluted groundwater adversely affects the human
health as well as environment.
496
Groundwater resources of the area are sub-divided into two based on the hydrogeological
characteristics; groundwater contained in the shallow aquifer which is less than 10 m, and
groundwater contained in the deeper aquifer at depths beyond 10 m. The shallow aquifer or
part of the groundwater is the most accessible for the rural population who tap the
groundwater from between 2 m and 10 m for drinking purposes. Deeper boreholes, beyond 10
m and up to 300 m are usually constructed by institutions and other government agencies in
the area. Presently, only seven (7No.) deep boreholes exist within the project area of
influence. Potential impacts of the AN-OH on ground water resources include demand
pressure on available groundwater resources for domestic use and other industrial uses,
contamination from operations and incidents, and impairment of groundwater quality by waste
generation/discharges and industrial effluents.
Groundwater depletion is a direct result of over-abstraction. Although not currently on a large
scale due to low population density and low levels of industrialization in the area, increase in
domestic and industrial demand is expected to increase with time. Groundwater abstraction
requirement for the AN-OH project and ancillary Facilities is approximately 90 m3 per day.
This amount of daily abstraction is considerably small compared to the volume in storage and
the vast potential for rapid recharge of the aquifer, and therefore will not significantly affect
groundwater levels in the area. The cumulative demand pressure on the deeper aquifer arising
from other projects or human settlement and habitation in the area is not known for certain,
but on account of the mainly rural/provincial nature of the general area is expected to be low.
Since the principal aquifer, the Benin Formation is known to be persistent and prolific, it is
expected that the cumulative water demand on the deeper aquifers will neither deny other
parties the benefits of groundwater use nor jeopardize the future use of the aquifer. The
cumulative impact of the project on groundwater storage will be low and insignificant.
The range of pH, DO, TPH and Oil/grease (Table 5.31) show values marginally outside the
limits and may be considered impacted. However, evaluation of the significance of their
impacts shows that these are not significant. There will not be any groundwater contamination
arising from any of the project activities from the design and operational phases of the
various aspects of the AN-OH project.
Water Quality Index (WQI) for groundwater in the project area is a fundamental process in the
planning of water resources management.
497
Table 5.31: Water Quality Index (WQI) for groundwater in the project area
S/N
Parameter
FMEnv
Limits
Quality Class
Quality score
pH
6.5 8.5
4.7-6.3
Good
1
6.5-8.5
TDS (mg/l)
DO (mg/l)
BOD5 (mg/l)
Alkalinity (mg/l)
Chloride (mg/l)
Sulphate (mg/l)
EC (S/cm)
TPH (mg/l)
PAH (mg/l)
Oil and grease
(mg/l)
Barium (mg/l)
Lead (mg/l)
Cadmium (mg/l)
500
7.5
0
3.15-192
3.03-8.0
1.08-1.58
3.10-33.33
3.0-24.70
0.43-13.4
53.6-270.5
0.08-1.05
0.01-1.44
1
3
1
1
1
5
5
BDL-17.40
0.45-8.15
5
5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
14
15
Value
in
Project area
500
0.5(HPL),
(HDL)
0.05
0.1
30
>45
15-45
<15
Quality level
<300
>4
<2
3.1 - 33
3.0 10
Poor
3
4.5-6.5 or
8.5-9
300 -600
2-4
2-10
200-600
10 - 250
Bad
5
<4.5 or
>9
>600
<2
>10
>600
>250
<0.2
<0.001
0.2-0.5
0.001-0.005
>0.5
>0.005
<1
BDL - 02
BDL
0.05
15
1 -3
2
0.05 - 3
>3
45
75
0.01
TOTAL
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
WQI
>3
Medium
The cumulative impact of the project on groundwater quality indicated medium impact. The
impact was mainly related to hydrocarbon parameters. The present project has the tendency to
further deteriorate the groundwater quality. At the project specific level, best practice in land
management in cleared areas, prevention of spill arising from sabotage on oil facilities,
enforcement of no flare policy, treatment of effluents and improved waste management
practices would reduce negative impacts on groundwater quality. At the regional level,
initiatives and programmes to improve security by public agencies, as well as policies and
programmes to discourage gas flaring would reduce impact on groundwater quality.
5.4.5.7: Land Use and Vegetation
An assessment of cumulative effects on land use and vegetation was aided by GIS spatial
analysis of the region of influence. Spatial trend analysis of Assa North/Ohaji South Field
and Environs (1986-2007) in Land cover Types in the ZOI.
The vegetation of the AN-OH project area is predominantly secondary forest (39.32%) and
riparian forest (28.42%) followed by sparse vegetation (22.8%) with about 8.64% farm land
(Table 5.32). Total vegetation cover in the area still stands at above 75%. Project activities
which include land clearing for facility establishment, drilling of wells, drilling mud
498
deposition and domestic/industrial wastes, have direct and indirect effects on land use and
vegetation cover. Effects that may arise from the project activities include direct vegetation
loss through vegetation clearing, fragmentation and deforestation. Indirect effects include
increased propensity for the erosion of river bank/shoreline, increased access for hunting and
logging as well as death of vegetation which may accompany drilling mud contamination.
These effects have also been identified in the project specific EIAs.
The total land area requirement for the various components of the AN-OH, past/existing
projects and activities planned for the foreseeable future are outlined in Tables 5.32. The total
length of linear structures including flowlines, access roads for all activities in the area is
628.5 km occupying a total of 11.43 km2 or 0.013 % of the 719.84 km2 regional area of
influence. The total length of the AN-OH linear structures is 381.38 km requiring land
clearing to the tune of 3.08 km2.
Table 5.32: Spatial trend analysis of Assa North/Ohaji South Field and Environs (19862007) in Land cover Types in the Zone of Influence (% in parentheses)
Land use and
vegetation
types
Riparian forest
Secondary
forest
Bare Soil
Sparse
vegetation
Settlements
Rivers
Farmland
Total
1986
(sq km)
1999
(sq km)
2007
(sq km)
Land
use
equations
change
204.97
(28.47)
283.05
(39.32)
1.29
(0.18)
164.14
(22.8)
2.85
(0.4)
1.37
(0.19)
62.17
(8.64)
719.84
116.01
(16.12)
436.47
(60.63)
5.417
(0.75)
70.62
(9.81)
2.13
(0.29)
1.99
(0.28)
87.2
(12.11)
719.84
210.93
(29.30)
319.46
(44.40)
37.69
(5.24)
105.75
(14.69)
9.29
(1.29)
3.39
(0.47)
33.33
(4.63)
719.84
y = -0.403x + 983.2
Percentage change
per annum dividing
b by base area
-0.196%
y = 2.704x - 5055
0.955%
y = 1.596x - 3174
123.72%
y = -3.206x + 6517
-1.95%
y = 0.271x - 538.0
9.51%
y = 0.091x - 180.5
6.64%
y = -1.055x + 2168
-1.70%
A total of 155 wells are within the AN-OH area and occupy 1.02 km2. Of this, 40 are existing
SPDC wells, 115 belong to third party, AN-OH will be drilling 6. The total land take for the
facilities and wells is 6.52 km2, of which the AN-OH wells and facilities account for 2.52
km2. The overall land take for all existing and planned major activities in the region amounts
to approx. 117.85 km2. Large-scale agricultural projects with a total land requirement of
approximately 102.04 km2 account for about 86.6% of this requirement. The AN-OH
accounts for about 0.05% of this overall land take and consequent vegetation clearing. When
considered on the basis of available land area (excluding permanent water bodies), the ANOH facilities will occupy 0.07% of total land area of the region.
499
Varying estimates of natural vegetation loss for the area and for typical tropical forests in
Africa have been determined by different authorities. Over an approximately 20-year period
(19731995), Olaleye and Ameh (1999) estimated that Nigeria has lost approx 9.2% of the
freshwater swamp forest vegetation. FORMECU (1996) reports that based on remote sensing
data, 37.1% of the old Rivers State (current Rivers and Bayelsa States) was freshwater
swamp forest in 1976/78 declining to 34% in 1993/95.
y = -0.403x + 983.2
R = 0.006
P>0.05
secondary forest, sq km
y = -0.4035x + 983.23
R = 0.0065
Secondary forest
y = 2.7047x - 5055.9
R = 0.1279
y = 2.704x - 5055.
R = 0.127
P>0.05
Year
Year
Sparse vegetation
Farmland
y = -3.2061x + 6517.1
R+=6517.
0.5174
y = -3.206x
R = 0.517
P>0.05
Year
Farmland, Sq km
Sparse vegetation, sq km
Riparian forest, Sq km
Riparian forest
y = -1.0552x + 2168.5
R = 0.1721
y = -1.055x
+ 2168.
R = 0.172
P>0.05
Year
Fig. 5.19: Trends of forest and farmland
500
Settlements
Settlement,Sq km
y = 0.271x - 538.0
R = 0.533
P>0.05
y = 0.2718x - 538.02
R = 0.5337
Year
Bare Soil
y = 1.5968x - 3174.5
R = 0.721
Bare soil, Sq km
y = 1.596x - 3174.
R = 0.721
P>0.05
Year
Rivers, Sq kg
Rivers
y = 0.091x - 180.5
R = 0.878 y = 0.0915x - 180.53
P>0.05
R = 0.8786
Year
Fig. 5.20: Trends of settlement, bare soil and water bodies
501
Time lapse vegetation change analysis of the region of influence carried out as part of this
assessment shows an annual change of 0.196% decrease for riparian vegetation, while the
secondary forest had an annual change of 0.955% increase over the same 21 year period. The
bare soil had percentage annual increase of 123.72%, while sparse vegetation had annual
decrease of 1.95%. Settlements increased annually at the rate of 9.51%, while the rivers had
annual change of 6.64%. Farmlands had annual change of 1.70% decrease during the period.
The FAO (2005) predicts a 0.4 0.6% annual rate of forest degradation for tropical Africa.
Using this more pessimistic estimate of vegetation change and degradation and assuming no
remedial measures, 5.88% riparian forest cover and 58.5% of sparse vegetation of the region
would have been lost within the 30 year life span of the project. This will occur even without
the AN-OH project. The rate at which bare soil is increasing is very alarming. This is
however due to other anthropogenic factors even in the absence of the AN-OH project.
The trend analysis was also computed statistically using linear regression of VECs on the
years (Figs. 5.19 5.20). The relationships were however not significant (P>0.05) in all
cases. Logging, subsistence agriculture, and the collection of fuel wood are leading causes of
forest clearing. Harvesting of forest products in the project area consists of uncoordinated
timber felling, fuel wood and non-timber forest products (NTFP) harvesting, and shifting
cultivation. To these can be added clearing and other activities associated with hydrocarbon
prospecting and laying out of infrastructure.
The cumulative effects of all projects and natural rates of forest degradation on the vegetation
cover over the project life cycle would invariably result in loss of the vegetation in the area.
This cumulative impact is significant particularly when other indirect effects of vegetation
removal such as increase in access for loggers and hunters, increased soil erosion potentials
are considered. Out of this, large-scale agricultural projects account for over 86.6% of the
vegetation loss. The contribution of the AN-OH project which accounts for only less than 1%
of the total impact, is however, not significant. Due to the large expanse of forest vegetation
in the area (>75% forest cover), the area will still remain within the benchmark forest cover
of 25% necessary for the sustenance of ecological functions. Through the Biodiversity Action
Plans (BAPs), SPDC will support regional initiatives aimed at enhancing the conservation
status and capabilities of protected areas within the region of influence.
5.4.5.8 Wildlife
The Wildlife population in the AN-OH area could be examined within the ranges of
estimated wildlife densities defined for tropical rainforest vegetation (Tomasik 2013).
Considering the densities of wildlife resources in the project area, based on professional
judgment, they are lower than standards defined as- 2,813 individuals for land mammals,
1,250 land birds, 10,240 land reptiles, 14,900 land amphibians and over 30,000 near water
bodies per square kilometer. Established protected areas within the project zone of influence
accounts for about 9.27 % compared to the national recommended 25% threshold of
protected area (FAO, 1995).
502
Many wildlife species in the region are on a downward trend, with over 75% of the 28
species listed as nationally endangered. The world Conservation Union ranks 6 of these as
globally endangered (IUCN 2001, 2006). Species considered endangered are actually at the
threshold and considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. There are six
globally vulnerable species; these, while in a slightly better situation than those in the
endangered list are also considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. The
cumulative impact of the project on the wildlife will further exacerbate the threat to wildlife.
To mitigate the negative impact on wildlife, government, SPDC and other stakeholders
should support the existing protected areas in terms of their management and creation of
more, commit to the Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), and domestication of wildlife species
such as grass-cutters, giant rats and snails. Regional action plans that limit vegetation loss and
habitat fragmentation should be enhanced.
5.4.5.9 Soil
Five (5) routine soil quality parameters were selected for the computation of Soil Quality
Index (SQI) for use in Cumulative Impact Assessment. Tables 5.33a and Table 5.33b shows
the computed thresholds and impact rating indices. Table 5.34a presents the impact
assessment of the soils in relation to the thresholds for the project area of influence. The level
of impact is given by the percentage deviation of soil quality from the established threshold
for good quality soil (25). Impacts greater than 20% are adjudged significant and rated as
medium or high depending on the level of deviation from the threshold. The soil quality
within the projects area of influence showed a marginal increasing temporal trend, but the
overall quality is lower than established threshold indicating a significant negative impact.
The cumulative impact on soils is rated medium.
Table 5.33a: Determination of soil quality index and level of impact
Parameter
Quality Class
Parametric Quality score**
1
pH
2
EC (S/cm)
3
TOC (%)
6
Sand (%)
7
TPH (mg/kg)
TOTAL SCORE (Threshold)
S/N
Quality Class
Good Quality
5
6-8
<800
1-2.5
<50
<100
25
Poor Quality
3
4.5-6 or 8-9
800-1,500
2.6-3.5
50-80
100-1,000
15
Bad Quality
1
<4.5 or >9
>1,500
<1 or >3.5
>80
>1,000
5
*Lower limits of the Quality Index are computed as Total Score (Threshold) for Quality
Class minus 5. **Parametric scores for Quality classes are arbitrarily assigned in decreasing
order from good quality to bad quality. ***Cumulative Impact is calculated as percentage
deviation from Good Quality threshold (30)
503
Table 5.33b: Soil Quality Index Classification

Impact Description
Quality Index
Low
Medium
High
20-25
10-19
<10
Quality Threshold
(%)
0-20%
21-60%
>60%
Impact Rating
3
2
1
Table 5.34: Assessment of cumulative impact on soil quality in the project area of
influence
S/No
Parameters
6-8
<800
1-2.5
<50
<100
4.5-6 or 8-9
800-1,500
2.6-3.5
50-80
100-1,000
<4.5 or >9
>1,500
<1 or >3.5
>80
>1,000
Assa North
Appraisal,
2006
Assa North
Field, 2007
AN-OH,
2012
3
5
3
1
3
15
Medium
2
1
5
3
1
5
15
Medium
2
3
5
3
1
5
17
Medium
2
y = 0.5x + 12
R = 0.25
Soil Quality index and Impact rating
1
pH
2
EC (S/cm)
3
TOC (%)
6
Sand (%)
7
TPH (mg/kg)
Quality Index
Impact Description
Impact Rating
Parametric Quality scores
y = 0.5x + 12
RImpact
= 0.25Rating
Quality Index
Years
Fig. 5.21: Temporal trend in Soil quality in the project area of influence
At the project specific level, best practice in land management in cleared areas, prevention of
spill arising from sabotage on oil facilities, enforcement of no flare policy, treatment of
effluents and improved waste management practices would reduce negative impacts on soil
quality. At the regional level, initiatives and programmes to improve security by public
agencies, as well as policies and programmes to discourage gas flaring would reduce impact
on soil quality.
504
5.4.5.10 Socio-Economic Environment

