Dm2 Ch1a Propositonal Logic Review Part I

Propositional Logic
Review I
Chapter 1a
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Propositional Logic Review I

Mathematical Modeling (CO2011)
Contents
Introduction
Declarative Sentences
Natural Deduction
(Materials drawn from Chapter 1 in:

Michael Huth and Mark Ryan. Logic in Computer Science: Modelling and
Reasoning about Systems, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, 2006.)
Sequents
Rules for natural deduction
Basic and Derived Rules
Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L
e H`ng Trang
Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Technology, VNU-HCM
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Preview: Soundness and
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.1
Contents
1 Propositional Calculus: Declarative Sentences
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
2 Propositional Calculus: Natural Deduction
Sequents
Excursion: Intuitionistic Logic
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
3 Propositional Logic as a Formal Language
Sequents
4 Semantics of Propositional Logic
Meaning of Logical Connectives

Preview: Soundness and Completeness
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
5 Conjunctive Normal Form
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.2
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.3
Propositional Calculus
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Study of atomic propositions
Propositions are built from sentences whose internal structure is

not of concern.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.4
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

not of concern.
Building propositions
Boolean operators are used to construct propositions out of

simpler propositions.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.4
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

not of concern.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Example for Propositional Calculus

Atomic proposition: One plus one equals two.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.4
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

not of concern.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Formal Language
Atomic proposition: The earth revolves around the sun.
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.4
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

not of concern.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Formal Language
Atomic proposition: The earth revolves around the sun.
Semantics
Combined proposition: One plus one equals two and the
earth revolves around the sun.
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.4
Goals and Main Result of Propositional Calculus
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Meaning of formula
Associate meaning to a set of formulas by assigning a value true or

false to every formula in the set.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.5
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Meaning of formula

Contents
Proofs
Symbol sequence that formally establishes whether a formula is

always true.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.5
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Meaning of formula

Contents
Proofs
Symbol sequence that formally establishes whether a formula is

always true.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Soundness and completeness
Formal Language
The set of provable formulas is the same as the set of formulas

which are always true.
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.5
Uses of Propositional Calculus
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Hardware design
The production of logic circuits uses propositional calculus at all

phases; specification, design, testing.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.6
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Hardware design

Contents
Verification
Verification of hardware and software makes extensive use of

propositional calculus.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.6
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Hardware design

Contents
Verification
Verification of hardware and software makes extensive use of

propositional calculus.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Problem solving
Formal Language
Decision problems (scheduling, timetabling, etc) can be expressed

as satisfiability problems in propositional calculus.
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.6
Predicate Calculus: Central ideas
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Richer language
Instead of dealing with atomic propositions, predicate calculus

provides the formulation of statements involving sets, functions
and relations on these sets.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.7
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Richer language

Contents
Introduction
Quantifiers
Predicate calculus provides statements that all or some elements

of a set have specified properties.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.7
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Richer language

Contents
Introduction
Quantifiers
Predicate calculus provides statements that all or some elements

of a set have specified properties.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Compositionality
Similar to propositional calculus, formulas can be built from

composites using logical connectives.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.7
The uses of Predicate Calculus
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Progamming Language Semantics

The meaning of programs such as
ifx >= 0theny := sqrt(x)elsey := abs(x)
can be captured with formulas of predicate calculus:
xy(x0 = x (x 0 y 0 = x) ((x 0) y 0 = |x|))
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Other Uses of Predicate Calculus
Sequents
Specification: Formally specify the purpose of a program in order to

serve as input for software design,
Verification: Prove the correctness of a program with respect to its

specification.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.8
An Example for Specification
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Let P be a program of the form

while a <> b do
if a > b then a := a - b else a:= b - a;
Contents
Introduction
The specification of the program is given by the formula
Natural Deduction
Sequents
{a 0 b 0} P {a = gcd(a, b)}

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.9
Logic in Theorem Proving, Logic Programming, and Other

Systems of Logic
Theorem proving
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Formal logic has been used to design programs that can

automatically prove mathematical theorems.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.10

Systems of Logic
Theorem proving
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Logic programming
Research in theorem proving has led to an efficient way of proving

formulas in predicate calculus, called resolution, which forms the
basis for logic programming.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.10

Systems of Logic
Theorem proving
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Logic programming

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Some Other Systems of Logic
Sequents
Three-valued logic: A third truth value (denoting dont
know or undetermined) is often useful.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.10

Systems of Logic
Theorem proving
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Logic programming

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Intuitionistic logic: A mathematical object is accepted only
if a finite construction can be given for it.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.10

Systems of Logic
Theorem proving
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Logic programming

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Intuitionistic logic: A mathematical object is accepted only
if a finite construction can be given for it.

