ASSIGNMENT NO # 1

RESERVOIR II

NAME-

SHEHROZ KHAN RIND

ROLL #

10PG112

SECTION-

SUBMITTED TO - SIR UBEDULLAH ANSARI

TOPIC-1
The Material Balance Equation
The material balance equation (MBE) has long been recognized as one of the basic tools of
reservoir engineers for interpreting and predicting reservoir performance. The MBE, when
properly applied, can be used to:
Estimate initial hydrocarbon volumes in place
Predict future reservoir performance
Predict ultimate hydrocarbon recovery under various types of primary driving mechanisms
The equation is structured to simply keep inventory of all materials entering, leaving and
accumulating in the reservoir. Simplest form, the equation can be written on volumetric basis as:
Initial volume = volume remaining + volume removed
Since oil, gas, and water are present in petroleum reservoirs, the material balance equation can be
expressed for the total fluids or for any one of the fluids present.
Bsides the natural phenomenon the equation is also has to be capable of handling other factors
affecting behavior, for example, for example injecting water and gas.
This equation is designed for caluctate the every parameters like there is seprate material
balance equation for the Gas reservoir to deal its different parameters and same alike for the oil
reservoir for specialization in it.

Application of Material Balance

Material balance is an important concept in reservoir engineering since it is a performance-based
tool used to establish the original volume of hydrocarbons-in-place in a reservoir that typically
contains many wells. Additionally, the process of matching pressure-based depletion trends
between wells gives the reservoir engineer the ability to create a performance-based view of the
connected pore volume in the reservoir. Consequently, it is important that:
1. All fluids taken from or injected into the reservoir be measured accurately.
2. Pressure, volume, and temperature characteristics (PVT properties) be measured and
validated. Subsurface samples from several properly conditioned wells are preferred.
3. At least one static pressure from each well prior to production and several after production
has commenced are required to achieve good results.

The establishment of original-in-place fluid volumes and connected pore volume are critical to
the development of ongoing depletion plans, especially where secondary or tertiary recovery
methods are being considered.

MODIFICATIONS OF M.B BY DIFFERENT RESERCHERS

King (1993)
The gas material balance equation can be expressed in general terms as:
Gp = G Gr
The material balance proposed by King (1993) is the most comprehensive, and considers the
following with respect to the gas material balance equation:

Gas adsorbed in the coal matrix

Gas contained in the cleats (fracture system)

Water compressibility

Seidle (1999)
Seidle (1999) suggested using a similar material balance as that developed by King, but with the
simplifying assumption that the water saturation is constant. This simplification is justified by
the assumption that the water saturation in CBM reservoirs have little impact on the calculations
as the term in which it appears is small in comparison to the one in which it is added to. For
much of the producing life a well, the expression for Z* is dominated by the ratio of sorbed to
free gas in the denominator. Formation and water compressibilities are also assumed to be
negligible. These assumptions result in the following expression for Z*:

This definition of Z* can be used in the same material balance equation derived by the King
method:

Jensen and Smith (1997)

The Jensen and Smith (1997) method assumes that the gas stored in the cleat space is negligible
(1-2%), resulting in the complete omission of water saturation effects. In this case, the gas
content is described solely by the adsorbed volume:

Where:
A = area (acres)
h = net pay (ft)
Gadsorbed = volume of adsorbed gas (mmscf)
P = pressure (psia)
PL = Langmuir pressure (psia)
VL = Langmuir volume (scf/ton)
b = bulk density (g/cm3)

LIMITATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS OF MATERIAL BALANCE

EQUATION
A material balance is a zero dimensional mathematical model, in which fluid properties and
pressures are averaged over the entire reservoir. Variations in intial fluid properties, for instance,
a change in bubble point either laterally or as fuction of depth, as a result of compositional
variations, canot be handled adequately. The degree to which the results of M.B calculations are
invalidated depends on the magnitude of such variations.
With the M.B, the average saturation distribution ( So, Sg, Sw with So+ Sg + Sw = 1) can be
calculated. However no conclusion may be inferred how a calculated gas saturation is
distributed, i.e. whether the free gas is spread more or less evenly over the entire reservoir, or
wheter the gas is concentrated in some localized areas.
The most significant aspect of MB is that it does not contain time as a parameret. This mean that
although an M.B. calculations may tell us what will happen, it cannot say when will happen.
The material balance method is by no means a universal tool for estimation reserves. In some
cases it is excellent. In others it may be grossly mislieadig. It always instructive to try it, if only

to find out that it does not work and why. It should be a part of the stock in trade of all reservoir
engineers. To predict the past while it is still the future is the business of reservoir engineer.

TOPIC-2

TODAY AND TOMMAROW OF

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

The importance of petroleum can be realize by

have looking your surroundings, when a cars, bikes and buses
passing besides you and when you look up at the sky where you
will see the giant airplanes flying thousands of meter above you.
When you whish to have light in your way at the night time in the
shape of electricity. Ironically This magical machines run on a fluid
which is known as PETROLEUM. Petroleum is vital to many
industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of industrial
civilization in its current configuration, and thus is a critical
concern for many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of
the worlds energy consumption, ranging from as low of 32% for
Europe and Asia, up to a high of 53% for the Middle East.
Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum
engineering which mainly use to predict the potential of the
reservoir before it has been tapped. It used to calculate the
amount of oil present in the reservoir and applies scientific
principles to the drainage problems arising during the
development and production of oil and gas reservoirs so as to
obtain a high economic recovery. The working tools of the
reservoir engineer are subsurface geology, applied mathematics,
and the basic laws of physics and chemistry governing the

behavior of liquid and vapor phases of crude oil, natural gas, and
water in reservoir rock.
In todays world the reservoir has became the backbone on oil
industry because Reservoir Engineering employes a
multidisciplinary approach by using available technologies to
maximize recovery and add value to the companys hydrocarbon
assets.
The department evaluates estimates, enhances and manages the
companys reserves through various strategies and methods.
These include developing dynamic models to simulate fluid flow
through the reservoir utilizing Geological, Geophysical and
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Data, investigating various
production strategies to maximize Net Present Value of
hydrocarbon resources, formulating field development plans and
establishing well counts and their locations to efficiently and
economically deplete the reservoir.
Reservoir Engineering is responsible for
conducting reservoir surveillance and management to diagnose
and remedy well-related problems, devising stimulation and
workover treatments to enhance and maintain hydrocarbon
deliverability from wells, planning and implementing well tests for
evaluating individual well performance and deliverability,
updating reservoir hydrocarbon potential and investigating
enhanced oil and gas recovery options such as water injection
and gas recycling.
The future of Reservoir engineering is very important till
this world is depended on the petroleum .Reservoir engineering is
the key factor for the economics of the oil industry. As the time
passes the old reservoirs are going to be dry and the demand of
the world for petroleum is going to be increase day by day
because of the increasing in the number of industries, transport
and other technologies consuming petroleum products this factor
will force the oil industries to go for new reservoirs to fulfill the
demands of the world. This future exploration is the life line for
the reservoir engineering as it is the only department which can
deal the reservoir in very soft manner. And the demand of the

hour is that reservoir engineering department should make

research to increase the efficiency of their calculations.