Educational status
The increasing trend of persons within the school age cohorts in the area is an indication that
the demand for education is increasing. This increase is reflected in the pupils and students
enrolment vis-a-vis numbers of teaching staff figures for both primary and secondary school
levels in both States. The teacher/pupil ratios were found to be on the decrease; from 1:45
and 1:42 in 2006 to 1:252 and 1:120 in 2010 for Rivers State and Imo State respectively. The
figure for primary schools already suggests an unfavorable teacher/pupil ratio less than the
national average of 1:35.
On the other hand, with respect to educational infrastructure in the AN-OH zone of influence,
there are 62 primary and 23 secondary schools, and with the primary and secondary school
age group (5-15 years) constituting about 21% of the total population, access to educational
facilities would be adversely affected. The pupils per class statistic for the area reveals that
the recommended threshold populations for primary school of 5,000 (UNO 1979) was
exceeded in the two states, a situation that depicts gross paucity of facilities in the area. Thus,
any further population increase in the area will mount pressure on these resources, which
could result into overcrowding and overstressing of school facilities.
The population influx will not impact significantly on the school enrolment because going by
experience from similar projects (Bonny, Forcados) most of the expected workers and inmigrants may not move along with their families. Additionally, the SPDC operational staff in
the PTF/FLB location will work on shift basis from their base in Port Harcourt. Secondly,
secondary school enrolment figures are expected to decline because of the availability of
more job opportunities in the area. The cumulative impact of AN-OH project on educational
attainment in the area is adjudged not significant. To reduce secondary school dropout,
engagement of under-aged workers should be discouraged. At the regional level, the
government should encourage programmes that keep pupils and students in school.
Government should also build more schools, employ more teachers and improve facilities.
Shrines and Culturally Significant Sites (Intangible and Tangible Cultural Heritage)
Considering that the culture of the people needs to be preserved, there should be zero
tolerance for desecration and destruction of shrines and other cultural sites in line with IFC
(2006) guidelines. The location of project components such as the PTF, wells and facilities
took into consideration the distribution of cultural properties including shrines, burial
grounds, and sacred forests. There are no known archaeological sites in the region which may
be affected by implementation of any projects in the region.
The AN-OH project also aims to avoid deliberate compromise of culturally significant sites.
Due to the importance of culturally significant sites to sustainability of major projects, care is
usually taken to geo-reference all such items and make consultations with stakeholders. With
the advent of Christianity which is widespread in the area, the number and importance
attached to such sites is on the decline.
505
Housing
Housing insufficiency manifests in the statistic that 67.7% of all households live under
conditions of overcrowding (occupancy rate of more than one person per room). The AN-OH
project will add to this pressure not only in the immediate communities of Assa, Awara and
Obile but also in the surrounding communities. Current room occupancy rates stand at more
than the international benchmark of two persons per room. The expected population influx
will exacerbate this condition as demand for housing will not be met. The situation will result
in more than 5 - 10 persons per room and the emergence of squatter settlements within the
communities. The cumulative effect of the AN-OH project and other existing and future
projects is considered significant and high.
To ensure that community members have access to qualitative and quantitative housing,
SPDC in line with Federal Government policy shall:
accommodate workers in camps; and
widely publicize and optimize the use of locals for most of the project activities as
is expected to be agreed in the GMoU
Infrastructure
One of the problems associated with population movement into any area is pressure on
infrastructure, which is a result of excess demand over supply. This deficit affects
accessibility and utilization level. Accessibility to the infrastructure can be determined either
through the availability, proximity or service cost measures. The coverage index, estimated as
the quotient of number of communities with a particular infrastructure to total number of
communities, is used as a crude measure of availability (Table 5.35).
Table 5.35: Infrastructure index rating
Description
Coverage index
Motorable Road
Electricity
Drinking water supply
Telecommunication services
Police station
Market Infrastructure
Hospitals
Primary school
Secondary school
Overall rating
0.38
0.26
0.56
0.58
0.11
0.29
0.62
0.79
0.52
0.46
Infrastructure
rating*
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
High
Medium
Medium
Note: * Coverage index of 0.00-0.39 is Low; 0.40-0.69 is medium and 0.70-1.00 is High
506
The cumulative impact of the project on infrastructure is significant and rated medium,
suggesting a general paucity of infrastructures and public utilities in the project influence
area. To mitigate the incremental effects on infrastructure, SPDC should ensure that peoplefocused and sustainable projects are mainstreamed in all the GMoU clusters. At the regional
level, any project to be initiated and executed by government at all tiers, other oil companies,
NDDC and other developmental agencies should be done through the bottom-up approach.
Lifestyle, Values and Customary Beliefs
The major indices for measurement of changes in lifestyle, values and customary beliefs
include alcoholism, smoking and religious belief. A major consequence of increased
economic activities, urbanization and population growth is the prospect of culture mix. Thus,
communities that were once highly organized traditionally, socially, culturally and politically,
become highly fragmented and diluted with respect to social lifestyle, customs and beliefs.
Presently, the people in the area are predominantly Christians (96%) belonging to various
orthodox and Pentecostal denominations. There is evidence to show that majority of the
middle aged cohort in the area have a lifestyle of alcoholism and smoking which is alien to
the culture and tradition of the area. With the influx of population associated with AN-OH
project and all other planned future projects, there is a high prospect of culture mix, leading
to further erosion of some cultural values and desecration/destruction of shrines and sacred
places.
The cumulative impact of AN-OH and other projects is considered significant and high.
Apart from the project specific mitigation strategies that aim to facilitate quality engagement
of the stake holder communities, in order to ameliorate the problems that are associated with
population influx and the corresponding cultural diffusion and acculturation, SPDC shall:
support States and the Federal Government ethical orientation initiatives; and
encourage the sustainability of the valued aspects of the culture and tradition that
can promote tourism.
Security, conflict and Local Traditional governance
The continuous oil and gas exploration in the Niger Delta region has greatly altered and
impinged the public safety and security of the area. The cumulative effect exerts social stress
and pressure on the persons and properties, and in some cases total breakdown of order and
malfunction of the communities. At present, the Niger Delta is a hot bed of youth restiveness
manifesting in a spate of hostage taking, bombing and oil company facility shutdowns. Thus,
the traditional security measures become ineffective and inadequate to arrest and abate the
criminal tendencies giving way to abrupt and unexpected change in the security situations.
There are already pervasive incidents of hostage taking, crude oil theft, inter/intra communal
conflicts and other long standing security concerns in the area. Between 2005 and 2010 in the
Niger Delta, about 910 spills were recorded which resulted in the loss of about 298,000
barrels of crude oil traceable to increased level of insecurity. During the same period, about
103 cases of hostage taking and oil-related violence were reported in the area. On the
507
contrast, the level of policing in the area is abysmally low. The population of the Assa,
Awara and Obile communities, which are the Assa North PTF/FLB host, is estimated to be
about 65,000, but within the entire 34 AN-OH communities there are only 4 police units (2
stations and 2 posts) that are poorly equipped with operational personnel. This confirms the
overall poor police to population ratio recorded in both Imo State and Rivers State as shown
in Table 5.36, and a negative impact on the crime levels. Because these problems are
associated with oil exploration and production activities, there seems to be a direct
relationship between the volume of oil industry activities and the levels of security breaches
in the area. There is high level of youth unemployment which has degenerated into violent
gangs (cultism), kidnapping and illegal bunkering. In 2011, there were series of Kidnapping
and violent clashes between rival gangs in Assa and Awarra (the PTF/FLB host communities)
which led people to flee the environment. A JTF camp was established in Obile to forestall
further breakdown of law and order.
Table 5.36: Police-Population Ratio (i.e. Number of persons to one police)
Years
Imo State
Rivers State
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Mean
557
876
716
727
673
707
574
509
542
542
384
510
The two States

mean
566
693
629
629
530
609
The observed conflicts in the area have over the years shown increasing trend in the area.
Most of these disputes have resulted into violent hostilities and protracted legal tussle among
the parties. Thus, the presence of the AN-OH and other planned projects could contribute to
such incidents. The cumulative effect is adjudged to be significant and high.
To mitigate incidence of insecurity and conflicts, SPDC shall:
support efforts of the Nigerian Government, including the NDDC in the
implementation of the Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan;
not interfere with internal decision making and consensus building within host
communities;
support continuous deployment of JTF
It is expected that with these measures and adequate consultations with all stakeholders, the
hostile security situation in the project communities will be brought down to a manageable
level. However, the residual effect despite these remedial measures will still be of moderate
significance.
Increase in Population, Growth Trend and Density
The 1991 Nigerian population census gave population cumulated for the area as 743,180
inhabitants. This population by 2006 census increased to 935,320 in the area (NPC, 2010). It
is expected that the population will continue to increase throughout lifespan of this planned
508
project (Table 5.37). Increases in population of this area had depended and still depends on
the following phenomena:
In-migration of people in search of business opportunities and employment in oil service

firms;
People who flee into the area for safety in times of communal wars, conflicts and the then
slave trade;
people of low means from adjoining tribes who prefer settling in the area rather than go to
growing cities of Owerri and Port Harcourt as migrant workers.
This is the character of this population which is spreading across southern part of Imo State
and Northern part of Rivers State, and will continue to change both in its size and in density
over time. During peak of construction work in PTF/FLB of this AN-OH project it is
expected that 10,000 workers will be at site and that about twice this number of camp
followers will influx into Assa, Awarra, and Obile communities hosting the facility. The ANOH project alone by this estimate would have accounted for an increase of 14.6% of
population of Assa, Awarra, and Obile Communities (68,584). The planned project facility
(PTF/FLB) and workers residential quarters will occupy a land area of 252 hectare, and have
a workforce population density of 39.7 persons per hectare at the peak of construction phase
of the project. This value is less than the bench mark of 77 persons per hectare. Thus, taking
into account the project induced-population increase in the area, during construction phase,
the cumulative effect is low and therefore not significant. With the project, regional influence
of ANOH gas investment will be felt across an area of 719.84 square kilometers with a
regional population density of over 1,299 persons per square kilometre. A regional density of
this magnitude is high.
On basis of gender distribution, the 1991 and 2006 census figures in Nigeria gave slight
gender gaps in both Imo and Rivers State communities in AN-OH projects zone of
influence. The distributions and gaps between females and males in this area are shown in
Table 5.37. The 1991 census showed that there was slight dominance of males over females
in local government areas directly influenced. This gap widened between 1991 and 2006, and
also in favour of the males.
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Table 5.37: Population distribution by Gender in AN-OH Project Zone of Influence

S/N
Local Government
Area
1.
Ohaji/Egbema
2.
Owerri West
3.
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni
4.
Emohua
5.
Ahoada East
TOTAL
Gender (Year)
(1991)
Male
Female
57,791
61,325
46,747
49,827
98,857
91,894
79,283
75,642
89,212
92,602
371,890
371,290
743,180
Gender (Year)
(2006)
Male
Female
92,604
90,287
49,968
51,786
145,326
137,968
102,634
98,423
85,467
80,857
475,999
459,321
935,320
Projected Gender
(2056)
Male
Female
164,740
166,220
86,798
93,179
268,291
247,648
194,212
108,117
841,374
852,898
1,555,415
1,468,062
3,023,477
Source: 1991 and 2006 Nigerian Population Census

The AN-OH project will not involve relocation or resettlement of any indigenous community
in the area. Therefore only workers and camp followers and contractors from outside the
communities will be on the move in and out of the project area of influence. This movement
will add some pressure on existing infrastructures especially road and housing. In line with
the GMoU agreement and local content requirements, the contractors/sub-contractors should
not only be drawn from project communities but will be men and women drawn from the
localities with no discrimination along gender line.
At annual growth rate of 3.0%, the population has shown to be a young population with a
rising slope (Fig.5.22). Cumulatively, growth of this population is a concern which AN-OH
project and others coming into the area must address especially during its lifespan in the area.
Population growth
2006
Population
2016
2026
2036
2046
2056
Year
Fig.5.22: Population Trend in the Zone of Influence before, during and after AN-OH
Project
510
Sex Ratio
The ratios of number of males to female population of these rural communities as a
percentage have shown slight positive trend. This ranged from 88.42 in communities within
Imo State in 1991 to projected 108.1 in communities in Rivers State in 2056 (Fig. 5.23).
These estimates are above the present Nigerian national average (97.6) for rural communities
(NBS, 2011). This result suggests that with slightly more males to 100 females ratio in the
area, the propensity to radicalism is high and that care should be taken to curb such excesses
of male population in hampering optimal performance of the proposed project. The
cumulative average (104.5) was within the threshold ratio for developing countries (Haupt
and Kane, 2004) but above the National average and therefore was ranked moderate.
120
108.19
105.2
100
88.42
98.7
107.9
108.1
101.4
106.7
Sex Ratio
80
Rivers Communities
60
Imo Communities
40
20
0
1991
2006
2026
2056
Years
Fig.5.23: Trend of Cumulative Population Sex Ratio in AN-OH Project Impacted

Communities
Age-Sex Ratio
The larger spread of the distribution at the lower age cohort (Fig. 5.2.85) indicates relatively
greater values of male and female ratios in younger age groups than it is in the aged group in
the area. This is consistent to what obtains in a young population. Much emphasis therefore
should be laid on providing social and economic facilities that serve the needs of children and
youths in the area.
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Rivers M
Sex Ratio
Imo
Age Cohorts
Fig. 5.24 Cumulative trend of age-Sex Ratios in AN-OH Project Communities in Imo
and River States
Young and Old Population
The population ratios in AN-OH project communities show a growing young population with
a ratio of 52.0% (Young) and 3.81% old across the zone of projects influence. These values
would be impacted by the incoming workforce and camp followers, majority of who are
young. The resulting trend is such that the young population will be increasing faster than the
old population. This confirms that the area is in great need for goods and services meant for
children or the under age. The need for primary healthcare centers to cater for maternal and
child health is high in the area. There is also need for equipped primary, secondary and
tertiary educational institutions in the area. The cumulative impact on the young population is
significant and ranked high, having shown a value greater than the threshold of 40.0%, while
the old population ratio was ranked low being less than 4.0% threshold value.
To mitigate for this expected upsurge in young population, SPDC shall be committed to the
GMoU in the project communities. The government and other stakeholders should commit
resources in providing amenities needed by children and youths.
Age Dependency
The impact of children and the aged on the earnings of household workforce is an expression
of burden and responsibility of the workforce to the population. The distribution of the
human population in the AN-OH project area is shown in Table 5.38.
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Table 5.38: Distribution of Population in AN-OH Area of Influence by Status

