Production of Phenol

MANUFACTURE OF PHENOL
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA
Page 1
Phenol is an aromatic compound with an OH group bonded to the phenyl ring with
chemical formula C6H5OH. Phenol is used in the production of disinfectants, dyes,
pharmaceuticals, plastics, germicides, preservatives, synthetic resins, antiseptic, detergents
and drugs.
Molecular structure:
Simple phenol is an antiseptic. A phenolic compound hexachlorophene is a constituent

of several mouthwashes, deodorant soaps and medicinal skin cleansers. The largest single use
of phenol is to make plastics, but it also is used to make caprolactam (used to make nylon 6
and other man-made fibers) and bisphenol A (used to make epoxy and other resins). It is also
used as a slimicide (a chemical that kills bacteria and fungi found in watery slimes), as a
disinfectant, and in medical products. It also commonly employed as an anti-pruritic and also
as a preservative for injections.
The history of phenol goes back 1834 when it was first isolated from coal
tar and named carbolic acid. Until the advent of synthetic phenol production, just
before World War I, coal tar remained the only source of phenol. The first synthetic phenol
was produced by sulfonation of benzene and hydrolysis of the sulfonate.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Page 2
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Phenol is a caustic, poisonous, white crystalline solid at room temperature. The
molecular weight and density of phenol are 94.11g/mole and 1.07g/cm 3 respectively. Phenol
is soluble in water is due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds with water.
PROPERTY
VALUE
Molecular formula
C6H6O
CAS number
108-95-2
Molecular weight
94.11 g/mole
Other names
Carbolic acid, Hydroxy benzene, Phenic acid,

Oxybenzene, Phenyl benzene, Benzenol
Structure
Melting point
40.5 C, 314 K
Boiling point
181.7 C, 455 K
Density
1.07 g/cm
Solubility in water
8.3g/100ml
Triple point(Ttp)
314.06 K
Critical temperature(Tc)
692.4 K
Flash point (closed cup)
358.15 K
PROPERTY
VALUE
Ignition temperature
988.15 K
Upper flammable limit
8.6% in air
Lower flammable limit
1.7% in air
Page 3
Heat of vaporization
45.606 KJ/mol
Heat capacity
33.91 KJ/mol
Heat of formation of solid
-165.1 KJ/mol
Heat of formation of gas
-96.44 KJ/mol
Heat of combustion
-3067 KJ/mol
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
(a) REACTION WITH FeCl3 :
Phenol gives violet coloration with ferric chloride
solution (neutral) due to the formation of a colored iron complex, which is a
characteristic to the existence of keto-enol tautomerism in phenols (predominantly
enolic form).
This is the test of phenol.

(b) ETHER FORMATION:
Phenol reacts with alkyl halides in alkali solution to form phenylethers
(Williamsons synthesis). The phenoxide ion is a nucleophile and will
replace
halogenation of alkyl halide.

C6H5OH + NaOH
C6H5ONa + H2O
Page 4
C6H5ONa + ClCH3
C6H5OK + IC2H5
C6H5OCH3 + NaOH
C6H5OC2H5 + KI
(c) Ethers are also formed when vapours of phenol and an alcohol are heated over
thoria (ThO2).
ThO2
C6H5OH + HOCH3
C6H5 - O - CH3
Methoxy benzene
(d) REACTION WITH PCl5:

Phenol reacts with PCl5 to form chlorobenzene. The yield of chlorobenzene is
poor and mainly triphenyl phosphate is formed.
C6H5OH + PCI5
C6H5CI + POCI3 + HCI
3C6H5OH + POCI3
(C6H5)3 PO4 +3HCl
(e)REACTION WITH ZINC DUST:

When phenol is distilled with zinc dust, benzene is obtained.
C6H5OH + Zn
C6H6 + ZnO
(F)REACTION WITH AMMONIA:

Phenol reacts with ammonia in presence of anhydrous zinc chloride at
300C or ( NH4 )2 SO3 / NH3 at 150C to form aniline. This conversion of
phenol into aniline is called Bucherer reaction.
Page 5
Zncl2
C6H5OH + NH3
C6H5NH2 + H2O
300o C
(g) ACTION OF P2S5:

