Tri Murini

Pharmacology and Therapy Department

Faculty of Medicine
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

OBJECTIVES
The students are expected to:
1. Understanding enteral dosage form
2. Understand kind of enteral dosage form
3. Understand the characteristics (advantages and
disadvantages) of enteral dosage form
4. Be able to choose appropriate enteral dosage
forms for children, adult and the elderly

1. Gennaro A.R. editors. Remington : The Science and Practice

of pharmacy 21 th ed. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
Science 2002
2. Loyd V. Allen, jr, Nicholas G Poppvich and Howard C. Ansel
: Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
Systems. 2015. 10th Edition. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
3. Suharmi, S dan Murini, T. 2009. Bentuk Sediaan Obat,
Macam dan Pemilihannya dalam Preskripsi Dokter, Bagian
Farmasi Kedokteran, Fakultas Kedokteran UGM.
4. Food and Drug Administration (CDER) ,U.S Department
and Human Services

 Drugs can be derived from natural materials by isolating

the active compound or from synthetic chemical
compounds.
The drug substance is made in the pharmaceutical dosage
form so that it tastes good, comfortable to use and
attractive to increase patient compliance.

Parenteral (B2 Block)

Enteral (B3 Block)
Topikal (B4 Block)

 The Active/drugs that can be used safely , easy ,

convenient , efficient , and or provide optimum effect
packaged in dosage forms of drugs
Drug dosage forms can contains one or more
components of the active ingredient
PDF formulations require additional material
Kinds of additives depending dosage forms

Additional materials used must be neutral

Protects the active ingredient damage

Mask the bitterness or bad ingredient

Maintaining the stability of the drug substance

Improving adherence to drug use

Provide optimal and safe drug action

Enteral dosage form

(based on the routes)
1. Oral
2. Buccal

3. Sublingual
4. Rectal

Kinds Of Enteral Dosage Form

1.Solid dosage form
Pulveres and powder
Capsule
Tablet
Suppositoria and insert

powder

Capsule
Tablet/caplet

suppositoria

2. Liquid dosage form

Solutions
Suspension
Emulsion
Oral drops
Syrup

Oral drops
Suspensi
Emulsi

3. Others Enteral Dosage Form

Pasta : in orabase ointment
gel

In Orabase

Oral gel

CHARACTERISTIC ,
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
ENTERAL DOSAGE FORM

SOLID DOSAGE FORM

Enteral Solid Dosage Form

1. Powder /pulveres
2. Tablet : A. Compressed Tablets
B.Coated Tablet
C.Slow Release Tablet
3. Capsul
4. Suppository

Enteral Solid Dosage Form

1.POWDER :
Advantages

- Low price of raw material

- Suitable for children
- Suitable for a drug that is unstable liquid
- Suitable for adults / elderly org yg difficulty in
swallowing tablets /capsule
- Physicians more flexibility in dosing and
medicine according to the condition of the patient

Disadvantage:
- can not cover up the taste and unpleasant smell

2.TABLET
A, COMPRESSED TABLETS
- An oval or flat round.
- Contains one or two of dry medicinalsubstances,
and pharmaceutical adjuncts (filler, binder,
disintegrator, colorant and flavoring)
Characteristics
- Simple and convenient to use
- Compare with capsule, tablet
poorly absorbed drugs
- The elderly and children,
difficult to be swallowed

COMPRESSED TABLETS
Kinds of compressed tablets:
a. Chewable
b. Effervescent
c. Sublingual
d. Lozenges/trochees
e. ODT (Orally disintegrating tablet)

a. CHEWABLE TABLET
A compressed tablet oval/round, good taste (sweet )
Giving way to a new chew swallow can be given to
children, Quickly destroyed when chewed or allowed to
mouth
Local effect - > antacids
Systemic - > antibiotics , vitamins
advantage :
Good taste
Suitable for children or people who have trouble
swallowing tablets
Suitable for use by people who are mobile
Disadvantages :
Not suitable for people who do not have teeth
For example : Erythromycine, ibuprofen, Multivitamin

b. EFFERVESCENT TABLETS
A compressed tablet, round, flat, large size
Contains the active ingredient mixture containing
efervescent salt or other materials that can release gas
or frothy when mixed with water
Taste delicious and fresh
How to use : inserted into a glass of water
Systemic effect
Advantages
: creates a feeling fresh
Disadvantages : expensive price
For example : Multivitamin

