Republic of the Philippines

Laguna state Polytechnic University - Siniloan

Host Campus
Nagcarlan Satellite Campus
Nagcarlan, Laguna

FUNDAMENTALS OF
MATHEMATICS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC

PAGE NO.

Module 1
SETS....................................................................................................................................1
Set................................................................................................................ 1
Well-Defined Set........................................................................................... 1
Methods of Describing Sets...........................................................................2
1.

Verbal or Word description...................................................................2

2.

Roster or Listing...................................................................................2

3.

Set Builder Notation or Rule Method....................................................2

Cardinality..................................................................................................... 2
Null or Empty Set.......................................................................................... 3
Infinite Set..................................................................................................... 3
Finite Sets..................................................................................................... 3
Singleton Set................................................................................................. 3
Universal Set................................................................................................. 3
Set Relationships........................................................................................... 4
Equal Sets.................................................................................................. 4
Equivalent Sets.......................................................................................... 4
Subset, Proper Subset, Improper Subset, and Superset................................4
Power Set...................................................................................................... 5
Joint and Disjoint Set..................................................................................... 5
Set Operations.............................................................................................. 5
Set Union................................................................................................... 5
Set Intersection.......................................................................................... 6
Set Complement........................................................................................ 6
Set Difference............................................................................................ 7

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Module II
NUMBER SYSTEM........................................................................................................11
Number System.......................................................................................... 11
Successor Property..................................................................................... 11
DEFINITION of Whole Numbers...................................................................12
DEFINITION of Integers................................................................................ 12
DEFINITION of Fraction................................................................................ 13
DEFINITION of Rational Number..................................................................14
DEFINITION of Irrational Number.................................................................14

Module III
NUMBER THEORY.......................................................................................................18
Number Theory........................................................................................... 18
Primes, Composite Numbers and Units.......................................................18
THEOREM 1-3.1 Simple Product Form of the Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic................................................................................................... 19
THEOREM 1-3.2 Test for Divisibility by 4, 8, and Other Powers of 2............19
THEOREM 1-3.3 Test for Divisibility by 3 and 9...........................................20
THEOREM 1-3.4 Divisibility by 2 and 5........................................................20
THEOREM 1-3.5 Divisibility by Products......................................................21
THEOREM 1-3.7 Divisibility by 12................................................................21
THEOREM 1-3.8 Divisibility Test for 11........................................................22
THEOREM 1-3.9 Divisibility of Sums and Difference....................................22
Greatest Common Divisor...........................................................................22

Listing Method................................................................................... 23

Prime Factorization Method...............................................................23

Continuous Division or Decomposition Method.................................23

Euclidean Algorithm...........................................................................23

Least Common Multiple...............................................................................24

Listing Method................................................................................... 24

Prime Factorization............................................................................24

Continuous Division Method..............................................................25

THEOREM 1-3.10 ab = GCD (a,b) LCM (a,b)..............................................25

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Module IV
FRACTION......................................................................................................................28
Fraction....................................................................................................... 28
Definition of Fractions, Numerator and Denominator..................................28
Kinds of Fractions........................................................................................ 28
Definitions of Proper Fraction,.....................................................................29
Improper Fraction, Mixed Number, Unit Fraction.........................................29
Converting Mixed Numbers Into an Improper Fraction and Vice Versa........29
Similar and Dissimilar Fractions..................................................................29
Simplifying Fractions................................................................................... 30
Equivalent Fractions.................................................................................... 30
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions.........................................................31
Multiplication of Fractions...........................................................................31
Division of Fractions.................................................................................... 32
Writing a Fraction as a Decimal...................................................................33

Module V
DECIMALS......................................................................................................................37
Decimal....................................................................................................... 37
Decimal Notation........................................................................................ 37
Decimal Fractions........................................................................................ 38
Other Rational Numbers.............................................................................. 39
Real Numbers.............................................................................................. 41
Decimal computation......................................................................................... 41
Operations with Fractions and Decimals Add/Sub/Mult/Div.........................42
Multiplication rules...................................................................................42
Division rules........................................................................................... 43
Addition and subtraction rules.................................................................43

Module VI
RATIO AND PROPORTION.........................................................................................46
Ratio............................................................................................................ 46
Rate............................................................................................................ 47
Proportion................................................................................................... 47
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Three kinds of Proportion............................................................................ 48