By heating phenol with phosphorus penta sulphide, thiophenols are
formed.
5C6H5OH + P2S5
5C6H5SH + P2O5
Page 6
LITERATURE SURVEY
LITERATURE SURVEY
Page 7
COMMERCIAL PROCESSES:
1. Raschig process
2. Toluene two stage oxidation process
3. Sulfonation process
4. Cumene peroxidation process
RASCHIG PROCESS:
This process was developed in Germany in 1940. Benzene is first converted into
Chlorobenzene by passing a mixture of benzene vapour, hydrochloric acid vapour and air
under normal pressure at about 23c in presence of a copper iron catalyst, supported on
alumina. The reaction is exothermic in nature and so the temperature is maintained constant
by external cooling. The conversion per pass is 10%.
The Chlorobenzene after separation from unchanged reactants is hydrolyzed into
phenol by heating with steam at about 400-500c in presence of silica catalyst. The
conversion is again about 10% per pass in this second step. Hydrogen chloride set free in the
reaction is recovered and recycled. Crude phenol (97%) obtained according to the above
reaction is purified by distillation under vacuum. The yield is about 75-85% on benzene. A
small amount of HCl is sufficient to convert large amounts of benzene into phenol.
TOLUENE TWO STAGE OXIDATION PROCESS:

Toluene in liquid phase is oxidized with air in a reactor under 40-70 psi in presence of
a soluble cobalt catalyst maintained at 150C. Benzoic acid and water are thus formed. The
reaction is exothermic and temperature is maintained by external cooling. The crude molten
benzoic acid at about 150-200C is transferred from the reactor to distillation column, where
separation of benzoic acid from un reacted toluene and produced water take place . The
toluene is separated and recycled to the first oxidizing reactor. The pure benzoic acid is fed to
a second reactor, where it is oxidized to phenol by air and steam under 20-25 psi at 230C in
presence of cupric benzoate catalyst promoted with manganese.
The reaction mass is periodically withdrawn from the second reactor into an extractor,
where it is washed with water to remove unwanted tars and benzoic acid and steam are
returned to second reactor. The phenol, water and unreacted benzoic acid are conducted
Page 8
overhead to two distillation columns in series. In the first column, crude phenol is separated
from overhead and unreacted benzoic acid is recycled to the second oxidizing reactor. Pure
form phenol is obtained at the second distillation column as overhead product
and supply's aromatics compounds and benzoic acid as a feed to crude phenol rectification
column. The yield of phenol on benzoic acid is about 75- 80%.
SULFONATION PROCESS:
It is one of the oldest methods of manufacture of phenol. Benzene sulphonic acid is
first prepared by passing vapour of benzene into concentrated sulphuric acid is about 150170C.The water formed during sulphonation process is distilled out because sulfuric acid
gets diluted and conditions accelerates backward reaction of the process. Benzene sulphonic
acid should be neutralized by reacting it with aqueous sodium sulphite to form salt of
benzene sulphonic acid. The sodium salt is filtered off and then fused with caustic in a cast
iron vessel at about 340-380C in the ratio (1:3) for about 5-6 hours. As a result, sodium
phenate is formed. The melt is cooled, extracted with water and then acidified with sulphur
dioxide. The latter is obtained as a result of neutralization of benzene sulphonic acid with
sodium sulphite. The upper oily layer of crude phenol is distilled under vacuum to get pure
phenol. The yield is about 80-90% on benzene. The lower layer contains sodium sulphite
which is separated and used for the neutralization of benzene sulphonic acid.
CUMENE PEROXIDATION PROCESS:

Benzene and purified propylene obtained from petroleum industry are mixed in liquid
or vapour phase in presence of phosphoric acid on kieselguhr. As a result, Cumene or iso
propyl benzene is formed. The Cumene thus formed is made in to the form of an emulsion
with dilute aqueous sodium carbonate solution, using sodium stearate as an emulsifier. The
emulsion is then oxidized in an oxidizer with air under atmospheric pressure for 3 4 hours
in presence of catalyst, such as copper, cobalt or manganese salt. The temperature and Ph of
the reaction are maintained between 160-260C and 8.5-10.5 respectively. As a result of
oxidation, Cumene hydro peroxide is formed. The peroxide thus formed is then decomposed
by 5-50%sulphuric acid in an acidifier at 45-65C under pressure. As a result of
Page 9
decomposition, phenol (15%), acetone (9%), Cumene (73%) are formed along with some methylstyrene and acetophenone. These separated in a separator. The Cumene is recycled to
be used again and phenol is either extracted or recovered by distillation. The yield is about
92%.
SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF PHENOL

