Libyan Civil War (2014present)

For the civil war in 2011, see Libyan Civil War (2011).

On 5 April, the rival GNC government announced that it

was suspending operations and handing power to the new
unity government, ocially named the "Government of
National Accord", although it was not yet clear whether
the new arrangement would succeed.[12] As of 22 August,
the unity government still had not received the approval
of the House of Representatives with most members of
the parliament voting against it in a motion of no condence.[81][82][83][84]

The second Libyan Civil War[71][72] is an ongoing conict among rival groups seeking control of the territory of
Libya. The conict has been mostly between the government of the Council of Deputies (CoD) that was elected
democratically in 2014, also known as the "Tobruk government and internationally recognized as the Libyan
Government"; and the rival General National Congress
(GNC) endorsed government, also called the "National
Salvation Government", based in the capital Tripoli established after Operation Libya Dawn.

1 Background of discontent with

General National Congress

In December 2015 the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA)

[73]
was signed. The LPA was the result of protracted
negotiations between rival political camps based in the
capital, Tripoli, Tobruk and elsewhere which agreed to
unite as the Government of National Accord. Although
the Government of National Accord is now functioning,
its authority is still unclear as specic details acceptable
to both sides have not yet been agreed upon.

At the beginning of 2014, Libya was governed by the

General National Congress (GNC), which won the popular vote in 2012 elections.The GNC had become the subject of considerable discontent for, among other things.
The GNC lost credibility as a result of having overstepped
its mandate on the one hand, and accomplished little on
the other. The GNC was made of two major political groupings, the National Forces Alliance (NFC) and
the Justice and Construction Party (JCP). The two major
groups in parliament had failed to reach political compromises on the larger more important issues that the GNC
faced.

The CoD also known as the House of Representatives, strongest in eastern Libya, has the loyalty of the
Libyan National Army under the command of General
Khalifa Haftar and has been supported by air strikes
by Egypt and the UAE.[74] The GNC, based in western
Libya and backed by "Libya Dawn", Qatar, Sudan and
Turkey,[74][75][76][77] initially accepted the results of the
2014 election, but rejected them after the Supreme Constitutional Court nullied an amendment regarding the
roadmap for Libyas transition and HoR elections.[13] Due
to controversy about constitutional amendments, the HoR
refused to take oce from GNC in Tripoli,[78] which was
controlled by powerful militias from the western coastal
city of Misrata. Instead, the HoR established its parliament in Tobruk.

Division among these parties, the row over the political

isolation law, and a continuous unstable security situation
greatly impacted the GNCs ability to deliver real progress
towards a new constitution for Libya which was a primary
task for this body.[85]
The GNC also included members associated with conservative Islamist Groups as well as revolutionary groups
(thuwwar). Some members of the GNC had a conict of
interest due to associations with militias and were accused
of channeling government funds towards some armed
groups and allowing others to conduct assassinations and
kidnappings. Parties holding majority of seats and some
holding minority of seats began to use boycotts or threats
of boycotts which increased division and suppressed relevant debates by removing them from the congressional
agenda;[86] voting to declare sharia law and establishing
a special committee to review all existing laws to guarantee they comply with Islamic law";[87] imposing gender
segregation and compulsory hijab at Libyan universities;
and refusing to hold new elections when its electoral mandate expired in January 2014[88] until General Khalifa
Haftar launched a large-scale military oensive against

In addition to these, there are also smaller rival groups:

the Islamist Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries,
led by Ansar al-Sharia (Libya), which has had the support
of the GNC;[79] the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levants
(ISILs) Libyan provinces;[80] as well as Tuareg militias of
Ghat, controlling desert areas in the southwest; and local
forces in Misrata District, controlling the towns of Bani
Walid and Tawergha. The belligerents are coalitions of
armed groups that sometimes change sides.[74]
In recent months there have been many political developments. The United Nations brokered a cease-re in December 2015, and on 31 March 2016, the leaders of a new
UN-supported unity government arrived in Tripoli.[11]

BACKGROUND OF DISCONTENT WITH GENERAL NATIONAL CONGRESS

the Islamists in May 2014, code-named Operation Dig- 1.3 Kidnapping of Prime Minister Zeidan
nity (Arabic: ' ; Amaliya al-Karamah).[89][90]
The kidnapping of Zeidan was believed to be a coup
attempt supported by members of the GNC, who was
viewed as too moderate (see: 2013 Libyan coup d'tat
1.1 Political Fragmentation of the GNC
attempt).
The 2012 elections, overseen by the Libyan electoral
commission with the support of the UN Special Mission
In Libya (UNSMIL) and nongovernmental organizations
like the International Foundation for Electoral Systems
(IFES), have been considered fair and free by most
Libyans. However, the elections did not necessarily create a strong government because the Parliament was fragmented due to the lack of organized political parties in
Libya post-revolution. The GNC was made up two major parties, the National Forces Alliance and the Justice
and Construction Party, as well as independents in which
some where moderates and others conservative Islamists.
The GNC became a broad-based congress.[85]
The GNA elected Nouri Abusahmain as president of the
GNC in June 2013.[91][92] He was considered an independent Islamist and a compromise candidate acceptable to
liberal members of the congress, as he was elected with
96 out of a total of 184 votes by the GNC.[93]

1.2

Most journalists reported that it was the Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room (LROR) (Ghurfat Amaliyat
al-Thuwar) created by Abusahmain by decree 143 of 7
July. Yet there is evidence to suggest that this is not the
case and that armed groups such as the Duru3 actually
conducted the kidnapping.[96]

1.4 Expansion of armed groups during the

GNCs term
Many Libyans blamed the GNC and the interim government for a continued lack of security in the country. The
interim government struggled to control well-armed militias and armed groups that established during the revolution. Libyans in Benghazi especially began to witness assassinations and kidnapping and perceived the GNC to be
turning a blind eye to the deteriorating security situation
in the east.

But security concerns increased across the country allowing armed groups to expand in both Tripoli and in the
GNC establishes the Libya Revolution- east.

aries Operations Room (LROR)

The GNC was challenged due to increasing security concerns in Tripoli. The GNC itself was attacked many times
from militias and armed protesters who stormed the GNC
assembly hall.[94] Following his appointment, Abusahmain was tasked with providing security. He setup the
Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room (LROR) which
was initially intended to protect and secure Tripoli in August 2013. But this armed group was responsible for kidnapping Prime Minister Zeidan in October of that year
resulting in the GNC dismissing it from its security function and Abusahmain himself as president.[95] During his
term, Abusahmain blocked inquiries into the distribution
of state funds and it was alleged that Abusahmain was
channeling government funding towards the LROR.[93]
The LROR was not an Islamist armed group but rather
was made of rebels from the city of Gharyan. Its commander was Adel Gharyani.

In 2012, the assassination of the US ambassador to

Libya took place by Ansar al-Sharia.[97]
In October 2013 the kidnapping of Prime Minister
Ali Zeidan by the LROR.
The kidnapping of Egyptian diplomats in January
2014 also by the LROR.
In March 2014 armed protesters allegedly linked to
the LROR stormed the GNC parliament building,
shooting and injuring two lawmakers and wounding
several others.[94]
In April 2014, an anti-terrorist training base called
Camp 27, located between Tripoli and the Tunisian
border, was taken over by forces ghting under the control
of Abd al-Muhsin Al-Libi, also known as Ibrahim Tantoush,[98] a long-serving Al-Qaeda organizer and former
member of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group.[99] The
Islamist forces at Camp 27 have subsequently been described as part of the Libya Shield Force.[100] The Libya
Shield Force was already identied by some observers as
linked to al-Qaeda as early as 2012.[101][102]

In October 2013, following the kidnapping of the Prime

Minister, Abusahmain used his presidency to change the
agenda of the GNC in order to prevent a debate over disestablishing the LROR. At the same time, he cancelled
a request to establish a committee to investigate the allocation, by Abusahmain himself, of 900 million Libyan
Dinars (US $720 million) to the LROR and various other 1.5 GNCs Political Isolation Law
armed groups.[86] Instead, the LROR had its responsibilities reduced by the GNC but was allowed to continue to Although Islamists were outnumbered by Liberals and
Centrists in the GNC, in May 2014 they lobbied for a
operate, and no one was prosecuted for the incident.