Direct Proportion...................................................................................... 48
Indirect or Inverse Proportion...................................................................48
Partitive Proportion.................................................................................. 49

Module VII
PERCENT........................................................................................................................51
Expressing Percents as Fractions................................................................51
Expressing Percent as Decimal...................................................................52
Expressing Decimals as Percents................................................................52
Expressing Fractions as Percents................................................................52
Percentage Problems.................................................................................. 53
Discount Problems...................................................................................... 53
Commission Problems.................................................................................54
Interest Problems........................................................................................ 55

Module VIII
INTEGERS.......................................................................................................................58
Integers....................................................................................................... 58
Definition of integers................................................................................... 58
Addition Of Integers.................................................................................... 60
Subtraction Of Integers............................................................................... 61
Multiplication of Integers............................................................................. 61
Division of Integers..................................................................................... 61

Page

SETS
Objectives:

define the term set and other related terms.

describe sets using different methods.
give relationships between and among kinds of sets.
do set operations.
solve word problems on sets using venn diagrams.

Set
A set is a well- defined collection of objects.
Sets are denoted with capital letters and the elements of which can be anything such as
numbers, ideas, letters of the alphabet, people, things, other sets and so on.
Example:
A is the set of integers between -10 and 10.
The elements or members of sets A are the integers -9, -8, -7, , 7, 8, 9.The three dots
() called ellipsis indicate that the list continues in the obvious way. The symbol E
is used to express membership. So we say that 9 E A, read 9 is an element of Set A.
Well-Defined Set
A set is well-defined if an element can be determined whether it belongs to the set
or not.
Example:
A

is

the

set

of

tall

building

in

Makati

City.

B is the set of prime number greater than 10.

C

is

the

set

of

bright

students

of

AKLAN

State

University.

D is the set of negative integers greater than 0.

The second and fourth example are considered well-defined since if an element is given,
one can determine clearly if it belongs or not to the sets. For example, the integer 2
obviously does not belong to set B since even though it is prime it is less than 10.Niether

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does integer 2 belong to set D because it is positive. In fact set D has no element at all
because there is no negative integer which is greater than 0.
Methods of Describing Sets
1. Verbal or Word description. Sentences are used to describe sets.

Example:
Set A is the set of one-digit prime numbers.
2. Roster or Listing. The elements of the set being describe are simply listed down,

separated from each other by commas and enclosed within a pair of braces. Each
element is written only once.
Example:
A= {2, 3, 5, 7}
3. Set Builder Notation or Rule Method. A variable or symbol is used to represent

each element of the given set. The variable followed by slash symbol or vertical
line and description, are enclosed within a
pair of braces. The description states the property that each element must have
belong to the set.
Example:
A = { x/x is a one-digit prime number }
{x/x} is read the set of all x such that x is . . . The letter x can be replaced with any
letter.
Cardinality
The cardinality (n) of set N is the number of elements of N.
Example:
N = {x/x is a vowel in the English alphabet}
has a cardinality of 5, that is, N = {a, e, i, o, u}.

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Null or Empty Set

There are also sets with no elements or zero cardinality. These are called empty or null
sets and are denoted by the symbol or { }.
Example:
The set of four-sided triangles has no elements and so is considered a null
set.
Infinite Set
An infinite sets one the elements of which are so numerous that is impossible to
enumerate or count all of them.
Example:
Set B is the set of prime numbers greater than 10.
Finite Sets
A finite sets is one elements which can be enumerated or counted up to the last elements.
Example:
Set F is the set of types of finger.
Singleton Set
A set consisting of only one element is called a singleton set or singlet. The cardinality of
the singleton set is 1.An example of even prime numbers whose only element is 2.
Example:
B = {x/x is a whole number, x < 1}
This set contains only one element 0 and is a singleton set.
Universal Set
A universal set is a set which contains the elements of all sets being considered in a
certain discussion.
Example:
The sets A = {1, 3, 5,}, B = {0, 2, 4,}, and C = {1, 2, 3, }, the
possible universal set would be the set of whole numbers or the set of
integers.

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Set Relationships
Equal Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if their elements are exactly the same.
Example:
A= {red, blue, yellow}

B= {x/x is a primary color}

Theyare equal because they contain exactly the same elements.

