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Duloxetine
Duloxetine is a combined serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) reuptake
inhibitor. It weakly inhibits dopamine reuptake, with no significant affinity for
histaminergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors.
Indications
Fibromyalgia: 30 mg/day
Contraindications
Approvals
1. USFDA approved: CYMBALTA
2. Approved in UK and EU: CYMBALTA
3. India: 28-02-2005. DULANE cap (Sun), DULOJOY tab (torrent),
DUMORE cap (Lupin)
2. Cefcapene
Therapeutic category name: Oral cephem antibiotic formulation
Spectrum
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Moraxella (Branhamella)
catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter,
Serratia, Proteus, Morganella Morugani, Providencia spp., Haemophilus
influenzae, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, acne bacteria
etc.
Indications
Dosage
100 mg three times a day in adults
Child: 3mg / kg three times a day.
Contraindications
Patients with a history of hypersensitivity to component or cephem antibiotic
of this drug
Research: 9 clinical trials on Pubmed, 75 research articles.
Approvals
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. Cefotiam (Tab/injection)
Therapeutic category name: Cephem antibiotic formulation
Cefotiam is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic
Spectrum
SSTI
Purulent meningitis
Parenteral
Dose: adults- 0.5 to 2g divided into 2 to 4 times a day
Children: 40~80mg / kg/day in 3 divided dosage
Oral
600-1200mg three times a day in adults
Research: 70 clinical trials on pubmed
Approvals
1. Japan: Cefotiam was launched as Pansporin in February 1981 by
Takeda Pharmaceutical of Japan and has been available as a generic
since February 1993.
2. USFDA not approved
3. UK and EU: Not Approved
4. Cefazedone
5. Cefbuperazone
Cefbuperazone is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.
Brand Names
6. Cefmetazole
Cefmetazole is a cephamycin antibiotic usually grouped with the secondgeneration cephalosporins.
It has a broad spectrum of activity comparable to that of the secondgeneration cephalosporins, covering gram-positive, gram-negative, and
anaerobic bacteria. Unlike the second-generation cephalosporins,
cephamycins such as cefmetazole are usually active against Bacteroides
fragilis.
Cefmetazole is also active against beta-lactamase-producing organisms that
are resistant to first-generation cephalosporins or penicillins.
Spectrum
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus,
Morganella Morugani, Providencia spp., Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroides,
Prevotella (except Prevotella Bibia)
Indications
Sepsis, acute bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, secondary
infection of chronic respiratory disease, cystitis, pyelonephritis, peritonitis,
cholecystitis, cholangitis, intrauterine infection, uterine adnexitis, cellulitis
Dosage
Normal adult: 1-2g twice a day.
Children: 25-100mg / kg/ day divided into 2-4 dosages.
Approvals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
7. Cefroxadine
Cefroxadine (CXD), an orally active cephalosporin antibiotic, has a
broad spectrum and a bactericidal action
Spectrum: Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis,
Haemophilus influenzae
Indication
Superficial skin infections, deep skin infections, Pharyngitis,
laryngitis, tonsillitis, acute bronchitis, secondary infection of chronic
respiratory disease, cystitis, Pyelonephritis, sty, Otitis media, scarlet
fever.
Dosage
Infants and children: 30mg/kg divided into three times a day
Approvals
8. Ceftizoxime
Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin available for parenteral
administration.
Ceftizoxime has a spectrum of activity in vitro that is very similar to that of
cefotaxime, except that it is less active against S. pneumoniae and more
active against B. fragilis.
The t1/2 is somewhat longer, 1.8 hours, and the drug thus can be
administered every 8-12 hours for serious infections. Ceftizoxime is not
metabolized, and 90% is recovered in urine.
Spectrum
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Klebsiella,
Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Morganella Morugani, Providencia spp.,
Haemophilus influenzae, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroides, Prevotella
Meraninojenika
Indications
Acute bronchitis, pneumonia, secondary infection of chronic respiratory
disease, cystitis, pyelonephritis
Research: >225 clinical trials on pubmed.
Approvals
1. USFDA: discontinued from US Market since 2007
Zinc-carnosine
Zinc carnosine (ZnC) is an artificially produced derivative of carnosine, where zinc and
carnosine are linked in a onetoone ratio to provide a polymeric structure.
Polaprezinc (Promac(), Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), a chelate compound
consisting of zinc and L-carnosine, is a zinc-related medicine approved for
the first time in Japan (since 1994), which has been clinically used to treat
gastric ulcers.
Mechanism of action
Its mechanism of action is believed to oxygen radical scavenging, antioxidation, and acceleration of wound healing.
This product is currently marketed by several companies as a zinc dietary
supplement with added value for gastric health. Combining zinc with
carnosine could theoretically provide added benefits over simple zinc
supplementation as carnosine is a dipeptide (comprising alanine and l
Supports the mucosal lining, the natural defense of the stomach and GI track
Dosage
The most common dosage of zinc-carnosine used in the published research is 75 mg twice daily.
Adverse Effects, Cautions, and Contraindications
While there is only 16 mg of zinc in one capsule of a 75 mg zinc-carnosine pill, it may be wise to
increase copper intake due to zincs inhibition of copper absorption.
Summary
Zinc-carnosine is a unique product that appears to enhance the stomachs mucosal defenses,
providing significant improvements in gastric ulcer patients. It also supports small intestinal
mucosal integrity and inhibits the inflammatory responses in H. pylori. Zinc-carnosine may be
helpful in patients who do not have gastric ulcers, but have heartburn or other symptoms as a
result of gastroesophageal reflux.
Available brands in India with Rabeprazole
Product name
Generic name
Drug efficacy
Puromakku D Tablets 75
(Zeria Pharmaceutical)
Porapurejinku
polaprezinc
Porapurejinku
polaprezinc
Porapurejinku
Polaprezinc
Porapurejinku
Polaprezinc
Porapurejinku
Polaprezinc
Porapurejinku
Polaprezinc
Porapurejinku
polaprezinc
Porapurejinku
Polaprezinc
Porapurejinku
Polaprezinc
Porapurejinku
Polaprezinc