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SECTION 76. Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent. The effluent from septic tanks
shall be discharged into a sub-surface soil, absorption field where applicable or
shall be treated with some type of a purification device. The treated effluent may
be discharged into a stream or body of water if it conforms to the quality
standards prescribe by the National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission.
SECTION 77. Determination of Septic Tank Capacity. The septic tank capacity
may be determined from the estimated unit flow contained in Table I Quantities
of Sewage Flow, based on adequate detention time interval resulting in efficient
sedimentation. Daily flow from mattered results, may be used as estimated flow
when available. For edifices with occupants, the number of persons to be served
shall be computed on the number of rooms with each room considered as
occupied by two persons or on the basis of the actual number of persons served
by the tank, whichever is greater.
SECTION 78. Sanitary Privies. The privy recommended for use is the sanitary
privy. It shall conform with the following minimum requirements:
a. It shall consist of an earthen pit, a floor covering the pit, and a water-sealed
bowl. It shall be so constructed in order that fecal matter and urine will be
deposited into the earthen pit which shall be completely fly-proof.
b. The pit shall be at least one meter square.
c. The floor should cover the pit tightly to prevent the entrance of flies. It shall be
constructed of concrete or other impervious material.
d. The water-sealed bowl shall be joined to the floor so as to form a water-tight
and insect proof joint.
e. A suitable building, shall be constructed to provide comfort and privacy for the
users of the privy.
f. Wooden floors and seat risers shall not be used.
SECTION 79. Drainage.
a. Responsibility of cities and municipalities It shall be the responsibility of all
cities and municipalities to provide and maintain in a sanitary state and in good
repair a satisfactory system of drainage in all inhabited areas where waste water
from buildings and premises could empty without causing nuisance to the
community and danger to public health.
b. Connection to the municipal drainage system Buildings or premises
producing waste water shall be connected to the municipal drainage system in all
areas where it exists.
Code of Sanitation
CHAPTER XVII SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL, EXCRETA DISPOSAL
AND DRAINAGE
SECTION 72. Scope of Supervision of the Department.
The approval of the Secretary or his duly authorized representative is
required in the following matters:
a. Construction of any approved type of toilet for every house including
community toilet which may be allowed for a group of small houses of
light materials or temporary in nature;
b. Plans of individual sewage disposal system and the
absorption system, or other treatment device;
sub-surface
Introduction
Examples
Fecal oral
(non
bacterial)
Hepatitis A
Amoebic
dysentery
rotavirus
giardiasis
Cholera
Salmonellosis
shigellosis
many forms of
diarrhea
Fecal oral
( bacterial)
Dominant transmission
mechanism
Soil
transmitted
helminths
Hookworm
Roundworm
whipworm
Tapeworms
person to person
contact,
domestic
contamination
person to person
contact,
domestic
contamination
water
contamination
crop contamination
compound
contamination,
communal
deification areas
crop contamination
Beef tapeworm
Port tapeworm
compound
contamination
field
contamination
fodder
contamination
Water-based helminthes
Schistosomiasis
water
contamination
Filariasis
some fecal oral diseases
insects breed or
feed in sites of
poor sanitation
2002 by Kebede Faris, Tadese Alemayehu, Mamo Wubshet, and Dejene Hailu
The amount of water required for flushing is much smaller than for a
septictank due to the location of the tank.
It helps to exclude odours from the superstructure.
Advantages :
Reduced odour; ideal where water is used for anal cleansing; easy
to clean.
Constraints :
Increased quantity of water required; solid anal cleansing materials
may cause blockages; more expensive and difficult to construct
than simple pit latrines.
pollution due to
Constraints:
Serious health risks, if the water body is small and if it is also used as a
clean consumption source (WHO 1992)
Supporting wooden parts of superstructure need to be replaced
regularly
The water body cannot decompose all the faecal waste thus
leading to heavy contamination of the surface water sources (such
as lakes, rivers or the coastal zones of the sea)
As a result, fresh air is drawn into the pit through the drop hole and
the superstructure is kept free of smells.
The vent pipe also plays an important role in fly control. Flies are
attracted by light and if the latrine is suitably dark inside, they will fly
up the vent pipe towards the outside light, where they are trapped
by the fly screen and die of dehydration.
Dark interior may deter young children from use; does not deter
mosquitoes.
G.)SEPTIC TANK
An ideal system for hygienic final disposal of excreta in the absence
of a central sewerage system
It is designed to contain and treat all the sewage or wastewater
generated in the household.
The tank is designed in such a way that it will be able to hold or
retain the waste until anaerobic decomposition is established. After
anaerobic action and in the process some of the suspended
organic matter is changed into liquid and gaseous substances.
Such process and action will reduce the quantity of sludge to be
disposed of.
Particularly suited to systems involving high water use, especially
where water is used for flushing and analcleansing.
Best suited to single households or a group of households or
institutions such as hospitals or schools.
Advantages :
It needs little maintenance
The bacteria are aerobic, so the speed of the bacteria breaking
down the waste increases immensely
An aerobic system will break down solids faster so less solids will
reach the draining field and groundwater
For cement septic tanks, they last much longer and will not rise out
of the ground as time passes.