Equivalent Sets
If the elements of set A can be put into a one-to-one correspondence with the elements of
set B, then set A and set B are called equivalent sets. Simply said, equivalent sets have the
same cardinality.
Example:
A = {x/x is a one-digit odd number}
B = {x/x is a vowel in the English alphabet}
Set A

Set B

Subset, Proper Subset, Improper Subset, and Superset

Set A is a subset of set B if every element of A is an element of B. In symbols, Set B is a
proper subset of A if B is a subset of A and B is not equal to A. However, if A=B, then B
is called an improper subset of A. In symbols,
(B A; or A= B)
Set A is a superset of set B, if and only if, all elements contained in B are also contained
in A. In symbols, A B

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Power Set
The power set of a set S can be defined as the set of all subset of S. The power set can be
written as P(S).
Example:
S= {a, b, c} is equal to {, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}; {a, c} {b, c}, {a, b, c}.
Joint and Disjoint Set
If set A and B have no elements in common, then they are called disjoint sets. In symbols,
AB=
We have set O ={x/x is a one-digit odd number}. The intersection of set M and set O, M
O = { }or , since no element of M is also an element of O. We can say then, that the sets
M and O are disjoint sets.
Set Operations
Set Union
The union of two sets A and B is the set of all elements which belong to either A or B or
both. This is denoted in symbol as A B.
A B = {x/x A or x B}
Example:
A = {x/x is a one-digit multiple of 3}
B = {y/y is a factor of 12}
Roster form:
A = {3, 6, 9}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
Set Union:
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12}

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If we get the common elements only from both sets, the resulting set is referred to in set
language as the intersection of the given sets.
Set Intersection
The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all elements which belong to both A and
B. This is denoted in symbols as A B.
A B = {x/x A and x B}
From the above example, the intersection of set A and set B is
A B = {3, 6}
If we consider the three sets, A, B, and C, in our examples, we can specify as our possible
universal set, U the set of all natural number from 1 up to 12. In symbols,
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
If we form a new set using these elements, we have what we call the complement of set
A. This is denoted in symbol as A and read as A complement or A prime.
Set Complement
The complement of a set A in a given universal set is the set of all elements that are in
but not in A. This is denoted in symbol A and read as A complement or A prime.
A = {x/x and x A}.
Given the sets A = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15} and B = {12, 14}. If we get their difference that is,
A-B = {11, 13, 15}. The set difference of set A and set B is the set whose elements are in
A but are not in B.

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Set Difference
The set difference of a set A and a set B are the elements of A which are not in B.
A-B = {x/x A and x B}.
In the Venn diagram, a rectangle is used to represent the universal set while circles are
used to represent subsets.
The following diagrams show that a set or two different sets are subset of the universal
set.

Set M is a subset of the universal set.

The disjoint sets N and P are subsets of the

Universal set.

The joint sets, N and P are subsets of the

Universal set.

Set P is a proper subset of N which is in turn a s

subset of the universal set.

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Set N is a proper subset of P which in turns

a subset of the universal set.

Example:
In a class of 20 boys,14 like Pepsi and 9 like Coke. If 5 like both, then
how many do not like any?
=20
Pepsi

Coke
5

Solution:
Since 5 boys like both drinks, the 9 or (14 - 5) like Pepsi only and 4 or (9
5) like Coke only. The sum of those who like either and both drinks is 9 +
4 + 5 = 18, which leaves 2 or (20 18) boys as having no preference for
the drinks.
Answer:
2 boys do not like any of the drinks.

Page

Name:____________________________

Date:______________________________

Instructor:_________________________
Activity No. ________________________
Circle the letter of the correct answer:
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
d.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
7.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Individual Objects in a set are called

Set
Element
List
None of the above
Group
e.
Set of vowels in English alphabet
contains elements
{ a, b, c, d, e, f}
{ a, e, i, o, u }
{p, q, r, s, t,}
{ l, m, n, o, p}
f.
Odd element in set{8, 1, 64, 75, 27}
8
1
27
75
g.
Set { x:x is an odd number between 10
and 18}
{11, 12, 13, 15, 17}
{12, 16, 15, 13}
{11, 13, 15, 17}
{12, 14, 16, 18}
h.
The cardinality of A= {5, 6, 3, 2, 3, 2} is
six
five
four
three
i.

