Two Phase Flow Regime Correlations ProMax

Multiphase Flow Correlations
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A number of correlations are available for predicting pressure drop and liquid holdup in multiphase flow through a
pipeline.
The GPSA Engineering Data Book, 12th edition (2004), emphasizes the complexity of multiphase flow and points out
that errors in calculated two-phase pressure drops in the order of plus or minus twenty percent may normally be
anticipated, especially in circumstances where fluid velocities are unusually high or low, where terrain is rugged, or
where fluid properties are inadequately known. In addition, different two-phase flow correlations may give significantly
different pressure drops.
Methods based on flow regime can have discontinuities at the regime boundaries, while methods that ignore flow
pattern may be unable to model the effects of intermittent or separated flow.
When modeling multiphase flow, several correlations should be used and compared, especially if you have actual data
for comparison.
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The table below summarizes the applicable orientations for the correlations available in ProMax.
Multiphase Flow
Correlation
Horizontal
Aziz-Govier-Fogarasi
Any Angle
Beggs and Brill
Dukler et al
Duns and Ros
Lockhart-Martinelli
Lockhart-Martinelli Modified
Mandhane-Gregory-Aziz
Orkiszewski
Upward
Vertical
Some correlations are applicable only for horizontal or nearly horizontal flow and others for upward vertical or nearly
vertical flow.
Only the Beggs and Brill correlation was developed to calculate the pressure recovery for downward flow and may
predict a pressure gain instead of a pressure drop.
The other correlations may be able to calculate pressure recovery, but the liquid holdup and frictional gradient
calculated in the correlations is based on horizontal or upward flow and may not be accurate for downhill flow.
GPSA (2004) suggests that for pipe inclinations greater than 10-20 degrees, flow regime patterns resemble those of
vertical flow more than those of horizontal flow, and a vertical flow map should be used.
Additional information for each correlation follows.
Aziz-Govier-Fogarasi (Upward Vertical)

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The Aziz-Govier-Fogarasi method is based on information from Aziz (1972) and Trick (2002) and was developed using
data from 48 producing wells.
The coordinates of the vertical flow regime map below (from GPSA Engineering Data Book, 12th ed.) are superficial
gas and liquid velocities with corrections for fluid properties at flowing conditions.
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ProMax implements the Gregory-AGF modification of the Aziz-Govier-Fogarasi method, as described in Trick (2002).
The Gregory-AGF method modifies the annular mist flow regime of the original AGF correlation in two areas:
1. The boundary for froth to annular mist flow uses the technique of Turner, Hubbard, and Dukler based on the idea
that the minimum gas velocity required to lift liquids would correspond to the terminal velocity of the largest
stable liquid droplet that would form.
2. The liquid holdup and frictional pressure gradient in the annular mist flow regime is calculated using the revised
Gray correlation with a correction of an apparent misprint in one of the constants in the original literature
reference.
In the annular mist regime, the original Aziz-Govier-Fogarasi method used the Duns and Ros correlation. Therefore, if
the Gray correlation does not match your data in the annular mist regime, try the Duns and Ros correlation.
Beggs and Brill (Any Angle)

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Beggs and Brill is applicable for any angle of inclination and calculates the pressure recovery for downward inclined
flow. Thus a pressure gain instead of a pressure drop may be predicted if the elevation term dominates the frictional
loss term.
It is based on information from Brill and Beggs (1991) and Brill and Mukherjee (1999).
The Beggs and Brill correlation was developed from experimental air-water measurements using 1-inch and 1.5-inch
acrylic pipe at several angles from -90 to +90.
The correlation predicts the horizontal flow pattern based on the input liquid content (or no-slip liquid holdup) and the
mixture Froude number.
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Please note that for inclined flow, the correlation predicts the flow pattern that would exist if the pipe were horizontal.
This flow pattern is a correlating parameter and, unless the pipe is horizontal, gives no information about the actual
flow pattern.
Following are the Beggs and Brill horizontal flow patterns.
After the flow pattern is determined, the liquid holdup that would exist if the pipe were horizontal is first calculated and
then corrected for the actual angle of inclination.
The two-phase friction factor is calculated using this corrected liquid holdup and the normalizing friction factor obtained
from the smooth pipe curve on the Moody diagram.
Beggs-Brill Rough Pipe Option and Beggs-Brill Holdup Correction

