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1st International Conference on Computer

&

Information Engineering, 26-27 November, 2015

Organizer: Dept. of CSE, Rajshahi University of Engineering

&

Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Performance Analysis and Redistribution among


RIPv2, EIGRP & OSPF Routing Protocol
Golap Kanti Dey, Md. Mobasher Ahmed,

Kazi Tanvir Ahmmed

Department of Applied Physics, Electronics &

Department of Applied Physics, Electronics &

Communication Engineering

Communication Engineering

University of Chittagong, Chittagong-433I , Bangladesh

University of Chittagong, Chittagong-433I , Bangladesh

Email: d.k.golap@gmail.com.md.mobasher@gmail.com

Email: tanvir@cu.ac.bd

Abstract- In a network topology, it is very usual to use


various kinds of routing protocol for forwarding packets.

Dynamic Routing Protocol

A routing table is used in the memory of a router that


keeps the track of routes to particular network destination
and the most popular routing algorithms used to forward
packets

are

Routing

Information

Protocol

(RIPv2),

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)


and

Open

Shortest

concentration

of

Path

this

First

research

(OSPF).
work

is

The
to

ultimate

depict

the

performance analysis comparison of these three dynamic


routing protocols and redistribution among the protocols.
Eight Cisco routers and a switch are used in our simulated
network

topology

where

four

routers

with

different

protocols directly connected with the switch take the


responsibility for the redistribution algorithm.
Fig. l.

Keywords- RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF, redistribution, dynamic routing


protocols etc.

Classification of Dynamic Routing Protocols

Since the early 1980s dynamic routing protocols have been


used. Sheela Ganesh Thorenoor [1] used OPNET modeler for

I.

dynamic routing protocol implementation decision between

INTRODUCTION

EIGRP, OSPF and RIP. Multipath routing algorithm based on

It is possible to exchange the routing information between

OSPF routing protocol [2] have been developed. Alex Hinds

routers through the routing protocols. Routing protocols allow


routers

to

share

information

about

remote

[3] did the evaluation for (OSPFv3) and (EIGRPv6) and

networks

compare the changes these protocols have undergone to

dynamically and add this information to their routing tables

support

automatically.

IPv6.

comparison

Reference

between

[4]

OSPF

worked

and

on

EIGRP.

link

recovery

Besides

RIPv2

routing protocol authentication, discussed by Li Xiaohua [5] ,

To recognize the best path to each network routing


protocols are used and added to the routing table. The

which can effectively prevent the router

fundamental advantage of using dynamic routing protocol is

unauthorized or malicious routing updates, thereby improving

that whenever there is topology change routers exchange

network safety. Several investigation and research works are

routing information which permits routers to certainly learn

also conducting now-a-days by laureate researchers.

about new networks as well as to find alternate paths if there is

In

a linl<- failure to a running network.

our

research

work

we

will

from receiving

investigate

comparative

performance analysis of selected interior gateway dynamic

In comparison with static routing, less administrative

routing protocols such as RIPv2, EIGRP and OSPF. Packet

overhead is required in dynamic routing protocols. However,

tracer simulation software is used here to show how to

the expense of using dynamic routing protocols is dedicating

transmit data among different networks running different

part of a router's resources for protocol operation including

routing protocols by using route redistribution systems. Each

CPU time and network link bandwidth. Besides, to meet the

of these dynamic routing protocols has different strengths and

demands of changing network requirements dynamic routing

weaknesses- one protocol may have fast convergence, while

protocols have evolved over several years. Though several


organizations
protocols

have

such

as

shifted

towards

Enhanced

more

Interior

recent

Gateway

another may be very reliable. In general dynamic routing has

routing

better scalability, robustness, and convergence. However, the

Routing

cost of these added benefits include more complexity and

Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), many

some overhead -bandwidth that is used by the routing protocol

of the earlier routing protocols, such as Routing Information

for its own administration and route redistribution allows

Protocol (RIP), are still in use today.Figure-1 shows the

routes from one routing protocol to be advertised into another

classification of dynamic routing protocols.

978-1-4673-8343-1/15/$31.00

20151EEE

routing protocol.