2.
A group or collection of objects is called
Element
List
Set
If P= {a, b, c, d, e}, Q= {a, c, e, d, t} and
R = {t, d, c, b, e}, then the intersection
of P,Q and R is
a. {a, c}
b. {a, c, e}
c. {c, d}
d. {c, d, e}
j.
9. If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} andB = {3, 6,
9, 12, 15}, the intersection of A and B is
k.
a. {6, 12}
b. {2, 12}
c. {4, 9}
d. {8, 15}
l.
10. Set with no elements or zero cardinality
a. Subset
b. Union set
c. Null set
d. Equivalent set
m.
11. It is the set that the one element can be
enumerated or counted up to the last
elements
a. Finite set
b. Infinite set
c. Subset
d. Universal set
3.
a.
b.
c.
8.

n.
o.
Page

p.
q.

ANSWER KEY

r.
1) B (element)
2) C (set)
3) B ( {a, e, i, o, u} )
4) D (75)
5) C ( {11, 13, 15, 17} )
6) C (four)
7) B ( {a, c, e} )
8) A ( {6, 12} )
9) C ( null set)
10) A ( finite set)
s.
t.
u.
v.
w.
x.
y.
z.
aa.
ab.
ac.
ad.
ae.
af.
ag.
ah.
ai.
aj.
ak.
al. NUMBER SYSTEM
am.
an. Objectives:

classify numbers according to categories under the real number system.

visualize relationships among sets of numbers.
ao.
ap. Number System
aq. In our childhood years, we first learned how to count 1, 2, 3, and so on.
These numbers are called counting and natural numbers. One
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characteristics of the set of natural numbers is it is infinite. The first

element is 1 but the last element cannot be identified. Another
characteristics of the set of natural numbers Is the Successor Property, give
a natural number , the next one can always be determined.
ar.
as. Successor Property
at.
au.
av.

If x N, then x +1 is the succeeding

natural number

aw. Later on we realized that there is more to just the counting numbers-that
there is another number before 1 which is called zero. Together, zero and
the counting numbers compose another set of numbers called Whole
Numbers.
WZ
he
or
lo

ax.
e

N{
u0
m}
b
e
r
(

az.
ba.
bb.
bc.
bd.
be.
bf.
bg.

ay.
s

W
)

bh. DEFINITION of Whole Numbers

bi.
The Whole
Number are the cardinal number of finite sets; that is, the
bj.
numbers of elements in finite sets. If A= {1, 2, 3, ., m} then n(a)=m, and n
bk.
({})=0, where
n (A) denotes the cardinality of set A. The set of whole numbers
bl.
is written
bm.W= {0, 1, 2, 3, }.
As we went
into higher grade levels, we realized that we can actually subtract a bigger
number from a smaller one, which of course produces a negative
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difference. These negative numbers are less than zero, indicated by a

minus sign. Now we have a bigger set of numbers which includes the
whole numbers and the negative numbers. This set of numbers is called
integers.
NI
en
at
ve
Ig
te
gr
rs

The set of integers is

composed of the union
i
of the set of the whole
numbers and their
opposites.

g
t
e
n
e
e

bn.
bn.
bn.
bn.

(
)Z
)

bn.

bn.

bn.

bo.
bp.
bq.
br.
bs.
bt.
bu.
bv. DEFINITION of Integers
bw.
The positive
integers are the natural numbers. The negative integers are the
bx.
numbers
by. 1, -2, -3, , where s is defined by the equality
bz.
s + (-s ) = (-s ) + s = 0
ca.
cb.
The integers consist of the positive integers, the negative integers, and zero.
cc.
Another set of numbers is encountered during our elementary years, that is, the
cd.

set
of fractions. A fraction is expressed asa/b, where b 0. A rational number is a
ce. number that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers, the word
rational being derived from the word ratio. This definition tells that
every integer, whether positive, negative or zero, is s rational number
because, every integer is equal to itself divided by the integer 1, and
therefore can be expressed as a ratio of two integers: itself and 1.
cf. Moreover, based on the definition of rational number, common fractions
like, , 1/3, 3/5, are rational numbers , since the numerator and
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denominator of such numbers are clearly integers. Decimals like 0.4is

equal to 4/10 or 2/5 and 3.7 is equal to 3 7/10 or 37/10 Also, -2/3 is a
rational number because it is the ratio of the two integers, -2 and 3.
cg.
ch.

Examples of

integers are: -5, 1, 5, 8, 97, and 3,043.

ci.