Temporal logic: Integrates time-dependent constructs such
as (always and eventually) explicitly into a logic

framework; useful for reasoning about real-time systems.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.10
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.11
The language of propositional logic is based on propositions or
declarative sentences.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.12
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Sentences which one canin principleargue as being true or

false.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.12
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

false.
Examples
1
The sum of the numbers 3 and 5 equals 8.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.12
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

false.
Examples
1
Jane reacted violently to Jacks accusations.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.12
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

false.
Examples
1
Every natural number > 2 is the sum of two prime numbers.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.12
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

false.
Examples
1

All Martians like pepperoni on their pizza.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.12
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

false.
Examples
1

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Formal Language
Semantics
Not Examples
Could you please pass me the salt?
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.12
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

false.
Examples
1

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Formal Language
Semantics
Not Examples
Ready, steady, go!
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.12
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

false.
Examples
1

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Formal Language
Semantics
Not Examples
Ready, steady, go!
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
May fortune come your way.

1a.12
Putting Propositions Together

Example 1.1
If the train arrives late and
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.13

Example 1.1

there are no taxis at the station then
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.13

Example 1.1

John is late for his meeting.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.13

Example 1.1

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
John is not late for his meeting.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.13

Example 1.1

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

The train did arrive late.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.13

Example 1.1

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Therefore, there were taxis at the station.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.13

Example 1.1

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Example 1.2

If it is raining and
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.13

Example 1.1

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Example 1.2

Jane does not have her umbrella with her then
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.13

Example 1.1

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Example 1.2

she will get wet.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.13

Example 1.1

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Example 1.2

she will get wet.
Jane is not wet.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.13

Example 1.1

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Example 1.2

she will get wet.
Jane is not wet.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
It is raining.
Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?
1a.13

Example 1.1

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Example 1.2

she will get wet.
Jane is not wet.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
It is raining.
Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?
Therefore, Jane has her umbrella with her.

1a.13
Focus on Structure
We are primarily concerned about the structure of arguments in
this class, not the validity of statements in a particular domain.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.14
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
We therefore simply abbreviate sentences by letters such as p, q, r,

p1 , p2 etc.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.14
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

p1 , p2 etc.
From Concrete Propositions to Letters - Example 1.1
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.14
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

p1 , p2 etc.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.14
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

p1 , p2 etc.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.14
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

p1 , p2 etc.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.14
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

p1 , p2 etc.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.14
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

p1 , p2 etc.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics

becomes
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.14
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

p1 , p2 etc.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics

becomes
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Letter version
Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?
If p and not q, then r. Not r. p. Therefore, q.

1a.14
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.15
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.15
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
she will get wet.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.15
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
she will get wet.
Contents
Jane is not wet.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.15
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
she will get wet.
Contents
Jane is not wet.
Introduction
It is raining.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.15
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
she will get wet.
Contents
Jane is not wet.
Introduction
It is raining.
Natural Deduction
Sequents

has

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.15
Focus on Structure
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
she will get wet.
Contents
Jane is not wet.
Introduction
It is raining.
Natural Deduction
Sequents

has
the same letter version
If p and not q, then r. Not r. p. Therefore, q.

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.15
Logical Connectives
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Notations/Symbols
Sentences like If p and not q, then r. occur frequently. Instead

of English words such as if...then, and, not, it is more
convenient to use symbols such as , , .
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.16
Logical Connectives
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Notations/Symbols

Contents
: negation of p is denoted by p.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.16
Logical Connectives
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Notations/Symbols

Contents
: disjunction of p and r is denoted by p r, meaning at least
one of the two statements is true.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.16
Logical Connectives
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Notations/Symbols

Contents
: conjunction of p and r is denoted by p r, meaning both are
true.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.16
Logical Connectives
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Notations/Symbols

Contents
true.
: implication between p and r is denoted by p r, meaning
that r is a logical consequence of p. p is called the
antecedent, and r the consequent.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.16
Example 1.1 Revisited
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
From Example 1.1

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.17
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
From Example 1.1

Contents
Symbolic Propositions
Introduction
We replaced the train arrives late by p, etc.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
The statement becomes: If p and not q, then r.

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.17
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
From Example 1.1

Contents
Symbolic Propositions
Introduction
We replaced the train arrives late by p, etc.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
The statement becomes: If p and not q, then r.

Symbolic Connectives
Formal Language
Semantics
With symbolic connectives, the statement becomes:

p q r
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.17
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Sequents
Excursion: Intuitionistic Logic
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.18
Introduction
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Objective
We would like to develop a calculus for reasoning about

propositions, so that we can establish the validity of statements
such as Example 1.1.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.19
Introduction
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Objective

Contents
Introduction
Idea
We introduce proof rules that allow us to derive a formula from

a number of other formulas 1 , 2 , . . . n .
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.19
Introduction
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Objective

Contents
Introduction
Idea
We introduce proof rules that allow us to derive a formula from

a number of other formulas 1 , 2 , . . . n .
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Notation
Formal Language
We write a sequent 1 , 2 , . . . , n `
to denote that we can derive from 1 , 2 , . . . , n .
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.19

English

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.20

English

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Sequent
Formal Language
p q r, r, p ` q
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.20

English

Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Sequent
Formal Language
p q r, r, p ` q
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Remaining task
Develop a set of proof rules that allows us to establish such

sequents.
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.20
Propositional Logic
Review I
Rules for Conjunction
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Introduction of Conjunction
[i]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.21
Propositional Logic
Review I
Rules for Conjunction
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Introduction of Conjunction
[i]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Elimination of Conjunction

Formal Language
Semantics
[e1 ]
[e2 ]
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.21
Example of Proof
To show
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.22
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example of Proof
To show
p q, r ` q r.
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.22
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example of Proof
To show
p q, r ` q r.
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
How to start?
pq
r,
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.22
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example of Proof
To show
p q, r ` q r.
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
How to start?
pq
r,
Contents
Introduction
q r.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.22
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example of Proof
To show
p q, r ` q r.
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
How to start?
pq
r,
Contents
Introduction
q r.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Proof Step-by-Step
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.22
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example of Proof
To show
p q, r ` q r.
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
How to start?
pq
r,
Contents
Introduction
q r.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Proof Step-by-Step
Formal Language
p q (premise)
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.22
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example of Proof
To show
p q, r ` q r.
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
How to start?
pq
r,
Contents
Introduction
q r.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Proof Step-by-Step
Formal Language
p q (premise)
r (premise)
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.22
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example of Proof
To show
p q, r ` q r.
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
How to start?
pq
r,
Contents
Introduction
q r.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Proof Step-by-Step
Formal Language
p q (premise)
r (premise)
q (by using Rule e2 and Item 1)
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.22
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example of Proof
To show
p q, r ` q r.
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
How to start?
pq
r,
Contents
Introduction
q r.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Proof Step-by-Step
Formal Language
p q (premise)
r (premise)
q (by using Rule e2 and Item 1)
q r (by using Rule i and Items 3 and 2)
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.22
Propositional Logic
Review I
Graphical Representation of Proof
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
pq
Contents
[e2 ]
Introduction
Natural Deduction
[i]
qr
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.23
Where are we heading with this?
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
We would like to prove sequents of the form
1 , 2 , . . . , n `
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.24
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
1 , 2 , . . . , n `
We introduce rules that allow us to form legal proofs
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.24
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
1 , 2 , . . . , n `
Then any proof of any formula using the premises
1 , 2 , . . . , n is considered correct.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.24
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
1 , 2 , . . . , n `
Can we say that sequents with a correct proof are somehow
valid, or meaningful?
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.24
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
1 , 2 , . . . , n `
What does it mean to be meaningful?
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.24
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
1 , 2 , . . . , n `
Can we say that any meaningful sequent has a valid proof?
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.24
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
1 , 2 , . . . , n `
Can we say that any meaningful sequent has a valid proof?
...but first back to the proof rules...
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.24
Rules of Double Negation and Eliminating Implication
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Double Negation
[e]
[i]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.25
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Double Negation
[e]
[i]
Contents
Introduction
Eliminating Implication
Natural Deduction
Sequents

[ e]
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.25
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Double Negation
[e]
[i]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

[ e]
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Example
p:= It rained, and p q:= If it rained, then the street is wet.
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.25
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Double Negation
[e]
[i]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

[ e]
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Example
p:= It rained, and p q:= If it rained, then the street is wet.

We can conclude from these two that the street is indeed wet.
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.25
Propositional Logic
Review I
Modus Ponens
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
The rule
[ e]
Contents
Introduction
is often called Modus Ponens (or MP)
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.26
Propositional Logic
Review I
Modus Ponens
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
The rule
[ e]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Origin of term
Modus ponens is an abbreviation of the Latin modus ponendo

ponens which means in English mode that affirms by affirming.
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.26
Propositional Logic
Review I
Modus Ponens
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
The rule
[ e]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Origin of term
Modus ponens is an abbreviation of the Latin modus ponendo

ponens which means in English mode that affirms by affirming.
More precisely, we could say mode that affirms the antecedent of
an implication.
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.26
Propositional Logic
Review I
Modus Tollens
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
A similar rule of Modus Ponens,
[M T ]
Contents
Introduction
is called Modus Tollens (or MT).
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.27
Propositional Logic
Review I
Modus Tollens
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[M T ]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Origin of term

Modus tollens is an abbreviation of the Latin modus tollendo

tollens which means in English mode that denies by denying.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.27
Propositional Logic
Review I
Modus Tollens
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[M T ]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Origin of term

Modus tollens is an abbreviation of the Latin modus tollendo

tollens which means in English mode that denies by denying.
More precisely, we could say mode that denies the consequent of
an implication.
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.27
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p (q r), p, r `
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.28
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p (q r), p, r ` q
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.28
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p (q r), p, r ` q
Contents
p (q r)
premise
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.28
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p (q r), p, r ` q
Contents
1
2
p (q r)
p
premise
premise
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.28
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p (q r), p, r ` q
Contents
1
2
3
p (q r)
p
r
premise
premise
premise
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.28
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p (q r), p, r ` q
Contents
1
2
3
4
p (q r)
p
r
qr
premise
premise
premise
e 1,2
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.28
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p (q r), p, r ` q
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
p (q r)
p
r
qr
q
premise
premise
premise
e 1,2
MT 4,3
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.28
How to introduce implication?
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Compare the sequent (MT)

p q, q ` p
Contents
Introduction
with the sequent
p q ` q p
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.29
How to introduce implication?
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Compare the sequent (MT)

p q, q ` p
Contents
Introduction
with the sequent
p q ` q p
The second sequent should be provable, but we dont have a rule
to introduce implication yet!
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.29
Propositional Logic
Review I
A Proof We Would Like To Have
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p q ` q p
1
2
3
4
pq
q
p
q p
premise
assumption
MT 1,2
i 23
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.30
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p q ` q p
1
2
3
4
pq
q
p
q p
premise
assumption
MT 1,2
i 23
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
We can start a box with an assumption, and use previously proven

propositions (including premises) from the outside in the box.

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.30
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p q ` q p
1
2
3
4
pq
q
p
q p
premise
assumption
MT 1,2
i 23
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
We can start a box with an assumption, and use previously proven

propositions (including premises) from the outside in the box.
We cannot use assumptions from inside the box in rules outside
the box.

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.30
Rule for Introduction of Implication
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.31
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Introduction of Implication
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.31
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Introduction of Implication
..
.
Contents
Natural Deduction
Introduction
Sequents
[ i]

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.31
Rule for Disjunction
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.32

Introduction of Disjunction
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.32
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[i1 ]
[i2 ]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.32
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[i1 ]
[i2 ]
Contents
Introduction
Elimination of Disjunction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.32
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[i1 ]
[i2 ]
Contents
Introduction
Elimination of Disjunction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

..
.
..
.
Formal Language
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Semantics

Completeness
[e]
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.32
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
1
2
3
p (q r)
p
qr
premise
e1 1
e2 1
4
5
6
q
pq
(p q) (p r)
assumption
i 2,4
i1 5
Contents
7
8
9
r
pr
(p q) (p r)
assumption
i 2,7
i2 8
Sequents
10
(p q) (p r)
e 3, 46, 79
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.33
Special Propositions
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.34
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Recall: We are only interested in the truth value of
propositions, not the subject matter that they refer to.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.34
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Therefore, all propositions that we all agree must be true are
the same!
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.34
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

the same!
Example: p p, p p
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.34
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

the same!
Example: p p, p p
Contents
Introduction
We denote the proposition that is always true (tautology)
using the symbol >.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.34
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

the same!
Example: p p, p p
Contents
Introduction
using the symbol >.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Another Special Proposition

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.34
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

the same!
Example: p p, p p
Contents
Introduction
using the symbol >.
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Similarly, we denote the proposition that is always false
(contradiction) using the symbol .
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.34
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

the same!
Example: p p, p p
Contents
Introduction
using the symbol >.
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Similarly, we denote the proposition that is always false
(contradiction) using the symbol .

Example: p p
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.34
Rule for Negation
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.35
Rule for Negation

Elimination of Negation
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.35
Propositional Logic
Review I
Rule for Negation
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[e]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.35
Propositional Logic
Review I
Rule for Negation
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[e]
Contents
Introduction
Introduction of Negation
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.35
Propositional Logic
Review I
Rule for Negation
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[e]
Contents
Introduction
Introduction of Negation
Natural Deduction
Sequents

..
.
Formal Language
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Semantics

Completeness
[i]
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.35
Elimination of
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.36
Elimination of
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Elimination of
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.36
Propositional Logic
Review I
Elimination of
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Elimination of
Contents
Introduction
[e]
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.36
Propositional Logic
Review I
Basic Rules (conjunction and disjunction)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[i]
[e1 ]
[e2 ]
Contents
[ii ]
..
.
..
.
[i2 ]
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
[e]
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.37
Propositional Logic
Review I
Basic Rules (implication)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
..
.
Contents
Introduction
[ i]
Natural Deduction
Sequents
[ e]

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.38
Propositional Logic
Review I
Basic Rules (negation)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
..
.
Contents
Introduction
[i]
Natural Deduction
Sequents
[e]

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.39
Propositional Logic
Review I
Basic Rules ( and double negation)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[e]
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
[e]

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.40
Some Derived Rules: Introduction of Double Negation
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
[i]
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.41
Example: Deriving [ i] from [ i] and [ e]
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
1
2
3
4
premise
assumption
e 1,2
i 23
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.42
Propositional Logic
Review I
Some Derived Rules: Modus Tollens
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
[M T ]
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.43
Some Derived Rules: Proof By Contradiction
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
..
.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
[PBC]

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.44
Some Derived Rules: Law of Excluded Middle
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
[LEM]
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.45
Motivation
Consider the following theorem.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.46
Motivation
Theorem
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
There exist irrational numbers a and b such that ab is rational.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.46
Motivation
Theorem
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Let us call this theorem . We give a Proof Outline for .
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.46
Motivation
Theorem
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Let p be the following proposition.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.46
Motivation
Theorem
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Proposition p
is rational.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.46
Propositional Logic
Review I
Motivation
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Theorem

Contents
Proposition p
Introduction
is rational.
Natural Deduction
Then the proof of goes like this:

[LEM ]
p p
Sequents

p
..
.
p
..
.
Formal Language
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Semantics

Completeness
[e]
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.46
In detail (1)
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.47
Propositional Logic
Review I
In detail (1)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p
..
.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.47
Propositional Logic
Review I
In detail (1)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p
..
.
Assume
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
is rational.
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.47
Propositional Logic
Review I
In detail (1)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p
..
.
Contents
Introduction
Assume 2 is rational. Choose a and b to be

found irrational a and b such that ab is rational.
Natural Deduction
2, and we have
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.47
Propositional Logic
Review I
In detail (1)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p
..
.
Contents
Introduction
Assume 2 is rational. Choose a and b to be 2, and we have

found irrational a and b such that ab is rational. Thus Theorem
holds under the assumption p.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.47
In detail (2)
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.48
Propositional Logic
Review I
In detail (2)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p
..
.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.48
Propositional Logic
Review I
In detail (2)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p
..
.
Assume
Contents
Introduction
is irrational.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.48
Propositional Logic
Review I
In detail (2)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p
..
.
Contents
Assume
is irrational. Choose a to be
Introduction
and b to be
2.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.48
Propositional Logic
Review I
In detail (2)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p
..
.
Contents
Assume 2 is irrational. Choose a to be

Then we have
a =( 2
b
2 2

( 2 2)
Introduction
and b to be
2.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
= ( 2)2 = 2.

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.48
Propositional Logic
Review I
In detail (2)
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p
..
.
Contents
Assume 2 is irrational. Choose a to be

Then we have
a =( 2
b
2 2

( 2 2)
Introduction
and b to be
2.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
= ( 2)2 = 2.

Formal Language
As 2 is rational, Theorem holds under the assumption p.
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.48
Summary of Proof for
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.49
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Proposition p
is rational.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.49
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Proposition p
is rational.

[LEM ]
p p
Contents
p
..
.
p
..
.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

[e]
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.49
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Proposition p
is rational.

[LEM ]
p p
Contents
p
..
.
p
..
.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

[e]
There exist irrational numbers a and b such that ab is rational...
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.49
The Magic of LEM
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.50
The Magic of LEM
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

But: If they exist, do you have an example?
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.50
Propositional Logic
Review I
The Magic of LEM
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Probably a =
and b =
2...
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.50
Propositional Logic
Review I
The Magic of LEM
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Probablya =
that
and b =
is irrational!
2..., but we havent proven
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.50
Propositional Logic
Review I
The Magic of LEM
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Probablya =
that
Note:
and b =
is irrational!

2
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
=2
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.50
Propositional Logic
Review I
The Magic of LEM
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Probablya =
that
Note:
and b =
is irrational!

2
Introduction
Natural Deduction
=2
Using
LEM, we can make use of the probable irrationality of
Contents
without having to prove it!
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.50
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Intuitionistic logic does not accept the derived rule LEM.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.51
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Intuitionistic logic does not accept the derived rule LEM.

The underlying argument for LEM is elimination of double
negation.
Contents
Introduction
[e]
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.51
Propositional Logic
Review I
Deriving LEM using Basic Rules
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
( )
assumption
assumption
i1 2
e 3,1
i 24
i2 5
e 6,1
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
8
9
( )

i 17
e
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.52
Intuitionistic logic is obtained from natural deduction by removing
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.53
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
History of Intuitionistic Logic
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.53
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Late 19th century: Gottlob Frege proposes to reduce
mathematics to set theory.

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.53
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang


Russell destroys this programme via paradox.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.53
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang


Contents
In response, L.E.J. Brouwer proposes intuitionistic
mathematics, with intuitionistic logic as its formal foundation.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.53
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang


Contents

An alternative response is Hilberts formalistic position.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.53
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang


Contents

Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Applications of Intuitionistic Logic
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.53
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang


Contents

Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Intuitionistic logic has a strong connection to computability
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.53
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang


Contents

Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language

For example, if we have an intuitionistic proof of
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.53
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang


Contents

Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Theorem
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?
1a.53
the rule e.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang


Contents

Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language

Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Theorem
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?
then we would know irrational a and b such that ab is rational.

1a.53
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.54
Recap: Logical Connectives
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.55
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.55
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
true.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.55
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
true.
: implication between p and r is denoted by p r, meaning
that r is a logical consequence of p.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.55
Formal itemize Required
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Use of Meta-Language
When we describe rules such as
[LEM ]

we mean that letters such as can be replaced by any formula.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.56
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[LEM ]

But what exactly is the set of formulas that can be used for ?
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.56
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[LEM ]

Allowed
(p (q))
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.56
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
[LEM ]

Allowed
(p (q))
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Not allowed
) p q(
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.56
Definition of Well-formed Formulas
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Definition
Every propositional atom p, q, r, . . . and p1 , p2 , p3 , . . . is a
well-formed formula.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.57
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Definition
If is a well-formed formula, then so is ().
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.57
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Definition
If and are well-formed formulas, then so is ( ).
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.57
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Definition
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.57
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Definition
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.57
Propositional Logic
Review I
Definition very restrictive
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
How about this formula?

p q r
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.58
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

p q r
Contents
Usually, this is understood to mean
Introduction
((p (q)) r)
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.58
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

p q r
Contents
Usually, this is understood to mean
Introduction
((p (q)) r)
Natural Deduction
Sequents
...but for the formal treatment of this section and the first
homework, we insist on the strict definition, and exclude such
formulas.

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.58
Backus Naur Form: A more compact definition
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Backus Naur Form for propositional formulas
Contents
Introduction
::= p|()|( )|( )|( )
Natural Deduction
where p stands for any atomic proposition.
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.59
Inversion principle
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
How can we show that a a formula such as

(((p) q) (p (q (r))))
is well-formed?
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.60
Inversion principle
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
How can we show that a a formula such as

(((p) q) (p (q (r))))
is well-formed?
Answer: We look for the only applicable rule in the definition (the
last rule in this case), and proceed on the parts.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.60
Propositional Logic
Review I
Parse trees
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
A formula
(((p) q) (p (q (r))))
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.61
Propositional Logic
Review I
Parse trees
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
A formula
(((p) q) (p (q (r))))
...and its parse tree:
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.61
Propositional Logic
Review I
Parse trees
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
A formula
(((p) q) (p (q (r))))
...and its parse tree:
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.61
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Meaning of Logical Connectives

Preview: Soundness and Completeness
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.62
Meaning of propositional formula
Meaning as mathematical object
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
We define the meaning of formulas as a function that maps

formulas and valuations to truth values.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.63
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Approach
Contents
We define this mapping based on the structure of the formula,

using the meaning of their logical connectives.
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.63
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Approach
Contents

Introduction
Natural Deduction
Truth Values
The set of truth values contains two elements T and F, where T

represents true and F represents false.
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.63
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Approach
Contents

Introduction
Natural Deduction
Truth Values
The set of truth values contains two elements T and F, where T

represents true and F represents false.
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Valuations
A valuation or model of a formula is an assignment of each

propositional atom in to a truth value.
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.63
Propositional Logic
Review I
Meaning of logical connectives
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
The meaning of a connective is defined as a truth table that gives

the truth value of a formula, whose root symbol is the connective,
based on the truth values of its components.
Contents
Introduction
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.64
Propositional Logic
Review I
Truth tables of formulas
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Truth tables use placeholders of formulas such as :
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.65
Propositional Logic
Review I
Truth tables of formulas
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Truth tables use placeholders of formulas such as :
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Build the truth table for given formula:
Sequents
p
T
T
..
.
q
T
T
r
T
F
(p q)
T
T
((p q) r)
T
F
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.65
Propositional Logic
Review I
Truth tables of other connectives
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
T
F
F
T
>
T
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.66
Constructing the truth table of a formula
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
(p)
F
F
T
T
q
F
T
F
T
p q
F
T
T
T
q p
T
F
T
T
(p q) (q p)
T
F
T
T
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.67
Validity and Satisfiability
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Validity
A formula is valid if it computes T for all its valuations.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.68
Validity and Satisfiability
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Validity
A formula is valid if it computes T for all its valuations.
Contents
Introduction
Satisfiability
A formula is satisfiable if it computes T for at least one of its

valuations.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.68
Semantic Entailment, Soundness and Completeness of

Propositional Logic
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.69

Propositional Logic
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Semantic Entailment
If, for all valuations in which all 1 , 2 , . . . , n evaluate to T, the

formula evaluates to T as well, we say that 1 , 2 , . . . , n
semantically entail , written:
Contents
1 , 2 , . . . , n |=
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.69

Propositional Logic
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Semantic Entailment

Contents
1 , 2 , . . . , n |=
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Soundness
Let 1 , 2 , . . . , n and be propositional formulas. If

1 , 2 , . . . , n ` valid (has a proof), then 1 , 2 , . . . , n |= .
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.69

Propositional Logic
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Semantic Entailment

Contents
1 , 2 , . . . , n |=
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Soundness

1 , 2 , . . . , n ` valid (has a proof), then 1 , 2 , . . . , n |= .
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Completeness

1 , 2 , . . . , n |= , then 1 , 2 , . . . , n ` valid (has a proof).
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.69
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang

Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents

Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.70
Conjunctive Normal Form
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Definition
A literal L is either an atom p or the negation of an atom p. A

formula C is in conjunctive normal form (CNF) if it is a
conjunction of clauses, where each clause is a disjunction of
literals:
Contents
L ::= p|p,
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.71
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Definition

literals:
Contents
L ::= p|p,
D
::= L|L D,
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.71
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Definition

literals:
Contents
L ::= p|p,
Introduction
::= L|L D,
::= D|D C.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.71
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Definition

literals:
Contents
L ::= p|p,
Introduction
::= L|L D,
::= D|D C.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Examples
Formal Language
Semantics
(p q r) (q r) (r) is in CNF.
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.71
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Definition

literals:
Contents
L ::= p|p,
Introduction
::= L|L D,
::= D|D C.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Examples
Formal Language
Semantics
(p q r) ((p q) r) (r) is not in CNF.
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.71
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Definition

literals:
Contents
L ::= p|p,
Introduction
::= L|L D,
::= D|D C.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Examples
Formal Language
Semantics
(p q r) ((p q) r) (r) is not in CNF.
(p q r) (q r) (r) is not in CNF.
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.71
Usefulness of CNF
Lemma
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
A disjunction of literals L1 L2 Lm is valid iff there are

1 i, j m such that Li is Lj .
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.72
Usefulness of CNF
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Lemma

How to disprove
|= (q p r) (p r) q?
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.72
Propositional Logic
Review I
Usefulness of CNF
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Lemma

How to disprove
|= (q p r) (p r) q?
Contents
Introduction
Disprove any of:
Natural Deduction
|= (q p r)
|= (p r)
|= q.
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.72
Propositional Logic
Review I
Usefulness of CNF
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Lemma

How to disprove
|= (q p r) (p r) q?
Contents
Introduction
Disprove any of:
Natural Deduction
|= (q p r)
|= (p r)
|= q.
Sequents
How to prove
Formal Language
|= (q p q) (p rp) (r r)?
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.72
Propositional Logic
Review I
Usefulness of CNF
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Lemma

How to disprove
|= (q p r) (p r) q?
Contents
Introduction
Disprove any of:
Natural Deduction
|= (q p r)
|= (p r)
|= q.
Sequents
How to prove
Formal Language
|= (q p q) (p rp) (r r)?
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Prove all of:
Normal Form
|= (q p q)
|= (p rp)
|= (r r).
Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?
1a.72
Usefulness of CNF (cont.) and Transformation to CNF
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Proposition
Let be a formula of propositional logic. Then is satisfiable iff

is not valid.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.73
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Proposition

is not valid.
Contents
Satisfiability test
Introduction
We can test satisfiability of by transforming into CNF, and

show that some clause is not valid.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.73
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Proposition

is not valid.
Contents
Satisfiability test
Introduction
We can test satisfiability of by transforming into CNF, and

show that some clause is not valid.
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Theorem-Transformation to CNF
Formal Language
Every formula in the propositional calculus can be transformed

into an equivalent formula in CNF.
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.73
Algorithm for CNF Transformation
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.74

1
Eliminate implication using:

A B A B.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.74

1

A B A B.
Push all negations inward using De Morgans laws:
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
(A B) (A B),
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.74

1

A B A B.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
(A B) (A B),
Contents
(A B) (A B).
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.74

1

A B A B.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
(A B) (A B),
Contents
(A B) (A B).
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Eliminate double negations using the equivalence A A.
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.74

1

A B A B.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
(A B) (A B),
Contents
(A B) (A B).
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
The formula now consists of disjunctions and conjunctions of

literals. Use the distributive laws to eliminate conjunctions
within disjunctions:
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
A (B C) (A B) (A C),

Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.74

1

A B A B.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
(A B) (A B),
Contents
(A B) (A B).
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
The formula now consists of disjunctions and conjunctions of

literals. Use the distributive laws to eliminate conjunctions
within disjunctions:
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
A (B C) (A B) (A C),

Completeness
Normal Form
(A B) C (A C) (B C).
Homeworks and Next

Week Plan?
1a.74
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.75
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.75
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.75
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
(p p q) (q p q)
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.75
Propositional Logic
Review I
Example
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
Contents
Introduction
(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
(p p q) (q p q)
Sequents
>.
Natural Deduction
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.75
Homeworks
I. Write down the explanations (in Vietnamese, or in English if
possible) of the following terms, find examples for each term,
what are the differences between them:
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.76
Homeworks
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
fallacy, contradiction, paradox, counterexample;

premise, assumption, axiom, hypothesis, conjecture;
tautology, valid, contradiction, satisfiable;
soundness, completeness;
sequent, consequence, implication, (semantic) entailment;
argument, variable, arity;
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.76
Homeworks
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

II. What are the differences between the following notations:

, =, `, |= ? And what are the differences between
the following notations: , , a`, , = ? Find
examples to illustrate these differences.
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.76
Homeworks
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

II. What are the differences between the following notations:

, =, `, |= ? And what are the differences between
the following notations: , , a`, , = ? Find
examples to illustrate these differences.
III. It is recommended that you should do as much as you can
ALL marked exercises in [2] (notice that sample solutions for
these exercises are available in [3]). For this lecture, the
following are recommended exercises [2]:
1.1:
1.2:
1.4:
1.5:
2d), 2g);
1d), 1g), 1m), 1q), 1u), 1w), 3a), 3b), 3c), 3f), 3g), 3l), 3o);
12d);
3b), 3c), 7c).
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.76
Next Week?
Propositional Logic
Review I
Nguyen An Khuong,
Tran Van Hoai,
Huynh Tuong Nguyen,
L Hng Trang
Exercises Session;
[2, Section 1.6]: SAT Solvers;
Application of SAT Solving.
Contents
Introduction
Natural Deduction
Sequents
Formal Language
Semantics
Meaning of Logical
Connectives
Completeness
Normal Form
Homeworks and Next
Week Plan?
1a.77

Dm2 Ch1a Propositonal Logic Review Part I

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Dm2 Ch1a Propositonal Logic Review Part I

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Propositional Logic

Propositional Logic Review I

(Materials drawn from Chapter 1 in:

1 Propositional Calculus: Declarative Sentences

2 Propositional Calculus: Natural Deduction

3 Propositional Logic as a Formal Language

4 Semantics of Propositional Logic

Meaning of Logical Connectives

5 Conjunctive Normal Form

1 Propositional Calculus: Declarative Sentences

4 Semantics of Propositional Logic

5 Conjunctive Normal Form

Basic and Derived Rules

Study of atomic propositions

Propositions are built from sentences whose internal structure is

Study of atomic propositions

Propositions are built from sentences whose internal structure is

Boolean operators are used to construct propositions out of

Study of atomic propositions

Propositions are built from sentences whose internal structure is

Boolean operators are used to construct propositions out of

Example for Propositional Calculus

Rules for natural deduction

Atomic proposition: One plus one equals two.

Study of atomic propositions

Propositions are built from sentences whose internal structure is

Boolean operators are used to construct propositions out of

Example for Propositional Calculus

Rules for natural deduction

Atomic proposition: One plus one equals two.

Atomic proposition: The earth revolves around the sun.

Study of atomic propositions

Propositions are built from sentences whose internal structure is

Boolean operators are used to construct propositions out of

Example for Propositional Calculus

Rules for natural deduction

Atomic proposition: One plus one equals two.

Atomic proposition: The earth revolves around the sun.

Combined proposition: One plus one equals two and the

earth revolves around the sun.

Goals and Main Result of Propositional Calculus

Associate meaning to a set of formulas by assigning a value true or

Goals and Main Result of Propositional Calculus

Associate meaning to a set of formulas by assigning a value true or

Symbol sequence that formally establishes whether a formula is

Goals and Main Result of Propositional Calculus

Associate meaning to a set of formulas by assigning a value true or

Symbol sequence that formally establishes whether a formula is

Soundness and completeness

The set of provable formulas is the same as the set of formulas

Uses of Propositional Calculus

The production of logic circuits uses propositional calculus at all

Uses of Propositional Calculus

The production of logic circuits uses propositional calculus at all

Verification of hardware and software makes extensive use of

Uses of Propositional Calculus

The production of logic circuits uses propositional calculus at all

Verification of hardware and software makes extensive use of

Decision problems (scheduling, timetabling, etc) can be expressed

Predicate Calculus: Central ideas

Instead of dealing with atomic propositions, predicate calculus

Predicate Calculus: Central ideas

Instead of dealing with atomic propositions, predicate calculus

Predicate calculus provides statements that all or some elements