S/N
1..
2.
3.
TOTAL
STATUS
Children aged at most 15 years
Persons aged at least 65 years
Workforce Population
Number
486,336
35,636
41,338
935,320
Age Dependency Ratio of 126.3% for the communities is higher than the threshold value of
70.0%, and therefore adjudged to be of high impact to the AN-OH project. It shows a
situation where the people who are working within the various households have to shoulder
heavy burden of providing for many dependants than is normal. This suggests a high number
of idle hands in various homes and portrays danger of insecurity in food, free movement of
people and materials in the area.
Old Age Dependency
Old Age Dependency Ratio of 85.2% is greater than the threshold value of 3%. The
cumulative impact is therefore adjudged high, suggesting that the proportion of the aged who
depended on the workforce population in the area is above normal threshold.
Child Age Dependency
By reason similar to the one in old age dependency above, children aged at most 15 years
consisted of 486, 336 persons in the area. This number is higher than 45.0% of the population
(420,894) and therefore is within the threshold limit. Child dependency on the workforce
within these communities is therefore considered normal. Thus, when considered separately,
the burden of children is normal and acceptable within the limits of this value. This impact
was therefore not significant. However, the burden becomes excruciating when both children
and the aged are jointly considered as burden on the workforce.
Increase in Employment, Income and Quality of Life
The unemployment rate in these largely rural communities of Imo and Rivers States to be
directly influenced by AN-OH gas project is 41.3%. This is higher than the current National
average of 27.6% for rural communities in Nigeria. In 1999 the rural unemployment rate
stood at 18.0% (NBS, 2005), growing to 21.1% in 2010, and to 23.9% in 2011. Thus we
estimate the number of unemployed in the zone of influence of ANOH project as 386,287.
The working population has been catering for dependants who are not only children of below
15 years of age, adults above 64 years of age but the unemployed as well. This has been the
case and is expected to continue except that the planned AN-OH project and others coming
into this project area such as the proposed Bokir refinery, Epi IPP 14 MW, Egi Glass blower,
and Imo Industrial Park will under the local content policy employ many of these
unemployed youths. The AN-OH project alone is expected to engage 65.0% of her planned
35,600 workers from within the project communities. This will reduce the unemployed
population by as much as 22,750 persons.
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Income of the inhabitants is their consumption and savings opportunities gained as expressed
in monetary terms within some specified time periods. Their household incomes are therefore
the total income earned by all working members of the households within some time periods.
They earn these incomes as wages, salaries, rents, royalties, and transfers. Thus income
sources have helped determine timeframe as wages when they are earned daily, salaries and
rents when they are earned monthly, royalties when they are earned annually. Wage rates
have varied within occupational groups, and salaries have been based on minimum wage and
approved salary scales while royalties and transfers are determinable. The cumulative
monthly average income in communities within the AN-OH project zone of influence is N15,
000.00, a value that is lower than Nigerian National minimum wage of N18, 000.00 per
month.
Loss of Tenancy of Natural Resource
A most important natural resource to which natives of project communities stand to transfer
its tenancy is land. Others are vegetation, aquatic lives and wildlife or game animals. Land is
required by AN-OH project for construction of PTF/FLB, camp sites and telecommunication
mast. Total land required will be 252 ha. Other activities outside this land take will be carried
out on existing lands hosting the Assa North appraisal wells. Land take attracts
compensation, entails loss of farmlands, loss of timber and other non-timber forest products
(NTFP). The land take will definitely be minimal in line with international best practice. The
cumulative impact is adjudged low.
Decrease Income Inequality and Relative Poverty
Figure 5.25 shows growing levels and the trend of relative poverty in communities directly
under the influence of AN-OH project in Imo and Rivers States. The figure shows that the
level of poverty is on the increase. The cumulative poverty level especially in communities
within Imo State, without the AN-OH project is well above the current National threshold
of 64.7%. This is expected to decline with commencement of AN-OH and others projects.
Inequality in income is high since a large number of people earned less than the minimum
wage of N18,000.00. The mean income in the area was estimated to be N15,000.00.
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Imo State communities
Poverty Level (%)
Years
Fig. 5.25: Cumulative Relative Poverty trend in Assa North-Ohaji Gas Project Area
5.4.5.11: Human Health Environment
Cumulative Impacts on Healthcare Infrastructure/ Services
The present state of healthcare facilities/ services in the project zone of influence falls below
the WHO, UNFPA and the National target in Vision 2010. The indicators that characterize
the health situation in the area are:
Healthcare infrastructure and services: The WHO standards is that 60% of
community members should have access to basic health services (United Nations,
2000). This indicator falls far below expectations in all project communities. The daily
attendance to the existing healthcare facilities was between 4 and 8 persons (0.005%).
(Field survey, 2007).
Health Workforce Density: The WHO critical threshold of health workforce density is
about 2.28 doctors to 1000 persons and the National target for 2010 was 1 Doctor to
3473 persons. The population of the five LGAs in the project zone of influence was
1,868,922 (National Population Commission, 2009). These five LGAs had one visiting
Doctor and five Nurses attending to them. This is an equivalent of 0.003 Doctor to
1000 population. The healthcare service indicators of medical personnel and
population ratio and number of hospital beds in the study region falls short of the
National target for 2010 and the WHO threshold.
In order to achieve the Mid-Decade Goals 4 (MDG - 4), the underfive Mortality Rate
(U5MR) should be reduced to 77 per 1000 live births by 2015. The UN 2000
thresholds are 50 per 1000 for Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and 70 per 1000 for
U5MR. Though statistics on infant and under five mortality in AN-OH communities
are not available, the infant and under five mortality rates for Rivers State was 67 and
104 and for Imo state was 109 and 199 respectively in 2012. These rates apart from
falling short of WHO 2000 thresholds also seem far from achieving the MDG4 targets
for 2015.
WHO Health Service Coverage Indices: percentage of one-year olds immunized and
births attended to by skilled health personnel in Imo and Rivers States of project
influence were (51.5% and 98%) and (25.1% and 63,6%) Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys 4 (MICS-4, 2012), respectively. While the immunization status are better than
the National coverage of 11.8%, Rivers State rate falls below the benchmark of 35%
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(WHO, 2003), The maternal figures are better than the National average of 27%
(NDHS,2008) and complies with the UNFPA threshold of 60% (United Nations,
2000).
Major developmental projects from experiences elsewhere (Bonny Terminal Integrated
Project, 2000, Focardos Terminal Integrated Project, 1995 and Focardos Yokri Integrated
Project, 2000) induce large influx of people consisting of job seekers, skilled/ unskilled
labourers, petty traders and commercial sex workers. The AN-OH Project is expected to exert
such influence. At the peak of construction, about 35,000 workers will be engaged by SPDC
and their contractors. The camp followers could be double of this figure. The projected
population at the peak of construction hence could be about 70,000. The workforce are
expected to have healthcare provisions from SPDC and its contractors while the camp
followers will source medical care from the few public and private healthcare institutions in
the area.
The existing facilities in the area whose operations will interface with the AN-OH Project
include; flowstations, Akri-Oguta gas recycling plant, Obiafu- Obrikom Gas Plant, Obite gas
plant. The AN-OH Project could also interface with the construction phase of other future
projects e g the proposed; Egi IPP 14 MW, Egi Glass blower, Imo Industrial park, Bokir oil
Refinery. The projected population increase as a result of these other future projects could be
about 70,000 -80,000. When the population influx due to the AN-OH Project is added to
those of future projects it could interface with, the population to medical personnel ratio
could further worsen. This ratio is on the assumption that the present number of doctors in the
area remains the same. The magnitude of change to the present baseline population is about
10%. This is a class 1 effect (major) and is significant. The population change attributable to
AN-OH Project alone could be a class 2 effect (moderate) and is significant. But if there is an
increase in the number of doctors, other medical personnel as well as healthcare facilities
then the effect could reduce to a class 3, insignificant level.
Pressure on health infrastructure will be most felt in and around Assa, Awarra and Obile
communities in Ohaji/Egbema LGA of Imo State which are the communities closest to the
PTF facility. These population increases could reduce herd immunity, promote disease
transmissibility with the resultant increase in severe acute malnutrition, and overburden
available social infrastructure such as water supply and sanitation with the resultant increase
in morbidity and mortality.
The measures to mitigate pressure on healthcare infrastructure shall include;
Supporting healthcare infrastructure upgrade in the project zone of influence especially
Assa, Awarra and Obile communities.
Staff training and provision of drugs revolving fund to the healthcare facilities.
Provision of accommodation and amenities including site clinic for the workforce.
The details of the interventions shall be worked out during the Participatory Rural Appraisal
(PRA) that will precede the signing of GMoU with the communities. On a regional basis,
516
SPDC shall partner with Government, other E and P operators in the area and NGOs to
mitigate this impact. Also youth empowerment to minimize unemployment could reduce the
movement of people into the project areas. The application of these measures could reduce
the severity of the impact to moderate from major.
Cumulative Impact on Community Health and Safety
Communicable Diseases
The common communicable diseases in the project Zone of Influence (ZOI) include; malaria,
diarrhoea and respiratory diseases. These diseases account for the high infant, under five and
adults morbidity rates in the area. Within the project ZOI, malaria accounts for 31% of
illnesses in children under five years and as high as 40.3% in adults. These figures are much
higher than the 26.6% and 32.3% for Rivers and Imo States respectively in which the project
area is domiciled. The national prevalence rate for malaria was 21.0% (MICS4 2012). The
high prevalence rate of malaria is sustained by a number of factors which have been
demonstrated within the area, including:
The abundance of mosquitoes, the insect vector of malaria and the vast forest and
incessant rainfall
Poor refuse disposal methods as 79.3% of the members of the community practice
open dumping of refuse while access to improved sanitation for Imo and Rivers States
stood at 58.6% and 26.5% respectively in 2011(MICS4, 2012).
Migration of non-immune persons into the area from various ongoing Oil and Gas
projects in the region.
Diarrhoea disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is
responsible for killing around 760,000 children in Nigeria every year (WHO newsletter,
2013). In Nigeria diarrhoea accounts for about 20% of under- fives death (FMOH, Strategic
Health Plan, 2010). It is responsible for over 16% of childhood illnesses in AN-OH Project
zone. Its prevalence is sustained in the area by inappropriate complementary feeding
practices especially in children, unsanitary waste practices and unsafe sources of domestic
water while overcrowding in homes, use of biomass in cooking and inadequate housing
sustain the respiratory disease prevalence. Diarrhoea infection is known to spread through
contaminated food or drinking water, or from person-to person as a result of poor hygiene
(WHO, 2013).
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs), are responsible for 20% of deaths in under-fives in
Nigeria (National Strategic Health Plan 2010). In AN-OH Project communities 14% - 22% of
childhood morbidity is due to RTIs. The Peak Flow Rate (PFR) was markedly below the
reference value in all age groups tested, indicating a generally compromised lung function
among the sampled population.
The population increase during the past/ existing projects, the anticipated increase during the
peak period for AN-OH project as well as during the future proposed projects could translate
to additional pressure on housing, input of untreated sewage into land/ natural water bodies,
517
overcrowding in homes as well as increase in the number of non-immune persons for malaria.
The increasing negative trend in this parameter implies that the effect of these projects in the
area on communicable diseases could cumulate and have Class 2 effects, which is significant.
The AN-OH project could further increase the prevalence of communicable diseases in the
area via population increase (estimated at about 70,000) leading to overcrowding, decline in
housing conditions, increased refuse/sewage generation, pressure on the already inadequate
healthcare and waste disposal facilities. The change in the level of communicable diseases
could be a Class 2 effect.
To reduce the cumulative impact on communicable diseases, the following mitigation
measures have been proffered:
sustenance of SPDCs on going programme on malaria control with Africare;
support FMOH/World Bank Malaria control booster programme (2007-2012);
use of long lasting Insecticidal Nets
Health education on sanitary and appropriate infant and young child feeding
practices.
support for Government measures to improve housing
Specific measures aimed at improving potable water supplies.
Traffic-/Work-Related Injuries and Fatalities
Accessing the AN-OH GDP sites by road will entail passing through built up areas. This will
involve land routes from SPDC Industrial Area (I.A.), Owerri and Port Harcourt International
Airports, Onne and other parts of Port Harcourt to the Project Site in Assa. The preferred land
route that connects FOT at Onne, Rivers State, Nigeria and AN-OH Project Location is the
110 Km road that passes through Eleme Junction, Eliozu, Elele, Umuakpu and on to Assa
North. This road contains within it, 3 river bridges Aleto (Onne Road), Eliozu marshland,
and Isiokpo (P.H.-Elele Road). It also has a bridge over Railway Line at Elelenwo (Onne
Road) and Fly-overs at Eleme and Eliozu Junctions. Other risks on this road include bad
sections of road, heavy traffic and pedestrians movement as well as domestic electricity
distribution line crossing in certain places.
Factors such as in-migration of people, increased number of commercial and AN-OH project
related traffic volume in and out of the area, bad sections of the road, poor attitude of
commercial vehicle drivers could help to sustain and increase RTA in the Project zone of
influence. The increase is a Class 2 effect. The cumulative impacts of past/ existing, AN-OH
and future projects on traffic accidents and fatalities could be incremental and significant and
be a Class 1 effect.
exploration and production industry. The injuries could result from, rig blowouts, falls and
cuts associated with construction activities and gas drilling. SPDC recorded 17 work related
fatalities involving company and contractors in 2006. However, work related injuries and
518
fatalities in SPDC had decreased considerably. Shell Companies in Nigeria worked from
December 2012 to September 2013 without any injury requiring time off work. The record
translates to 78 million hours worked by a total of 31,973 people without any significant
injury.
The magnitude of the project specific effect of the AN-OH project on work site injuries was
rated as a Class 3 effect
The implementation of the following measures could reduce the impact of road traffic
accident;
Awareness campaign on the potential of increased traffic for road users and
community members;
Compliance with SPDC policy on journey management for land transport.
Use of Traffic/Warning signs;
Upgrade of existing roads by SPDC (where needed).
Pre-mob and regular maintenance of project vehicles
Defensive Driving Courses (DDC) and certification for all drivers
Project vehicles are fitted with monitoring (IVMS) and communication devices
Implementation of the SPDCs Health & Safety workplace practices could be adequate to
control work-related accidents and injuries making the worksite injury of the AN-OH Project
to continue to be insignificant and thus not to cumulate with the other developmental
activities in the area.
Cumulative impacts on Food and Nutrition.
The consequences of poor nutrition in terms of both food and feeding behaviours, during the
first two years of life, include significant illnesses, delayed mental and physical development
and death (FMOH, 2011). The nutritional status of children is a good indicator of the overall
wellbeing of a society and reflects food security as well as existing health care and
environmental conditions (NailaBaig-Ansaliet al., 2006). Assessment of nutritional status in
the AN-OH Project zone in 2007 showed that 20% of children under-5years were stunted,
24.1% were wasted, and 32.5% were underweight, while corresponding percentages for Imo
State are: 9.2%, 7.4%, and 9.1% and Rivers State indices are 30.6%, 10.1% and 18.8%
respectively (multiple Indicator Cluster Survey4 2012). Though the malnutrition indices in
the project zone are markedly poorer than Imo State, the percentage of stunted children
appears to be better than Rivers State. Also of great significance is the index for adult undernutrition in the study area which stands at 18.8%. The degree of under-nutrition in the ANOH zone of influence apart from being above the 2.3% threshold level expected in a healthy
population (WHO, 2013), is remarkably higher than the established global tolerance levels of
stunting <20%, wasting <5 and underweight <10 also shown in Figure 5.26. Thus the
problem of food insecurity and consequent child under-nutrition appears long-standing in the
area hence the increase in level of stunting (chronic and recent malnutrition) and the
remarkable high level of malnutrition in adults.
519
stunting
underweight
wasting
Fig. 5.26: Prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting in AN-OH zone compared
with Global Thresholds and Benchmark.
SOURCE: SPDC, 2012, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 4(MICS 4), 2011, WHO, 2013.
The impact of the AN-OH project on the food and nutritional status in the project ZOI could
result primarily from the loss of farm land and forest based resources which constitute the
major sources of food nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and micronutrients) for the
communities. Additional impact could come from anticipated higher cost of food in the
market with the population increase.
The resultant effect will be a significant increase in households and individuals especially
children and women, who are both malnourished and food insecure. This impact will
cumulate with those of other existing and planned projects where land is required. At the
secondary level, Malnutrition has a synergistic relationship with infection. Communities who
are malnourished are more susceptible to infections. It is therefore anticipated that the
increase in population typical of an oil and Gas Project like the AN-OH GDP with the
resultant impact on socio-economic structures namely; deprivation of major food
nutrient/livelihood sources, pressure on available water, health services and infrastructure,
poor waste disposal, overcrowding and the attendant consequences of poor sanitary practices
will sustain disease transmissibility in the project ZOI. These combined with the growing
threat to climate change, related disruptions to both food systems and livelihood, interact
synergistically with long term food and health inequalities, therefore add to the malnutrition
burden both in children under five years and adults. This could be a class 2 effect. The
cumulative impact of past/ existing/ future planned projects aswell as the AN-OH project is
adjudged to be significant and high.
520
Impact on food and nutrition could be mitigated by;

Raising community awareness on market opportunity for food vendors
Establishment of micro-credit scheme, and payment of adequate compensation to
affected farmers/land owners
measures designed to ameliorate and compensate for losses in livelihood sources
shall be contained in the provisions of the GMOU to be agreed to with the various
communities
The general enhancement of the local economy will also cushion the effects of any
loses in food sources that may result from clearing of forest land.
Establishment of Agricultural Extension Services (AES), establishment of
community based structures for public health interventions such as training of
Community Resource Persons (CORPS) on Community Integrated Management of
Childhood Illnesses (CIMCI), and
Support implementation of the National Policy on Infant and Young Chiid Feeding/
National Plan of Action on Food and Nutrition
On a regional level, the implementation of the FGN National Plan of Action/ Policy
on Food and Nutrition, implementation of the National Policy on Infant and Young
Child Feeding/ National Plan of Action on Food and Nutrition including
micronutrient deficiency control strategic plan 2009.
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CHAPTER SIX
MITIGATION MEASURES
6.1: Introduction
The actions and measures that SPDC intends to take to reduce (or eliminate) negative impact
and promote positive Environmental, Social and Health impacts of the proposed Project are
presented in this chapter. In this mitigation measures, emphases are placed on those negative
impacts rated as significant (i.e. Impacts rated as Medium and High). These measures are
aimed at reducing these impacts to As Low As Reasonably Possible (ALARP). The residual
impacts that could arise despite these mitigation measures were also noted. Significant
negative impacts are expected to be mitigated through effective implementation of Health,
Safety and Environment (HSE) plans put in place during the different phases of the project.
The positive/beneficial impacts of the project will be sustained.
The mitigation measures proposed are in keeping with the following:
Department of Petroleum Resources guidelines and standards,
Environmental laws at national, regional and internal levels,
FMEnv (formerly FEPA, 1991) regulations on oil and gas exploration and waste
management,
Imo State Ministry of Environment policies,
Rivers State Ministry of Environment policies,
Best Available Technology for Sustainable Development;
Social wellbeing and
Concerns of stakeholders.
The following criteria were used to define mitigation measures for the identified associated
and potential impacts:
Prevention - Exclude significant potential impacts and risks by design and management
measures.
Reduction - Minimise the effects or consequences of those significant associated and
potential impacts that cannot be prevented to a level as low as reasonably possible by
implementing operational and management measures.
Control - Implement operational and management measures to ensure that residual
associated impacts are reduced to a level as low as reasonably practical.
6.2: Mitigation Measures
A summary of the mitigation measures is presented in Table 6.1. These measures are
recommended to ameliorate all the significant associated and potential impacts identified for
the proposed Project.
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Rating
before
mitigation
Table 6.1: Impact Mitigation Measures for Proposed AN-OH Gas Development Project
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Pre-mobilization
Loss of access to land and

resources
Rating after
mitigation
SPDC shall:
L
Encourage alternative means of livelihood such as poultry keeping,
aquaculture
Ensure that adequate and prompt compensation are paid as agreed
with land owners
Support efforts of farmer groups and cooperatives
Land take shall be limited to the minimum required
Support community based food and nutrition programs
SPDC shall:
M
Ensure that all relevant stakeholders/issues are identified, discussed
and resolved properly prior to mobilisation
Support traditional conflict resolution structures in the project
communities
Require local labour (both male and female, skilled and unskilled)
to be employed as a priority to the extent practicable
Implement regular consultations with the local community and
other stakeholders (Govt., Community, NGOs, CBOs.) for
effective communication and social license.
Maintain a record and social data of all those compensated and or
displaced by the project
Adequate and prompt compensation are paid as agreed with land
owners
Project Advisory Committee (PAC) shall be set up to guide land
acquisition process/ MOU implementation
523
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Rating after
mitigation
Mobilization &
Site Preparation
Impairment of air quality from

emissions of air pollutants (SPM
and VOCs)
Increase in incidence of STIs

including HIV

vibration/levels
Any form of agitation is looked into and addressed promptly

Emissions from machineries shall be reduced by the use of
standard equipment that meet existing emissions requirements and
fume catalysers provided on all suitable equipment.
There shall be regular maintenance of combustion systems
(generators etc)
Ambient air quality monitoring programme shall be developed,
detailing the monitoring location, parameters (THC particulates
CO2, SO2, NO2, SPM and VOCs), methods and frequency.
Compliance monitoring report shall be submitted to DPR/FMEnv
High efficiency (low energy) motors shall be used.
SPDC shall:
carry out awareness campaign and health education on dangers of
sexually transmissible diseases to members of communities and
workers
support activities of the Imo and Rivers States Action Committee
on AIDS
Standard machinery with noise levels within acceptable limits (85
dB (A)) shall be used
Site construction shall be done within the shortest possible time
Acoustic mufflers shall be provided for heavy engines with noise
level above acceptable limits
High sound energy equipment shall be enclosed in noise insulators
in line with SPDC policy
SPDC HSE policy of wearing ear muffs/ plugs, with signs
524
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Rating after
mitigation
indicating noisy areas shall be applied in all construction sites