Examples of

numbers that are not integers are: -1.43, 1 3/4, 3.14, .09, and 5,643.1.
cj.
ck. DEFINITION of Fraction

cl. is a part of a whole. It is expressed as a/b, where b0. The integer a

A fraction
cm.
is called the numerator of the fraction, and the integer b is called the
cn.
Lets take a look at the diagram of the rational numbers syst
denominator of the fraction.

NRC
eao
gtm
aom
ino
eaeann
Il
nN
eu
gm
eb
se
Zr
)s
R
)

t
r
(
(

co.
cp.
cq.
cr.

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cs.
ct.
cu.
cv.
cw.
cx.
cy.
cz. DEFINITION of Rational Number
da. number is a number that can be represented by a fraction a/b,
A Rational
where a db.
and b are integers, b0. Two rational numbers are equal if, and only if,
dc.
they candd.
be Here
represented
byimportant
equivalentfacts
fractions.
are some
about rational numbers:
de. Since division by 1 results to the given dividend, then every integer is a
rational number, because it can witten as itself divided by 1. For example,
the interger8 can be written as 8/1, the integer -2 can be written as -2/1,
and the integer 1 can be written as 1/1.
df. The restriction b 0 is a necessary one. By definition of division, a/b=c,
provided that c is a number for which a=b x 0. If a= 0, then c may beany
number whatsoever, no unique quotient is defined. The only way to avoid
this unpleasant situation is to exclude division by zero.
dg.
dh. Example of Rational number:

5
2

You can express 5 as 5/1(which is the quotient of the integer 5 and 1)

You can express 2 as 2/1(which is the quotient of the integer 2 and 1)

9 is rational because you can simplify the square root to 3 which is the

quotient of the integer 3 and 1)

.11 (All repeating decimals are rational)
.9 (is rational because it can be expressed as 9/10.All terminating decimals are

also rational numbers)

.73 (is rational because it can be expressed as 73/100)
1.5 (is rational because it can be expressed as 3/2)
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di.
dj. DEFINITION of Irrational Number
dk. number is a real number that cannot be expressed as the quotient of
An irrational
two integers. It is a number named by a nonterminating, nonrepeating decimal
numeral.dl.
dm.

The set of irrational numbers, together with the set of irrational

numbers, comprise the entire set of real number, as shown in our

completed diagram. The word real, when applied to numbers, is used to
distinguish these numbers from those called imaginary in the final
extension of the number system of complex numbers.
dn.

RCI
eoa
amo
lm
a
No
N
un
m
mF
e
br
e(c
r)i
sn
(s
R
)

r
t

i
n

l
u

b
s

r
Q

'

Page

do. Let us represent some real numbers graphically using the number line.
dp.
dq. Rationalirrational dr.
-< >
+
ds.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
dt.
du. The rational is represented on this scale by a point halfway between 0
and 1 while -1.5 is located between -1 and -2. Where can be found?
dv. Example of irrational is because pi is equal to 3.141592654
dw.
dx.
dy.
dz.
ea.
eb. Name:_________________

ed. Date:__________________

___________

____________

ec. Instructor:_____________
____________
ee. Activity

No.

ef.

_______________________

eg.

_
eh. Test A: Arrange the following numbers from lowest to greatest
1. -20,10,0,1/2,3.5
2. 11, ,8,-16,215

A. 0,1/2 ,3.5,10,-20 B. ,0,-20,3.5,10

C.-20,0,1/2,3.5,10

,A. -16,
,8,11,215 B.
,8,11,-16,215 C.

16,8,11,215
3. 64 , ,0,-8,19

A. -8,0, ,

C. 0, ,-8,19,
4. -9.5,6,1/4,20,0

64 ,19

B.

64 ,0,-8,19

64

A.0,1/4,6,-9.5,20

B.-9.5,1/4,0,6,20

Page

C. -9.5,0,1/4,6,20

5. 2,3.75,16, ,-1

A. 2 ,3.75,16, ,-1

B. 3.75,2 , 16,-1,

C. -1,2

, ,3.75,16
ei.
ej.
Test B: Identify the following if its rational, irrational, integers.
1. -10
A. Rational
B. Irrational
2. 22/7
A. Rational
B. Irrational
3. 121
A. Rational
B. Irrational
Integers
4. 84

A. Rational

Integers
5. -6

A. Rational

B. Irrational
B. Irrational

ek.
el.
em.
en.
eo.
ep.
eq.
er.
es.
et.
eu.
ev.
ew.
ex. ANSWER KEY
ey.
ez.