Two modifications to the Beggs and Brill correlation are often used. Palmer and Payne conducted a limited number of
two-phase (natural gas-water) flow tests using 2-inch pipe, containing three hills with angles of inclination ranging from 6 to +8 from the horizontal (Brill 1999).
1. Beggs-Brill Rough Pipe Option - Payne determined that the Beggs and Brill correlation under-predicted friction
factors. Because the Beggs and Brill correlation was based on data obtained in smooth pipe, Payne
recommended that the normalizing friction factor used in the Beggs and Brill correlation should be obtained using
an equation for the appropriate pipe roughness rather than the smooth-pipe equation. If the Beggs-Brill Rough
Pipe Option is enabled, then roughness will affect the calculated frictional pressure drop. If this option is
disabled, the smooth-pipe friction factor will be used and roughness will have no effect.
2. Beggs-Brill Holdup Correction - Palmer found that the Beggs and Brill correlation over-predicted liquid holdup
slightly in uphill flow and significantly in downhill flow. He recommended holdup correction factors of 0.924 for
uphill flow and 0.685 for downhill flow. Therefore, enabling the Beggs-Brill Holdup Correction may reduce
pressure loss slightly for uphill segments and reduce pressure recovery significantly for downhill segments. The
greater the amount of liquid in the pipeline, the greater the effect of the Holdup Correction. Note that it is not
reasonable to apply the Holdup Correction to pipelines with predominantly liquid flow, especially in the downhill
segments, because the correction could effectively reduce the Liquid Holdup below the amount of liquid that
would reasonably occupy the pipeline. For horizontal flow (angle of 0), the Holdup Correction will have no effect.
Dukler et al (Horizontal)
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Dukler et al is based on Brill and Beggs (1991) and is applicable over a wide range of conditions, however, it is
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recommended only for horizontal or nearly horizontal multiphase flow.

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The Dukler correlation sets the elevation term to zero for downward inclined flow, and thus does not calculate pressure
recovery.
The Dukler method also uses a normalized friction factor which is not a function of pipe roughness. Therefore, if pipe
roughness is considered an important factor, Dukler et al should not be selected.
The Dukler liquid holdup correlation is used internally only to calculate the Dukler friction pressure drop. The Eaton
holdup correlation is considered more accurate especially for liquid inventory calculations (GPSA Engineering Data
Book, 12th edition, 2004). Therefore, ProMax reports the Eaton liquid holdup when the Dukler et al correlation is
selected.
Dukler et al does not determine flow pattern, but it does account for pressure drop due to acceleration.
Duns and Ros (Upward Vertical)

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The Duns and Ros method is intended to be used only for upward vertical or nearly vertical flow.
It is based on information from Brill and Beggs (1991) and Brill and Mukherjee (1999). This correlation is only available
if an Inclination Angle or Elevation Change is specified. The Orkiszewski method usually predicts higher pressure drops
than Duns and Ros, except for the mist flow regime in which the two correlations are identical.
The Duns and Ros correlation was based on extensive laboratory tests of two-phase upward vertical flow using air and
liquid hydrocarbons or water with pipe diameters ranging from 1.26 to 5.6 inches.
The Duns and Ros correlation predicts flow regimes of Bubble, Slug, Transition, and Mist using dimensionless groups
calculated from pipe diameter, superficial fluid velocities, and fluid properties.
Lockhart-Martinelli (Horizontal)
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In the Lockhart-Martinelli correlation ( Brill 1991), the single-phase pressure gradients are first calculated as if each
phase flowed in the pipe alone. Then the two-phase pressure gradient is obtained by applying a frictional multiplier to
the single-phase gradient dependent on the Reynolds numbers of each phase. The phase is considered laminar if the
Reynolds number for that phase is less than 1000.
The Lockhart-Martinelli correlation does not determine flow pattern, and pressure drop due to acceleration is ignored.
Lockhart-Martinelli Modified (Horizontal)

