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Communication
Systems
Second Edition
Louis Frenzel
Principles of Electronic
Communication Systems
Chapter
7 Edition
Second
Radio Transmitters
Radio Transmitters
A radio transmitter takes the information to be
communicated and converts it into an electronic
signal compatible with the communication medium.
This process involves carrier generation, modulation,
and power amplification.
The signal is fed by wire, coaxial cable, or waveguide
to an antenna that launches it into free space.
Typical transmitter circuits include: oscillators,
amplifiers, frequency multipliers, and impedance
matching networks.
Transmitter Fundamentals
Carrier Generators
Power Amplifiers
Impedance-Matching Networks
Transmitter
The transmitter is the electronic unit that accepts the
information signal to be transmitted and converts it
into an RF signal capable of being transmitted over
long distances.
Transmitter Fundamentals
Every transmitter has three basic requirements:
Transmitter Configurations
A continuous wave (CW) transmission can be generated
by a transistor oscillator.
The oscillator generates a carrier and can be switched
off and on by a telegraph key to produce the dots and
dashes of the International Morse code.
CW is rarely used today as the oscillator power is too
low and the Morse code is nearly extinct.
The CW transmitter can be improved by adding a
power amplifier.
Transmitter Types
Single-Sideband Transmitter
Carrier Frequency
Carrier Generators
Crystal Oscillator
Frequency Synthesizer
Crystal Oscillator
Colpitts-Type Emitter-Follower
Crystal Oscillator
By Definition
Crystal Switching
If a transmitter must operate on more than one
frequency, but crystal precision and stability are
required, multiple crystals can be used and the
desired one switched on.
Frequency Synthesizers
Frequency synthesizers are variable-frequency
generators that provide the frequency stability of
crystal oscillators but the convenience of incremental
tuning over a broad frequency range.
Frequency synthesizers provide an output that varies
in fixed frequency increments over a wide range.
In a transmitter, a frequency synthesizer provides
basic carrier generation.
Synthesizers are used in receivers as local oscillators
and perform the receiver tuning function.
Power Amplifiers
The three basic types of power amplifiers used in
transmitters are:
Linear
Class C
Switching
Linear Amplifier
Amplifier Classes
Linear amplifiers are class A, AB or B. The class of an amplifier
indicates how it is biased.
Class A amplifiers are biased so that they conduct
continuously. The output is an amplified linear reproduction of
the input.
Class B amplifiers are biased at cutoff so that no collector
current flows with zero input. Only one-half of the sine wave
is amplified.
Class AB linear amplifiers are biased near cutoff with some
continuous current flow. They are used primarily in push-pull
amplifiers and provide better linearity than Class B amplifiers,
but with less efficiency.
Class C Amplifier
The key circuit in most AM and FM transmitters is the
class C amplifier.
These amplifiers are used for power amplification in
the form of drivers, frequency multipliers, and final
amplifiers.
Class C amplifiers are biased so they conduct for less
than 180 degrees of the input.
Current flows through a class C amplifier in short
pulses and a resonant tuned circuit is used for
complete signal amplification.
By Definition
More Definitions
Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum Tube
Impedance-Matching Networks
Networks
There are three basic types of LC impedance-matching
networks. They are:
L network
T network
network
L Networks
L networks consist of an inductor and a capacitor in
various L-shaped configurations.
T and Networks
To get better control of the Q, or selectivity of a circuit,
matching networks using three reactive elements can
be used.
A Network
A T Network
Single-chip FM transmitter IC
Digital shaping circuits
Power amplifiers
IC voltage regulators
Voltage source