Test A:

1. C. -20,0,1/2,3.5,10
2. A. -16, ,8,11,215
3. A. -8,0, ,

64 ,19

4. C. -9.5,0,1/4,6,20
5. C. -1,2 , , 3.75,16
fa.
fb. Test B:
1.
2.
3.
4.

C. Integers
B. Irrational
A. Rational
B. Irrational
Page

C. Integers
C. Integers
C.

C.
C. Integers

5. C. Integers
fc.
fd.
fe.
ff.
fg.
fh.
fi.
fj.
fk.
fl.
fm.
fn.
fo.
fp.
fq.
fr.
fs. NUMBER THEORY
ft.
fu. Objectives:

to identify prime and composite numbers

to tell if the number is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
to find the greatest common factor and least common multiple as of a set of

numbers using various methods.

to solve word problems involving, GCF and LCM.
fv.
fw. Number Theory
fx.

Number theory is usually considered as part of pure mathematics,

that is, mathematics studies for its own sake with no thought that it might
be, or even could be applied to real-world problems. Who would have you
guessed that the notions of primality and factoring would turn out to
provide the basis for a simple and remarkably secure method of sending
messages in code. The idea is to determine two 100-digits primes, p and q,

and to publish product pq for all to see.

fy.
How do we know if a number divides another or if is divisible by
one another? How do we find the greatest number that divides a set of
numbers or the least number that can be exactly divided by a set of
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numbers? All these questions and more can be answered in this lesson on
Number Theory.
fz.
ga. Primes, Composite Numbers and Units
gb.

A natural number that possesses exactly two different factors, itself

and 1, is called a prime number. A natural number that possesses more than two
factors is called composite number. The 1 is called unit, its neither prime nor
composite.
gc. Example 1: Is the number 2

gg. Example 2: Is the number 9

prime or composite?

prime or composite?

gd. Solution: The factors of 2

gh. Solution: The factors of 9

are 1 x 2

are 1 x 9, 3 x 3

ge. 2 is prime

gi. 9 is composite

gf.
gk.

gj.

gl. THEOREM 1-3.1 Simple Product Form of the Fundamental Theorem

of Arithmetic
gm.

Every natural number greater than q is a prime or can be expressed

as a product of primes in one and only one way apart from other.
gn. If a number is composite, then it can be expressed as a product of its prime
factors. Lets take 48 as example.
48 = 2 2 2 2 3
gp.
22233
gq.
2 2 3All
2these
3 will always equal to 24 3, which
gr.
23223
gs.
2 3 2proves
2 3 the theorem that every composite number
can be expressed as a product of primes in one
gt. Exampl
gx. Exampl
hb. one.
Ex
hd. E
and
only one way apart from
go.

e 1: 98
gu. 98

is

e 2: 987
gy. 987

is

am

ple

NOT

NOT

3:

Prime.

Prime.

pl

gv. But it is

gz. But it is

made

made

up

of

up

of
Page

hc. Ye

s!

4:

these

these

is

primes:

primes:

Pri

me

gw.2 7
7

ha. 3 7
47

he. Y
e
s!
9
9
7
3
is
P
ri
m
e.

hf.
hg. THEOREM 1-3.2 Test for Divisibility by 4, 8, and Other Powers of 2
hh.

Let n be a natural number. Then 4 divides n if, and only if, 4

divides the number name by last two digits of n. Similarly, 8 divides n if,
and only if, 8 divides the number name by the three digits of n. In general,
2r

divides n if, and only if,

2r

divides the number named by the last

r digits of n.
hi.
By this theorem, 5, 1041 then is divisible by 2 since the last digit is
1
4, which is divisible by 2 or 2 . It is also divisible by 4 since the last two digits

is 04, from a number which is divisible by 4 or

22 . Furthermore, the last three

digits, 104, from a number which gives a remainder of 0 when divided by 8 or

23 . We can tell, then if a number is divisible by 2 if the last n digits of the
number are divisible by the corresponding nth power of 2.

