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Spring 2009
DESIGN BY ANALYSIS
A GENERAL GUIDELINE
G. Ghanbari
Input Data
(Mechanical and Process
Data Sheets)
Is External
pressure applied
YES
Cylindrical Shell
NO
NO
YES
Calculation of Stiffening Rings
(UG-29, 30)
YES
Is External pressure
applied
NO
Weight Calculations
Tolerances (specification,
UG-80,81)
Vortex shedding, vibration analysis
(Specification)
Pressure Scope
Div. 3
Div. 2
Div. 1
0.00E+00
2.00E+07
4.00E+07
6.00E+07
8.00E+07
Not Recommended
1.00E+08
Recommended
1.20E+08
1.40E+08
1.60E+08
1.40E+08
1.60E+08
Allowed
3.5
t/Ri Div 1
t
P
=
Ri SE 0.6 P
t/Ri Div 2
t
P
= exp
1
Ri
SE
t/Ri Div 3
3P
t
1
= exp
2S
Ri
y
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.00E+00
2.00E+07
4.00E+07
6.00E+07
8.00E+07
Pressure, Pa
1.00E+08
1.20E+08
Introduction to DBA
The design by analysis procedures are intended to guard against eight possible pressure
vessel failure modes by performing a detailed stress analysis of the vessel with the sufficient
design factors. The failure modes are:
1. excessive elastic deformation, including elastic instability,
2. excessive plastic deformation,
3. brittle fracture,
4. stress rupture/creep deformation (inelastic),
5. plastic instability - incremental collapse,
6. high strain - low cycle fatigue,
7. stress corrosion, and
8. corrosion fatigue
Most of the design by analysis procedures that are given in ASME BPVC relate to designs
based on elastic analysis.
Introduction to DBA
The design-by-analysis requirements are organized based on protection against the failure modes listed
below. The component shall be evaluated for each applicable failure mode. If multiple assessment
procedures are provided for a failure mode, only one of these procedures must be satisfied to qualify the
design of a component.
a) All pressure vessels within the scope of this Division, irrespective of size or pressure, shall be provided
with protection against overpressure in accordance with the requirements of this Part.
b) Protection Against Plastic Collapse these requirements apply to all components where the thickness
and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules.
c)
Protection Against Local Failure these requirements apply to all components where the thickness
and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules. It is not necessary
to evaluate the local strain limit criterion if the component design is in accordance with Part 4 (i.e.
component wall thickness and weld detail per paragraph 4.2).
d) Protection Against Collapse From Buckling these requirements apply to all components where the
thickness and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules and the
applied loads result in a compressive stress field.
e) Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading these requirements apply to all components where
the thickness and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules and
the applied loads are cyclic. In addition, these requirements can also be used to qualify a component
for cyclic loading where the thickness and size of the component are established using the design-byrule requirements of Part 4.
Div 1
NO
P>3000 psi
YES
Div 2
Design By Rule
Tentative
Geometry for
Analysis
YES
NO
Determine of
Load Parameters
Table 5.2
Definition of Loading
Conditions Table 5.1
Stress
Analysis Method
Elastic Plastic
(R/t)>4 Elastic
Limit Load
Material Properties: E, , App. 3.D
Material Model: Actual, Associated
Plasticity, von Misses
Formulation: Large Displacement
Updated Lagrangian
Material Properties: E, , Sy
Material Model: Elastic perfectly Plastic
Formulation: Small Displacement
Total Lagrangian
Material Properties: E,
Material Model: Linear Elastic
Formulation: Small
Displacement
Load-Control Loads
Displacement-Control Loads
Establishing Design Load
Combinations Table 5.3
NO
NO
YES
YES
Specifying
Vessel Areas to
be Locally
Evaluated
Post-processing and
Classification of Stresses Table
5.6 Appendix 5.A
Limit Check
Fig 5.1
NO
YES
Vessel Design
calculation
Report
Elastic-Plastic
Analysis
Fabrication
Detail
Standard
Elastic Analysis
NO
1+2+34S
Non-Standard
peq+cfL
NO
YES
Explicit
Buckling Analysis
YES
Analysis Type
Bifercation
Determination of Capacity
Reduction Factor, cr
YES
NO
NO
Cyclic Analysis
Requirement Check
Determination of Minimum
Design Factor, B
YES
Design Loads
Pressure Testing
1.