21

II.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

3) OSPF: Cost
Best path is chosen by the route with the lowest cost. The
Cisco implementation of OSPF uses bandwidth to determine

A. Metrics

the cost. The path cost of an interface in OSPF is called metric

Routing protocols use metric value to decide which route

that indicates standard value such as speed. The cost of an

is the best path. When a routing protocol learns of more than

interface is calculated on the basis of bandwidth. Cost is

one route to reach the same destination a metric is a value

inversely proportional to the bandwidth. Higher bandwidth is

which is used by routing protocols to identify costs to reach

attained with a lower cost [7] .

distant networks. To determine which path is most preferable


when there are multiple paths to the same remote network the
metric is used. Each of the routing protocol computes it's

Cost=

metric in a different way. For example, hop count is used in


RIP, combination of bandwidth and delay are used in EIGRP,

-------

Bandwidth in bps

Where the value of 108 is 100000000

and the OSPF uses bandwidth.

bps

IS

called

reference bandwidth based on by default.

1) RIPv2 - Hop count


For the metric value in RIPv2 protocol the Hop count is

B. Convergence

used. The hop count refers to the number of routers a packet

When the routing tables of all routers are at a state of

must cross to reach the destination network. Best path is

consistency it is called convergence. The network is said to be

chosen by the route with the lowest hop count.

converged when all routers have complete and accurate


information about the network. Total time requires by the
routers to calculate best paths, update their routing tables and
to share information is known as convergence time. To make a
network perfectly operable the network must be converged.
Convergence is both collaborative and independent. The speed
of propagation of routing information and the calculation of
optimal paths are included in convergence properties. The
faster

the

convergence,

the

better

the

routing

protocol.

Generally, RIP is slow to converge, whereas EIGRP, OSPF

Path A(Hop count -1)

are faster to converge.


C.
Fig. 2.

Metric value for the RIPv2 protocol

In

To exchange the data from router Rl to R3 in the figure-2,

and

condensed

networks

RIPv2

has

better

networks OSPF and EIGRP [8] show excellent execution.


Overall in both small and relatively large networks EIGRP is

is one and for path B hop count is zero. So path B is best path

more stable and balanced.

between Rl and R2.


EIGRP:

small

performance than others. For medium-sized and scattered

there are two paths path A and path B. In the path A hop count

2)

Network Throughput

Traffic throughput of a network is regulated by the routing


protocol in activities, and the hardware of routers, which is a

Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load

EIGRP uses the following values in its composite metric to

key point for many network administrators. EIGRP utilizes the

calculate the preferred path to a network: Bandwidth, Delay,

limited network bandwidth better than the OSPF. Based on the

Reliability, Load. Best path is chosen by the route with the

estimation of protocols performance [9], it can be said that

smallest

composite

metric

value

calculated

from

these

EIGRP could function both as a distance vector and link state

multiple parameters. By default, only bandwidth and delay are

protocol. In comparison to OSPF through the intelligent use of

used. The EIGRP routing[6] update takes the hop count into

metrics within the DUAL algorithm EIGRP performed better

account though EIGRP does not include hop count as a

CPU

component of composite metrics. The total delay and the

throughput of the protocols is comparable with simulation

utilization

and

bandwidth

control.

However

the

minimum bandwidth metrics can be achieved from values

results [10] from finding OSPF providing greater network

which are put together on interfaces and the formula used to

throughput than EIGRP, these results may differ due to the

compute the metric is followed by:

different network topology used in testing.

Complete Composite Formula EIGRP have 5 composite to

D.

calculate: K1 = Bandwidth, K2 = Load, K3 = Delay, K4 =

Preventing Routing Loops


Routing

Reliability, K5 = MTU(Maximum Transmission Unit)

loops,

which

may

be

a short-lived, can

be

extremely harmful for the performance of a network. Hold

The weighting is as follows: Kl=K3=1 and K2=K4=K5=0,

down timers and split horizon are used in RIPv2 to prevent

Then substitutes all K parameters into the equation as follows:

routing loops. The key way that EIGRP check routing loops
by using DUAL algorithm.

Metric = 256*[Kl*bandwidth + (K2*bandwidth) / (256 load) + K3*delay] * [K5 / (K4 + reliability)]

On the other hand OSPF doesn't have any special feature to


avoid loops but its architecture is modeled in the way that it

Default Metric Calculation: Metric= 256*(BW + Delay).

occupies instinctive loop prevention mechanism.

22

E.

Authentication

F.

The possibility of accepting invalid routing updates is a

1) RlPv2

security concern of any routing protocol. An attacker could be

Routing Information Protocol version 2 supports subnet mask

the source of this invalid traffic malevolently trying to disturb

and reduces broadcast load. It is validated for updates as well

the network or attempting to get packets by misleading the

as used for multivendor environment.

router into sending its updates to the wrong destination. A

2)

misconfigured router could be another source of invalid

large and complex networks as well as for fast convergence.It

unknown to its user - the host is running the routing protocol

supports VLSM, multiprotocol.

of the local network. It is necessary to authenticate routing


transmitted

between

routers.