1.7

GNC extends its mandate without elections

law banning virtually everyone who had participated in

Qaddas government from holding public oce. While
several Islamist political parties and independents supported the law, as they generally had no associations to the
Qadda regime, the law enjoyed strong public support.
Polls demonstrates that a large majority of the Libyan
people supported the exclusion of high-ranking Qaddaregime ocials.[85]
The law particularly impacts elite expatriates and leaders of liberal parties. There existed reservations that such
a law would eliminate technocratic expertise needed in
Libya at the time.
in Shahat against the
Armed militiamen stormed government ministries, shut Protesters stage a large demonstration
GNCs mandate extension plan.[89]
down the GNC itself and demanded the laws passage.
This intimidated the GNC into passing the law in which
164 members approved the bill, with only four abstaining
1.7 GNC extends its mandate without elecand no member opposing it.[85]

tions

1.6

Suppression of womens rights

GNC opponents argue that it was supporting Islamist actions against women. Sadiq Ghariani, the Grand Mufti
of Libya, is perceived to be linked closely to Islamist parties. He has issued fatwas ordering Muslims to obey the
GNC,[103] and fatwas ordering Muslims to ght against
Haftar's forces[104]
In March 2013, Sadiq Ghariani, the Grand Mufti, issued
a fatwa against the UN Report on Violence Against Women
and Girls. He condemned the UN report for advocating
immorality and indecency in addition to rebelliousness
against religion and clear objections to the laws contained
in the Quran and Sunnah.[105][106] Soon after the Grand
Mufti issued a clarication op-ed that there should be no
discrimination between men and women yet women have
a greater role in the family, nevertheless, this does not
mean Islam violates the rights of women.[107]

The GNC failed to stand down at the end of its electoral

mandate in January 2014, unilaterally voting on 23 December 2013 to extend its power for at least one year.
This caused widespread unease and some protests. Residents of the eastern city of Shahat, along with protesters
from Bayda and Sousse, staged a large demonstration,
rejecting the GNCs extension plan and demanding the
resignation of the congress followed by a peaceful power
transition to a legitimate body. They also protested the
lack of security, blaming the GNC for failing to build the
army and police.[89] Other Libyans rejecting the proposed
mandate rallied in Tripolis Martyrs Square and outside
Benghazis Tibesti Hotel, calling for the freeze of political parties and the re-activation of the countrys security
system.[110]

On 14 February 2014, General Khalifa Haftar ordered

the GNC to dissolve and called for the formation of a
caretaker government committee to oversee new elections. However his actions had little eect on the GNC,
which called his actions an attempted coup and called
Later in 2013, lawyer Hamida Al-Hadi Al-Asfar, advo- Haftar himself ridiculous and labelled him an aspiring
cate of womens rights, was abducted, tortured and killed. dictator. The GNC continued to operate as before. No
It is alleged she was targeted for criticising the Grand arrests were made. Haftar launched Operation Dignity
Muftis declaration.[108] No arrests were made.
two months later, on 16 May.
In June 2013, two politicians, Ali Tekbali and Fathi
Sager, appeared in court for insulting Islam for publishing a cartoon promoting womens rights.[109] Under sharia 1.8 Council of Deputies versus New GNC
law they were facing a possible death penalty. The case
caused widespread concern although they were eventually On 25 May 2014, about one week after Khalifa Haftar
acquitted in March 2014. After the GNC was forced to started his Operation Dignity oensive against the Genaccept new elections, Ali Tekbali was elected to the new eral National Congress, that body set 25 June 2014 as
House of Representatives.
the date for new elections.[111] Islamists were defeated,
During Nouri Abusahmain's presidency of the GNC and
subsequent to GNCs decision to enforce sharia law in
December 2013, gender segregation and compulsory hijab were being imposed in Libyan universities from early
2014, provoking strong criticism from Womens Rights
groups.

but rejected the results of the election, which saw only an

18% turnout.[112][113][114] They accused the new Council
of Deputies parliament of being dominated by supporters of the former dictator, and they continued to support
the old GNC after the Council ocially replaced it on 4
August 2014.[74][115][116]

OPPOSING FORCES

The conict escalated on 13 July 2014, when Tripolis Islamists and Misratan militias launched Operation Libya
Dawn to seize Tripoli International Airport, capturing
it from the Zintan militia on 23 August. Shortly thereafter, members of the GNC, whom had rejected the June
election, reconvened as a new General National Congress
and voted themselves as replacement of the newly elected
Council of Deputies, with Tripoli as their political capital, Nouri Abusahmain as president and Omar al-Hasi
as prime minister. As a consequence, the majority
of the Council of Deputies was forced to relocate to
Tobruk, aligning itself with Haftars forces and eventually nominating him army chief.[117] On 6 November, the
supreme court in Tripoli, dominated by the new GNC, declared the Council of Deputies dissolved.[118][119][120] The
Council of Deputies rejected this ruling as made under
threat.[121]

themselves into the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries. These are:

On 16 January 2015, the Operation Dignity and Operation Libya Dawn factions agreed on a ceasere.[8] The
country was then led by two separate governments, with
Tripoli and Misrata controlled by forces loyal to Libya
Dawn and the new GNC in Tripoli, while the international community recognized Abdullah al-Thani's government and its parliament in Tobruk.[122] Benghazi remained contested between pro-Haftar forces and radical
Islamists.[123]

Al-Qaeda leader Abd al-Muhsin Al-Libi, also known as

Ibrahim Ali Abu Bakr or Ibrahim Tantoush[99] has been
active in western Libya, capturing the special forces base
called Camp 27 in April 2014 and losing it to anti-Islamist
forces in August 2014.[98] The Islamist forces around
Camp 27 have been described as both Al-Qaida[98] and as
part of the Libya Shield Force.[100] The relationship between Al-Qaeda and Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb is
unclear, and their relationship with other Libyan Islamist
groups is unclear. Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb are
also active in Fezzan, especially in border areas.

The Zawia tribe has been allied to Libya Dawn since

August 2014[128] although in June 2014 at least one Zawia army unit had appeared to side with General Haftar, and reports in December claimed Zawia forces were
openly considering breaking away from Libya Dawn.[129]
Zawia militia have been heavily ghting the Warshefana
tribe. In the current conict, the Warshefana have been
strongly identied with the forces ghting against both
Libya Dawn and Al Qaeda. Zawia has been involved
in a long-standing tribal conict with the neighbouring
Warshefana tribe since 2011.[130]

2.1

Opposing forces
Islamist forces

The Islamist Libyan Dawn has been described as an

uneasy coalition including former al-Qaeda jihadists
who fought against Qadda in the nineties, Berber ethnic militias, members of Libyas branch of the Muslim
Brotherhood, and a network of conservative merchants
from Misrata, whose ghters make up the largest block
of Libya Dawns forces.[124] The Islamist forces are
identied as terrorists by the elected parliament in
Tobruk.[125] The city of Zawia and its associated brigades
have been waging operations in western Libya in support of the Libya Dawn coalition. The motivations of
the Zawia brigades participation in the war have been described as unrelated to religion and instead deriving foremost from tribal conict with the Warshafana and secondarily as a result of opposition to the Zintani brigades and
General Haftar.[126]

Ansar al-Sharia
Libya Shield 1
February 17th Martyrs Brigade
Rafallah al-Sahati Brigade
In western Libya, the prominent Islamist forces are the
Central Shield (of the Libya Shield Force), which consists
especially of Misrata units, and the Libya Revolutionaries
Operations Room. Two smaller organizations operating
in western Libya are Ignewa Al-Kikly and the Lions of
Monotheism.

2.2 Anti-Islamist forces

The anti-Islamist forces are built around Haftars faction
of the Libyan National Army, including land, sea and air
forces.