Sufficient separation distances shall be provided for sources of
high energy sound to reduce noise levels
Workers with existing hearing impairment shall not be deployed to
site
Kidnappings
SPDC shall
L
ensure proper signposting and mapping of the project area to avoid
undue interference with other road users
issue timely information to stakeholders on nature and timing of
activities
carry out the movement in phases to avoid prolonged interruption of
roasd transport activities
schedule project activities to minimize disruption of land transport
SPDC shall
M
Develop and implement a security management plan for the
project
Work with the Government, communities and other relevant
agencies to improve security in the project area
ensure that security orientation and awareness is conducted for
workforce.
Ensure that staff adhere to instructions in daily journey
management plan
SPDC shall ensure:
L
use of only pre-mobbed and regularly maintained vehicles;
525
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Influx of workers into the host

Communities/change in local
population
Changes in culture, lifestyle and

habits
compliance with SPDC journey management policy for land

transport
daily pep talk is carried out for road transportation
all drivers undertake defensive driving training and certified
vehicle monitoring and communication devices are installed and
tracked
SPDC shall optimize the use of locals for some of the project
activities as agreed and signed of in the GMOU;
SPDC shall accommodate their staffs that are coming from outside
the locality.
Any initiative directed at improving industrial base of selected
growth centres by government shall be supported by SPDC
SPDC shall ensure:
awareness campaign and health education on dangers and
problems of unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmissible
diseases to members of communities and workers
ensure that workers respect the norms and values of the project
communities
Awareness campaign shall be carried out to enlighten the
communities/field workers on the implications of drug and alcohol
abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to sustain
cultural values
Movement of field workers shall be restricted to camp/work sites
Alternative recreational facilities shall be provided at camp sites
Alcohol and drug policy shall be implemented to encourage
Rating after
mitigation
526
Construction (site
clearing, sand
filling, Civil and
earth works etc.)
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Increase in inflation level
Pressure on existing infrastructures

and utilities
Loss of flora and fauna
Loss of habitat
healthy lifestyle for workers (SPDC/contractor staff)

Work camps shall be provided with necessary utilities to reduce
pressure on local community facilities
Communities shall be empowered through provision of jobs,
increased patronage to produce (fishes, farm produce etc) and
encourage income generating activities
SPDC shall
Construct camp site for its workers during and after mobilization
to ease pressure on existing infrastructure
Provide amenities based on community needs via GMoU
Upgrade the existing access road to the project area
Ensure the employment of communities members who shall come
from their homes
SPDC shall
ensure effective consultation with stakeholders
Form and ensure commitment and transparent adherence to
GMoU programmes.
identify and address legacy issues
SPDC shall
minimise land-take as much as practicable
pay adequate compensation for loss economic trees/plants
SPDC shall support initiatives aimed at enhancing the

conservation station and capabilities of the protected areas within
Rating after
mitigation
L
527
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
the project area of influence

SPDC shall optimize the use of existing pipeline/flowline Right of
Way to minimize landtake
SPDC shall clear only the minimum area required for the project
The use of existing roads shall be optimized
Wildlife studies shall be carried out to the status of
endangered/threatened species (species diversity and abundance)
shall be carried out one year after major construction activities
SPDC shall
Form and ensure commitment and transparent adherence to
GMoU programmes.
SPDC shall
Construct camp site for its workers during and after mobilization
to ease pressure on existing infrastructure
Provide amenities based on community needs via GMoU
Upgrade the existing access road to the project area
SPDC shall:
use only pre-mobbed and regularly maintained equipment and
vehicles
generators are fitted with effective silencers
provide adequate enclosures for noise producing equipment
use equipment with low noise level
ensure that appropriate PPEs are provided and used.
Rating after
mitigation
Community unrest
Pressure on existing infrastructure

(health, recreational etc.)
Increased level of noise and

vibration with possible hearing
loss
528
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Increase in dust, fumes, and

reduction in air quality
Threats to health of workers (snake H

bites, insect bites, injuries etc)
Influx of labour and followers

(dependants, bounty seekers,
CSWs, etc)
Emissions from machinery shall be reduced by the use of standard

equipment that meet existing emissions requirements (low Nox
burners) and fume catalysers provided on all suitable equipment.
Ambient air quality shall be monitored in line with FMENV/DPR
requirement (NOx, COx, SOx, SPM etc)
(generators etc)
Water tankers shall be used to sprinkle water on exposed dusty
soil surface
Re-vegetation of top soil shall be undertaken to reduce runoff,
increase moisture retention and facilitate soil stabilisation
Top soil/cleared vegetation shall be used to hedge the proposed
project to reduce runn-off (control flooding and contain sand)
SPDC shall provide and enforce usage of PPE by field workers
Anti- venom shall be provided on site
Awareness shall be created among site workers and nearby
communities on the likelihood of exposure to poisonous wildlife
and plants
cultural values
Rating after
mitigation
529
Drilling
Slot sweeping
Rig Move
(including
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Opportunity for contracting and

employment
Traditional occupation (farming,

fishing, hunting) could be
adversely affected from
construction operations
Impairment of air quality by

and VOCs)
SPDC alcohol and drug policy shall be implemented to encourage

healthy lifestyle for staff
Indigenous contractors and resource (qualified) persons shall be
used
SPDC shall develop procedure/criteria for indigenous labour
sourcing/employment
SPDC shall
Comply with local content policy on employment
Local labour (both male and female, skilled and unskilled) shall be
employed as a priority in line with local content policy
Regular consultation with the local community and other
stakeholders (Govt., Community, NGOs, CBOs etc.) shall be
carried out for effective communication and social license
Alternative access to farmlands and hunting grounds shall be
provided where applicable
Alternative income generating activities that will empower
communities shall be supported
Impact on traditional income shall be assessed and adequate
compensatory measures taken, where necessary.
SPDC shall:
vehicles
Rating after
mitigation
530
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Rating after
mitigation

personnel,
equipment and
supplies logistics)
Drilling Campaign
Casing and
cementing
Completion and
perforation
Well testing
Flowline hook up
Site
Contamination of surface and

groundwater (turbidity)
SPDC shall:
vehicles
Alternative source of water shall be provided to nearby
communities during construction activities, where necessary
Sanitary wastes shall be treated biologically by sewage treatment
plant on site
Emergency response spill control/prevention equipment shall be
provided
531
Injuries and death from blowouts
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Storage tank (diesel, lub oil and other chemicals) shall be bunded
and adequately lined with concrete to reduce seapage
Surface water quality 500 m upstream and downstream of the well
locations shall be analysed in line with DPR requirement
Monitoring boreholes shall be drilled to monitor ground water
quality (toxic chemicals and faecal micro organisms) in line with
regulatory requirement
SPDC shall register all discharge point sources with DPR and shall
ensure that effluents from construction sites are monitored and
treated to comply with regulatory limits before disposal
Awareness campaigns shall be carried out in the communities
within the project areas on the need for good sanitation and health
implications of poor sanitary conditions
Safe Handling of Chemical (SHOC) cards shall be provided on all
sites where chemicals are handled
cultural values
Alcohol and drug policy shall be implemented to encourage
healthy lifestyle for workers (SPDC/contractor staff)
SPDC shall:
Ensure and enforce the implementation of fire prevention &
Rating after
mitigation
L
532
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
protection regulations
Ensure the implementation of emergency response plan (EMERP)
Fire fighting material shall be available on location at all times
Carry out HAZID/HAZOP of the facility in line with SPDC
policy
Adequate compensation shall be paid to affected parties.
Blow-out preventers (BOP) shall be installed
used
sourcing/employment
SPDC shall adhere to HSSE & SP control framework for waste
management
Rating after
mitigation
Opportunities for business and

employment
Soil pollution from chemicals, drill

cuttings, and mud
SPDC shall
Local labour (both male and female, skilled and unskilled) shall be
employed as a priority in line with local content policy
Regular consultation with the local community and other
stakeholders (Govt., Community, NGOs, CBOs etc.) shall be
carried out for effective communication and social license
SPDC shall provide health and recreational facilities for workers to
reduce stress and health vulnerabilities
All contractors shall ensure that their personnel are medically
certified fit for their different activities and medical reports
submitted to SPDC.
L
L
533
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Increase in noise and vibration

levels
Contamination of the environment

by wastes (drilling waste)
Retainership clinics and site medical facilities such as first aid shall
be provided in line with SPDC guidelines.
Health Risk Assessment (HRA) shall be carried out for all jobs to
manage the potential health hazards associated with the activities.
Adequate training shall be provided on basic life saving techniques
such as basic first aid, resuscitation, care of the unconscious and
control of bleeding and SPDC medical emergency response
procedures.
All SPDC/ contractor personnel shall be adequately trained to
acquire the pre-requisite competence for the different jobs.
All operations personnel shall be provided with appropriate
Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE), and it shall be mandatory
that they are worn as may be applicable.
Permit to Work system shall be enforced at all stages of the
operational activities
SPDC shall:
vehicles
SPDC shall adhere to HSSE & SP control framework for waste
management
Rating after
mitigation
L
534
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Demobilization

and VOCs)
Improper disposal of materials

removed from site
Emissions from machineries shall be reduced by the use of

standard equipment that meet existing emissions requirements and
fume catalysers provided on all suitable equipment.
(generators etc)
SPDC shall ensure that:
only pre-mobbed and regularly maintained vehicles;
compliance with SPDC journey management policy for land
transport is enforced
daily pep talk is given to drivers for road transportation
all drivers undertake defensive driving training
only certified vehicles with monitoring and communication devices
installed for speed tracking.
Generated solid waste shall be segregated at source by the provision
of colour coded bin for different types of waste and disposed of
according to SPDC waste management guidelines
The generated paper waste shall be shredded and sold to any SPDC
approved paper recycling company
De-contaminated scrap metals/drums shall be collected and taken to
SPDC waste recycling depot (scrap yard) at Kidney Island (KI),
Rating after
mitigation
535
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Rating after
mitigation
Port Harcourt, for onward delivery to any SPDC approved metal

scavengers
Generated glass materials shall also be transported to KI scrap yard
for onward delivery to any SPDC approved glass company
Spent batteries shall be taken to any SPDC approved battery recycling company
Oily waste materials shall be collected and taken to FMEnv
approved incinerator or any other approved alternative
Kitchen waste shall be collected and handled at any SPDC approved
composting plant
Medical waste shall be collected and taken to medical incinerator at
SPDC Industrial Area (IA) Port Harcourt
Increase in noise and vibration
level
Loss of employment/ income
SPDC shall:
vehicles
SPDC shall
support entrepreneurial skill development and opportunities for
community members to cushion the effect of reduction in
economic/income generating activities.
536
Commissioning
Gas leaks and explosions
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Loss of properties/assets and lives

from fire/blowout
Operations and
Maintenance
Loss of revenue to government and

H
company from equipment failure
and blowout
Environmental pollution arising
H
from improper disposal of
lubricants and oily debris
Equipment failure and damage

leading to injuries/fatality
SPDC shall:
ensure that blowout preventers are installed
ensure provision of adequate firefighting equipment
ensure that emergency response procedures are in place
SPDC shall ensure:
that blowout preventers are installed
provision of adequate firefighting equipment
only skilled personnel and certified equipment are used
hazard identification has been conducted
that emergency response procedures are in place
SPDC shall
ensure use of world best practice in gas facility commissioning
SPDC shall ensure:
all wastes are properly segregated and contained before disposal
all wastes are properly disposed of and monitored from cradle to
grave
All effluents are treated to regulatory limits before discharge
SPDC shall ensure:
only skilled personnel and certified equipment are used
emergency response procedures are in place
Daily pep talks are conducted on identified hazards
Rating after
mitigation
537
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Revenue generation to government

and company
vibration/levels
Oil (lubricants, fuels) and Gas

leaks (fugitive emissions)
Decommissioning
& Abandonment
Rating after
mitigation
P
H
Employment and income

generating opportunity
Destruction of aesthetic value of

the environment
SPDC shall:
vehicles
SPDC shall:
Minimize routine gas venting and flaring
Install scrubbers in their flare stacks
used.
sourcing/employment
The various equipment shall be purged and cleaned to remove
lubricants, residues etc.
Most of the surface equipment shall be re-cycled or sold as scrap to
steel companies etc.
The lines above ground shall be cut and sold as scrap
The buried lines shall either be removed or plugged
Concrete foundations and slabs shall be broken down to soil level
and removed (unless abandoned in place for future use by interested
538
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase

vibration/levels
Rating after
mitigation
parties)
The bare soils shall be restored (re-vegetated with indigenous plant
species etc)
Access control shall be provided for physical structures remaining
on site, which have been declared unsafe and unhealthy for
humans/animals.
Agreement shall be reached with local authorities and communities
for use of usable assets such as roads
Surface/ground water, soil and air shall be monitored in line with
FMEnv/DPR requirement
SPDC shall:
L
vehicles
SPDC shall
L
ensure proper signposting and mapping of the project area to avoid
undue interference with other road users
issue timely information to stakeholders on nature and timing of
activities
carry out the movement in phases to avoid prolonged interruption of
roasd transport activities
schedule project activities to minimize disruption of land transport
539
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Kidnappings

and VOCs)
SPDC shall
Develop and implement a security management plan for the
project
Work with the Government, communities and other relevant
agencies to improve security in the project area
ensure that security orientation and awareness is conducted for
workforce.
Ensure that staff adhere to instructions in daily journey
management plan
Emissions from machineries shall be reduced by the use of standard
equipment that meet existing emissions requirements and fume
catalysers provided on all suitable equipment.
(generators etc)
SPDC shall
ensure commitment and transparent adherence to
GMoUprogrammes and projects.
identify and address all legacy issues
Rating after
mitigation
540
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Increase potential for road traffic

accidents/injury
Potential for falls into exposed

H
trenches (by animals, unsuspecting
passers-by)
Alteration of soil fauna community M
Destruction of vegetation and

fauna population
Awareness shall be created on the potential of increased traffic on

land for road users and community members
SPDC policy on road borne traffic journey management shall be
adhered to (all journey must be approved, no night journeys, speed
limits on land and water).
SPDC shall upgrade existing roads to suite the proposed project
activities with additional access roads provided, where necessary
Traffic signs shall be provided on all the approved routes for the
project
Trenching shall be limited to the minimum size required.
Duct tapes and safety signages shall be placed around trenches
Machinery with very low track pressure (of amphibious type) shall
be used to minimise compaction and damage to soil.
Excavated top soil shall be retained for reuse in restoration to
minimise risks to the organisms.
Top and sub-surface soil quality of the immediate environment to
the proposed project locations shall be monitored in line with
FMEnv/DPR regulatory requirement.
SPDC shall maximise the use of existing flowline ROWs for the
proposed flowline
For any new acquisition, all necessary protocols/legal requirement
shall be observed
Areas cleared outside the ROW shall be re-vegetated with native
plant species
Rating after
mitigation
541
Injury/fatalities in workforce
Rating
before
mitigation
Mitigation measures
Project Phase
Areas to be cleared shall be clearly marked