To

3)

authenticate

practice

provide

routers

will

only

accept

OSPF

Open Shortest Path First protocol is preferred for large

routing information, RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF can be configured.


This

EIGRP

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol is used in very

updates. Or may be a host is attached to the network and

information

When to use

hierarchical networks, fast convergence, complex networks,

routing

Multivendor and VLSM.

information from other routers that have been configured with


the right password or authentication information.
III. SIMULATION WORK

----.-,

,.
PC-PT
PCl
,.
PC-PT
PC14

pc-"" ............
PC7

..
PC-PT
PC12

..........
---

1841
Router1

..
PC-PT

,.
PC-PT
PC13

PC.

pe10

,.
PC-PT

1841
RouterS

Network address-192.168.3.0

pco

PCB

Fig.3. Simulated topology

common for a number of reasons, such as company mergers,

In our simulated work we have used total eight routers


where router 0, router 3, router 6, router 7 were directly

multiple

connected with a switch.

administrators and multi-vendor environments though running


a

The network A consists of router 0, router 1, router 2 with


network

address

protocol. Network

192.168.1.0

performing

EIGRP

B and Network C containing

routing

routing

protocol

by

different

throughout

your

network
entire

IP

is often part of a network design. Redistribution is required for

network

the environment of having multiple protocols.Through the


router redistribution [12] , routes from one routing protocol

RIPv2 routing protocol where Network D consists of router


containing

single

managed

internetwork is desirable. Running multiple routing protocols

address 192.168.2.0 and 192.168.3.0 respectively performing


3,router 4,router 5

departments

will be revealed into another routing protocol. Received

network addressI 92.168.4.0

redistributed routes are marked as external in the routing

respectively performing OSPF routing protocol . Within each

protocol.

individual network every end user can communicate with one

Logically-originated

routes

are

usually

more

preferred than external routes.

another. But end users of two different networks can not


transmit data among them. As for example- PC4 and PC6 of

A.

network A can ping each other but PC4 of network A cannot

Redistributing into RIP


Following command shows how a RIP router 6 in figure-3

ping PC12 of network D. Now for successful communication

redistributing EIGRP and OSPF.

between end users of different network s, running different


networking protocols, route redistribution is used among

router rip

router 0, router 3, router 6, and router 7.

network 192.168.2.0
redistribute eigrp 1

IV. REDISTRIBUTION

redistribute ospf 1

The adaptation of a routing protocol to announce routes

default-metric I

that are accomplished by some other means, for instance by

We

are

using

same

of

the

above

commands

for

another routing protocol, static routes, or directly connected

redistributing EIGRP and OSPF into RIP router 7 except

routes, is called redistribution[ll]. Multi-protocol routing is

changing the network address 192.168.3.0. The RIP metric is

23

composed of hop count, and the maximum valid metric for

V.CONCLUSION

RIPv2 is 15. By defming a metric of 1, we can enable a route

Performance analysis of selected interior gateway dynamic

to travel the highest number of hops in the domain of a RIP.

routing protocols such as RIPv2, EIGRP and OSPF and their

Though doing this raise the possibility of routing loops if there


are

several

redistribution

points

and

router

different performance issues have been investigated in this

acquire

article. We have also presented a simulated work and the

knowledge about the network with a preferable metric from

performance

the redistribution point than from the original source. Hence it


is necessary that the metric is neither too high, restraining it
loops

when

multiple

redistribution

points

are

Tactical

First

(OSPF)

and

RIP

through

its hierarchical nature increases scalability. And RIPv2 is

the

useful in local and small area network. The redistribution


command shows the way to communicate with different
routing protocols.

router eigrp 1
network 192.168.l.0

REFERENCES

redistribute ospf 1
[I]

redistribute rip

OPNET Modeler"', 2010 Second International Conference on Computer


and Network Technology (ICCNT), pp. 191-195,2010.

TABLE I. EIGRP METRIC VALUES IN THE DEFAULT METRIC

[2]

Semantics, Knowledge and Grids (SKG), pp. 269-272,2012.

Value

[3]

Computer and Communication, Vol. 2, No. 4, August 2013.


[4]

In units of tens of microseconds; for Ethernet it is100 x 10


=

Science & Information Technology, Vol. 27,pp.192-197,2012.


[5]

Control and Artificial Intelligence (ACAI 2012), pp. 1842-1845,2012.