Since the Battle of Tripoli Airport, armed groups associated with Zintan and the surrounding Nafusa region have
become prominent. The Airport Security Battalion is reThe Libya Shield Force supports the Islamists. Its forces cruited in large part from Zintan.
are divided geographically into the Western Shield, Cen- The Zintan Brigades fall under the leadership of the
tral Shield and Eastern Shield. Elements of the Libya Zintan Revolutionaries Military Council. They consist
Shield Force were identied by some observers as linked of:
to Al-Qaeda as early as 2012.[101][102] The term Libya
Shield 1 is used to refer to the Islamist part of the Libya
The Qaaqaa Brigade
Shield Force in the east of Libya.[127]
In Eastern Libya, Islamist armed groups have organized

The Lightning Bolt (Sawaiq) Brigade

5
The Civic Brigade ()

infrastructure, as well as members of an important militia group in Benghazi. On the other hand, several ghtThe Airport Security Battalion at Tripoli Airport was ers from Misrata moved to Tripoli to counter Haftars offensive, but this happened after the general managed to
linked to the Zintan Brigades.
gather allies from Bayda, 125 miles east of Benghazi.[132]
Warshefana tribal armed groups, from the area immediately south and west of Tripoli, have been playing a grow- Additional supporters of the movement include Libyas
ing role in the anti-Islamist forces. On 5 August, they former Prime Minister Ali Zeidan, ousted by General Nawere reported to have recaptured Camp 27, a training tional Congress (GNC) Islamist parties, and Libyas ambase west of Tripoli. But it had been captured by forces bassador to the United Nations who had announced his
under Al-Qaeda organizer Ibrahim Ali Abu Bakr Tan- backing of Haftars oensive against Islamist lawmakers
toush in April 2014. Warshefana armed groups have also and extremist militias, just hours after the countrys air
been involved in a long-standing tribal conict with the force commander had made a similar move, further buildneighbouring Zawia city since 2011.[130] Zawia has been ing support for a campaign. The current Prime Minister
[24][133]
allied to Libya Dawn since August 2014[128] although its has described Operation Dignity as a coup d'tat.
commitment to Libya Dawn is reportedly wavering.[129] The commander of the armys special forces also said
he had allied with Haftar.[25] However, the show of supA minority portion of the Libya Shield Force is reported port for the general appears to have triggered a heavy
to have not joined the Islamist forces. It is not clear if this backlash, as Libyas navy chief Brig. Gen. Hassan Abumeans they have joined the anti-Islamist forces. Although Shanaq, who also announced his support for Haftars rejournalists have referred to this group as Libya Shield volt, was wounded in an assassination attempt in the cap2[131] to distinguish it from the Islamist faction which ital Tripoli along with his driver and a guard. On 20 May,
calls itself Libya Shield 1, it is not clear that this name is the air forces headquarters in Tripoli came under a rocket
commonly used.
attack but no casualties were reported.[24][134]

2.3

Taking sides

On 21 May, the uprising was described by the Washington

Post as the most serious challenge to the Libyan authorities since the overthrow of Muammar Gadda in
2011.[132]
The Islamist forces have attempted to secure some support by focusing on a tribal theme, arguing that the elected
government is not adequately opposed to the idea of military units led by Zintanis.[135] As a Berber/Amazigh,
Nouri Abusahmain's prominence has also secured the Islamists some Berber/Amazigh support. One unnamed
pro-Dawn Amazigh commander has apparently claimed
The majority of Dawn are not Islamist... and We all
have dierent reasons for wanting less Zintani inuence
in western Libya.[135]
2.3.1 Awakening

General Khalifa Haftar who launched the anti-Islamist operation

on 16 May 2014.

In the Benghazi region, a salast group calling itself

the Awakening (sahwa), the Islamic Awakening, or
the Awakening of Islam, co-operates with the Tobruk
government specically in the conict against the Shura
Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries. It is not clear what
stance the group would take between the Tobruk government and Libya Dawn. The Awakening group appears to
be a proxy of the Saudi Islamic Awakening movement,
which is linked to the Muslim Brotherhood, which is the
largest group in the Libya Dawn government.

On 19 May 2014, a number of Libyan military ocers 3 Eects of the war

announced their support for Gen. Haftar, including ofcers in an air force base in Tobruk, and others who As of February 2015, damage and disorder from the
have occupied a signicant portion of the countrys oil war has been considerable.[136] There are frequent elec-

Mellitah

Zawiya

FOREIGN REACTIONS, INVOLVEMENT, AND EVACUATIONS

Marsa
Benghazi
el-Hariga
Ras
Lanuf
Sirte
Ajdabiya
Brega

Sarir

Oil reneries
Oil storages
Major oil areas
Oil pipelines/elds
Gas pipelines/elds
Sources: Petroleum economist
http://www.economist.com/node/18713650

Libyan oil elds, pipelines, reneries and storage

Auberge de Castille in Valletta, Malta on 16 December 2015. The meeting was delayed for a few days after the representatives from the Tobruk government initially failed to show up.[141] The leader of the Tripoli
government, Nouri Abusahmain, announced that they
will not accept foreign intervention against the will of
the Libyan people, while the leader of the Tobruk government Aguila Saleh Issa called on the international
community to allow [them] time to form an eective
unity government. Representatives from both governments also met ocials from the United Nations, Italy,
the United States and Russia in a conference in Rome.[142]
On 17 December, delegates from both rival governments signed a peace deal backed by the UN in Skhirat,
Morocco, although there was opposition to this within
both factions.[9][23] The Government of National Accord
was formed as a result of this agreement, and its rst
meeting took place in Tunis on 2 January 2016.[143]

tric outages, little business activity, and a loss in rev- 6 Domestic reactions
enues from oil by 90%.[136] Over 4,000 people have died
from the ghting,[137] and some sources claim nearly a
third of the countrys population has ed to Tunisia as Haftar and his supporters describe Operation Dignity as
a correction to the path of the revolution" and a "war
refugees.[136]
on terrorism".[144][145][146] The elected parliament has deA recent announcement from the company said the com- clared that Haftars enemies are terrorists, .[125] Oppopany aims 900,000 barrel per day in the next year. Oil nents of Haftar and the coup d'tat government in Tripoli
production has fallen from 1.6 million barrel per day to claim he is attempting a coup. Omar al-Hasi, the in900,000 in four years of war.[138]
ternationally unrecognized Prime Minister of the Libya
Dawn-backed Tripoli government, speaking of his allies
actions, has stated that: This is a correction of the revolution. He has also contended: Our revolution had fallen
4 Timeline
into a trap.[147] Dawn commanders claim to be ghtcause rather than for religious
Main article: Timeline of the Libyan Civil War (2014 ing for a revolutionary
[148]
or
partisan
objectives.
Islamist militia group Ansar
present)
al-Sharia (linked to the 2012 Benghazi attack) has denounced Haftars campaign as a Western-backed "war on
Islam"[149] and has declared the establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Benghazi.

Peace eorts

During the rst half of 2015, the United Nations facilitated a series of dierent negotiating tracks seeking to
bring together the rival governments of Libya and warring militias tearing Libya apart.[139] The U.N. representative to Libya reconvened delegations from Libyas
rival governments on 8 June 2015 to present the latest
draft proposal for a unity government for the war-torn
country.[139] After a warning one week earlier that the
country had been running out of money and had risked
ceasing to be a functional state, Bernardino Leon urged
the Libyans to approve the fourth version of the draft proposal in a ceremony in Morocco.[139] On 8 October 2015,
Bernardino Leon held a press conference in which the
names of several potential members of a unied government were announced.[140]

7 Foreign reactions, involvement,

and evacuations
7.1 Neighboring countries
7.1.1 Algeria

Early in May 2014, the Algerian military said it was engaged in an operation aimed at tracking down militants
who inltrated the countrys territory in Tamanrasset near
the Libyan border, during which it announced that it
managed to kill 10 terrorists and seized a large cache
of weapons near the town of Janet consisting of automatic ries, rocket-propelled grenades and ammunition
A meeting between the rival governments was held at boxes.[150] The Times reported on 30 May that Algerian

7.1

Neighboring countries

forces were strongly present in Libya and it was claimed

shortly after by an Algerian journalist from El Watan
that a full regiment of 3,500 paratroopers logistically supported by 1,500 other men crossed into Libya and occupied a zone in the west of the country. They were later
shown to be operating alongside French special forces in
the region. However, all of these claims were later denied by the Algerian government through Prime Minister
Abdelmalek Sellal who told the senate that Algeria has
always shown its willingness to assist [our] sister countries, but things are clear: the Algerian army will not undertake any operation outside Algerian territory.[151]
On 16 May 2014, the Algerian government responded
to a threat on its embassy in Libya by sending a team
of special forces to Tripoli to escort its diplomatic sta
in a military plane out of the country. Due to a real
and imminent threat targeting our diplomats the decision was taken in coordination with Libyan authorities to
urgently close our embassy and consulate general temporarily in Tripoli, the Algerian Foreign Ministry said
in a statement.[152] Three days later, the Algerian government shut down all of its border crossings with Libya
and the army command raised its security alert status by
tightening its presence along the border, especially on the
Tinalkoum and Debdab border crossings. This also came
as the state-owned energy rm, Sonatrach, evacuated all
of its workers from Libya and halted production in the
country.[153] In mid-August, Algeria opened its border
for Egyptian refugees stranded in Libya and said it would
grant them exceptional visas to facilitate their return to
Egypt.[154]