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Lockhart-Martinelli Modified ( Hewitt 1992) is applicable for horizontal flow. This correlation calculates the pressure
gradient in terms of a single-phase gradient multiplied by a correction factor.
Acceleration is ignored in this method.
Hewitt (1992) reported that the Lockhart-Martinelli correlation does not adequately account for the effect of mass flux on
the frictional pressure drop multiplier. Therefore, he recommended using the Friedel and Chisholm modifications to the
Lockhart-Martinelli correlation to account for the effects of viscosity and mass flux. See Hewitt 1992 for an explanation
of the Friedel and Chisholm modifications.
Mandhane-Gregory-Aziz (Horizontal)
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The Mandhane-Gregory-Aziz method is based on information from Mandhane 1977 and Mandhane 1974 is a
composite method that uses their recommended best correlation for the predicted flow regime.
The flow regime map proposed by Mandhane et al (1974) as shown below uses superficial vapor and liquid velocities to
determine flow regime.
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This map was developed for horizontal air-water flow at near atmospheric pressures; however, to apply the map to
other fluids and conditions, Mandhane proposed a fluid property correction to the superficial velocities. The GPSA
Engineering Data Book (2004) points out that the flow regime boundaries on this map are strongly affected by pipe
inclination and that inclinations in the range of 0.1-1.0 degrees can cause substantial regime boundary movement. In
addition, flow regime boundary adjustment has been observed due to fluid pressure, pipe diameter, and surface
tension. Mandhane concluded that the fluid property effects are insignificant compared to the errors in the empirical
map. Use the flow pattern maps as a guideline and compare several different correlations.
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Mandhane et al (1977) used a database of about 10,500 friction pressure-drop observations, grouped them by flow
pattern predicted using their map, tested existing correlations against the data, and recommended the best correlations
for each flow regime, as listed in the table below.
Flow Regime
Liquid Holdup Prediction

Method
Friction Pressure Drop

Prediction Method
Bubble, Elongated Bubble
Hughmark
Chenoweth and Martin
Stratified
Agrawal et al
Agrawal et al
Wave
Chawla
Dukler et al
Slug
Hughmark
Proposed Correlation No. 1*
Annular, Annular Mist
Lockhart and Martinelli
Chenoweth and Martin
Dispersed Bubble
Beggs and Brill
Proposed Correlation No. 2*
* Mandhane et al (1977) proposed modifications to the Lockhart and Martinelli correlation for the slug and dispersed
bubble regimes.
Orkiszewski (Upward Vertical)

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The Orkiszewski method is intended to be used only for upward vertical or nearly vertical flow.
It is based on information from Brill and Beggs (1991) and Brill and Mukherjee (1999).
This correlation is only available if an inclination Angle or Elevation Change is specified. Orkiszewski usually predicts
higher pressure drops than Duns and Ros, except for the mist flow regime in which the two correlations are identical.
The Orkiszewski method was developed using field data from 148 oil wells with 95% of the wells in the slug flow or
transition regimes.
Orkiszewski selected the Griffith-Wallis method for the Bubble flow regime and Duns and Ros for the Mist flow regime.
For the Slug flow regime, he proposed a modification of the Griffith-Wallis method to account for (1) liquid distribution
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among the liquid slug, film, and entrained liquid and (2) liquid holdup at higher velocities.
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01/05/2017

Two Phase Flow Regime Correlations ProMax

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Multiphase Flow Correlations

Multiphase Flow Correlations

Beggs and Brill

Duns and Ros

Additional information for each correlation follows.

Aziz-Govier-Fogarasi (Upward Vertical)

Multiphase Flow Correlations

Beggs and Brill (Any Angle)

Multiphase Flow Correlations

Following are the Beggs and Brill horizontal flow patterns.

Beggs-Brill Rough Pipe Option and Beggs-Brill Holdup Correction

Multiphase Flow Correlations

recommended only for horizontal or nearly horizontal multiphase flow.

Duns and Ros (Upward Vertical)

Lockhart-Martinelli Modified (Horizontal)

Acceleration is ignored in this method.

Multiphase Flow Correlations

Liquid Holdup Prediction

Friction Pressure Drop

Bubble, Elongated Bubble

Chenoweth and Martin

Proposed Correlation No. 1*

Annular, Annular Mist

Lockhart and Martinelli

Chenoweth and Martin

Beggs and Brill

Proposed Correlation No. 2*

Orkiszewski (Upward Vertical)

Multiphase Flow Correlations

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