[6]

Minimum MTU of the path; usually equals that for the

Y.Navaneeth Krishnan , Dr Shobha G , "Performance Analysis of OSPF


and

EIGRP

Routing

Protocols

for

Greener

Internetworking"'

Proceedings of International Conference on Green High Performance


Computing ,pp. 1-4, 2013.

Redistributing into OSPF

[7]

OSPF is a standardized Link-State routing protocol that

Rick Graziani , Allan Jonson, "Routing protocols and concepts: CCNA


exploration companion guide"' Pearson Education. London,2008.

uses cost ,based on bandwidth, as its link-state metric. To

[8]

Alex Hinds, Anthony Atojoko, and Shao Ying Zhu, "Evaluation of


OSPF and EIGRP Routing Protocols for IPv6", International Journal of

show an OSPF router 3 in the figure-3 redistributing RIP [13]

Future Computer and Communication, Vol. 2, No. 4, August 2013.

and EIGRP we need -

[9]

router ospf 1

S. G. Thorenoor, "Dynamic routing protocol implementation decision


between EIGRP, OSPF and RIP based on technical background using
OPNET modeller," Proceedings of Second International Conference on

network 192.168.4.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

Computer and Network Technology, China, pp. 191-195,2010.

redistribute rip metric 200 subnets

[10] M. N. Islam, M. A. U. Ashique,"Simulation based EIGRP over OSPF

redistribute eigrp 1 metric 100 subnets

performance

The OSPF metric is a cost value based on 108/ bandwidth

analysis,"

Master

Thesis

in

Electrical

Engineering

Emphasis on Telecommunications, No. 4983, Blekinge Institute of

of the link in bits/sec. For example, the OSPF cost of Ethernet


is 10: 1081107
10. If a metric is not specified, OSPF puts a

Technology, 2010.
[II] Franck

default value of 20 when redistributing routes

Li, Xiaohua, et al. ," Simulation and analysis of RIPv2 routing


authentication based on GNS"' International Conference on Automatic

EfIective load on the link expressed as a number from 0 to

Ethernet interface, which is 1500 bytes

C.

Ittiphon krinpayorm , Suwat Pattaramalai," Link Recovery Comparison


Between OSPF & EIGRP"',International Proceedings of Computer

1 ms

255 for 100 percent reliability

255 (255 is 100 percent loading)


MTU

Alex Hinds, Anthony Atojoko, Shao Ying Zhu ," Evaluation of OSPF
and EIGRP Routing Protocols for IPv6", International Journal of Future

In units of kilobits per second; 10000 for Ethernet

microseconds

Li Lan , Li Li , Chen Jianya , "A Multipath Routing Algorithm Based on


OSPF Routing Protocol" 2012 Eighth International Conference on

COMMAND

Metric

Thorenoor, S.G. ,"Dynamic Routing Protocol Implementation Decision


between EIGRP, OSPF and RIP Based on Technical Background Using

default-metric 10000 100 255 1 1500

Load

comparative

and costs. OSPF is better than other in large networks where

commands-

Reliability

Besides,

protocol is better than the OSPF and RIPv2 routing protocol.

EIGRP can additionally consider Reliability, Load, and MTU


Path

Communication.

But sometime EIGRP is held back by its proprietary features

for its metric. An EIGRP router 0 in the figure-3 redistributing


Shortest

Internet

analysis among several routing protocol shows that the EIGRP

EIGRP is a hybrid routing protocol that, by default, uses a

Delay

establish

effective technique. Through using it we can also settle

composite of bandwidth and delay as its distance metric.

Bandwidth

to

Route redistribution is certainly easily realized and cost

Redistributing into EIGRP

Open

command

between diverse routing protocols has significant importance.

presented.

B.

redistribution

different routing protocol. Route redistribution technology

from being advertised to all the routers, or too low, guiding to


routing

of

communication between end users of different networks with

Le

,.IL

Sobrinho,"lnterconnecting

Routing

Instances",

IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking , Vol. 22, Issue. 2, April 2014.

from all

[12] Liang

protocols except Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routes,

Zhijian,"

Networks",

which get a metric of I.

20I0

The

New

Data

International

Exchange

Coriference

method
on

in

DifIerent

Educational

and

Information Technology (ICEIT 2010),Vol. 2,pp. 69-72, 2010.


[13] Franck

Le,

Geoffrey

G.

Xie,

Hui Zhang, "Understanding Route

Redistribution",IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols


(ICNP ),pp. 81-92, October 2007.

24

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