SPDC shall provide health and recreational facilities for workers to
reduce stress and health vulnerabilities
All contractors shall ensure that their personnel are medically
certified fit for their different activities and medical reports
submitted to SPDC.
Retainership clinics and site medical facilities such as first aid shall
be provided in line with SPDC guidelines.
Health Risk Assessment (HRA) shall be carried out for all jobs to
manage the potential health hazards associated with the activities.
Adequate training shall be provided on basic life saving techniques
such as basic first aid, resuscitation, care of the unconscious and
control of bleeding and SPDC medical emergency response
procedures.
All SPDC/ contractor personnel shall be adequately trained to
acquire the pre-requisite competence for the different jobs.
All operations personnel shall be provided with appropriate
Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE), and it shall be mandatory
that they are worn as may be applicable.
Permit to Work system shall be enforced at all stages of the
operational activities
Rating after
mitigation
542
CHAPTER SEVEN
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
7.0: Introduction
This chapter presents the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) proposed for the AN-OH
Project. The EMP shall be employed as tool for the management of both the predicted
environmental, social and health potential impacts and also the cumulative impacts of ANOH project. Cumulative impacts are those impacts that have the possibility of interacting with
other identified or anticipated impacts associated with the Project and/or any foreseeable
future developments within AN-OH project zone of influence. Therefore, cumulative
impacts, by their nature, need separate management provisions. These have been provided in
a separate section in this chapter.
Overall, the EMP provides the mechanism for implementing mitigation measures that have
been developed to reduce the effects of moderate and major impacts to as low as
reasonably practicable, (ALARP), prior to and through the lifecycle of the proposed AN-OH
project. Also, this EMP outlines plans for managing the cumulative environmental, social,
and health impacts of the AN-OH Project Facilities.
The EMP has been prepared in line with the following considerations:
IFC Guidance Note 1 of 2007, which specifies the need to encompass three basic
aspects namely, environmental management, impact mitigation and environmental
monitoring;
Compliance with local/international regulatory framework and environmental
performance;
Establishment of best practices for the implementation of AN-OH Project;
Integration of environmental issues into project decision-making process; and
Determination of the accuracy of predicted (cumulative) impacts, and effectiveness of
the proposed mitigation measures.
In order to accomplish the above targets, the EMP has considered each environmental, social
and health impacts as well as the cumulative impacts from the point of view of the valued
ecosystem component(s) (VEC)/valued social component(s) (VSC) to be monitored, as well
as the parameters for their monitoring. It also specifies the methods and frequencies of
monitoring and the responsible party (ies) for each action.
7.1: Project EMP
7.1.1: Objectives of EMP
The EMP has the following specific objectives:
The adoption of a systematic procedure to ensure that the Project activities are
executed in compliance with all applicable legislations and SPDC HSSE & SP control
framework;
Demonstrate that mitigation measures for all impacts and effects have been put in
place and that the measures shall be adhered to throughout the project development
life cycle;
543
Demonstrate that effective recovery measures for managing lost control situations
throughout the Project life cycle have been put in place;
Establish a structure that will ensure compliance by SPDC and its Contractors with
the EMP.
To provide part of the basis and standards needed for overall planning, monitoring,
auditing and review of socio-economic and environmental performance throughout
the project life cycle.
In order to accomplish the above targets, the EMP has considered each environmental, social
and health impacts and parameters for their monitoring (Table 7.1). It also specifies the
responsible party/parties for each action as well as the budget for implementation. The project
EMP implementation organogram for the project is presented in figure 7.1.
Fig 7.1: Project EMP implementation organogram for the project
544
Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) of AN-OH Facilities
Mobilization &
Impairment of air
Rating after
mitigation
SPDC shall:
Encourage alternative means of livelihood such as
poultry keeping, aquaculture
Ensure that adequate and prompt compensation are
paid as agreed with land owners
Support efforts of farmer groups and cooperatives
Support community based food and nutrition
programs
Ensure that all relevant stakeholders/issues are

identified, discussed and resolved properly prior to
mobilisation
Support traditional conflict resolution structures in
the project communities
Require local labour (both male and female, skilled
and unskilled) to be employed as a priority to the
extent practicable
Implement regular consultations with the local
community and other stakeholders (Govt.,
Community, NGOs, CBOs.) for effective
communication and social license.
Maintain a record and social data of all those
compensated and or displaced by the project
Adequate and prompt compensation are paid as
agreed with land owners
Project Advisory Committee (PAC) shall be set up
to guide land acquisition process/ MOU
implementation
Any form of agitation is looked into and addressed
promptly
Emissions from machineries shall be reduced by
Evidence of
compensations paid
on land
Site inspection
reports
Evidence of support
for farmer groups
and cooperatives
Minutes of
consultation
sessions
Evidence of GMoU
agreement and
implementation
Once before construction
Responsible/
Action Party
Loss of access to land

and resources
Monitoring
Frequency
Pre-mobilization
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Yearly
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Monthly
Project HSE
Evidences of
compensations paid
Site reports on how
disputes were
settled
Pre-mob certificates
545
Increase in incidence
of STIs including
HIV

vibration/levels
Rating after
mitigation
the use of standard equipment that meet existing
emissions requirements and fume catalysers
provided on all suitable equipment.
There shall be regular maintenance of combustion
systems (generators etc)
Ambient air quality monitoring programme shall
be developed, detailing the monitoring location,
parameters (THC particulates CO2, SO2, NO2,
SPM and VOCs), methods and frequency.
Compliance monitoring report shall be submitted
to DPR/FMEnv
SPDC shall:
carry out awareness campaign and health
education on dangers of sexually transmissible
diseases to members of communities and workers
support activities of the Imo and Rivers States
Action Committee on AIDS
Standard machinery with noise levels within
acceptable limits (85 dB (A)) shall be used
Site construction shall be done within the shortest
possible time
Acoustic mufflers shall be provided for heavy
engines with noise level above acceptable limits
High sound energy equipment shall be enclosed in
noise insulators in line with SPDC policy
SPDC HSE policy of wearing ear muffs/ plugs,
with signs indicating noisy areas shall be applied
in all construction sites
Sufficient separation distances shall be provided
for sources of high energy sound to reduce noise
levels
Workers with existing hearing impairment shall
Vehicle
Maintenance
records
Medical records
Stock records and
availability of
condoms
Access Control/ID
card
Awareness records
Maintenance
records
Evidence of
issuance of PPEs
Responsible/
Action Party
quality from
emissions of air
pollutants (SPM and
VOCs)
Monitoring
Frequency
Site Preparation
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Manager/regulators
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
546
Interference with land

transport
Kidnappings
SPDC shall ensure:

use of only pre-mobbed and regularly maintained
vehicles;
compliance with SPDC journey management
policy for land transport
daily pep talk is carried out for road transportation
and certified vehicle monitoring and
communication devices are installed and tracked
Site inspection
report
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
not be deployed to site
SPDC shall
ensure proper signposting and mapping of the
project area to avoid undue interference with other
road users
issue timely information to stakeholders on nature
and timing of activities
carry out the movement in phases to avoid
prolonged interruption of roasd transport activities
schedule project activities to minimize disruption
of land transport
SPDC shall
Develop and implement a security management
plan for the project
Work with the Government, communities and
other relevant agencies to improve security in the
project area
ensure that security orientation and awareness is
conducted for workforce.
Ensure that staff adhere to instructions in daily
journey management plan
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Twice yearly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Evidences of
provision of
infrastructures to
communities
Evidence of
stakeholders
engagements
Records of security
incidences
Project security
plan
Record of security
orientation and
awareness
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Weekly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Journey
management
records
Pre-mob
certificates
Pep-talk records
Certificate of
defensive driving
Vehicle
Monitoring
Analysis
547
Influx of workers into

the host
Communities/change
in local population
Changes in culture,
lifestyle and habits
Increase in social
vices
Increase in inflation
level
Community
engagement report
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
SPDC shall optimize the use of locals for some of
the project activities as agreed and signed of in the
GMOU;
SPDC shall accommodate their staffs that are
coming from outside the locality.
Any initiative directed at improving industrial
base of selected growth centres by government
shall be supported by SPDC
SPDC shall ensure:
awareness campaign and health education on
dangers and problems of unwanted pregnancy
and sexually transmissible diseases to members of
communities and workers
ensure that workers respect the norms and values
of the project communities
Awareness campaign shall be carried out to
enlighten the communities/field workers on the
implications of drug and alcohol abuse,
unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to
sustain cultural values
Movement of field workers shall be restricted to
camp/work sites
Alternative recreational facilities shall be
provided at camp sites
Alcohol and drug policy shall be implemented to
encourage healthy lifestyle for workers
(SPDC/contractor staff)
Work camps shall be provided with necessary
utilities to reduce pressure on local community
facilities
Communities shall be empowered through
provision of jobs, increased patronage to produce
(fishes, farm produce etc) and encourage income
generating activities
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Quarterly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Site inspection
reports
Record of
orientation and
awareness
Twice yearly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Reports on
community
engagement sessions
Twice yearly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Quarterly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Site inspection
report/tool box
meetings
Register of SPDC
sponsored income
generating projects
548
Pressure on existing
infrastructures and
utilities
Evidence of
camp sites
provided
evidence of roads
upgraded
Minutes of
consultation
sessions
Evidence of GMoU
agreement and
implementation
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
SPDC shall
Construct camp site for its workers during and
after mobilization to ease pressure on existing
infrastructure
Provide amenities based on community needs via
GMoU
Upgrade the existing access road to the project
area
Ensure the employment of communities members
who shall come from their homes
SPDC shall
Form and ensure commitment and transparent
adherence to GMoU programmes.
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Yearly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
During construction phase
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Evidences of
compensations paid
Construction
(Dredging, sand
winning, site
clearing, sand
filling, Civil and
earth works etc.)
Loss of flora and

fauna
SPDC shall
pay adequate compensation for loss economic
trees/plants
maximise the use of existing flowline ROWs/well
locations and already acquired land, with a view
to minimise the anticipated impact on vegetation
Epiphytes on plants shall be evaluated as an
indication of healthy/stress condition
Mature trees greater than 60 cm in girth shall not
be felled, where practicable
Site reports on how

disputes were
settled
Approved design
/routing drawings
(Permit to Survey
approvals)
Site inspection report
Vegetation studies
report
549
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase

Loss of habitat
Community unrest
SPDC shall support initiatives aimed at enhancing

the conservation station and capabilities of the
protected areas within the project area of
influence
SPDC shall optimize the use of existing
pipeline/flowline Right of Way to minimize
landtake
SPDC shall clear only the minimum area required
for the project
The use of existing roads shall be optimized
Wildlife studies shall be carried out to the status
of endangered/threatened species (species
diversity and abundance) shall be carried out one
year after major construction activities
SPDC shall
Form and ensure commitment and transparent
adherence to GMoU programmes.
Approved design
/routing drawings
(Permit to Survey
approvals)
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Twice
yearly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Minutes of
consultation sessions
Evidence of GMoU
agreement and
implementation
Site reports on how
disputes were settled
Pressure on existing
infrastructure (health,
recreational etc.)
SPDC shall
Construct camp site for its workers during and
after mobilization to ease pressure on existing
infrastructure
Provide amenities based on community needs via
GMoU
Upgrade the existing access road to the project

Evidences of
provision of
infrastructures to
communities
550
Increased level of
noise and vibration
with possible hearing
loss
Increase in dust,
fumes, and reduction
in air quality
Potential increase in
erosion
SPDC shall:
use only pre-mobbed and regularly maintained
equipment and vehicles
provide adequate enclosures for noise producing
equipment
ensure that appropriate PPEs are provided and
used.
Emissions from machinery shall be reduced by the
use of standard equipment that meet existing
emissions requirements (low Nox burners) and
fume catalysers provided on all suitable
equipment.
Ambient air quality shall be monitored in line
with FMENV/DPR requirement (NOx, COx,
SOx, SPM etc)
Water tankers shall be used to sprinkle water on
exposed dusty soil surface
Re-vegetation of top soil shall be undertaken to
reduce runoff, increase moisture retention and
facilitate soil stabilisation
Top soil/cleared vegetation shall be used to hedge
the proposed project to reduce runn-off (control
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
area
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Evidence of the
number and
kilometres of
community roads
constructed or
upgraded
Employment records
Maintenance records
Evidence of issuance
of PPEs
Site inspection report.
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Twice a year
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Compliance
monitoring report
551
Threats to health of
workers (snake bites,
insect bites, injuries
etc)
Record of issuance of
PPEs, evidence of
usage of the PPEs by
staff
Monthly
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
flooding and contain sand)
SPDC shall provide and enforce usage of PPE by
field workers
Anti- venom shall be provided on site
Awareness shall be created among site workers
and nearby communities on the likelihood of
exposure to poisonous wildlife and plants
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Evidence and number

of anti-venom
provided
Records/ minutes of
such awareness
sessions
Influx of labour and

followers
(dependants, bounty
seekers, CSWs, etc)
Opportunity for
contracting and
employment

implications of drug and alcohol abuse,
unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to
sustain cultural values
camp/work sites
Alternative recreational facilities shall be
provided at camp sites
SPDC alcohol and drug policy shall be
implemented to encourage healthy lifestyle for
staff
Indigenous contractors and resource (qualified)
persons shall be used
SPDC shall develop procedure/criteria for
indigenous labour sourcing/employment
SPDC shall
Evidence of first aid

and personnel
provided
Medical records
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Stock records and

availability of
condoms
Access Control/ID
card
Awareness records
Employment records
and community
Engagement reports
During operations
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Minutes of
Monthly
Project HSE
552
Drilling
Slot sweeping
Rig Move
(including
personnel,
equipment and
supplies logistics)
Drilling
Campaign
Casing and
cementing
Completion and
perforation
Well testing
Flowline hook
up
Traditional
occupation (farming,
fishing, hunting)
could be adversely
affected from
construction
operations
Impairment of air
quality by emissions
of air pollutants (SPM
and VOCs)
Alternative access to farmlands and hunting

grounds shall be provided where applicable
Alternative income generating activities that will
empower communities shall be supported
Land take shall be limited to the minimum
required
Impact on traditional income shall be assessed and
adequate compensatory measures taken, where
necessary.
SPDC shall:
equipment
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
Local labour (both male and female, skilled and
unskilled) shall be employed as a priority in line
with local content policy
Regular consultation with the local community
and other stakeholders (Govt., Community,
NGOs, CBOs etc.) shall be carried out for
effective communication and social license
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Manager/regulators
Evidence of GMoU
agreement and
implementation
Site reports on how
disputes were settled
L
Status report on
traditional occupation
Six months after

construction
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Register of SPDC
sponsored income
generating projects
Maintenance records
553
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Site
Noise and vibration
nuisance
Contamination of
surface and
groundwater
(turbidity)
SPDC shall:
equipment
Alternative source of water shall be provided to

nearby communities during construction activities,
where necessary
Sanitary wastes shall be treated biologically by
sewage treatment plant on site
Emergency response spill control/prevention
equipment shall be provided
Storage tank (diesel, lub oil and other chemicals)
shall be bunded and adequately lined with concrete
to reduce seapage
Surface water quality 500 m upstream and
downstream of the well locations shall be analysed
in line with DPR requirement
Monitoring boreholes shall be drilled to monitor
ground water quality (toxic chemicals and faecal
micro organisms) in line with regulatory
requirement
SPDC shall register all discharge point sources with
DPR and shall ensure that effluents from
construction sites are monitored and treated to
comply with regulatory limits before disposal
Awareness campaigns shall be carried out in the
communities within the project areas on the need
for good sanitation and health implications of poor
Equipment premob
certificates
Equipment
maintenance
records
Evidence of
issuance of PPEs
Site inspection
reports
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
554
Increase in social
vices
Injuries and death

from blowouts
Opportunities for
business and
employment
Soil pollution from

chemicals, drill
SPDC shall adhere to HSSE & SP control framework

for waste management
Community
engagement report
Quarterly
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
sanitary conditions
Safe Handling of Chemical (SHOC) cards shall be
provided on all sites where chemicals are handled
implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected
sex, prostitution and the need to sustain cultural
values
camp/work sites
Alternative recreational facilities shall be provided
at camp sites
Alcohol and drug policy shall be implemented to
encourage healthy lifestyle for workers
(SPDC/contractor staff)
SPDC shall:
Ensure and enforce the implementation of fire
prevention & protection regulations
Ensure the implementation of emergency response
plan (EMERP)
Fire fighting material shall be available on location
at all times
Carry out HAZID/HAZOP of the facility in line
with SPDC policy
Adequate compensation shall be paid to affected
parties.
Blow-out preventers (BOP) shall be installed
persons shall be used
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Site inspection
reports
Certification of
workforce
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Emergency response
plan
HAZID register
Pep-talk records
Contract documents
/register or list of
community members
employed
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Waste consignment
note
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
555
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
cuttings, and mud

Drilling mud
recovery record
Monitoring of
recipient environment
in line with
EGASPIN 2002
SPDC shall
Local labour (both male and female, skilled and
unskilled) shall be employed as a priority in line
with local content policy
Regular consultation with the local community and
other stakeholders (Govt., Community, NGOs,
CBOs etc.) shall be carried out for effective
communication and social license
SPDC shall provide health and recreational facilities
for workers to reduce stress and health
vulnerabilities
All contractors shall ensure that their personnel are
medically certified fit for their different activities
and medical reports submitted to SPDC.
Retainership clinics and site medical facilities such
as first aid shall be provided in line with SPDC
guidelines.
Health Risk Assessment (HRA) shall be carried out
for all jobs to manage the potential health hazards
associated with the activities.
Adequate training shall be provided on basic life
saving techniques such as basic first aid,
resuscitation, care of the unconscious and control of
bleeding and SPDC medical emergency response
procedures.
Monthly
L
Evidence of GMoU
agreement and
implementation
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Minutes of
L
Certification of
workforce
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Emergency response
plan
HAZID register
Pep-talk records
556
Contamination of the
environment by
wastes (drilling
waste)
Demobilization
Impairment of air
quality from
emissions of air
pollutants (SPM and
VOCs)
Rating after
mitigation
L
Responsible/
Action Party

vibration levels
All SPDC/ contractor personnel shall be adequately

trained to acquire the pre-requisite competence for
the different jobs.
All operations personnel shall be provided with
appropriate Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE),
and it shall be mandatory that they are worn as may
be applicable.
Permit to Work system shall be enforced at all
stages of the operational activities
SPDC shall:
equipment
SPDC shall adhere to HSSE & SP control framework
for waste management
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Equipment premob
certificates
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Equipment
maintenance records
of PPEs
L
Waste consignment
note
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Drilling mud
recovery record
Emissions from machineries shall be reduced by the