Page

hj. Example 1: 456,791,824

hm.

hk. For this rule, we will look at

the

last

two

Example

2:

456,791,824

digits:

hn. For this rule, we will look

456,791,824. Does 4 divide

at the last three digits of

evenly into 24? Yes. That

the number: 456,791,824.

means that 4 will also divide

Does 8 divide evenly into

evenly into 456,791,824 and

824? YES, 8 goes into 824,

there will be no remainder.

103 times without anything

hl.

left over. So this number is

divisible by 8.

ho.
hp. THEOREM 1-3.3 Test for Divisibility by 3 and 9
hq.

A natural number is divisible by 3, if and only if, the sum of its

digits is divisible by 3. Similarly, a natural number is divisible by 9, if and
only if, the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. A number is divisible by 9 if
the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.

hr. Exam

ht. Exa

ple 1:

mpl

ple 3:

mpl

85203

e 2:

51984

e 4:

hs. 85203

111

hw.51984

is

hv. Exam

hu. 111

is

hx. Exa

18
hy. 18

divisi

is

divisib

is

ble by

divi

le by 9

divi

sibl

becaus

sibl

becau

e by

e by

se the

sum of

sum

bec

its

bec

of its

aus

digits

aus

digits

(5+ 1

(8 + 5

the

+ 9 +

the

+ 2 +

sum

8 + 4

sum

Page

the

0 + 3

of

= 27)

of

= 18)

its

is

its

is

digi

divisib

digi

divisi

ts

le

ts

ble by

(1+

9.

3.

1 +

5 +

1 =

2 +

3)

0 +

is

3 =

divi

18)

sibl

is

e by

divi

3.

sibl

by

(8 +

e by
3.
hz.
ia.
ib. THEOREM 1-3.4 Divisibility by 2 and 5
ic. Rule: If it ends with a 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8
id. 178?
ie. Nu
mb
er

if. Divisib
le?

ig. Why?

ih. 45
6

ii. Yes

ij. The last digit is 6

ik. 68

il. Yes

im. The last digit is 8

in. 25

io. No

ip. The last digit is 5 (not a

2,4,6,or 8)

iq. 20
7

ir. No

is. The last digit is 7 (not a

2,4,6,or 8)

Page

it.

Let n be a natural number. Then n is divisible by2 if, and only if, it

is even, that is, its unit digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. Similarly, n is divisible by 5 if, and
only if, its unit digits is 0 or 5.
iu. Rule: If it ends with a 5 or a 0
iv. 655?
iw. Nu
mb
er

ix. Divisibl
e?

iy. Why?

iz. 3,4
25

ja. Yes

jb. The last digit is 5

jc. 750

jd. Yes

je. The last digit is 0

jf. 8,5
51

jg. No

jh. The last digit is 1 (not a

0 or a 5)

ji. 394

jj. No

jk. The last digit is 4 (not a

0 or a 5)

jl. THEOREM 1-3.5 Divisibility by Products

jm.

Let a and b natural numbers with no common factor more than 1.

jn.

Then, if a divides c and b divides c, it follows that ab and c.

These theorem states that if a number is divisible by both of its two
factors which relatively a prime, that is, their only common factor is 1,

then it is divisible by the product of these factors.

jo.
jp. THEOREM 1-3.6 Divisibility by 10
jq.
Let n be a natural number. By the divisibility product theorem n is
divisible 10 if, and only if, 2 and 5 divide n, that is, if, and only, the unit
digits n is 0.
jr. Example 1: 23,890

jt. Example 2: 456,791,820

js. Take a look at the last digit:

ju. Take a look at the last

23,890. The last digit is a 0.

digit: 456,791,820

So this number is even and

jv. . The last digit is a 0. So

divisible by 5. That means

this number is even and

that it is also divisible by

divisible by 5. That means

10.

that it is also divisible by

Page

10.
jw.
jx. THEOREM 1-3.7 Divisibility by 12
jy.

Let n be a natural number. n must be divisible by 12 if, and only if

3 and 4 divide n.
jz. Example :
ka. ii) 23988
kb. i) 9012
kc. a) rule of divisible by 3,
kd. sum of the digits, 9 + 0 + 1 + 2 = 12/3 = 4
ke. b) rule of divisible by 4,
kf. last two digits = 12/4 = 3
kg.
kh. ii) 23988
ki. a) rule of divisible by 3,
kj. sum of the digits, 2 + 3 + 9 + 8 + 8 = 30/3 = 10
kk. b) rule of divisible by 4,
kl. last two digits = 88/4 = 22
km.

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