7.1.2

Egypt

Egyptian authorities have long expressed concern over the

instability in eastern Libya spilling over into Egypt due to
the rise of jihadist movements in the region, which the
government believes to have developed into a safe transit for wanted Islamists following the 2013 coup d'tat
in Egypt that ousted Muslim Brotherhood-backed president Mohamed Morsi. There have been numerous attacks on Egypts trade interests in Libya which were rampant prior to Haftars oensive, especially with the kidnapping of truck drivers and sometimes workers were
murdered.[155] Due to this, the military-backed government in Egypt had many reasons to support Haftars rebellion and the Islamist February 17th Martyrs Brigade
operating in Libya has accused the Egyptian government
of supplying Haftar with weapons and ammunition, a
claim denied by both Cairo and the rebel leader.[156] Furthermore, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who
has become increasingly popular among many Libyans
wishing for stability,[157] has called on the United States to
intervene militarily in Libya during his presidential candidacy, warning that Libya was becoming a major security challenge and vowed not to allow the turmoil there to
threaten Egypts national security.[158]

7
On 21 July, the Egyptian Foreign Ministry urged its nationals residing in Libya to adopt measures of extreme
caution as it was preparing to send consular sta in order to facilitate their return their country following an attack in Egypts western desert region near the border with
Libya that left 22 Egyptian border guards killed.[159] A
week later, the ministry announced that it would double
its diplomatic ocials on the Libyan-Tunisian border and
reiterated its call on Egyptian nationals to nd shelter in
safer places in Libya.[160] On 3 August, Egypt, Libya and
Tunisia agreed to cooperate by establishing an airbridge
between Cairo and Tunis that would facilitate the transfer
of 2,000 to 2,500 Egyptians from Libya daily.[161]
On 31 July, two Egyptians were shot dead during a clash
at the Libyan-Tunisian border where hundreds of Egyptians were staging a protest at the Ras Jdeir border crossing. As they tried to cross into Tunisia, Libyan authorities opened re to disperse them.[162] A similar incident occurred once again on 15 August, when Libyan
security forces shot dead an Egyptian who attempted to
force his way through the border along with hundreds
of stranded Egyptians and almost 1,200 Egyptians made
it into Tunisia that day.[154] This came a few days after Egypts Minister of Civil Aviation, Hossam Kamal,
announced that the emergency airlift consisting of 46
ights aimed at evacuating the countrys nationals from
Libya came to a conclusion, adding that 11,500 Egyptians in total had returned from the war-torn country as of
9 August.[163] A week later, all Egyptians on the LibyanTunisian border were evacuated and the consulates sta,
who were reassigned to work at the border area, withdrew
from Libya following the operations success.[164] Meanwhile, an estimated 50,000 Egyptians (4,000 per day)
arrived at the Salloum border crossing on the LibyanEgyptian border as of early August.[165]

7.1.3 Malta
Along with most of the international community, Malta
continues to recognize the Council of Deputies as the legitimate government of Libya. Libyan charg d'aaires
Hussin Musrati insisted that by doing so, Malta was interfering in Libyan aairs.[166] Due to the conict, there
are currently two Libyan embassies in Malta. The unrecognized General National Congress now controls the ocial Libyan Embassy in Balzan, while the internationally
recognized Council of Deputies has opened a consulate
in Ta' Xbiex. Each of the two embassies say that visas
issued by the other entity are not valid.[167]
Following the expansion of ISIL in Libya, particularly
the fall of Nawfaliya, the Maltese Prime Minister Joseph
Muscat and Leader of the Opposition Simon Busuttil
called for the United Nations and European Union to intervene in Libya to prevent the country from becoming a
failed state.[168][169]

7.1.4

FOREIGN REACTIONS, INVOLVEMENT, AND EVACUATIONS

Tunisia

Minister Matteo Renzi said If theres no success,

Italy is ready to play a leading role, above all a diplomatic role, and then, always under the aegis of the
UN, one of peacekeeping inside Libya, adding that
Libya cant be left in the condition it is now.[179] In
February 2015, however, Italy was forced to close its
embassy and every Italian citizen in Libya was advised to leave.

Post-revolutionary Tunisia also had its share of instability

due to the violence in Libya as it witnessed an unprecedented rise in radical Islamism with increased militant
activity and weapons smuggling through the border.[170]
In response to the initial clashes in May, the Tunisian
National Council for Security held an emergency meeting and decided to deploy 5,000 soldiers to the Libyan
Tunisian border in anticipation of potential consequences
from the ghting.[171] On 30 July, Tunisian Foreign Minister Mongi Hamdi said that the country cannot cope with
the high number of refugees coming from Libya due to
the renewed ghting. Our countrys economic situation
is precarious, and we cannot cope with hundreds of thousands of refugees, Hamdi said in a statement. He also
added that Tunisia will close its borders if necessary.[172]

7.2

Russia In February 2015, discussions on supporting the Libyan parliament by supplying them
with weapons reportedly took place in Cairo when
President of Russia Vladimir Putin arrived for talks
with the government of Egypt, during which the
Russian delegates also spoke with a Libyan delegation. Colonel Ahmed al-Mismari, the spokesperson for the Libyan Armys chief of sta, also stated
that Arming the Libyan army was a point of discussion between the Egyptian and Russian presidents in Cairo.[180] The deputy foreign minister of
Russia, Mikhail Bogdanov, has stated that Russia
will supply the government of Libya with weapons
if UN sanctions against Libya are lifted.[181] In
April 2015, Prime Minister Abdullah al-Thani visited Moscow and announced that Russia and Libya
will strengthen their relations, especially economic
relations.[182] He also met with Sergei Lavrov, the
Russian Minister of Foreign Aairs, and said that
he request Russias assistance in xing the countrys
government institutions and military strength.[183]
The prime minister also met with Nikolai Patrushev,
the Russian presidents security adviser, and talked
about the need to restore stability in Libya as well as
the inuence of terrorist groups in the country. Patrushev stated that a priority for regional politics is
the protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Libya.[184]

Thailand In late July 2014, the Thai government asked Libyas authorities to facilitate the
evacuation of its nationals by exempting the need
for exit visas.[185] As of 14 August, over 800 Thai
workers have been successfully evacuated from the
country,[186] while Thailands Ministry of Labour
announced that it would prepare jobs for more than
2,800 workers residing in Libya.[187]

United Kingdom Following Frances evacuation of some British nationals, the UKs embassy in
Tripoli was the only diplomatic mission still open in
the war-torn city. However, British diplomats residing there have sought refuge in a fortied compound
south-west of the city to avoid the repetitive rocket
attacks by warring militias.[188] Three days earlier,
a convoy carrying British diplomats from Tripoli to
Tunisia came under re when their vehicles refused
to stop at an unocial checkpoint in the outskirts
of the city.[189] On 2 August, the Foreign and Commonwealth Oce nally announced that it would

Others

Supranational

United Nations - On 27 August 2014, the UN

Security Council unanimously approved resolution
2174 (2014), which called for an immediate ceasere and an inclusive political dialogue.[173] The resolution also threatened to impose sanctions, such
as asset freezes and travel bans, against the leaders
and supporters of the various militias involved in the
ghting, if the individuals threaten either the security of Libya or the political process.[174]

States

France On 30 July 2014, the French government temporarily closed its embassy in Tripoli,
while 40 French, including the ambassador, and 7
British nationals were evacuated on a French warship bound to the port of Toulon in southern France.
We have taken all necessary measures to allow
those French nationals who so wish to leave the
country temporarily, the foreign ministry said in a
statement.[175][176]

India Ministry of External Aairs

spokesman, Syed Akbaruddin, said that Indias diplomatic mission in Libya has been touch
with the 4,500 Indian nationals, through several
co-ordinators. The mission is facilitating return
of Indian nationals and working with the Libyan
authorities to obtain necessary exit permissions for
Indian nationals wanting to return, he said.[177]

Italy The Italian embassy has remained open

during the civil war[178] and the government has
always pushed for the success of UN-hosted talks
among Libyas political parties in Geneva. Prime