Ambient air quality monitoring programme shall be
Monitoring of
recipient environment
in line with
EGASPIN 2002
Maintenance records
557
Improper disposal of
materials removed
from site
Rating after
mitigation
Generated solid waste shall be segregated at source
by the provision of colour coded bin for different
types of waste and disposed of according to SPDC
waste management guidelines
The generated paper waste shall be shredded and
sold to any SPDC approved paper recycling
company
De-contaminated scrap metals/drums shall be
collected and taken to SPDC waste recycling depot
(scrap yard) at Kidney Island (KI), Port Harcourt,
for onward delivery to any SPDC approved metal
scavengers
Generated glass materials shall also be transported
to KI scrap yard for onward delivery to any SPDC
Responsible/
Action Party

with injuries
developed, detailing the monitoring location,

parameters (THC particulates CO2, SO2, NO2,
SPM and VOCs), methods and frequency.
Compliance monitoring report shall be submitted to
DPR/FMEnv
SPDC shall ensure that:
only pre-mobbed and regularly maintained
vehicles;
compliance with SPDC journey management policy
for land transport is enforced
daily pep talk is given to drivers for road
transportation
only certified vehicles with monitoring and
communication devices installed for speed
tracking.
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Journey
management
records
Pre-mob
certificates
Pep-talk records
Certificate of
defensive driving
Vehicle
Monitoring
Analysis
Evidence of first
aid and personnel
provided
Waste management
plan
Weekly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Waste
inventory/consignme
nt notes
558
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
approved glass company

Spent batteries shall be taken to any SPDC
approved battery re-cycling company
Oily waste materials shall be collected and taken to
FMEnv approved incinerator or any other approved
alternative
Kitchen waste shall be collected and handled at any
SPDC approved composting plant
Medical waste shall be collected and taken to
medical incinerator at SPDC Industrial Area (IA)
Port Harcourt
vibration level
Commissioning
Loss of employment/
income
Gas leaks and

explosions
SPDC shall:
equipment
SPDC shall
support entrepreneurial skill development and
opportunities for community members to cushion
the effect of reduction in economic/income
generating activities.
SPDC shall:
ensure that blowout preventers are installed
ensure provision of adequate firefighting equipment
ensure that emergency response procedures are in
place
Equipment premob
certificates
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Equipment
maintenance records
of PPEs
L
Engagement
reports/Register of
affected parties
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Evidences of project
emergency response
plans
Weekly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Facility WalkThrough Surveys

Routine health
service surveillance
559
Loss of
properties/assets and
lives from
fire/blowout
Certification of
workforce
Emergency
response plan
HAZID register
Weekly
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
SPDC shall ensure:
that blowout preventers are installed
provision of adequate firefighting equipment
only skilled personnel and certified equipment are
used
that emergency response procedures are in place
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Pep-talk records
Evidences of
project emergency
response plans
Operations and
Maintenance
Loss of revenue to
government and
company from
equipment failure and
blowout
SPDC shall
ensure use of world best practice in gas facility
commissioning
Environmental
pollution arising from
improper disposal of
lubricants and oily
debris
SPDC shall ensure:

all wastes are properly segregated and contained
before disposal
all wastes are properly disposed of and monitored
from cradle to grave
All effluents are treated to regulatory limits before
discharge
Equipment failure and

damage leading to
injuries/fatality
SPDC shall ensure:

only skilled personnel and certified equipment are
used
emergency response procedures are in place
Daily pep talks are conducted on identified hazards
Evidences of
project
emergency
response plans
Weekly
Waste consignment
note
Drilling mud
recovery record
Monitoring of
recipient
environment in line
with EGASPIN
2002
Compliance
Monitoring Reports
Site Inspection
Reports
Activity Reports
Routine health
service surveillance
records
Monthly
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
560
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Certification of
workforce
Emergency
response plan
HAZID register
Pep-talk records
Revenue generation
to government and
company
vibration/levels
Decommissioning
& Abandonment
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
SPDC shall:
equipment
SPDC shall:
Minimize routine gas venting and flaring
Install scrubbers in their flare stacks
Equipment premob
certificates
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Equipment
maintenance records
of PPEs
Oil (lubricants, fuels)

and Gas leaks
(fugitive emissions)
Employment and
income generating
opportunity

persons shall be used.
Destruction of
aesthetic value of the
environment
The various equipment shall be purged and cleaned

to remove lubricants, residues etc.
Most of the surface equipment shall be re-cycled or
sold as scrap to steel companies etc.
Monitoring records
of the criteria air
pollutants
Vehicle/boat
maintenance
records
Vehicle/boat premob records
Contract documents
/register or list of
community members
employed
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
During Decommissioning
& Abandonment phase
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
During decommissioning
and Abandonment
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
561

vibration/levels
Interference with land

transport
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
The lines above ground shall be cut and sold as
scrap
The buried lines shall either be removed or plugged
Concrete foundations and slabs shall be broken
down to soil level and removed (unless abandoned
in place for future use by interested parties)
The bare soils shall be restored (re-vegetated with
indigenous plant species etc)
Access control shall be provided for physical
structures remaining on site, which have been
declared unsafe and unhealthy for humans/animals.
Agreement shall be reached with local authorities
and communities for use of usable assets such as
roads
Surface/ground water, soil and air shall be
monitored in line with FMEnv/DPR requirement
SPDC shall:
equipment
SPDC shall
ensure proper signposting and mapping of the
project area to avoid undue interference with other
road users
issue timely information to stakeholders on nature
and timing of activities
carry out the movement in phases to avoid
prolonged interruption of roasd transport activities
schedule project activities to minimize disruption of
land transport
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Maintenance
records
Evidence of
issuance of PPEs
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Site inspection
report
Twice yearly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Evidences of
provision of
infrastructures to
communities
562
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Kidnappings
SPDC shall
Develop and implement a security management
plan for the project
Work with the Government, communities and
other relevant agencies to improve security in the
project area
ensure that security orientation and awareness is
conducted for workforce.
Ensure that staff adhere to instructions in daily
journey management plan
Evidence of
stakeholders
engagements
Records of security
incidences
Project security
plan
Record of security
orientation and
awareness
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Impairment of air
quality from
emissions of air
pollutants (SPM and
VOCs)
Vehicle
Maintenance
records
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Emissions from machineries shall be reduced by the

Ambient air quality monitoring programme shall be
developed, detailing the monitoring location,
parameters (THC particulates CO2, SO2, NO2, SPM
and VOCs), methods and frequency.
Compliance monitoring report shall be submitted to
DPR/FMEnv
SPDC shall
ensure commitment and transparent adherence to
GMoUprogrammes and projects.
identify and address all legacy issues
Minutes of
consultation
sessions
Evidence of GMoU
agreement and
implementation
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Evidences of
compensations paid
563
Increase potential for

road traffic
accidents/injury
Potential for falls into

exposed trenches (by
animals, unsuspecting
passers-by)
Alteration of soil
fauna community
Destruction of
vegetation and fauna
population
SPDC shall maximise the use of existing flowline

ROWs for the proposed flowline
For any new acquisition, all necessary
Journey
management
records
Pre-mob
certificates
Pep-talk records
Certificate of
defensive driving
Vehicle
Monitoring
Analysis
Responsible/
Action Party
Rating after
mitigation
Awareness shall be created on the potential of
increased traffic on land for road users and
community members
SPDC policy on road borne traffic journey
management shall be adhered to (all journey must
be approved, no night journeys, speed limits on land
and water).
SPDC shall upgrade existing roads to suite the
proposed project activities with additional access
roads provided, where necessary
Traffic signs shall be provided on all the approved
routes for the project
Trenching shall be limited to the minimum size
required.
Duct tapes and safety signages shall be placed
around trenches
Machinery with very low track pressure (of
amphibious type) shall be used to minimise
compaction and damage to soil.
Excavated top soil shall be retained for reuse in
restoration to minimise risks to the organisms.
Top and sub-surface soil quality of the immediate
environment to the proposed project locations shall
be monitored in line with FMEnv/DPR regulatory
requirement.
Site reports on how

disputes were
settled
Journey
management
records
Pre-mob
certificates
Pep-talk records
Certificate of
defensive driving
Vehicle
Monitoring
Analysis
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Weekly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
During
decommissioningand
abandonment
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Weekly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
During
decommissioningand
abandonment
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
564
Rating after
mitigation
L
Responsible/
Action Party
Injury/fatalities in
workforce
protocols/legal requirement shall be observed

Areas cleared outside the ROW shall be revegetated with native plant species
Areas to be cleared shall be clearly marked
SPDC shall provide health and recreational facilities
for workers to reduce stress and health
vulnerabilities
All contractors shall ensure that their personnel are
medically certified fit for their different activities
and medical reports submitted to SPDC.
Retainership clinics and site medical facilities such
as first aid shall be provided in line with SPDC
guidelines.
Health Risk Assessment (HRA) shall be carried out
for all jobs to manage the potential health hazards
associated with the activities.
Adequate training shall be provided on basic life
saving techniques such as basic first aid,
resuscitation, care of the unconscious and control of
bleeding and SPDC medical emergency response
procedures.
All SPDC/ contractor personnel shall be adequately
trained to acquire the pre-requisite competence for
the different jobs.
All operations personnel shall be provided with
appropriate Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE),
and it shall be mandatory that they are worn as may
be applicable.
Permit to Work system shall be enforced at all
stages of the operational activities
Monitoring
Frequency
Mitigation measures
Parameters to be
Monitored
Description of
Impact
Rating before
mitigation
Project Phase
Certification of
workforce
Monthly
Project HSE
Manager/regulators
Emergency response
plan
HAZID register
Pep-talk records
565
7.2: Cumulative Environmental Action Plan

7.2.1: Cumulative Biophysical Impacts
Air Quality
Despite the insignificant cumulative impacts of the project in its zone of influence, some
mitigation measures have been put in place to further reduce anticipated air pollutants from
the predicted level. The mitigation measures include:
regular inspection of valves/pipe joints
regular maintenance of combustion systems to ensure compliance
low NOx burners for all turbines
installation of Flare Liquid Knock Out (FLKO) vessels on flare lines
flares designed to satisfy a Ringlemann Number of 1
purging of emergency flares to avoid oxygen ingress
no routine flaring
Noise Levels
Overall, the project is not expected to cause significant increase in ambient noise levels of the
surrounding communities. To ensure that this remains the case, the following shall be done;
ensure that noise & vibration meet the ergonomic requirements of SPDC and national
and global standards, and codes of practice
safe distance shall be adopted for equipment spacing
fit turbines and generators with silencers
workers shall be provided with appropriate protection devices
persons shall not be exposed to 90 dBA unless protected
equipment emitting higher noise shall be enclosed, where entrance will be required
necessary hearing protection shall be worn
In addition, the following shall apply; annual audiometric tests shall be conducted for all
personnel working in high noise areas. The noise level for the various equipment shall not
exceed 90 dB(A). The sound pressure level at the nearest residential area shall not exceed 45
dB(A) at night.
Wildlife
In order to mitigate the cumulative impacts of the project on wildlife, the following measures
shall be put in place:
Avoid working at night
Use only pre-mobbed equipment
Restrict vegetation clearing to barest minimum
Soil
The cumulative impact on soil could be mitigated via;
Best practice in land management in cleared areas,
Prevention of spills arising from sabotage on oil facilities, enforcement of no routine
flaring policy,
566
Treatment of effluents and improved waste management practices
Surface Water
To mitigate the cumulative impact of the projects on surface water, the following measures
shall be done:
Best practice in land management in cleared areas,
Prevention of spills arising from sabotage on oil facilities, enforcement of no flare
policy,
Treatment of effluents and improved waste management practices
Vegetation
To mitigate the cumulative impact of the projects on vegetation, the following measures shall
be done;
SPDC shall clear only the minimum area required for the project
Areas cleared outside the minimum required for the project (RoW) shall be revegetated with indigenous species.
SPDC shall support initiatives put forward for conservation and re-vegetation of any
degraded environment
7.2.2: Cumulative Social Impacts
Cumulative Impacts on Population

The impact on the local population could be mitigated as follows:
SPDC should enter into Global Memorandum of Understanding by grouping project
communities into clusters. SPDC should meet the terms of the agreement especially as
it affects issues of compensation for land take, employment, and provision of social
amenities;
SPDC should build camp site to provide accommodation for staff at the PTF/FLB,
especially during peak of construction
On a regional scale, SPDC shall support the deployment of the Niger Delta Master
Development Plan that already aim to avoid population concentration through facilitating
spread of the industrial base of selected growth centres by government. To ensure the
effectiveness of this mitigation measures, demographic studies shall be carried out at peak of
construction activities and one year after commissioning.
Cumulative Impacts on Public Security and Safety

The project specific measures to combat the impact of insecurity are that SPDC shall;
Enter into GMoU agreement with the community clusters.
Encourage formation of local vigilante.
Engagement/ employment of the indigenes
However, because the security situation in the region borders on issues of the larger political
economy of Nigeria, SPDC expects:
567
Government to guarantee security of life and property in the area. At present, the Federal
Government has deployed the Joint Security Task Force (JTF) comprising the Police,
Army, Navy and Air force to douse the activities of militants and other criminal elements;
and
The Niger Delta Development Commission, (NDDC) and Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs
to accelerate the development initiatives in the region towards attaining sustainable
livelihoods and peace in the area.
It is expected that with these measures and adequate consultations with all stakeholders, the
hostile security situation in the Niger Delta region will be brought down to a manageable
level. However, because there is need for zero - security breach situation, the residual effect
despite these remedial measures will still be significant.
Cumulative Impacts on Social Infrastructure

To reduce pressure on available local infrastructure, SPDC shall:
Provide accommodation (living quarters) for staff;
Widely publicize and optimise the use of locals for most of the project activities as is
expected to be agreed in the GMoU thereby reducing the possible influx of people from
other places in search of employment opportunities.
As part of its Sustainable Community Development strategy in the GMoU agreement
engage in the provision of infrastructure such as schools, potable water and healthcare
centres.
On a regional level, NDDC and other development partners/agencies which are already
undertaking a number of social infrastructure projects in the area should be supported with
more funds. SPDC shall buy into such endeavour to encourage the aforementioned regional
measures. However, these may not completely address the pressure resulting from projectinduced followers. For instance, the dearth of housing, especially for the low income earners,
is not only a regional, but also a national problem. Private/ public sectors shall be made aware
of the opportunities that could exist in the area for investment in housing.
Cumulative Impacts on Lifestyle, Values and Beliefs

Apart from the project specific mitigation strategies that aim to facilitate quality engagement
of the stakeholder communities, in order to ameliorate the problems that are associated with
population influx and the corresponding cultural diffusion and acculturation, SPDC shall
support States and the Federal Government ethical orientation initiatives. In this direction,
SPDC shall:
Support all programmes that aim to eradicate the culture of unearned income and
corruption from public life;
Support institutions such as the National Orientation Agency in its drive to instil a
sense of positive values through the school system and to inculcate the values of
effective leadership, the virtues of dignity of labour and income derived from
568
productive engagement, contribution to output, efficient use of resources, aversion to

theft, falsehood and violence.
Cumulative Impacts on Shrine and cultural sites

The mitigation measures for this impact include:
The geo-referencing of all items of cultural significance in the AN-OH area of
influence to avoid deliberate compromise of culturally significant sites
Adequate compensation and appeasement as prescribed by the communities
Enhancement of Cumulative Impacts on Employment and Income (Positive)

To ensure that community members continue to fully benefit from the project, SPDC, in line
with Federal Government policy shall:
Employ not less than 60% of unskilled and semi-skilled labour from the host
communities and hire local contractors as well as qualified resource persons from the
area. Other initiatives in this direction include skills acquisition schemes in which local
youth are trained in relevant skills in the oil and gas industry as a means of increasing
their employability.
On a regional scale, the NDDC is sponsoring a number of poverty alleviation and
empowerment programmes through skill acquisition and capacity building schemes
across the region. Also, the Federal Government in a bid to reduce unemployment and
poverty has set up a National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP).
The AN-OH project will synergize with other programmes in the area to raise the
standard of living of the people of the area. Sample surveys shall be undertaken annually
in communities to monitor income and unemployment levels with a view to continuing to
impact on them positively.
7.2.3: Cumulative Health Impacts
Mitigation of Cumulative Impact on Community Health and Safety

