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FarmedSalmonMoreToxicThanWildSalmon,StudyFindsScienceDaily

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FarmedSalmonMoreToxicThanWildSalmon,StudyFinds
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Summary:

January9,2004
IndianaUniversity
AstudyofmorethantwometrictonsofNorthAmerican,SouthAmericanandEuropeansalmonhasshownthatPCBsandother
environmentaltoxinsarepresentathigherlevelsinfarmraisedsalmonthanintheirwildcounterparts.

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BLOOMINGTON,Ind.AstudyofmorethantwometrictonsofNorthAmerican,SouthAmericanandEuropeansalmon
hasshownthatPCBsandotherenvironmentaltoxinsarepresentathigherlevelsinfarmraisedsalmonthanintheirwild
counterparts.ResearchersatIndianaUniversityandfiveotherresearchcenterssayincreasedtoxinlevelsinfarmraised
salmonmayposehealthriskstopeoplewhoeattheeconomicallyimportantfish.Theirstudy,whichappearsinthis
week's(Jan.9)Science,isthemostcomprehensiveanalysistodateofsalmontoxinconcentrations.
"Wethinkit'simportantforpeoplewhoeatsalmontoknowthatfarmedsalmonhavehigherlevelsoftoxinsthanwildsalmonfromtheopenocean,"said
IUSchoolofPublicandEnvironmentalAffairsDistinguishedProfessorRonaldHites,wholedthestudy.
TheresearchersappliedU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyfishconsumptionadvisorymethodstodetermineconsumptionrecommendations.
FarmedsalmonpurchasedforthestudyfromsupermarketsinFrankfurt,Edinburgh,Paris,London,Oslo,Boston,SanFrancisco,andTorontotriggered
consumptionrecommendationsofonehalftoonemealofsalmonpermonth.(Amealisdefinedas8oz.ofuncookedmeat.)Farmedsalmonfrom
supermarketsinLosAngeles,Washington,D.C.,Seattle,Chicago,NewYorkandVancouvertriggeredarecommendationofnomorethantwosalmon
mealspermonth.FarmedsalmonfromDenverandNewOrleanssupermarketsbothtriggeredaconsumptionrecommendationoftwomealsofsalmon
permonth.Withveryfewexceptions,farmedsalmonsamplestestedsignificantlyexceededthecontainmentlevelsofwildsalmon,whichcouldbe
consumedatlevelsashighaseightmealspermonth.
Theproductionoffarmedsalmonhasincreased40foldoverthelasttwodecades,thanksinlargeparttotheworld'ssalmonfarms.Overhalfthe
salmonsoldgloballyareraisedinNorthernEurope,ChileandNorthAmerica.
Whilethehealthbenefitsofeatingsalmonhavebeenestablishedbynumerousstudies,concernsaboutthefish'stendencytoaccumulatetoxinshave
gonelargelyunaddressed.Asfisheatersthemselves,salmonoccupyfairlyhighpositionsintheirfoodchains.Asageneralrule,carnivorousanimals
tendtohavehigherconcentrationsoftoxinsintheirbodiesthanherbivores.
Totestthisecologicalprinciple,Hitesandhiscolleaguesmeasuredorganochlorinetoxinlevelsinabout700farmedandwildsalmon.Farmraised
AtlanticsalmonwerepurchasedfromretailersinLondon(U.K.),Frankfurt(Germany),Edinburgh(Scotland),Oslo(Norway),Paris(France),Toronto,
Vancouver,Boston,Chicago,Denver,LosAngeles,NewOrleans,NewYork,SanFrancisco,SeattleandWashington,D.C.,andfromwholesalersin
NorthAmerica,ChileandEurope.
Forcomparison,theresearcherscollectedsamplesoffivewildPacificsalmonspeciesChinook,Coho,chum,pinkandsockeyefromthreedifferent
regionsinNorthAmerica.TheresearchersdidnotstudyfarmedPacificsalmonorwildAtlanticsalmonbecausefishfromthetwogroupsaredifficultto
obtain.
Theresearchersanalyzedtheconcentrationsof14organochlorinetoxinsinsalmonfromeachcollectionsite,usinggaschromatographichigh
resolutionspectrometry.Thetoxinstheystudiedwerepolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs),dioxins,toxaphene,dieldrin,hexachlorobenzene(HCB),
lindane,heptachlorepoxide,cisnonachlor,transnonachlor,gammachlordane,alphachlordane,Mirex,endrinandtotalDDT.Manyofthesetoxins,
includingPCBs,dioxinsandtoxaphene,areeach"reasonablyanticipatedtobeahumancarcinogen,"accordingtoarecentreportbytheU.S.
DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.
Whensamplesfromallovertheworldweregrouped,theresearchersfoundfarmraisedAtlanticsalmonhadsignificantlyhigherlevelsof13toxinswhen
comparedwithwildPacificsalmon.Breakingitdownbyregion,theresearchersfoundlevelsofall14toxinsweresignificantlyelevatedinbothEuropean
andNorthAmericanfarmraisedsalmonwhencomparedwithwildPacificsalmon.Levelsofonly6toxinsweresignificantlyelevatedinSouthAmerican
farmraisedsalmon.Levelsoftwotoxins(HCBandlindane)wereactuallysignificantlylowerinfarmraisedSouthAmericansalmonthaninwildsalmon
species.
OnlyPCBs,dioxins,dieldrinandtoxaphenewereusedtocalculateconsumptionsafetyguidelines,becausetheresearchersdeemedthesefourtoxinsto
moststronglyimpacthumanhealth.

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FarmedSalmonMoreToxicThanWildSalmon,StudyFindsScienceDaily

TheresearchersalsofoundtoxinlevelsinEuropeanfarmraisedsalmonweresignificantlyhigherthaninNorthAmericanorSouthAmericanfarmraised
salmon.LevelsofPCBs,dioxins,toxapheneanddieldrinwerehighestinfarmedsalmonfromScotlandandtheFaroeIslands(Denmark)andlowestin
farmedsalmonfromChileandWashingtonstate,thoughHitespointedoutthateventhesecomparativelyuncontaminatedSouthAmericansalmonhad
highlevelsofothertoxins.
Hitesandhiscolleaguesalsomeasuredtoxinlevelsin"salmonchow,"amixtureofgroundupfishandoilfedtofarmraisedsalmon.Theyfounda
strongcorrelationbetweenthetoxicitiesofchowandsalmon,suggestingtoxinsarepassedintothesalmonfromtheirfeed.
JeffreyForan(UniversityofMichigan),DavidCarpenter(UniversityatAlbany),M.CoreenHamilton(AXYSAnalyticalServicesLtd.),BarbaraKnuthand
StevenSchwager(CornellUniversity),andAmyMatthewsAmos(TurnstoneConsulting,inWestVirginia)alsocontributedtothestudy.Itwasfundedby
agranttotheUniversityatAlbanyfromthePewCharitableTrusts'EnvironmentalDivision.

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MaterialsprovidedbyIndianaUniversity.Note:Contentmaybeeditedforstyleandlength.

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IndianaUniversity."FarmedSalmonMoreToxicThanWildSalmon,StudyFinds."ScienceDaily.ScienceDaily,9January2004.
<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/01/040109072244.htm>.

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