2.
3.
4.
Normal Operation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Abnormal or Start-up
Operation plus Occasional
(see note above)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dead load of component plus insulation, fireproofing, installed internals, platforms and other
equipment supported from the component in the installed position.
Piping loads including pressure thrust
Applicable live loads excluding vibration and maintenance live loads.
Pressure and fluid loads (water) for testing and flushing equipment and piping unless a pneumatic test
is specified. 5. Wind loads
Dead load of component plus insulation, refractory, fireproofing, installed internals, catalyst, packing,
platforms and other equipment supported from the component in the installed position.
Piping loads including pressure thrust
Applicable live loads.
Pressure and fluid loading during normal operation. 5. Thermal loads.
Dead load of component plus insulation, refractory, fireproofing, installed internals, catalyst, packing,
platforms and other equipment supported from the component in the installed position.
Piping loads including pressure thrust
Applicable live loads.
Pressure and fluid loading during normal operation.
Thermal loads.
Wind, earthquake or other occasional loads, whichever is greater.
Loads due to wave action
Dead load of component plus insulation, refractory, fireproofing, installed internals, catalyst, packing,
platforms and other equipment supported from the component in the installed position.
Piping loads including pressure thrust
Applicable live loads.
Pressure and fluid loading associated with the abnormal or start-up conditions.
Thermal loads.
Wind loads.
Description
Ps
Dead weight of the vessel, contents, and appurtenances at the location of interest, including
the following:
Weight of vessel including internals, supports (e.g. skirts, lugs, saddles, and legs), and
appurtenances (e.g. platforms, ladders, etc.)
Weight of vessel contents under operating and test conditions
Refractory linings, insulation
Static reactions from the weight of attached equipment, such as motors, machinery, other
vessels, and piping
Appurtenance Live loading
Effects of fluid momentum, steady state and transient
Earthquake loads (see ASCE 7 for the specific definition of the earthquake
load, as applicable)
L
E
W
Wind Loads
Wpt
Is the pressure test wind load case. The design wind speed for this case shall be specified by
the Owner-User.
Ss
Snow Loads
Is the self-restraining load case (i.e. thermal loads, applied displacements). This load case
does not typically affect the collapse load, but should be considered in cases where elastic
follow-up causes stresses that do not relax sufficiently to redistribute the load without
excessive deformation.
Table 5.3 Load Case Combinations and Allowable Membrane Stresses for an
Elastic Analysis
Design Load Combination
1) P +Ps +D
2) P + Ps + D + L
3) P + Ps+ D + Ss
5) 0.9P + Ps + D+ (W or 0.7E )
Notes
1) The parameters used in the Design Load Combination column are defined in Table 5.2.
2) The term 0.9P is considered an operating pressure.
3) S is the allowable stress for the load case combination. This value represents the general primary
membrane stress limit for load-controlled loads. Stress limits for local membrane and
bending stresses from load-controlled or strain-controlled loads are provided in paragraph
5.2.2.4.
4) This load combination addresses an overturning condition. If anchorage is included in the
design, consideration of this load combination is not required.
Table 5.4 Load Case Combinations and Load Factors for a Limit Load Analysis
Design Conditions
Criteria
Table 5.5 Load Case Combinations and Load Factors for an Elastic-Plastic
Analysis
Design Conditions
Criteria
Serviceability Criteria
Per Users Design Specification, if applicable.
Pneumatic Test Conditions
1.8 (ST/S).(P + Ps + D) + Wpt
Global Criteria
Serviceability Criteria
Per Users Design Specification, if applicable.