The prevalence of communicable diseases and traffic/work related injuries and fatalities were
considered to be incremental and negative within the projects zone of influence. The
mitigations measures are as follows:
On traffic/work related injuries/ fatalities mitigation measures shall take the form of:
Awareness campaign on the potential of increased traffic for road users and
community members;
Compliance with SPDC policy on journey management for land transport.
Use of Traffic/Warning signs;
Upgrade of existing roads by SPDC (where needed).
Pre-mob and regular maintenance of project vehicles
Defensive Driving Courses (DDC) and certification for all drivers
Project vehicles are fitted with monitoring (IVMS) and communication devices
569
Monthly monitoring of traffic related issues shall be done by assessing the number of
awareness campaigns carried out, number of road/water traffic accidents, drivers
certification and the journey management records of the contractor.
The spread of Malaria shall be mitigated through:
Awareness campaigns shall be carried out in the communities within the project areas
of influence on the need for good sanitation and health implications of poor sanitary
conditions
Use of long lasting insecticidal nets against mosquitoes
chemoprophylaxis for malaria non immune persons
sustenance of SPDCs on-going programme on malaria control with Africare
Health education on appropriate complementary feeding practices
Non-immune expatriate staff shall be on regular anti-malarial treatment;
The spread of diarrhoea diseases shall be mitigated by:
Carrying out health campaigns/awareness on the need to maintain adequate hygiene;
Campaigns/awareness on proper household waste disposal including sewage; and
Support for GMoU water projects.
To control the spread of respiratory tract diseases the following measures shall apply:
Provision of accommodation for the company staff in order to reduce pressure on
housing which could lead to overcrowding;
Employing indigenes from the project area to minimise influx of people;
Minimising the use of biomass in cooking in the living room; and
Pre-employment medical examination to detect cases of existing lungs disease.
Mitigation of Cumulative Impact on Healthcare Infrastructure

The cumulative effects of all the other projects including the AN-OH on healthcare facilities
will be incremental and significant. This impact could be mitigated by the following
measures:
At the project level, SPDC and her contractors shall cater for the health needs of their
staff by providing and equipping site clinic, certifying the workers medically fit
before employment, organizing training for site First Aiders and also providing
medical emergency response;
At the level of the community, the existing SPDC practice of supporting (provision
of drugs, upgrading of facilities and staff training), building/ equipping healthcare
centres in their areas of operations shall be extended to some of the communities in
the area of influence of the Project;
At the regional level, the implementation of the Federal Government policy on health
as enshrined in the NEEDS document (National Planning Commission/ CBN 2005)
and the seven strategic pillars of the health sector reforms (FMoH Nigeria, 2004) as
well as the Imo/Rivers States Government SEEDS programme shall aid in addressing
the inadequacies in healthcare facilities.
570
The monitoring of the effectiveness of the mitigation measures shall be done annually. In this
regard, SPDC shall carry out demographic and health infrastructure surveys. The monitoring
parameters shall be the population increase, access to healthcare, health personnel to
population ratio and health service coverage index.
Mitigation of Cumulative Impact on Food and Nutrition

This impact shall be mitigated through the application of the following strategies:
Limiting land take to the minimum required, compensating adequately for impact on
traditional occupations/income sources and providing alternative income generating
opportunities to empower the communities; and
SPDC shall support the implementation of the Federal and State Government policies
on food/nutrition especially the FGN National Plan of Action/Policy on Food and
Nutrition and implementation of National Policy on Infant and Young Child Feeding
(2011) and National Micronutrient Deficiency Control Strategy (2009).
SPDC shall monitor the amelioration of this impact by annual assessment of weight, height
and mid-arm circumference in children under five and also assessing the dietary pattern in the
communities. The methods to be used for monitoring are focus group discussions,
questionnaire administration and physical examinations (anthropometrics measurements)
Mitigation of Cumulative Impact on Reproductive Health

The increase in the migrant population of young virile males into the area could lead to the
attraction of commercial sex workers and increase in unsafe sex practices leading to
incremental negative impacts on reproductive health. This impact shall be mitigated by:
Creating awareness and enlightenment among the communities/field workers on the
implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to
sustain cultural values;
Provision of condoms at site;
The SPDC policy on STIs, HIV/AIDS shall apply.
On a regional level; SPDC shall;
Support the activities of the National/ State Action Committee on Aids (NACA/
SACA)
Partner with the Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI) of the FMoH/WHO, on strategies
to prevent unwanted pregnancies/ unsafe abortion;
The success of this mitigation shall be monitored twice annually by assessing the population
increase, commercial sex workers: population ratio, STI, HIV/AIDS prevalence and the
number of awareness campaigns carried out. This monitoring shall be carried out via focus
group discussions, demographic and health surveys and analysis of health records.
The cumulative impacts management and monitoring are summarized in Tables 7.2 to 7.3.
571
Table 7.2: Environmental Action Plan (Cumulative Impacts Management and Monitoring) Biophysical
VEC/
VSC
Cumulative
Impact
Air
Quality
Reduction in
air quality
Rating
before
mitigation
Not
significant
but
considered
for
mitigation
due to its
importance.
Description of mitigation
Noise
Increase
in
noise level
Not
significant
because it
dissipates
but
considered
for
mitigation
because of
its
importance
Regular inspection of
valves / pipe joints
maintain
the
combustion
systems
regularly to ensure
regulatory
low NOx burners for
all turbines
installation of Flare
Liquid Knock Out
(FLKO) vessels on
flare lines
Flares designed to
satisfy a Ringlemann
Number of 1
The flares shall be
purged to avoid oxygen
ingress
ensure that noise &

vibration
meet
the
ergonomic requirements
of SPDC & national and
global standards, &
codes of practice
Safe distance shall be
adopted for equipment
spacing
fit
turbines
and
generators with silencers
Workers
shall
be
provided
with
appropriate
protection
devices
Persons shall not be
exposed to 90 dBA
Residual
impact
rating
Not
significant,
below
threshold
limit
Not
significant,
below
threshold
limit
Parameters
to
be
Monitored
CO,
NOx,
SO2, TSP,
H2S,
Volatile
organic
compound.
For source
emissions:
Emission
rates/factor,
flare
temperature,
volume
discharge,
mass balance
of
combustion
products,
ozone, heavy
&
trace
metals
Noise level
Methods
be used
to
Standard
methods
as
recommended
by
FMEnv,
WHO, World
Bank, UNEP
and DPR
Sampling
locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Shopfloor,
fenceline,
generator
area,
PTF, 3 km radius
to the PTF and
helipad
Monthly
Detection
Limit
(if
applicable)
Provided in the
Annex 5.1
Responsibility /
Action Party
Provided
Annex 5.2
SPDC
SPDC
For
source
emissions,
a
distance of 200 m
intervals
away
from installations
along the direction
of the prevailing
wind
Standard
methods
as
recommended
by
FMEnv,
WHO, UNEP,
World Bank
PTF,
Accommodation
Area, 3 km radius
to the PTF &
helipad.
Fortnightly
during
construction
and Monthly
thereafter.
in
572
VEC/
VSC
Cumulative
Impact
Rating
before
mitigation
Residual
impact
rating
Parameters
to
be
Monitored
Methods
be used
Not
significant
Noise levels,
Records of
wildlife kill,
or sighting
of wildlife
Best practice in land

management in cleared
areas,
Prevention
of
spills
arising from sabotage on
oil facilties, enforcement
of no flare policy,
Treatment of effluents and
improved
waste
management practices
Low
THC/TPH
Heavy
metals (Ni/V
ratio)
Soil
microbiolog
y
Soil
nutrients
Standard
methods
as
recommended
by
FMEnv,
WHO, World
Bank, UNEP
and
DPR;
Direct
Observation
Standard
methods
as
recommended
by
FMEnv,
WHO, World
Bank, UNEP
and DPR;
Best practice in land

management in cleared
areas,
Prevention
of
spills
arising from sabotage on
oil facilities, enforcement
of no flare policy,
Treatment of effluents and
improved
waste
management practices
Use of best technology
Low
unless protected
Equipment
emitting
higher noise shall be
enclosed,
where
entrance
will
be
required
necessary
hearing
protection
shall be worn.
Avoid working at night
use only pre-mobbed

equipment
to
Sampling
locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Detection
Limit
(if
applicable)
Responsibility /
Action Party
PTF,
Accommodation
Area, 3 km radius
to the PTF &
helipad.
Fortnightly
during
construction
and Monthly
thereafter.
Provided
Annex 5.2
in
SPDC
sampling
spill area
Monthly for
physicochemical
parameters
Twice
a
year: Wet &
Dry seasons
for
soil
microbiolog
y
and
nutrients
Monthly
Provided
in
Table
5.2.12
(a)
SPDC
Provided
in
Table
5.2.12
(a)
SPDC
Wildlife
Nuisance &
Disruption of
Activity
Destruction
of habitats
Not
significant
but
considered
for
mitigation
due to its
importance.
Soil
Degradation
of soil from
vegetation
clearing and
spills leading
to decrease in
Soil Quality
Index (SQI)
Medium
Surface
Water
Surface
Water
Quality
deterioration
from
vegetation
clearance,
dredging and
spills
of
chemicals
and effluents
and acid rain
Medium
pH, BOD5 ,
COD, DO,
trace metals
(including
Al), heavy
metals
within
Cultural
methods
Standard
methods
as
recommended
by
FMEnv,
WHO, World
Bank, UNEP
and DPR;
Upstream
downstream
impact point
and
of
573
VEC/
VSC
Cumulative
Impact
Rating
before
mitigation
Residual
impact
rating
Parameters
to
be
Monitored
Methods
be used
to
Low
Status
of
endangered
plant
species,
pathological
conditions,
species
diversity and
abundance.
Sampling in
transects/
quadrants
Sampling
locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Detection
Limit
(if
applicable)
Responsibility /
Action Party
SPDC
and silt curtains when

dredging
Vegetatio
n
Loss
of
vegetation
Medium
SPDC shall clear only the

minimum area required
for the project
Areas cleared outside the
minimum required for the
project (RoW etc) shall be
re-vegetated
with
indigenous species.
SPDC
shall
support
initiatives put forward for
conservation
and
revegetation
of
any
degraded environment
Project areas
Yearly
Table 7.3: Environmental Action Plan (Cumulative Impacts Impact Management and Monitoring) Socio Economics
VEC/ VSC
Cumulative Impact
Local
population
Increase in population
Public
security and
safety
Kidnapping/Hostage
taking
Rating
before
mitigation
High
High
Description of
mitigation
SPDC should
enter into
GMoU and
meet the terms
of the
agreement.
SPDC should
build camp site
to provide
accommodation
for her staff at
the PTF/FLB.
Entering into
GMoU
community
Residual
impact
rating
Not
significant;
Below
threshold
limit
Parameters to be
Monitored
Methods to
be used
Actual population
density,
population
distribution and
number of
emerging squatter
settlements
Field surveys
and
determination
of population
spread
Medium
Security/Incidence
Reports
Evidence of
GMoU with
communities
Sampling
locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Communities
and
settlements
within the
AN-OH area
Peak of
construction
activities
and one
year
thereafter
Within
communities
and project
site
Monthly
Detection
Limit (if
applicable)
Responsibility
/ Action Party
NA
SPDC
NA
SPDC
574
VEC/ VSC
Cumulative Impact
Rating
before
mitigation
Description of
mitigation
Infrastructure
Pressure on road,
drinking water supply,
hospital, market,
school infrastructure
Medium
Lifestyle,
values and
Beliefs
Erosion of some
cultural values and
desecration/destruction
of shrines and sacred
places, increased
alcoholism
Medium
cluster
agreement.
Support efforts
of the Nigerian
Government,
and her agencies
in the Niger
Delta Regional
Development
Master Plan.
Encourage
formation of
local vigilante.
Support for
formal security
organisations
The
communities
needs and
priorities shall
detect the
specific projects
and programmes
to be carried
out.
Make
infrastructure
improvement as
cardinal
objective of
SPDC GMoU.
provision of
infrastructure in
the project area
SPDC shall
support States
and the Federal
Government
ethical
orientation
Residual
impact
rating
Parameters to be
Monitored
Methods to
be used
Sampling
locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Detection
Limit (if
applicable)
Responsibility
/ Action Party
Evidence of
support for
local
vigilante
Low
Demographic
studies shall be
carried out at peak
of construction
activities and one
year after
commissioning
Sample
survey
Within
communities
Annually
NA
SPDC
Low
Incidence Report
of abuse of
alcohol and other
social vices
Survey
Communities
Monthly
NA
SPDC
575
VEC/ VSC
Cumulative Impact
Rating
before
mitigation
Housing
Pressure on the
housing facilities,
overcrowding
High
Shrine and
cultural sites
Area of encroached
forestland and cultural
Moderate
Description of
mitigation
initiatives.
SPDC shall
support all
programmes
that aim to
eradicate the
culture of
unearned
income and
corruption from
public life.
SPDC shall
support
institutions, e.g.
National
Orientation
Agency, to instil
a sense of
positive values
SPDC workers
shall be housed
in camps
create an
enabling
environment for
the private
sector to build
affordable
housing for the
masses
widely publicize
and optimize the
use of locals for
most of the
project activities
as is expected to
be agreed in the
G-MoU
The georeferencing of
Residual
impact
rating
Parameters to be
Monitored
Methods to
be used
Sampling
locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Detection
Limit (if
applicable)
Responsibility
/ Action Party
Medium
Demographic
studies shall be
carried out at peak
of construction
activities and one
year after
commissioning
Sample
survey
Communities
Annually
NA
SPDC
Low
Archaeological
records(if any)
Survey
Communities
Quarterly
NA
SPDC
576
VEC/ VSC
Cumulative Impact
Rating
before
mitigation
sites
Education
Natural
resources
Employment
School enrolment as it
affect teacher-pupil
ratio
Loss of Natural
Resources
Increase in
employment
Description of
mitigation
Residual
impact
rating
Parameters to be
Monitored
Methods to
be used
Sampling
locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Detection
Limit (if
applicable)
Responsibility
/ Action Party
Moderate
School enrolment
and dropout
records
Survey
Schools
within the
communities
Quarterly
SPDC
Not
significant;
Below
threshold
limit
Actual land area

taken or
vegetation cut
Field surveys
to ensure no
encroachment
into new
lands
Communities
and
settlements
within the
AN-OH area
NA
SPDC
No of locals
employed
Evidence of
compliance
to GMoU
Work site
and
communities
SPDC
all items of
cultural
significance in
the AN-OH area
of influence to
avoid deliberate
compromise of
culturally
significant sites
Adequate
compensation
and
appeasement as
prescribed by
the communities
High
Moderate
Positive
SPDC, as part
of its
Sustainable
Community
Development
strategy should
be engaged in
the provision of
school buildings
in the project
area
SPDC should
pay adequate
compensation to
affected land
owners;
encourage skills
acquisition and
training
programme.
To enhance this
impact; train
casual workers
Yearly
Monthly
577
VEC/ VSC
Cumulative Impact
Rating
before
mitigation
Description of
mitigation
Residual
impact
rating
to acquire skill
on the job
Reduction in poverty
Positive
To enhance this
impact
employed local
workers should
be educated on
principles of
thrift and
investment
Parameters to be
Monitored
Methods to
be used
Evidence of
mentor-mentee
relationships
between
contractors and
employed
casuals
Evidence of thrift
records
agreement on
labour
matters
Survey of
employed
workers
Sampling
locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Detection
Limit (if
applicable)
Responsibility
/ Action Party
Communities
Monthly
SPDC
578
Table 7.4: Environmental action plan (cumulative impacts impact management and monitoring) - Health
VEC/ VSC
Cumulative
impact
Community
health
and
safety
Increase
in
communicable
diseases
Traffic/Work-Related
Injuries and
Fatalities
Rating
before
mitigation
Medium
SPDC shall implement
water projects in the GMOU
entered into with the
communities
Awareness campaigns shall
be carried out on the need
for good sanitation and
health implications of poor
sanitary conditions
Use
of
long
lasting
insecticidal nets
chemoprophylaxis
for
malaria
non
immune
persons
sustenance of SPDCs on
going
programme
on
malaria
control
with
Africare
Health
education
on
appropriate complementary
feeding practices
High
Awareness campaign on the

potential of increased traffic
for
road
users
and
community members;
Compliance with SPDC
policy
on
journey
management
for
land
transport.
Use of Traffic/Warning
signs;
Upgrade of existing roads
by SPDC (where needed).
Pre-mob
and
regular
maintenance of project
vehicles
Defensive Driving Courses
(DDC) and certification for
all drivers
Residual Parameters to be Methods to be