C. SUBLINGUAL TABLET
Generally:
Flat, oval tablets are intended to be inserted under the
tongue (sublingual tablets) for absorption through the
oral mucosa
The drugs are destroyed by stomach acid and/or poorly
absorbed from gastrointestinal tract.
Give rapid drug effects.
Onset (first time about 5 minute)
For example

d. LOZENGES /TROCHESS
Lozenges = trochess

Solid ( 3 terms, in terms of 4 , round )

Containing anesthetic, antiseptic / antibiotic local
Practical use
Preparations dissolve slowly in the mouth for local
purposes
Example : FG Trochees

E. ODT (Orally Disintegrating Tablet)

A solid dosage form containg medicinal substances which
disintegrates rapidly, usually with a matter of second, when
placed upon tongue
Characteristic :
Low tablet weight
Small tablet size
Highly suluble compound
Rapid disintegration
Advantages
Pediatic and geriatric patients
People with conditions related to impared swallowing
Treatment of patients when compliance may difficult
Example : Zink dispersiblet

B. COATED TABLET
There are 3 kinds of coated tablet :
1. Sugar coated tablet

2. Film coated tablet

3. Enteric coated tablet

1)

SUGAR COATED TABLETS (dragee)

Compressed tablet may be coated with a colored
or an uncolored sugar
The coating is water-soluble and is quickly dissolved
after swallowing
Coating sugar is intended :
1. to give protection against airborne active
particles, moisture, and sunlight
2. to cover up unpleasant taste
3. to effect appealing appearance

2) FILM COATED TABLETS

Compressed tablets coated with a thin layer of
water-insoluble or water-soluble polymer capable of
forming a film over the tablet

Coating film is intended :

Enhance palatability by masking unpleasant tastes
Ease ingestion/swallowing
Improve product appearance

3)

ENTERIC COATED TABLET

Tablets with coating that resists dissolution or

disruption in the stomach but not in the intestines

Coating enteric is intended :

Protects the stomach from a potentially irritating drug
(aspirin)
Protects the drug (e.g., erythromycin base) from
partial
degradation in the acidic environment of the

stomach.
How to use this medicine:
Swallow the enteric-coated tablet whole.
Do not break, crush, or chew it.

C. SLOW RELEASE TABLET

- Solid dosage forms are designed to release the drug slowly
for more prolonged drug release and sustained drug action
Mechanism of action :
1. Removing the drug slowly and the effect of longer
2. Removing the drug immediately reach therapeutic
concentrations -> maintained in these concentrations in time
This type of preparation works:
Extended-release, slow-release, controlled -release, delayed
release, prolong release

Advantages :
Sustained blood levels
To dissolve slowly and release a drug over time
Improved patient compliance
Less frequent drug administration
Disadvantages
Risk of overdosing -> failure in technology
Expensive
Slow release tablets should not be broken, crushed or
chewed -> contains high levels of drugs that lost their
characteristics and result in poisoning

C. CAPSULE
SOFT CAPSULE

HARD CAPSULE

Contains one of dry medical

The shell of elastic plastic
substances
capsule, consisting of a
mixture of gelatin with alcohol Characteristics
or glycerin, and sorbitol .
To mask the taste and odor of
The shell of the capsule
the active ingredient
immediately sealed, so the
Readly dissolve in gastric juices
ingredients put into it .
Tasteless
Drug material in the form of The elderly and
liquid, suspension, or volatile childrendifficult
to be swallowed
Highly moisture sensitive
Natur-E
Scot emulsion capsul

Clindamycin 150mg
Erythromycin 250 mg
Lincomycin 250mg,500mg

4. SUPPOSITORIES DOSAGE FORM

Solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body
orifices where they melt, soften or dissolved .
Suppositories rectally ->systemic and local effects
Different size children and adult supp.
Melt within the orifices rectum, active substance is
dissolved and is absorbed

RECTAL Suppositories intended for systemic effect

Alternative route of administration when other routes are not
available. This might occur in several situations when:
Administration by the oral route results in intolerance,
nausea, vomiting or gastric pain
Patients are uncooperative or have decreased consciousness
Access to the intravenous route is difficult

Advantages:
Act rapidly (max 15 minutes)
No first-pass metabolism

Disadvantages:
- Uncertain absorption
- Local irritation

Rectal suppositories for the systemic effects include :

a. for the relief of nausea and vomiting
b. analgesic and antipyretic
c. for the relief of migraine syndrome
d. for the relief of asthma
e. sedative and hypnotic

RECTAL Suppositories intended for local effect

Rectal suppositories intended for localized action
- to relieve constipation
- the pain
- irritation
- itching
- inflammation hemorrhoids or other

How to use rectal supository for adult

LIQUID ENTERAL
DOSAGE FORM

a.SOLUSIO
Characteristic of solution:
Clear Faster absorption and homogeny
With or without sweeteners, flavorings, colorings

Advantages:
Suitable for children, and people who have difficulty
swallowing
Tablets/capsules work fast because the drug is absorbed
directly in the channel digestion
Disadvantages:
Given the large volume

b. SUSPENSION
Characteristic
Drug material can not soluble in water/carrier with or
without sugar
With suspensator/stabilisator
Turbid Absorption depends on particle diameter

Advantage :
Suitable for children , adults who are not able to
swallow tablets / capsules
Disadvantages :
Absorption of the drug depends on the drug particle size
dispersed in an aqueous carrier
Long storage will cause precipitation which can not be
mixed up when shaken

c.EMULSION
Emulsion is a two-phase system. It is a combination of
two different liquid substances that do not mix.
Oil in water (O/W) or water in oil (W/O)
Turbid
Either with or without sweetener and flavor
advantages:
Covering the smell and taste bad
Improving drug absorption
Suitable for children and people who can not swallow
tablets / capsules
Disadvantages
- Less stable in the heat, acidic environment
- Storage for too long will segregate liquid

d. SYRUPS MEDICATED
Concentrated
Contains sugar or sugar substitute
Therapeutic agent (antipyretic, antihistamine, etc)

Advantages :
Suitable for children
Pleasant taste
Faster acting than solid dosage form
Disadvantages :
- inaccuracy in dosage intake
- more expensive than tablet

Dry syrup
Once added distilled water will be solusio / suspension
Additional ingredients such as stabilizers, sweeteners ,
odor
Characteristic
Unstable ingredients in a liquid when stored long
When it has been added aquadest only lasting 7 days
(room temperature ), 14 days (refrigerator)

e. ORAL DROPS
Liquid preparation to use it dripped.
The preparation can be in the form of solutions,
suspensions, or emulsions
Contains sweeteners , flavorings , colorings
Dropper tool :
- Measuring pipette ( 1 drop = 0.05 ml )
- Volume pipette ( 0.3 ml size ; 0.6 ; 0.5 ; 1 )
Advantages:
- Small volume, suitable for baby
- With sweetener and flavoring
Disadvantages:
expensive price
Dose wearing a graduated tool

How to use oral drops

Dosage Form For The Area

Mouth/Throat
GARGLES/GARGARISMA
Water or alcohol/water solutions
Contains local antiseptic.
For treating the throat

Exampe : Bactidol
MOUTHWASHES
Water solution
Contains adstringent, Local antiseptic
For freshening and cleaning the oral cavity
Example : Listerine mouthwash

EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS

How does the use of the dosage form: Sublingual

Tablets , Slow Release Tablets , Chewable Tablets ,
lozenges , and rectal suppositories ?
How to Use the dosage form:
Sublingual Tablets
: inserted under the tongue ( rapid
effects )
Slow Release Tablets : swallowed ( length effect )
Chewable Tablets
: chewed swallowed ( good taste )
Lozenges
: smoked slowly ( local effect )
Rectal suppository
: inserted into the rectum, with or
without assistive devices (local or systemic effects )

Alda ( 1 yo ) taken by his mother to the doctor's office with

high fever and diarrhea , doctors prescribe antipyretics and
antibiotics. What preparations are suitable for Alda ? Which is
the most suitable ?

Dosage Forms
Antipyretics
Pulveres
Oral drop
Syrup

Oral antibiotics
Syrup
Oral drop

ABSORPTION SPEED OF SOME KIND

OF DOSAGE FORM

Which of the following dosage forms the most rapid

absorption ?
Powder
Compressed tablet
Solution
Suspension
Capsule

Solution > suspension > powder > capsule >

Tablet

Which of the following dosage forms the most rapid

absorption ?
Sugar coated tablet
Compressed tablet
Enteric coated tablet
Sublingual tablet
Capsule
Sublingual tab. > capsule > compressed tab. > sugar
coated tab. > enteric coated tab

THANK YOU