They can hold a lot of septic effluent because of the size and
weight,
Constraints :
There is a risk in rainy seasons that the septic system overflows
bringing sewage to the surface
Clogged drains by oil, grease, fats, and other materials that may be
thrown into toilets, sinks, and showers causing obstruction
H.) CESSPOOL
A large, cylindrical container which is dug deep inside the land
surface.
It is usually a meter in diameter and four to five meters deep. It is
covered with a hatch, and the sewer is kept in it till it is
automatically biodegraded.
The solids are settled deep inside the base of the cesspool while the
liquid percolates into the soil through the concrete. The solid matter
is called sludge and the liquid above is called scum.
Advantages :
it is extremely inexpensive to dig and take care of.
Constraints :
Cesspools must be treated to avoid harmful chemicals from forming and
also to empty the pool which is done once in a month. This is the reason
which makes a cesspool require a high cost of maintenance.
REMOVAL OF EXCRETA
PURE MANUAL
MANUAL DESLUDGING
Manual emptying occurs most frequently where large vacuum tankers
are not available, or unable to access sanitation facilities. It is also
generally the cheapest way of removing enough waste to keep a pit
operational. Workers use rope and bucket, if the waste becomes too
solidified at the bottom of the pit a worker will have to climb in to remove
the waste by hand. If there is no other realistic option than to empty
manually it is important to remember that fresh excreta will contain
pathogens that could cause worms or diarrhea. Furthermore, flies
attracted to this may spread such diseases to local communities.
SEMI MECHANIZE
(LABOR AND MACHINE)
MANUAL PIT EMPTYING TECHNOLOGY (MAPET)
This MAPET system comprises a hand-pump connected to a vacuum tank
mounted on a pushcart. A hose connected to the tank is used to suck
sludge from a pit or a septic tank. When the hand pump is turned, air is
sucked out of the vacuum tank and sludge is sucked up into the tank.
Depending on sludge consistency, this product can pump the sludge
from a maximal depth of 3 m.
THE GULPER
The Gulper is a sewage sludge pump based on an existing
simple hand pump design. It was developed by Steve Sugden of the
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Health, who was looking for
technology that was very inexpensive and highly portable. The Gulper is
basically a hand pump that fits on top of a permanent pipe rising out of a
latrine pit. Two men operate the sludge pump by moving a handle on the
top of the machine up and down, with the help of valves in the pipe, the
waste is lifted out of the nozzle and into a container.
eVAC
eVAC is a light vacuum reservoir system that is power-operated and
designed for pits with liquid sludge. The eVAC is portable system to be
used when vacuum tankers cant be, either because of access or cost. A
small vacuum pump is used to generate a vacuum in one of several small
containers, and this vacuum causes the sludge to be pulled up from the
pit and gather in the container.
Review Questions :
1. What do you understand about the problems and needs of human
waste disposal?
2. What are the ways fecal borne diseases are transmitted?
3. Differentiate between fecal oral, non bacterial and fecal oral bacterial
diseases.
4. Mention at least three barriers you consider are important for the
development of the sector and explain why you consider them to be so
important.
5. Among several principles of breaking the barrier which one do you
think are important? Why?
6. Give two examples the following:
a. Non-service type latrines
b. Latrine suitable for camps and temporary use.
Summary:
Human excreta are source of infection. Improper excreta disposal
may cause soil pollution, water pollution, diseases spread by fecal oral
route. Man is the reservoir of the most diseases that destroy or
incapacitate him. In the transmission of these diseases from the infected
person or carriers of disease to the healthy person the chain of events
usually involved the following: a causative or etiologic agent; a reservoir
or source of infection of the causative agents; a mode of escape from
the reservoir; a mode of transmission from the reservoir to the potential
new host; a mode of entry into the new host; a susceptible host.
The barriers for the development of the Sanitation Sector are as
follows: lack of sanitation policy and government commitment; lack of
proper, coordinated hygiene and sanitation messages; lack of organized
program for sanitation; level of poverty; lack of demand. Sanitation is the
first barrier, promote behavior and facilities together, give sanitation its
own priority, create demand, government role; these are the five
principles in breaking the barriers.
Three methods of excreta disposal are service type latrines
(conservancy system), nonservice type (sanitary latrines), and latrine
suitable for camps and temporary use. Removal of excreta can be pure
manual, semi-mechanize, or purely mechanize.
Conclusion
Improper disposal of excreta is a big hindrance to achieve a
healthy community. It is a problem that needs to be solved in order to
prevent pollutions and different kinds of diseases of diseases. Knowledge
about improper disposal of excreta is necessary to achieve hygienic
community.
COMMUNAL LATRINE
Also called public latrine and it is located in the village centre or in
places of business (market, bus station, etc.)
FAMILY LATRINE
Involve up to 4 families sharing one latrine. It provides a minimum
coverage of 20 people to one latrine.
Camps/crowded situations probably need communal latrine.
Family latrine: VIP latrine
Advantages:
it is rapid to implement;
minimal resources are required; and
it minimizes indiscriminate open defecation.
Constraints: