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    ROTATING MACHINES 419 16. Speed regulation of @ motor is given by Percentage sped regulation = Méto0 epote— falta pee 17. Ina D.C. motor reversal is accomplished by changing the polarity of either the armature or the field, but not by changing both. D.C. GENERATOR Choose the Correct Answer: 1, Laminations of core are generally made of (a) cast iron (b) carbon (e) silicon steel (d) stainless steel. 2. Which of the following could be approximately the thickness of laminations of a D.C. machine? (a) 0.005 mm (6) 0.05 mm (c) 05mm (d)5 mm. 3. The armature of D.C. generator is laminated to (a) reduce the bulk. (b) provide passage for cooling air (c) insulate the core (d) reduce eddy current loss. 4. The resistance of armature winding depends on (a) length of conductor (b) cross-sectional area of the conductor (c) number of conductors (d) all of the above. 5 The field coils of D.C, generator are usually made of (a) mica (b) copper (c) cast iron. (d) carbon. 6. The commutator segments are connected to the armature conductors by means of (a) copper lugs (b) resistance wires (e) insulation pads (d) brazing. 7. In acommutator (a) copper is harder than mica (b) mica and copper are equally hard (e) mica is harder than eopper (d) none of the above. & In D.C. generators the pole shoes are fastened to the pole core by (a) rivets (b) counter sunk serows (e) brazing (d) welding. 9. According to Fleming’s right-hand rule for finding the direction of induced e.m.f., when middle finger Points in the direction of induced e.m.f,, forefinger will point in the direction of (a) motion of conductor (0) lines of force (©) either of the above (d) none of the above. 10. Fleming’s right-hand rule regarding direction of induced e.mn.f,, correlates uu (a) magnetic flux, direction of current flow and resultant force () magnetic flux, direction of motion and the direction of e.m-f. induced (c) magnetic field strength, induced voltage and current (a) magnetic flux, direction of force and direction of motion of conductor. While applying Fleming's right-hand rule to find the direction of induced e.m.£, the thumb points tawards (a) direction of induced e.mf. () direction of flux (©) direction of motion of the conductor if forefinger points in the direction of generated e.m.f. (d) direction of motion of conductor, if forefinger points along the lines of flux, 420 12, 13, 15. 16. 7. 18, 19, ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY ‘The bearings used to support the rotor shafts are generally (a) ball bearings (b) bush bearings (c) magnetic bearings (d) needle bearings. In D.C. generators, the cause of rapid brush wear may be (a) severe sparking (b) rough commutator surface (c)imperfeet contact (@) any of the above. In lap winding, the number of brushes is always (a) double the number of poles (b) same as the number of poles (e) half the number of poles (d) two, For a D.C. generator when the number of poles and the number of armature conductors are fixed, then which winding will give the higher emf. ? (o) Lap winding (6) Wave winding (c) Bither of (a) and (b) above (d) Depends on other features of design. A4 pole D.C. generator rotates at 1500r-p.m. How many times in a second will the e.m.f. induced in each armature conductor change its direction ? (a) 100 1) 50 (400 (a) 200, IfB is the flux density, the length of eonduetor and v the velocity of conductor, then induced em. is given by (a) Blu () Blu® () BP a) BE. In caso of a wave wound generator, the average pitch (a) must be even’ (®) must be odd (c) may be odd or even (d) is generally fractional. Incase of a 4 pole D.C. generator provided with a two layer lap winding with sixteen coils, the pale pitch will be faa (8 () 16 (d) 32. ‘The material for commutator brushes is generally (a) mica (b) copper (c) cast iron: (d) carbon. ‘The insulating material used between the commutator segments is normally (a) graphi (b) paper fc) mica (d) insulating varnish. InaD.C. generator, ifp be the number of poles andN be the r-p.m. of rotor, then the frequency of magnetic reversals will be Np Np wf wr Ne Ne. te) 120 (d) 3000 For generating large currents on D.C. generators which winding is generally preferred ? (a) Progressive wave winding (b) Lap windin (c) Retrogressive wave winding (d) Current depends on design. ‘The purpose of providing dummy coils in a generator is {a) to enhance flux density {b) to amplify voltage (©) to provide mechanical balance for the rotor (d) to reduce eddy curren ROTATING MACHINES 421 aL. D.C. MOTOR No-load speed of which of the following motor will be highest ? (a) Shunt motor (b) Series motor (©) Cumulative compound motor (d) Differentially compound moter. The direetion of rotation of a D.C. series motor can be changed by (a)interchanging supply terminals (0) interchanging field terminals (o) either of (a) and (6) above (d) none of the above. Which of the following applications requires high starting torque? (@) Lathe machine (b) Centrifugal pump (©) Locomotive (d) Air blower. In case a D.C. motor is connected across A.C. supplics (a) the motor will burn (b) the moter will run at rated speed (©) the motor will run at corresponding eynchronous speed (d) the motor will run at slow speed. Ifa D.C. motor is to be selected for eonvoyors, which motor would be preforred ? (a) Series motor (b) Shunt mator (©) Differentially compound motor (d) Cumulative compound motor. Which D.C. motor will be preferred for machine tools ? (a) Series motor (6) Shunt motor (©) Cumulative compound motor (d) Differentially compound motor, Which D.C. motor will be preferred for constant speed line shafting ? (a) Cumulatively compound motor (0) Differentially compound motor (© Shunt motor (d) Series motor. Differentially compound D.C. motors can find applications requiring (a) high starting torque (d) low starting torque (©) variable speed (d) frequent on-off cycles. Which D.C. motor is preferred for elevators ? (a) Shunt motor (b) Series motor (©) Differentially compound motor (d) Cumulatively compound motor. According to Fleming's left-hand rule, when the forefinger points in the direction of the field or flux, the middle finger will point in the direction of (a) current in the conductor (b) movement of conductor (©) resultant force on conductor (d) none of the above. Ifthe field of a D.C. shunt motor gets opened while motor is running (a) the speed of motor will be reduced (6) the armature current will reduce (©) the motor will attain dangerously high speed (qd) the motor will continue to run at constant speed. ‘Starters are used with D.C. motors because (a) these motors have high starting torque _(b) these motors are not self-starting: (c) back e.m-f. of these motors is zero initially (@)to restrict armature current as there is no back e.m.f. while staring. Which of the following D.C. motors has self-load properties ? (a) Series motor (®) Shunt motor (© Camulatively compound motor (a) Differentially compound motor. In D.C. shunt motors as load is reduced (a) the speod will increase abruptly (0) the speed will increase in proportion to reduction in load (©) the speed will remain almost constant (a) the speed will reduce. 422 40. 41. 41. 48. 49. 51. ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY .f. ofa D.C, motor vanishes What will happen ifthe back (a) the motor will stop (b) the motor will continue to run (c) the armature may burn (d) the motor will run noisy. In caso of D.C. shunt motors the speed is dependent on back e.m.f only because (a) back e.m/f. is equal to armature drop (b) armature drop is negligible (e) flux is proportional to armature current —_(d) flux is practically constant in D.C. shunt motors. Ina D.C. shunt motor, under the conditions of maximum power, the current in the armature will be (a) almost negligible (b) rated full-lond current () lees than full-load current (d) more than full-load current. Which D.C. motor will have least percentage increase of input current, for the same percentage increase in the torque ? (a) Shunt motor (b) Series motor (c) Gumulatively compound motor (qd) Separately excited motor. ‘These days D.C. motors are widely used in (a) pumping sets (0) air compressors (©) electric traction (@) machine shops. By looking at which part of the motor, it can be easily confirmed that a particular motor is D.C, motor ? (a) frame (b)shatt {c) commutator (d) stator. In which of the following applications D.C. series motor is invariably used ? (a) Starter for a car (b) Drive for a water pump (c) Fan motor (d) Motor operation in A.C. or D.C. In D.C. machines fractional pitch winding is used (a) to improve cooling (6) to reduce copper losses (©) toincrease the generated e.mn.f. (@) to reduce the sparking. A three point starter is considered as suitable for (a) shunt motors (0) shunt as well as compound motors (c) shunt, compound and series motors (@) all D.C. mators. Small D.C. motors up to § K.P. usually have (a) 2 poles (b)4 poles (€)6 poles (d)8 poles. In case the conditions for maximum power for a D.C. motor are established, the efficiency of the motor will be (a) 100% () around 90% (©) anywhere between 75% and 90% (d) loss than 50%. Ashearing machine has cyclic load consisting of intermittent light and heavy loads. Which of the following D.C. motors will be suitable for this purpose ? (a) Series motor (6) Shunt motor (c) Cumulative compound motor (d) Differentially compound motor, ‘The ratio of starting torque to full-load torque is least in ease of (a) series motor () shunt motor (c) compound motors (d) none of the above. In D.C. motor which of the following can sustain the maximum temperature rise ? (a) Slip rings (6) Commutator (c) Field winding (d) Armature winding. Which of the following law/rule can be used to determine the direction of rotation of D.C. motor ? (@) Lenz's law (0) Faraday’s law (c)Coloumb’s law (d) Fleming’s left-hand rule. Which of the following loads normally needs staring torque more than the rated torque ? (a) Blowers (0) Conveyars (c) Air compressors (d) Centrifugal pumps. ROTATING MACHINES 425 14, 15. 16, 17 18, 19. 20. a. 22, BEB 8 & BESSESRRE SRESSESS Derive the e.m.f, equation of a D.C. generator, Deduce an expression for the voltage induced in a D.C. generator. Write a short note on equiliser rings. How are ratings of electrical machines expressed ? Draw the magnetic circuit of a 4 pole D.C. machine. Explain different methods of excitation of D.C. gonerators with suitable diagrams. How are D.C. generators classified ? ‘What is the difference between a separately excited and a Sketch the following types of D.C. generators : @ Shunt Gi) Series (ii) Compound. State with reason(s) where each is used? ‘What is the difference between the short-shunt and long shunt compound generators ? With the help of « neat diagram shaw power division in a D.C. generator. Answer the following questions briefly ; (@) State the principle on which gonerators operate, Gi) Name the materials of which the following parts of'a D.C. machine are made and why ? G) Frame (0) Armature (c) Bushes. Gil) Why are field coils provided in a D.C. generator? (iv) What is the function of an armature ina D.C. generator ? (©) Of what material are the laminations of an armature made up of? (vi) What is the function of a commutator 7 (vii) What purpose is served by brushes in a D.C. machine? D.C. MOTOR ‘What is the working principle of a D.C. motor? “In every D.C. generator motor action occurs and in every D.C. motor a generator action occurs”. Explain. ‘What is torque ? What is the source of the torque force in a 1).C. motor ? ‘What is back o.m.£ or counter valtage? ‘What is the effeetive voltage across a D.C. motor armature ? ‘What is the meaning of armature power ? Is electrical pawer related to mechanical power ? Explain the function of commutator ina D.C. motor. In what respects is the commutation process in D.C. motors different from that in generators? What is meant ky speed regulation ? What is moant by the term ‘shunt motor’? What is meant by the term ‘series motor’ ? What is the dominant speed characteristic of a shunt motor ? Explain speed-current and torque-current characteristies of a series motor? Whatis meant by a compound motor ? ‘What conditions require the use ofa compound motor ? How is D.C. motor reversed ? Why is astarter necessary for a motor? Give the diagram and explain the working ofa three-point starter for a shunt motor. ‘What are the functions of ‘no-volt release’ and ‘overload release’ in a starter ? Diseuss the operation of these two features in a shunt motor starter. Give the reasons for the following : (® Aseries motor should not be connected to a load through a belt, Averies motor develops a high starting torque. excited generator ? ROTATING MACHINES 429 Pe SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES HIGHLIGHTS An alternator consists of a stator and rotor. The stator provides the armature windings whereas rotor provides the rotating magneting field, ‘There are two types of rotors : () Salient pole type. Used for low and medium-speed (engine-driven! alternators, (i) Smooth cylindrical type. Used for turbo-aiternators i.e, far turbine-driven alternators, Ny, ‘The frequency of the alternating current produced is, f = 755 Hz. The e.mf. induced (for sinusoidal wave) per phose will be, E,m,/phase = 4.44f¢Tkhg volts where k, = pitch factor, hy = distribution or breadth factor Asynchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or A.C. generator. Some characteristic features of a synehronous motor are : — Itis not inherently self-starting. — Itruns at synchronous speed, n=, = Itcan be operated under a wide range of power factors both lagging and leading. Mechanical power developediphase, Ee where a= load angle, @= internal angle. (A) Choose the Correct Answer: ‘The speed of a 4-pole 60 Hz synchronous machine will be (a) 1800z.p.m. (6) 2400 p.m. (©) 3000 r.p.m. (d) 3600 r.p.m. ‘The speed of.a p-pole synchronous machine in r-p.m. is given by Azof 2202 @ wr? Vino (a) 1204p. ‘What is the largest size of elternator being manufactured in India? (a) 500 MW" (@)250 MW (210 MW (dy110 Mw. 430 10, 11. 12, 13, 4, 16. 16. 1 18, ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY Which of the following organisations is engaged in the manufacture of large plants in India? (a) Department of Science and Technology _(b) Electricity Authority of India (c)National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. (d) Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. An exciter is a nothing but. a alternators for power (a) D.C. series motor (8) DC. shunt motor 4e)D.C. shunt generator (d) D.C. series generator. ‘Hydrogen is used in large alternators mainly to (a) reduce distortion of waveform (6) cool the machine 4c) strengthen the magnetic field (d) reduce eddy current losses. An alternator coupled to which primemover will usually have the highest rotating speed ? (@) Steam engine (6) Reciprocating diesel engine (c) Francis turbine (d) Steam turbine, In an alternator the voltage generated per phase is proportional to (a) number of turns in coil (6) flux per pole (c) frequency of waveform. (d) all of the above. ‘Salient pole type alternators are generally used on (a) low voltage alternators (8) hydrogen cooled primemovers (c) high spe 2d primemovers (d) low and medium speed primemovers, ‘Turbo-alternators are generally used to run at (a) 1500 rspan, (8) 3000 r-p.m, {c)5000 rpm. (@) 15000 r.p.m, “The rotor preferred for alternators applied to hydraulic turbines are (a) salient pole type (8) cylindrical rotor type (c) solid rotor type (d) any of the above. ‘The frequency of voltage generated in large alternators is (a) 50 He (6) 60 Ha, (©) in kilo cycles (c) in mega cycles. Which of the following primemovers is least efficient ? a) Gas turbine (6) Petrol engine (©) Diesel engine (d) Steam engine. In which coil the harmonic component of the generated e.m.f. will be more ? (a) Full piteh eoit (6) Short pitch eoil (©) Long pitch coil (@) Same in all coils. In case of turbo-alternators the rotor is usually made of (@) east iron ©) forged stee! (c) laminated stainless steel (d) manganese steel. Incase a three-phase alternator supplies resistive load (a) the armature reaction flux will be almost zero (6) the armature reaction flux will be along the axis of the field (©) the armature reaction flux will be at 90° with the field axis (d) the armature reaction flux will be at 180° with the field axis. A 12:pole alternator will pass through how many electrical degrees in one complete revolution (@) 60" (6) 360° (©) 1080" (dy 2160". ‘The number of poles in turbo-alternators is usually @2 4 (12 (d)50. ROTATING MACHINES 431 19. 20, 27. Which harmonic will be totally eliminated in an alternator by using a fractional pitch of 4/5 ? (@) Third (®) Fifth (©) Seventh (@) Ninth. Dirt accumulation in generators can cause alt of the following except (a) low power factor (b) poor voltage regulation {c) fashovers: (d) overheating, ‘Three-phase alternators are usually star-connected (a) to save on copper () to reduce conductor size (©) toobtain higher terminal voltage (d) to reduced windage losses. ‘Synchronous motors are generally not self-starting because (a) the direction of rotation is not fixed. (0) the direction of instantaneous torque reverses after halfcycle (c) starters cannot be used on these machines (d) starting winding is not provided on these machines. ‘Zero power factor test is generally condueted on synchronous machines of (a) large size ©) less than 10kW (c) miniature size (q) multiple speed type. ‘Zero power factor test can be used to ascertain (@) pull in torque () the temperature rise (c) the synchronous reactance (d) all of the above. In ease one phase of a three-phase synchronous motor is short-circuited, the motor will (@) not start (6) run at 3 of synchronous speed (c) run with excessive vibrations (@) take less than the rated load. ‘A poy motor is basically a (a) small induction motor (6) DC. series motor (©) D.C. shunt motor (d) double winding A.C/D.C. motor. A synchronous motor can develop synchronous torque (@) when under loaded (6) while over-excited (only at synchronous speed (@) below or above synchronous speed. ‘A synchronous motor can be started by (a) pony motor (6) D.C. compound motor {c) providing damper winding (d) any of the above. As compared to an induction motor of the same size the air-gap in a synchronous motor is (a) three to five times: (6) same (e)halfto three half (d) less than half, A three-phase synchronous motor will have (a) no slip-rings (6) one slip-ring (e) two slip-rings (d) three slip-rings. ‘Under which of the following conditions hunting af synchronous motor is likely to occur ? (@) Periodic variation of load (6) Over-excitation (c) Over-loading for long periods (d) Small and constant load. ‘When the excitation of an unloaded salient pole synchronous motor suddenly gets disconnected (a) the motor stops (6) it runs as a reluctance motor at the same speed (C)it runs asa reluctance motor at a lower speed (d) none of the above. ‘When is te applied voltage, then the breakdown tapas ofa ayachronaus mokae varie as i@)V (e) eve aw. ROTATING MACHINES 433 1 1 UNSOLVED EXAMPLES Fora 3-phase winding with 4 slots/pole/phase and with the coil span of 10 slots pitch, calculate the values of the pitch factor and distribution factor, {Ans 0.966, 0.9576) A. 2200 volt, 3-phase alternator is running at 300 r.p.m. and has 24 poles. Find the number of conductors in the stator winding, if the magnetic flux is § x 10 Wh/pole. Assume distribution factor as 0.98. [Ans. 600] A4-pole alternator has an armature with 25 slots and 8 conduetors/slot and rotates at 1500 r.p.m. and the flux/pole is 0.05 Wb. Calculate the e.m-f. generated, if winding factor is 0.96 and all conductors are in series. (Ans. 1065.6 V] ‘Thestator ofa3-phase, 20-polealternatorhas 120 slots, and thereared conductors per slot accommodated intwo layers, Ifthe speed of the alternator is 300 r.p.m. calculatethe e.m..f. induced per phase, Resultant flux in the air-gap is 0.055 Wb/ pole. Assume the coil span as 150° electrical. [Ans. 905 V] A1G-pole, 3-phase alternator has a starconnected winding with 144 slots and 10 conductors per slot. ‘Tho flux per pole is 0.03 Wh distributed sinusoidally and the speed is $75 r.p.m. Find the line voltage. {Ans. 2658 V] Calculate the emf of a 4-pole, 3-phase star-connected altemator running at 1500 r.p.m., from the following data : Flux per pale = 0.1 Wb Number of slots = 48 Conductors/slot (in two layers) = 4 Coil span = 150, tAns. 1138 V] A 3-phase, 16-pole, star-connected alternatar has 192 stator slots with eight conductors/slat and the conductors of each phase are connected in series, The coil span is 150 electrical degrees. Determine the phase and line voltage if the machine runs at 375 r.p.m. and the flux per pole is 64 m Wh distributed sinusoidally over pole. {Ans, 3367 V. 5830 V] A3.phase, 4-pole star-connoeted alternator has 60 slots with 2 conduetors/slot. The pitch of the coil is 3 slotless than the pole pitch. The flux/poleis 12.5x 10 Wb sinusoidally distributed. Calculate theno-load terminal voltage for a frequency of 50-Hz. A S-phase, star-connected alternator an open-circuit is required to generate a line voltage of 3600 V, 80-He, when driven at 500 r.p.m. The stator has 3 slots per pole, and 10 conductors per slot. Calculate : G) number of poles (id) useful flux/pole, Assume all conductors per phase to be connected in series and coils to be full pitch. lAns. (é) 12, (ii) 0.054 Wb} POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTOR HIGHLIGHTS An induction motor is simply an electric transformer whose magnetic circuit is separated by an air gap into two relatively movable portions, one carrying the primary and the other the secondary winding. Synchronous speed, N, - 2a where fis the frequency and p the number of poles. MeN swhere N is the motor speed (r:p.m). fs Frequency of the rotor current, f,= sf, where 6 is the slip and fis the supply frequency. Slip, 434 Z ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY __ksRy Ee Torque, “Re exe hits Ee? Te = ‘Starting torque, ne axe Condition for maximum torque, s = ze by RE? Maximum torque, Te HE Starting torque is proportional to the square of applied voltage. Ty fer, rotor resistance Ty” Grvegg “MTC rotor standstill reactance Rotor copper loss__ Rotor grose output Rotor output 5, ‘Rotor input OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 4A) Choose the Correct Answer: ‘Which of the following components is usually fabricated out of silicon steel ? (a) Bearings (b) Shaft () Stator core {d) None of the above The frame of an induction motor is usually made of (a) silicon steel () cast iron (©aluninium {d) bronze. ‘The haft of an induction motor must be (@) stiff (6) flexible (e) hollow (@) any of the above. ‘Tho shaft of an induction motor is made of (a) high speed steel (6) stainless steel (©) carbon steel ‘@) cast iron. In an induction motor, on no-load the slip is generally (@) less than 1% 1.5% (2% (4%. In medium sized induction motors, the slip is generally around (a) 0.04% (0) 0.4% 4% (a) 14%. In squirrel cage induction motors, the rotor slots are usually given slight skew in order to (@) reduce windage losses (b) reduce eddy currents (c) reduce accumulation of dirt and dust (d) reduce magnetic hum. In case the air gap in an induction motor is increased (a) the magnetising current of the rotor will decrease (&) the power factor will decrease {) speed of motor will increase (@) the windage losses will increase. ROTATING MACHINES 435 a 10. i Th 15. 16. 1% 18, Slip rings are usually made of (a) copper Xb)carbon (©) phosphor bronze (d) aluminium. ‘Ad-phase 440 V, 50 Hz induction motor has 4% slip. The frequency of rotor e.m.f will be (a) 200 Hz

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