9
temporarily close its embassy in the capital and
evacuate its sta. Ambassador Michael Aron said
that the embassy would continue to operate from
Tunisia.[190] The following day, the Royal Navy ship
HMS Enterprise managed to evacuate more than a
hundred foreign nationals from the country to Malta,
most of whom were British, in an operation o the
coast of Tripoli.[191] In March 2016, Ambassador
Peter Millett called for a much more coordinated
approach between the dierent groups, regions and
forces and the armed groups in Libya in order to
defeat ISIL in Libya.[192]

United States In 2016, U.S. President Barack

Obama stated that not preparing for a post-Gadda
Libya was the worst mistake of his presidency.[193]

Sports
Libya had been awarded the rights to host the 2017
Africa Cup of Nations in association football; however, the tournament was stripped from the country
in August 2014, due to concerns over the ongoing
conict.[194]

References

[1] Daleh, Mustafa (25 August 2014). Dawn of Libya forces

impose control on Tripoli. Al-Monitor. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
[2] U.N. hails Libya talks as 'positive'", Al Arabiya, 29
September 2014
[3] Ansar Al-Sharia Claims Control Of Benghazi, Declares
Islamic Emirate In Libya. The IB Times. 1 August 2014.
[4] Libyan army says recaptures four barracks in Benghazi,
The Star, 31 October 2014
[5] Libyan city declares itself part of Islamic State
caliphate. CP24. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
[6] IS said to have taken another Libyan town. Times of
Malta. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
[7] Isis militants seize key buildings in Gadas hometown
Sirte, The International Business Times, UK
[8] Libya parties agree to more talks; two factions call ceasere. Reuters. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 29 January
2015.
[9] Rival Libyan factions sign UN-backed peace deal. Al
Jazeera. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December
2015.
[10] Isis in Libya: Islamic State driven out of Derna
stronghold by al-Qaeda-linked militia. International
Business Times UK. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
[11] Libyas unity government leaders in Tripoli power bid.
BBC News.

[12] Elumami, Ahmed (5 April 2016). Libyas self-declared

National Salvation government stepping down. Reuters.
[13] Libya oil storage tanks ablaze after assault by IS, BBC,
7 October 2016
[14] Attack on Sirte imminent says Presidency Councils
new Operations Room. Libya Herald. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
[15] Central Region Joint Operations Room announces all-out
war on ISIS in Sirte. Libyan Express. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
[16] Misratans report they have recaptured Abu Grain from
IS. Libya Herald. 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May
2016.
[17] Freed Gadda loyalists found dead in Libyas Tripoli.
Retrieved 24 June 2016.
[18] Libyan security forces pushing Islamic State back from
vicinity of oil terminals. www.reuters.com. 2016-05-31.
Retrieved 2016-05-31.
[19] Al-Bunyan Al-Marsoos captures Harawa district, says
will free Sirte in two days. The Libya Observer. 201606-09. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
[20] Libyan forces clear last Islamic State hold-out in Sirte.
Reuters. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
[21] Libyan forces seize last Daesh positions in Sirte. Daily
Sabah. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
[22] US concerned about GNC coup on legitimate government
in Libya - Libyan Express
[23] Libyas rival factions sign UN peace deal, despite resistance. Times of Malta. 17 December 2015. Retrieved
17 December 2015.
[24] Mohamed, Esam; Michael, Maggie (20 May 2014). 2
Ranking Libyan Ocials Side With Rogue General.
ABC News. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014.
Retrieved 21 May 2014.
[25] al-Warfalli, Ayman; Laessing, Ulf (19 May 2014).
Libyan special forces commander says his forces join
renegade general. Reuters. Archived from the original
on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
[26] Abdul-Wahab, Ashraf (5 August 2014). Warshefana
take Camp 27 from Libya Shield. Libya Herald.
Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved
7 August 2014.
[27] Kirkpatrick, David D; Schmitt, Eric (25 August 2014).
Egypt and United Arab Emirates Said to Have Secretly
Carried Out Libya Airstrikes. The New York Times. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
[28] Egypt prepared to take lead in ensuring stability in
Libya. Libya Herald. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 10
September 2014.
[29] Libya on the Brink of a Full-blown Civil War?". Middle
East brieng, Issue 144, Vol. III, September 22nd 2016.
22 September 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.

10

REFERENCES

[30] Libya attack: French soldiers die in helicopter crash BBC News. Retrieved 2 August 2016.

[50] Libya Observer. Libya Observer. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[31] France conrms three soldiers killed in Libya. Retrieved 2 August 2016.

[51] Libya Observer. Libya Observer. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[32] Libya: Tripoli condemns French military involvement.

Retrieved 2 August 2016.

[52] Too Many Chiefs. The Economist. 27 September 2014.

Retrieved 11 October 2014.

[33] Exclusive: U.S. Targets ISIS in Libya Airstrike. The

Daily Beast. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November
2015.

[53] Sudan militarily backs Libyan rebels: Bashir to Youm7.

The Cairo Post. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March
2015.

[34] Eric Schmitt. US Scrambles To Contain Growing ISIS

Threat in Libya. New York Times. 21 February 2016.
The American airstrikes in northwestern Libya on Friday, which demolished an Islamic State training camp
and were aimed at a top Tunisian operative, underscore
the problem, Western ocials said. The more than three
dozen suspected Islamic State ghters killed in the bombing were recruited from Tunisia and other African countries.

[54] "
[ " Twenty-eight AlSaiqa ghters killed in Benghazi since the beginning of
clashes with Ansar al-Sharia .]Youm7. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.

[35] British Deployment to Libya. Retrieved 5 January 2016.

[36] Putin Promotes Libyan Strongman as New Ally After
Syria Victory. Bloomberg. December 21, 2016.
[37] Presidential Guard established. Libya Herald. 9 May
2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
[38] Misrata brigades and municipality form security chamber
to enable GNA to operate from Tripoli. Libyan Express.
28 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
[39] Sabratha revolutionary brigades announce full support for
GNA. Libyan Express. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 29
March 2016.
[40] Unity government at last. Al Ahram. 15 October 2015.
Retrieved 29 March 2016.
[41] Bumpy road ahead for U.N.-proposed Libya peace deal.
Reuters. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
[42] Desk, News (10 June 2016). Libyan Navy asserts control
over ISIL-controlled Sirte. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
[43] Tuaregs Announce Support for Serraj Govt. LibyaBusiness News. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 24 April
2016.
[44] Tabu and Tuareg announce their support for GNA.
Libyaprospect. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
[45] editor, Patrick Wintour Diplomatic (16 May 2016).
World powers prepared to arm UN-backed Libyan government. Retrieved 2 August 2016 via The Guardian.
[46] Italy Reportedly Sends Special Forces to Libya
[47] Libyas self-declared National Salvation government
stepping down.
[48] Libyan Dawn: Map of allies and enemies. Al-Akhbar.
25 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
[49] LNA targets Tripoli and Zuwara but pulls back troops in
Aziziya area. Libya Herald. 21 March 2015. Retrieved
22 March 2015.

[55] "
[ "Worsening of security in Benghazi and Tripoli as
new war approaches .]Al-Arab. 27 July 2014. Archived
from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August
2014.
[56] Libyan revolutionary factions form Defend Benghazi
Brigades. The Libya Observer. 2 June 2016. Retrieved
14 August 2016.
[57] Benghazi Defense Brigades advance toward Benghazi.
Libyan Express. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
[58] Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb says Mokhtar
Belmokhtar is 'alive and well'". The Long War Journal.
19 June 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
[59] Islamic State Expanding into North Africa. Der Spiegel.
Hamburg, DE. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
[60] ISIS comes to Libya. CNN. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
[61] Schmitt, Eric; Kirkpatrick, David D. (14 February 2015).
Islamic State Sprouting Limbs Beyond Its Base. The
New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
[62] Libya Prime Minister
[63] Hassi changes his mind, hands over to Ghwell. Libya
Herald. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
[64] Ansar al Sharia Libya ghts on under new leader. The
Long War Journal. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
[65] Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb says Mokhtar
Belmokhtar is 'alive and well'". The Long War Journal.
19 June 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
[66] Leader of Libyan Islamists Ansar al-Sharia dies of
wounds. Reuters. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
[67] Islamists clash in Derna, Abu Sleem leader reported
killed. Libya Herald. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June
2015.
[68] Islamic State leadership in Libya. TheMagrebiNote. 22
April 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.