impact
Monitored
used
rating
Low
% access to safe Field survey
water (new water Sampling
and
provision),
analysis
of
faecal
coliforms produced water
count in water,
Secondary
clinic
% use of insecticide data collation
treated nets,
% children under
five with high fever,
% children under
five treated with
proper anti-malaria,
diarrhoea
prevalence
No
of
health
awareness sessions
Low
Journey
Site clinic records
management
records
Premob certificates
Pep-talk records
Certificate
of
defensive driving
Vehicle Monitoring
Analysis
Sampling locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Communities/
communities
sources,
Monthly
water
Detection
Limit
(if
applicable)
National/
WHO
standards
Responsibility
SPDC
Project site
Project site
Community
centers
Monthly
SPDC
healthcare
Police traffic records
579
VEC/ VSC
Cumulative
impact
Rating
before
mitigation
Residual
impact
rating
Parameters to be
Monitored
Methods
used
to
be
Low
Population increase,
access to healthcare,
health personnel to
population
ratio,
health
service
coverage
index,
evidence of support
for
community
healthcare facilities.
Demographic and
health surveys.
Sampling locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Detection
Limit
(if
applicable)
Project
site
clinic
Communities/settlements
in the zone of influence
Annually
NA
Responsibility
Project vehicles are fitted

with monitoring (IVMS)
and communication devices
Healthcare
infrastructure
Pressure
on
healthcare
facilities due
to population
increase
High
Project Level
SPDC shall ensure that only
the personnel that are
medically certified fit for
the
different
project
activities are engaged
Retainership clinics and site
medical facilities shall be
provided in line with Shell
Minimum Health Standards
Adequate training shall be
provided on basic life
saving techniques
SPDC Medical emergency
response
procedures
(MEDEVAC) shall cover
the H Block Project area.
SPDC
Community Level
The existing SPDC practice
of supporting (provision of
drugs,
upgrading
of
facilities and staff training),
building and equipping
healthcare centres shall be
extended to some of the
communities in the area of
influence of the project.
Regional Level
The implementation of the
Federal Government policy
on health as enshrined in the
NEEDS document and the
seven strategic pillars of the
health sector 2004 and the
Imo/
Rivers
States
Government
SEEDS
programme is in progress.
580
VEC/ VSC
Cumulative
impact
Food
and
nutrition
Increase
in
prevalence of
malnutrition
(Loss
of
livelihood and
nutrition
sources)
Reproductive
health
Decline
in
reproductive
health status
Rating
before
mitigation
Medium
The implementation of the
FGN National Plan of
Action/ Policy on Food and
Nutrition shall contribute to
40% reduction in under
fives
malnutrition
and
micronutrient deficiency.
Alternative
income
generating activities that
will empower communities
(such
as
employment,
business opportunities and
skills
acquisition
programme)
shall
be
supported
SPDC, Government and
other
Operators
shall
establish
Agricultural
extension Services
High
HIV/AIDS
Awareness campaigns to
enlighten
the
communities/field workers
on the implications of drug
and
alcohol
abuse,
unprotected sex, prostitution
and the need to sustain
cultural values
SPDC shall support with the
distribution of condoms
Health
awareness
campaigns on the mode of
transmission/ prevention of
HIV/AIDS
Care/ support to Persons
Living With HIV/AIDS
(PLWHA) including HIV
Orphans and Vulnerable
Children (OVC).
The SPDC policy on STIs,
HIV/AIDS shall apply.
SPDC shall tie-in to the
activities of the National/
State Action Committee on
Aids (NACA).
Residual
impact
rating
Low
Parameters to be
Monitored
Methods
used
Weight, height, mid

arm circumference
in under 5s, dietary
pattern.
Low
Population increase,
STIs,
HIV/AIDS
prevalence, no of
awareness
campaigns
conducted;
to
be
Sampling locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Field
Survey
(FGDs,
questionnaire
administration,
physical
examination)
Communities in the zone

of influence
Annually
Field
surveys
(FGDs,
demographic
surveys,
health
records)
Sentinel clinics in the

zone
of
influence,
communities
Twice
annually
Detection
Limit
(if
applicable)
-
Responsibility
SPDC
NA
SPDC
581
VEC/ VSC
Cumulative
impact
Rating
before
mitigation
Residual
impact
rating
Parameters to be
Monitored
Methods
used
to
be
Sampling locations
Monitoring
Frequency
Detection
Limit
(if
applicable)
Responsibility
SPDC shall also partner

with the Safe Motherhood
Initiative (SMI) of the
FMoH/WHO
which
earmarks the strategies to
prevent
unwanted
pregnancies/
unsafe
abortion.
582
7.3: Environmental Monitoring Plan

The Monitoring Plan is an essential component of this report that provides the guidelines on
the implementation of the remedial measures developed for decommissioning and
restoration activities. In addition to this function, it also serves as a tool for compliance with
statutory requirements, corporate safety and environmental policies.
However, the environmental monitoring plan is a monitoring plan designed to capture the
implementation of those identified significant impacts and related environmental
components that have been identified to be impacted by project activities. The objectives of
the monitoring programme include:
Monitoring changes/alteration in the existing physical, chemical, biological and
socio-economic characteristics of the recipient environment;
Determine whether any detected changes in the biophysical and socio-economic
environment are caused by the project actions or by other natural factors;
Determine the effectiveness of the mitigation/enhancement measures for adverse
and beneficial impacts respectively;
Assure continual interactions and flow of information between SPDC and
stakeholders;
Provide basis for recommending additional mitigation/enhancement measures;
Provide early warning on any potentially serious problems.
To achieve its environmental policy, objectives and targets, including compliance with the
DPR/FMEnv regulatory requirements, SPDC shall monitor specific environmental
indicators and project activities. Monitoring of environmental indicators will help to
confirm the effectiveness of mitigation measures and to identify unforeseen environmental
impacts on time. The monitoring of the project activities shall be carried out to ensure
auditability and compliance with regulatory requirements.
7.4: Decommissioning and Abandonment Plan
At the completion of the project life span, SPDC standard procedure for decommissioning
shall be invoked. Prior to the decommissioning, a comprehensive decommissioning study
shall be carried out in order to define the best strategy to adopt in the light of the best
available technology (at the time of decommissioning). The study shall form the basis for a
site specific decommissioning / abandonment plan. The decommissioning/abandonment
study shall cover the following aspects:
Identification of all stakeholder issues and concerns;
Examination of the options for decommissioning/abandonment and determine the
magnitude and extent of their effects on the AN-OH environment;
Constitution of a decommissioning and abandonment team for AN-OH Project;
Analysis of the management and disposal options for the Project
decommissioning/abandonment phase; and
Analysis of the need for site restoration and adopt measures to achieve adequate
restoration.
583
7.5: SPDCs Corporate HSE Programme

It is the policy of Shell companies to conduct their activities in such a way as to take
foremost account of the health and safety of all their employees and other persons, and to
give proper regards to the conservation of the environment. In implementing this policy,
Shell companies not only comply with the requirements of the relevant legislations but
promote, in an appropriate manner, measures for the protection of health, safety,
environment and the security of all who may be involved directly or indirectly with their
activities. The Environmental Management activities initiated by SPDC are intended to
implement the above policy and the policy will be applied to all stages of the
decommissioning. The projects' HSE-MS is fully aligned to SPDCs corporate HSE
programs.
7.6: Resourcing
Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) considers environmental management as
an important aspect of project procedures. Consequently, in any project for which project
management team is set up, an environmental specialist always forms an integral part of the
team. In this project, an environmental focal point has been appointed to liaise between the
engineering project managers and the environmental specialist, consultants as well as
advises on all environmental issues in conformity with SPDCs HSE policy. Shell
Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) recognizes the need to use external
environmental consultants to supplement in-house environmental specialists. To this end,
the environmental consultants will continue to provide expert advice to the SPDC
environmental managers throughout the Life cycle of this project.
7.7: Environmental Audits
Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) has instituted audit scheme, as part of its
programme on environmental management. The scheme is aimed at verifying the
effectiveness of environmental control and highlighting areas of weakness in environmental
management. The audits are focused on areas of project perceived as having the highest
environmental impacts. They are carried out annually and reviewed by SPDC
environmental audit committee. It is recognized that to be truly effective, these audits need
to be conducted within the overall structured management systems. The structured
approach is aimed at disseminating information, providing advice and assistance in its
application, and at corporate assurance of performance in meeting the environmental
requirement/targets.
7.8: Responsibilities and Training
Within SPDC, environmental protection, like safety, is a line responsibility for which staff,
at all levels, have accountabilities. An environmental specialist assists the line management
with advice on environmental matters, from an expert point of view. However,
responsibility and accountability is clearly defined, from senior management who allocate
resources and monitor environmental performance to individual contractors who have
responsibility for environmentally sound practices in their workplace. All staff will be made
aware of their responsibilities through induction and training courses as outlined in the
projects HSE-MS document. In addition, procedures, guidelines and notices will advise
staff on how to respond in the event of an environmental emergency. The Shell Corporate
Environment Department is responsible for monitoring and auditing the environmental
activities of this project.
584
7.9: Waste Management

The Waste Management Plan includes procedures for safe handling, control and disposal of
generated waste in accordance with the SPDC procedure. Wastes emanating from
operational activities are mainly food wastes, garbage, shrubs/vegetation, waste papers etc.
These wastes are handled in compliance with the Petroleum (Drilling & Productions)
Regulations, 1969, Sections 25, 36 49 and (b), (c) and (d), which stipulate inter alia that:
The licensee or lessee shall adopt all practical precautions, including the provision of upto-date equipment to prevent the pollution of inland waters, rivers, creeks, water courses,
the territorial waters of Nigeria or the high seas by oil, mud or other fluids or substances
which might contaminate the water or marine life, and where any such pollution occurs or
has occurred, shall take prompt steps to control and, if possible, end it."
The waste management strategy to be adopted in the proposed project has been highlighted
in chapter three of this report.
7.10: Emergency Response Programme
In compliance with all regulatory standards, as well as Health, Safety, Environment and
Security (HSES) procedures shall form the basis for the execution of the project. However,
emergency situations could still occur as a result of equipment failure, negligence and/or
sabotage. Consequently, a site-specific contingency plan shall be developed as back up to
site specific emergency response systems which shall be put in place to handle any incident
emergency. As a minimum, the contingency plans that shall apply shall address the
following emergency situations:
Fires and explosions;
Serious injury or illness;
Road and water mishaps.
In order to accomplish the above targets, the EMP has considered each environmental,
social and health impacts and parameters for their monitoring. It also specifies the
responsible party/parties for each action, responsible party as well as parameters for
monitoring.
7.11: Contractor Management
The contractor staff shall be well informed and trained on the HSE policies and guidelines
and be made aware of SPDCs HSE performance targets. All activities shall be executed
within the confines of relevant legislation and stakeholders interests. Contractors shall
provide adequate health services as well as site first aid services for its workforce. The first
aid services shall be extended to visiting personnel. All project activities shall be properly
managed through careful planning and the application of relevant HSE policies including
the following:
Job Hazard Analysis and toolbox meetings;

Use of Personal Protective Equipment in work areas;
Prohibition of alcohol during work hours and at work sites;
Regular emergency drills;
Prohibition of smoking in fire hazard areas.
585
7.12: Fire Emergency Plan

The senior personnel bear the overall responsibility to coordinate all activities that would
ensure adequate fire precaution measures are well observed within the facility. One of such
fire emergency readiness measures is the mapping of the firefighting equipment layout
within the facility. The Tool pusher is assisted by the HSE coordinator who co-ordinates all
activities concerned with the fire-fighting, fire-teams, technical fire-teams and different
operations which has to be executed during the emergency. Important among the observable
precautions is that all personnel within the facility shall be made to have a thoroughly
understanding of their duties and responsibilities in event of fire incidence.
7.13: Security Plan
The security activities for the wells decommissioning operations should be in line with
SPDC security guidelines. SPDC Afam Obeakpu wells in conjunction with contractor(s)
should ensure that adequate security arrangements are in place to handle security-related
incidents effectively within the facility. The security team would identify, evaluate and
manage the risks to personnel and property arising from malicious practices, crime, civil
disorder or armed conflict.
7.14: Remedial Measures/Plan
Remediation/restoration is a process whereby an abandoned site or field is reinstated to its
original condition or an acceptable condition for other uses. In line with the regulatory
requirement and SPDC policy on remediation, the facility should be restored and re-instated
to environmentally acceptable levels defined by DPR and FMEnv prior to return to their
original owners.
Remediation shall not start until the decommissioning process is completed and SPDC
certifies that all contaminants have been removed from the environment. Where vegetation
is sparse and consists of mainly grasses and shrubs, natural re-growth of vegetation may be
permitted. In all cases the locations shall be left in a state that is suitable for its intended
use. All cement, metal or wood installations shall be uprooted and removed.
586
CHAPTER EIGHT
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This EIA of the AN-OH project (facilities) was carried out in accordance with the Nigerian
Environmental Regulatory (DPR and FMEnv) and international standards (IFC, World
Bank, WHO and FAO). The benefits of the AN-OH project include support of the Federal
Government domestic gas supply aspirations. Numerous construction activities during the
life cycle of this project will provide benefits to the host communities such as provision of
power and water supply, promotion of human capital development, basic social amenities to
the host communities and the promotion of good relationship between SPDC and the host
communities. The project will provide employment opportunities for young people during
all phases of the development. The extension of electric power to the host communities will
enhance socioeconomic activities in the project area.
The potential impacts of the proposed project (facilities) on the existing environment have
been identified and evaluated. The cumulative impacts of past, existing and proposed
projects have been captured. The cumulative impact assessment was based on the
interactions between the project activities and the VECs/VSCs (biophysical, social and
health). A combination of methodologies was used for the impact assessment including
field data collection, laboratory analysis, literature review, focused group discussions,
interviews and administration of questionnaires, remote sensing and geographical
information systems, trend analysis, professional judgment, modeling and matrices. Trends
of the VECs/VSCs were compared with bench marks, thresholds, carrying capacity and
international best practices were used to establish project specific and cumulative impacts.
The magnitude of the anticipated impacts of the project activities (facilities) on the
environmental components - air, water, soils, sediment, vegetation, fauna, fisheries, land
use, waste management, social, economic and health issues - were rated. The cumulative
impacts of the AN-OH project activities with past/existing projects and foreseeable future
projects in the region were also assessed in time and space. Mitigation measures were
proffered to reduce the magnitude of identified significant adverse impacts to a level as low
as reasonably practicable (ALARP), while the positive impacts were enhanced. These
mitigation measures are incorporated in the Environmental Management Plan developed
specifically for this project, and Environmental Monitoring Plan applicable to the entire life
span of the project. With the implementation of the EMP, GMoU, respect for socio-cultural
values and applicable legal and administrative frameworks and SPDC corporate policies
and strict adherence to HSE provisions and other corporate best practices and design codes,
the AN-OH project could be implemented sustainably.
Based on the foregoing, it is envisaged that this EIA Report be approved for
implementation.
587
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The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited

Operator of the NNPC/Shell/Agip/TEPNG Joint Venture

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) OF THE

SUBMITTED TO THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF

Originator: THE SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY OF NIGERIA

CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................ 35

4.4.10.2: Sediment .............................................................................................................. 237

5.4.5.4 Local Hydrology ..................................................................................................... 491

Fig. 4.13i: Indicators for Pregnant Women ........................................................................ 313

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Carbon monoxide (Carbon II Oxide)

Flare Liquid Knock Out

Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency (now Rivers State

ES 1.2: Value of the Project

ES 2.1: Envisaged Substainability

ES 2.2: Project Options and Alternatives

Well Engineering and Drilling options

Land Use Optimization

Quantity of samples acquired

Air Quality around Proposed and Existing Facilities

Proposed PTF and FLB

Ahia Manifold flow station.

study attributes these values to biological degradation of naturally occurring nitrogenous

Groundwater Microbiological characteristics within Proposed and Existing Facilities

Provision of gainful employment for the teeming unemployed population in the

Signing and implementation of an acceptable Global Memorandum of Understanding

particular infrastructure to total number of communities, is used as a crude measure of

Old Age Dependency

Human Health Environment

Modelling (Air Quality/

Soil, Water & Sediment Quality

10 Mrs Ngozi S Onuora

MSc Public Health

An assessment of the effects of subject activities over an extended timeframe

1.4: Location and Setting

Fig. 1.1: Map of Proposed Project Area showing SPDC Concessions.

M A P O F NIG E RIA S HO W ING

Fig. 1.2: Map of Nigeria Showing Imo and Rivers States.

Assa Pipeline Manifold and

1.7: Scope of Work

Coastal and Marine Resources Management

Hazardous and Toxic Materials and

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora

IFC Technical Guidelines on Hazardous Material Management, December 2001;

IFC Guidance Note G Assessment and Management of Cumulative Impacts, June

IFC Guidelines for Noise

Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv)

Associated Gas Re-Injection Act No. 99 of 1979 (CAP 26)

IFC Technical Guidelines on Hazardous Material Management, December 2001;

1.8.6: Guidance Note

Shell Biodiversity Policy

Respond to formal community request in an appropriate and timely manner

1.9: Structure of the Report

Fig 2.1: Subsurface Map of Assa North - Ohaji South

2.3: Benefits of the project

Facility Siting Options

Summary of Assa North CPF Site Options

Existing Assa Flowstation &

Fig. 2.3: Schematic Diagram of Potential PTF Locations.

3.2: Project objectives

Assa North-Ohaji South is a unitised asset by DPR regulations because of its

Assa North app. well

Assa North app. well