Notes:
1) The parameters used in the Design Load Combination column are defined in Table 5.2.
2) See paragraph 5.2.4.3 for descriptions of global and serviceability criteria.
3) S is the allowable membrane stress at the design temperature.
4) ST is the allowable membrane stress at the pressure test temperature.
Origin of Stress
Type of Stress
General membrane
Gradient through plate thickness
Membrane
Bending
Net-section axial force and/or bending Local membrane
moment applied to the nozzle, and/or Bending
internal pressure
Peak (fillet or corner)
Temperature difference between shell Membrane
and head
Bending
Membrane
Bending
Internal pressure
Any shell
including
Near nozzle or
cylinders,
other opening
cones,
spheres and
Any location
formed
heads
Shell distortions
such as out-ofroundness and
dents
Cylindrical or
conical shell
Internal pressure
Internal pressure
Center region
Internal pressure
Junction to shell
Internal pressure
Flat head
Classification
Pm
Q
Q
Q
PL
Q
F
Q
Q
Pm
Q
Pm
Pb
PL
Q
Pm
Pb
PL [note (1)]
Q
Pm
Pb
PL
Perforated
head or shell
Location
Origin of Stress
Typical ligament in
Pressure
a uniform pattern
Isolated or atypical
Pressure
ligament
Nozzle (see
paragraph
5.6)
Nozzle wall
Type of Stress
Classification
Pm
Pb
F
Q
F
F
Pm
Pm
Pm
PL
Pb
PL
Q
F
PL
Q
F
Q
Q
F
Location
Origin of Stress
Type of Stress
Classification
Cladding
Any
Differential expansion
Any
Any
Membrane
Bending
Equivalent linear stress [note (4)]
Nonlinear portion of stress distribution
Stress concentration (notch effect)
F
F
Q
F
F
Any
Any
Notes:
1. Consideration shall be given to the possibility of wrinkling and excessive deformation in vessels with large diameter-to-thickness ratio.
2. If the bending moment at the edge is required to maintain the bending stress in the center region within acceptable limits, the edge bending is
classified as Pb ; otherwise, it is classified as Q .
3. Consider possibility of thermal stress ratchet.
4. Equivalent linear stress is defined as the linear stress distribution that has the same net bending moment as the actual stress distribution.
Symbol
Primary
Local Membrane
General Membrane
Average primary
equivalent stress
across solid section.
Excludes
discontinuities and
concentrations.
Produced only by
mechanical loads.
Average equivalent
stress across any solid
section.
Considers
discontinuities but not
concentrations.
Produced only by
mechanical loads.
Pm
Pm
Bending
Component of
primary equivalent
stress proportional to
distance from
centroid of solid
section. Excludes
discontinuities and
concentrations.
Produced only by
mechanical loads.
PL
Design Load
Operating Load
SPS=max[3S, 2SY]
PL
Peak
Self-equilibrating equivalent
stress necessary
to satisfy continuity of structure.
Occurs at structural
discontinuities.
Can be caused by mechanical load
or by differential thermal
expansion.
Excludes local stress
concentrations.
1.Increment added
to primary or
secondary
equivalent stress
by a concentration
(notch).
2.Certain thermal
stresses which may
cause fatigue but
not distortion of
vessel shape.
Pb
1.5S
PL+Pb
PL+Pb+Q
1.5S
SPS
(PL+Pb+Q+F)
2Sa
6.E+08
Primary plus Secondary Stress Limit
5.E+08
Stress, Pa
4.E+08
100% Primary
3.E+08
Stress
Mixed Responce
Primary Stress Limit
100% Secondary
2.E+08
Linear Elastic
1.E+08
0.E+00
0
0.02
0.04
Mixed Loading
Displacement-Control
=K/A
0.06
Strain
=W/(2A)
+K/A
0.08
Load-Control
=W/(2A)
0.1
0.12
Original
Stress Classification