11

[69] Statement from Pentagon Press Secretary Peter Cook on

Nov. 13 airstrike in Libya > U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
DEFENSE > News Release View. Defense.gov. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
[70] Joscelyn, Thomas (7 December 2016). Pentagon: Islamic State has lost its safe haven in Sirte, Libya. Long
War Journal. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
[71] Libyas Second Civil War: How did it come to this?".
Conict News. Archived from the original on 20 March
2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[85] Chivvis, Christopher S. (2014). Libya After Qadda:

Lessons and Implications for the Future. RAND Corporation.
[86] St John, Ronald Bruce (4 June 2014), Historical Dictionary of Libya, Rowman & Littleeld, p. 201
[87] Bosalum, Feras; Markey, Patrick (4 December 2013).
Libyan assembly votes to follow Islamic law. Reuters.
Retrieved 26 August 2014.
[88] Libya congress extends its mandate until end-2014.
AFP. 23 December 2013.

[72] National Post View (24 February 2015). National Post

View: Stabilizing Libya may be the best way to keep Europe safe. National Post. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[89] Al-Gattani, Ali (4 February 2014). Shahat slams GNC.

Magharebia. Retrieved 20 August 2014.

[73] UN welcomes 'historic' signing of Libyan Political

Agreement.

[90] Madi, Mohamed (16 October 2014). Prole: Libyan exGeneral Khalifa Haftar. BBC.

[74] Stephen, Chris (29 August 2014). War in Libya - the

Guardian brieng. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 February
2015.

[91] Eljarh, Mohamed (26 June 2013). Can the New Libyan
President Live Up to Expectations?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 26 August 2014.

[75] Libyas Legitimacy Crisis. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 6 January
2015.

[92] Libyas new parliament meets amid rumbling violence.

Aljazeera America. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August
2014.

[76] That it should come to this. The Economist. 10 January

2015.

[93] Kotra, Johnathan. ISIS enters the Stage in the Libyan

Drama How the IS Caliphate expands in Northern Africa.
International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT).

[77] Bashir says Sudan to work with UAE to control ghting

in Libya. Ahram Online. 23 February 2015. Retrieved
24 March 2015.
[78] Libyan Unity Government Extends Control Over Tripoli
Ministries.
[79] Omar Al-Hassi in beautiful Ansar row while 100
GNC members meet. Libya Herald. 18 November 2014.
Retrieved 14 June 2015.
[80] Why Picking Sides in Libya won't work. Foreign Policy. 6 March 2015. One is the internationally recognized
government based in the eastern city of Tobruk and its
military wing, Operation Dignity, led by General Khalifa
Haftar. The other is the Tripoli government installed by
the Libya Dawn coalition, which combines Islamist militias with armed groups from the city of Misrata. The Islamic State has recently established itself as a third force
[81] Shennib, Ghaith (22 August 2016). Libyas East Rejects
Unity Government in No-Condence Vote. Bloomberg
News.

[94] (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. Two lawmakers shot in

Libya as protesters storm parliament | News | DW.COM |
03.03.2014. DW.COM. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
[95] Libya Revolutionaries Joint Operations Room (LROR)
| Terrorist Groups | TRAC. www.trackingterrorism.org.
Retrieved 2016-12-07.
[96] Libyan Elections | Libya Analysis. www.libya-analysis.
com. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
[97] Kirkpatrick, David D.; Myers, Steven Lee (2012-09-12).
Libya Mission Attack Kills U.S. Ambassador. The New
York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
[98] Jihadists Now Control Secretive U.S. Base in Libya.
The Daily Beast. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
[99] QI.T.57.02.
IBRAHIM ALI ABU BAKR TANTOUSH. Un.org. Archived from the original on 5
November 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.

[100] Warshefana take Camp 27 from Libya Shield. Libya

[82] Libyas UN-backed government gets 'no condence'
Herald. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
vote. Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera Media Network. August
[101] Libyan Militia Units That Aided U.S. Marines During
22, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Embassy Attack Linked To Al-Qaeda. The Inquisitr
[83] Qyman al-Warfalli (August 22, 2016). Libyas eastNews. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
ern parliament votes against U.N.-backed government in
Tripoli. Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved August [102] The Jihadist Plot. Books.google.co.uk. 10 October 2013.
ISBN 9781594036828. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
23, 2016.
[84] House of Representatives rejects GNAs cabinet. [103] Grand Mufti supports Congress remaining in oce, forLibyan Express. August 22, 2016. Retrieved August 23,
bids action against it.. Libya Herald. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
2016.

12

REFERENCES

[104] Mufti call for violence angers Libyans. Magharebia. [122] Tripoli-backed ghters sent to Sirte to confront ISIL, Al
Retrieved 14 October 2014.
Jazeera, Feb 2015
[105] Jones, Susan. Libyas Grand Mufti Issues Fatwa Against [123] Haftars troops recapture key stronghold in Libyas Benghazi, Aawsat, Feb 2015
U.N. Report on Womens Rights. CNS News. Retrieved
16 August 2014.
[124] Anderson, Jon Lee (23 February 2015). Letter from
Libya. The Unravelling. The New Yorker. Retrieved 18
[106] Alexandra Valiente (11 March 2013). Libyas Grand
February 2015.
Mufti Issues Fatwa Against UN Report on Violence
Against Women and Girls | Viva Libya !". Vival[125] BBC News - Libya crisis: Tensions rise as Tripoli airibya.wordpress.com. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
port seized. BBC News. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 14
October 2014.
[107] .. : "
." www.alwatan-libya.net. Re[126] Libyas future lies on 'T Zone'". Saudi Gazette. 11
trieved 2016-12-07.
November 2014. Archived from the original on 1 April
2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
[108] Lawyer Who Supported the Rights of Women in Libya,
Found Dead | Viva Libya !". Vivalibya.wordpress.com. 7
[127] Haftar-escalates
Al-Ahram
Weekly.
January 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
Weekly.ahram.org.eg. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
[109] Libya must drop charges against politicians over womens
[128] Violent Clashes in Zawia. The Libyan Insider. Rerights cartoon | Amnesty International. Amnesty.org.
trieved 6 April 2015.
Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved
16 August 2014.
[129] http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/12/07/

more-air-raids-as-national-army-claims-west-advances-while-zawia-reviews
[110] Mohamed, Essam; Al-Majbari, Fathia (10 February
#axzz3NbYucI2B
2014). Libyans reject GNC extension. Magharebia.
Retrieved 20 August 2014.
[130] BBC News - Libyan factions in deadly clashes near Zawiya. BBC News. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 29 Jan[111] The Thirty-Fifth Report - May 15 - May 30, 2014. Eye
uary 2015.
on the General National Congress. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
[131] Benghazi Libya Shield Protests: at least 27 dead. Libya
Herald. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
[112] Libyans mourn rights activist amid turmoil. Al-Jazeera.
26 June 2014.
[132] Abigail Hauslohner; Sharif Abdel Kouddous (20 May
2014). Khalifa Hifter, the ex-general leading a revolt
[113] Tarhouna rejects House of Representatives, declares
in Libya, spent years in exile in Northern Virginia. The
support for Operation Dawn. Libya Herald. 27 SeptemWashington Post. Archived from the original on 2 August
ber 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
[114] Jabal Nefusa towns declare boycott of the House of Rep[133] Operation Dignity gathers support. Libya Herald (in
resentatives. Libya Herald. 19 August 2014. Retrieved
English and Arabic). Tripoli. 21 May 2014. Retrieved
6 January 2015.
26 May 2014.
[115] Lamloum, Imed. Libya power handover agreed as airport
[134] Libyan renegade general urges new 'crisis cabinet'". BBC
battle rages on. Agence France-Presse (AFP). Retrieved
News Online. 21 May 2014. Archived from the original
26 July 2014.
on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
[116] Libyas new parliament meets in Tobruk. Libya Herald.
[135] Too many chiefs. The Economist. 27 September 2014.
4 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
Retrieved 6 January 2015.
[117] Libya names anti-Islamist General Haftar as army chief.
[136] Anderson, Jon Lee (23 February 2015). Letter from
BBC News. 2 March 2015.
Libya. The Unravelling. The New Yorker. Retrieved
18 February 2015. There is no overstating the chaos of
[118] Libya Court Rules June Elections Unconstitutional.
post-Qadda Libya. Two competing governments claim
ABC News. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November
legitimacy. Armed militias roam the streets. The elec2014.
tricity is frequently out of service, and most business is at
[119] Libya chaos deepens as court nullies parliament.
a standstill; revenues from oil, the countrys greatest asChannel News Asia. 6 November 2014. Archived from
set, have dwindled by more than ninety per cent. Some
the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November
three thousand people have been killed by ghting in the
2014.
past year, and nearly a third of the countrys population
has ed across the border to Tunisia.
[120] Libya supreme court 'invalidates elected parliament.
BBC. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014. [137] Violent Deaths in 2014 & 2015. Libya Body Count.
Retrieved 10 October 2015.
[121] Libya parliament rejects court ruling, calls grow for international action. Middle East Eye. Retrieved 29 Jan- [138] As The Power Struggle Endures, Libya Eyes 900,000
uary 2015.
Bpd Oil Output.

13

[139] http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/
06/09/Libyan-rivals-mull-peace-proposal-for-unity.
html

[156] Dali, Mustafa (22 May 2014). Will Egypt intervene in

Libya crisis?". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original
on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.

[140] UN proposes Libya unity government. BBC. 8 October [157] Laessing, Ulf (26 May 2014). In lawless Libya, Egypts
Sisi becomes a star. Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
[141] Grech, Herman (12 December 2015). Top level Libya [158] Westall, Sylvia; Fick, Maggie; Heinrich, Mark (24 May
2014). Sisi says Egypt will not allow threats to security
rivals meeting in Malta cancelled at last minute. Times
from Libya. Reuters. Archived from the original on 8
of Malta. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
[142] Heads of rival Libyan parliaments meet in Malta, seek
more time for unity government. Times of Malta. 15 [159] Zaki, Menna (21 July 2014). Foreign ministry urges
Egyptians in Libya to take measures of 'extreme caution'".
December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 8 August
[143] Zaptia, Sami (2 January 2016). Serraj holds GNA meet2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
ing in Tunis. Libya Herald. Archived from the original
[160] Egypt doubles diplomatic sta to help Egyptians leave
on 27 January 2016.
Libya. Al-Ahram. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
[144] General Hafter announces coup; politicians react with
scorn, order his arrest. Libya Herald. 14 February 2014. [161] Roundup: Egypt steps up evacuating nationals on
Tunisia-Libya borders. Xinhua News Agency. GlobalArchived from the original on 21 February 2014. RePost. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
trieved 21 May 2014.
[145] Sharif Abdel Kouddous (20 May 2014). A Q&A with [162] Argoubi, Mohamed (31 July 2014). Two Egyptians
shot dead in Libya-Tunisia border clash: state media.
Khalifa Hifter, the mastermind behind Libyas new reReuters. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
volt. The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
[163]
[146] Sharif Abdel Kouddous (20 May 2014). Leader of
Libyas revolt, Khalifa Hifter, rules out negotiations and
vows to ght. The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 May
2014.
[164]
[147] Whos Running This Joint, Anyway?". Foreign Policy.
13 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
[148] Libya Orders 'Civil Disobedience' In Capital. Yahoo!
News. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.

Kortam, Hend (10 August 2014). Emergency airlift between Egypt and Tunisia ends. Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
Abaza, Jihad (18 August 2014). Egyptians in LibyanTunisian border evacuated. Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 21 August 2014.

[165] Almost 50,000 Egyptians ed Libya through Matrouh

border in last month. Al-Ahram. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.

[149] Libya: Drawing the battle lines. The Economist. 7 June [166] Malta interfering in Libyas aairs - charge d'aaires.
2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. ReTimes of Malta. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 15 Februtrieved 30 July 2014.
ary 2015.
[150] Shabbi, Omar (21 May 2014). Algeria considers Egypt [167] Libyan Embassy says visas issued by any other entity 'not
alliance to confront Libyan terror threat. Al-Monitor.
valid'". Times of Malta. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 15
Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved
February 2015.
31 July 2014.
[168] Malta should press EU to intervene in Libya - Simon
[151] Keenan, Jeremy (7 July 2014). Truth and Algerian inBusuttil. Times of Malta. 15 February 2015. Retrieved
volvement in Libya. Middle East Eye. Archived from the
15 February 2015.
original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
[169] Micallef, Keith (15 February 2015). Prime Minister calls
[152] Chikhi, Lamine (16 May 2014). Algeria evacuates diplofor UN intervention in Libya. Times of Malta. Retrieved
mats from Libya after threats. Reuters. Archived from
15 February 2015.
the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
[170] Ghanmi, Monia (25 September 2013). Tunisia confronts
[153] Ramzi, Walid (20 May 2014). Algeria shuts Libya borarms smuggling. Magharebia. Archived from the origider. Magharebia. Archived from the original on 8 Aunal on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
gust 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
[171] Houda Mzioudet (18 May 2014). Tunisia to send 5,000
[154] Cousin, Edward (16 August 2014). Egyptian shot dead at
extra troops to Libyan border because of Libya crisis.
Tunisian-Libyan border, Algeria to open border for EgypLibya Herald. Archived from the original on 26 May
tians. Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
[155] Hana, Khaled (23 July 2014). Egypt and the Libyan [172] Tunisia says can't cope with Libya refugee inux. Midthreat. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on
dle East Eye. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on
8 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
8 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.

14

9 FURTHER READING

[173] United Nations Security Council - Resolution 2174 [190] Stephen, Chris (2 August 2014). Britain to close embassy
(2014)". Un.org. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
and withdraw sta from Libya. The Guardian. Retrieved
16 August 2014.
[174] UN to impose sanctions on Libyan militia leaders. BBC
News. Bbc.co.uk. 27 August 2014.
[191] Royal Navy ship takes Britons from Libya to Malta.
BBC. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
[175] France evacuates French and British expats from Libya.
BBC. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
[192] Dalli, Kim (12 March 2016). Coordinated approach
needed to resist ISIS British ambassador to Libya.
[176] France evacuates nationals, closes embassy in Libya.
Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 12 March
France 24. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
2016.
[177] Amid Civil War, Stranded Indians Begin to Leave
[193] President Obama: Libya aftermath 'worst mistake' of
Libya. The New Indian Express. 30 July 2014. Represidency. BBC News. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 14
trieved 19 August 2014.
September 2016.
[178] Renzi calls for ceasere as Italians ee Libya. Retrieved
[194] Libya stripped of right to host 2017 Nations Cup.
29 January 2015.
Reuters. 23 August 2014.
[179] Kevin Costelloe (10 January 2015). Italy Would Consider UN Peacekeeping Libya Role, Renzi Says (1)".
Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 29 January 2015.

9 Further reading

[180] Egypt acts as middleman for Russia-Libya arms deal. Al

Monitor. Ayah Aman. Published 19 February 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
[181] Russia Will Supply Weapons to Libya if UN Embrago
is Lifted. IB Times. Christopher Harress. Published 16
April 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
[182] -:

,
2008 | Al-Thani: Libya
will renew contracts signed with the RF in 2008 (In
Russian). RIA Novosti. Published 14 April 2015.
Retrieved 3 April 2016.
[183]
| Libya asks the RF to
support the restoration of government institutions (In
Russian). RIA Novosti. Published 15 April 2015.
Retrieved 3 April 2016.
[184]
| Patrushev and Libyan
premier are disturbed by terrorist inuence in Libya
(In Russian). RIA Novosti. Published 15 April 2015.
Retrieved 3 April 2016.
[185] Charoensuthipan, Penchan (30 July 2014). Libya asked
to facilitate Thai evacuation. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 19
August 2014.
[186] 800 Thai workers from Libya return home. National
News Bureau of Thailand. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 19
August 2014.
[187] Thailand prepares jobs for Thai workers arriving from
Libya. Pattaya Mail. 8 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
[188] Stephen, Chris (30 July 2014). UK embassy in Libya remains open as French ee erce ghting. The Guardian.
Retrieved 16 August 2014.
[189] Spencer, Richard; Morajea, Hassan (27 July 2014).
British diplomats attacked during evacuation from
Libyan embassy. The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 16
August 2014.

Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, Terrorism in North Africa

After Benghazi: The Jihadist Regional Outlook (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The
Hague, 2013)
Pelham, Nicolas. Libya Against Itself (February
2015). Libyans feel even more isolated than when
the UN imposed sanctions on Qadda. The civil society that briey emerged after the colonels downfall has all but disappeared. Each activist can reel
o the names of colleagues shot dead or kidnapped,
often by Islamists. New York Review of Books
Kampmark, Binoy. How Interventions Come Back
to Haunt Us: Demolishing Libya (Feb. 2015).
CounterPunch

15

10
10.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Libyan Civil War (2014present) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)?oldid=

756830299 Contributors: Llywrch, Anders Feder, Dimadick, Jiri Lebl, Mattaschen, Everyking, Scottperry, Perey, Metron, Vsmith, Bender235, Zarateman, Polylerus, Anthony Appleyard, Slof, Rwendland, Geraldshields11, Stefanomione, BD2412, Nihiltres, Bgwhite, The
Rambling Man, Wavelength, CambridgeBayWeather, Doncram, Emesik, Arthur Rubin, Nickst, Kintetsubualo, Kudzu1, Gilliam, Chris
the speller, Jprg1966, Berton, Colonies Chris, George Ho, Egsan Bacon, Danielkueh, Tdl1060, Derek R Bullamore, Ericl, Ser Amantio
di Nicolao, Nareek, ERAGON, Cydebot, Narayanese, Staberinde, EdJohnston, OSX, Kaobear, Hello32020, Magioladitis, Jay942942,
Dekimasu, Norden1990, Nyttend, Paracel63, Eassa, KylieTastic, BoogaLouie, Fences and windows, UnitedStatesian, David Condrey,
Nikosgreencookie, Spinningspark, Truthanado, Ponyo, WereSpielChequers, Revent, D'Ranged 1, Mesoso2, Werldwayd, Mojoworker, ImageRemovalBot, MenoBot, Sfan00 IMG, Niceguyedc, Ansh666, Wikibojopayne, Arjayay, Legacypac, DerBorg, Djidash, Eik Corell, Ism
schism, Good Olfactory, Airplaneman, Anas1712, Jarble, Yobot, EllsworthSK, Eamonster, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Tucoxn, Xufanc, Materialscientist, Andres arg, Coltsfan, Spesh531, Joxemai, Banak, HCPUNXKID, Maher27777, I dream of horses, Jonesey95, Cnwilliams,
Orenburg1, Trappist the monk, Tgkokk, Mishae, Mikroblgeovn, Onel5969, RjwilmsiBot, Helmoony, Lacertilia the Magnicent, Mr.
Anon515, MrGachapon, RA0808, Dcirovic, Illegitimate Barrister, Sundostund, Bahb the Illuminated, Bollyje, Mutamarrid, Midas02,
Aeonx, Gg4288, Greyshark09, EkoGraf, Bill william compton, What was this guy eating?, Kristijh, Llightex, ClueBot NG, Catlemur,
David O. Johnson, MarsTheGrayAdept, Omar hoftun, Plantdrew, BG19bot, Patrug, Marcocapelle, MrPenguin20, Gorthian, Booboo29,
Xwejnusgozo, Amakan, The Almightey Drill, LoneWolf1992, Fotoriety, CSJJ104, BattyBot, David.moreno72, BladeJ, Tradedia, AlAboud83, Gazkthul, Cyberbot II, ZappaOMati, Nick.mon, Emperortikacuti, Thqldpxm, IjonTichyIjonTichy, LightandDark2000, Charles
Essie, Mogism, Moester101, Jackninja5, PaperKooper, Wolukas, BurritoBazooka, Poco4, Rob984, , Vivaporius, WikiU2013,
Jodosma, Tango303, Feketev, Supersaiyen312, HailesG, Falconet8, Kennethaw88, YOMAL SIDOROFF-BIARMSKII, Jackmcbarn, Fitzcarmalan, Helliko, Noyster, Ali Zifan, Mohamed Ahtash, LibyaDragoon, Arbutus the tree, Hanibal911, Panam2014, Monkbot, Gh87 in
the public computer, Weegee12, SantiLak, , GWA88, Gogo212121, Amortias, Tan Khaerr, Saxguytyler, GamesDiscussion, ZYjacklin, Dannis243, Caradoc29105, SaltySeas, Aldrich killians, ElCommandanteVzl, Vimein, Contributorzero, StanTheMan87, CollierRow, Trodbowl, 21aug2011, DirkvVeldhuizen, Glaewnis, YITYNR, K9F8, Yogurto, FFlorus, Prohibited Area, Ritsaiph,
Anasaitis, Welsh33962, Godsy, MoreTomorrow, Caradoc666, Danilovsevastopol, Veenendaal1564, CentreLeftRight, Nykterinos, Gg bristol, GeneralAdmiralAladeen, Mozad655, KeyofNeptune, Khufucurio, Wissen5674, Cchen23, June11wayne, Mohamed.abaid.al-wadye,
Opdire657, SomeGirl777, Tiseptiko, Alkarzabib, Whitewolf609, RES2773, Dominator1453, MusikBot, Continentaleurope, Equinox,
Srednuas Lenoroc, Applodion, Nihlus1, Ahmedarmytoprotect, CAPTAIN RAJU, Webcamgape, Lr0^^k, Ermanarich, Ratioimply, Donenne, Naqsh-e hJahan, Reebok3459177991, Paolo Thrift, Khalifa trooper, PutItOnAMap, Hyperwq+639, Mohamed Ajjani, CorrectionIndeedest, JohnSMITH110265, GreenC bot, Oynop, Cordyceps-Zombie, Lolitician, Khamis Is Alive, Khamis Kadha, Mohamedthegod,
Mapache90617, Bender the Bot, Newsboy39, Chalus Suluq, Shamarkazn, Egretwarn, Carlos Lobo Vindel, Pannam2014, Don.Cardoza,
MonsterHunter32, Rashid.ali and Anonymous: 156

10.2

Images

File:AQMI_Flag_asymmetric.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/AQMI_Flag_asymmetric.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Yo
File:Ambox_globe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg License: Public domain Contributors: self-made, using Information icon3.svg and Earth clip art.svg Original artist: penubag
File:Berber_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Berber_flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by Mysid in CorelDraw, based on a GIF uploaded on en-wiki by Skas on March 5, 2006. Original artist: Mysid
File:Bluetank.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Bluetank.png License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: LA2
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Ansar_al-Sharia_(Libya).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Flag_of_Ansar_
al-Sharia_%28Libya%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on ag visible in the background in this video. Original artist:
MrPenguin20
File:Flag_of_Chad.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Quelle Fonto: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/td.html Original artist: SKopp & others (see upload log)
File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg License:
Public domain Contributors:
Unknown Original artist:
Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:
Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.
svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/
40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>

16

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Libya.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: File:Flag of Libya (1951).svg Original artist: The source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='//validator.w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FFlag_of_Libya.
svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1'>valid</a>.
File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: www.vexilla-mundi.com Original artist: Vzb83
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_the_Joint_Operations_Room_of_Libyas_Revolutionaries.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/
f3/Flag_of_the_Joint_Operations_Room_of_Libya%E2%80%99s_Revolutionaries.svg License: Fair use Contributors: Made by MrPenguin20, based on ag seen here and symbol seen here. Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Libyan_Air_Force.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Libyan_Air_
Force.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MrPenguin20
File:Flag_of_the_Libyan_National_Army.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_the_Libyan_
National_Army.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MrPenguin20
File:Flag_of_the_Libyan_Navy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_the_Libyan_Navy.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MrPenguin20
File:Flag_of_the_Toubou_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/
Flag_of_the_Toubou_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
MrPenguin20
File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_
Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Flag of the United Nations from the Open Clip Art website. Modications by Denelson83,
Zscout370 and Madden. Ocial construction sheet here.
United Nations (1962) The United Nations ag code and regulations, as amended November 11, 1952, New York OCLC: 7548838. Original
artist: Wilfried Huss / Anonymous
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:General_Haftar.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/General_Haftar.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/magharebia/5657726191/in/photostream/ Original artist: Magharebia
File:Libya_location_map-oil_&_gas_2011-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Libya_location_
map-oil_%26_gas_2011-en.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: File:Libya_location_map.svg by user:NordNordWest Original artist:
NordNordWest, Yug
File:Libyans_protest_GNC_extension_(II).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Libyans_protest_
GNC_extension_%28II%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/magharebia/12367267565/# Original
artist: Magharebia
File:Variant_flag_of_the_Islamic_State.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Variant_flag_of_the_
Islamic_State.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This le was derived from: Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2.svg
Original artist: The Islamic State
File:Wiki_letter_w.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur

10.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0