DEMAND OF PHENOL:
Page 10
The phenol/acetone capacity expansion in the world has been brisk in recent years due
to the strong demand for its derivatives such as Bisphenol A and phenolic resins. The largest
single market for phenol is in the production of Bisphenol A (BPA), which is manufactured
from phenol and acetone. About 40% of BPA is made up from phenol. World consumption of
phenol for BPA is estimated to grow at a good average annual rate during 20092014.
Increased demand and capacity for BPA will result in strong demand for phenol in these
regions. Bisphenol A of Asian demand is expected to increase by 13% this year. The secondlargest derivative market for phenol is phenol resins which are used in the moulding of heatresistant components for household appliances, counter-top and flooring laminates, and
foundry castings. From ICIS news, the global phenol market has been growing at an average
of 5% per year and total demand will recover from 7.9M tonnes in 2009 to reach 10.6M
tonnes by 2015. The phenol markets look especially promising in China since 2000.
SUPPLY OF PHENOL:
Shell, Sunoco, Georgia Gulf, Dow, JLM and INEOS are the major producer in United
State. Shell Chemical LP have a facility that is fully integrated from raw materials to end
products gives Shell Chemical LP a significant advantage in operating as a low cost producer
of phenol. However, INEOS Chemical is the world largest phenol producer. INEOS Chemical
produce 540 kilo tonne per year to USA and 1330 kilo tonne per year to Europe while Sunoco
produces over 590,000 TPA of phenol in its facility in Philadelphia, Penn, USA. Sunoco/UOP
phenol technology is currently used in 11 plants worldwide having a total phenol capacity of
more than 1,500,000 TPA. The capacity of phenol in China still cannot meet the demand thus
many enterprises are plan to expand or construct the new units.
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PROCESS DESCRIPTION
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
In this production process, purified Cumene is used as raw material input and is
mixed with recycle Cumene in the main feed stream. It is feed to the oxidation vessel which
Page 12
the condition is maintained at 110-115 C and pH range of 6.0 to 8.0. In the vessel, the
mixture from the feed is exposed to compressed air until Cumene has converted into Cumene
Hydroperoxide. This is the stoichiometry equation of the reaction.
C6H5CH (CH3)2 + O2
C6H5C (CH3)2OOH
Here in this reactor a side reaction also takes place. Cumene reacts with oxygen to
produce acetophenone and methylstyrene along with methane gas. The reaction involved is
2C6H5CH (CH3)2 + 1/2O2
C6H5CC2H5 + C6H5COCH3+ CH4
The crude mixture from the oxidizer is concentrated before entering the reactor where
the Cumene Hydroperoxide is cleavage to phenol and acetone. The reaction is carried out in
mild temperature and pressure around 70 C and atmospheric pressure. Small amount of
sulphuric acid is added to the reactor as the reaction takes place. Here sulphuric acid acts as
catalyst. The reaction that takes place in this reactor is
C6H5C (CH3)2OOH
C6H5OH + CH3COCH3
Then the produced products are sent to the separator. In the separator all the gases are
allowed to outlet.
Now the entire crude is sent through a series of distillation columns. In the first
distillation column acetone is removed as the top. For this the distillation column is
maintained at the temperature of 100 C and normal atmospheric pressure. Then acetone is
obtained as a by-product from the top. Then the bottom product is sent to next distillation
column.
Page 13
The second distillation column is maintained at the temperature of 160 C and a
normal atmospheric pressure. Here 95% of Cumene is separated as top product. Here
separated Cumene may be used as recycle. Then the remaining crude is sent to next
distillation column.
Third distillation column is used to separate methylstyrene. Here the temperature is
maintained at 175C and normal atmospheric pressure is maintained. Here 95% of methyl
styrene is removed as top along with traces of left out Cumene. Then the remaining crude is
sent to next distillation column.
In the fourth distillation column phenol and acetophenone are separated. Here, in this
distillation column the temperature is maintained at 190C and a pressure of normal
atmospheric pressure is maintained. Here all the phenol is separated as top and acetophenone
is removed from the bottom. Then the removed phenol is sent to crystallizer to form crystal
form of phenol which is 99% pure is obtained.
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PROCESS
FLOW DIAGRAM
FLOW DIAGRAM
Page 15
B1=OXIDISER, B2= CLEAVAGE TANK, B3= SEPERATOR, B4= DISTILLATION

H2SO4
B4
GASES
CUMENE
B1
B8
ACETONE
B3
11
AIR
8
5
METSTY
CUMENE1
14
17
B10
B5
B9
B11
PHENOL
16
15
ACETOPHE
COLUMN I, B5= DISTILLATION COLUMN II, B9= DISTILLATION COLUMN III, B10=
DISTILLATION COLUMN IV, B11= CRYSTALLIZER.
Page 16
MATERIAL BALANCES
MATERIAL BALANCE
Page 17
BASIS: 100 TPD OF PHENOL
Here we have a yield of 90% and conversion is 60%.
From the reactions all the stoichiometric coefficients are same. So in order to produce
one mole of phenol one mole of cumene and one mole of air are required if the conversion is
100%. But here conversion is only 60%. So in order to produce 100 tons i.e. 1063 kmol of
phenol we need 1968.52 kmol of cumene. Out of which 90% converted to phenol and
remaining will be converted as by-products methylstyrene and acetophenone.
Here we are taking 50% excess air for better reactivity. We are also considering air
contains only oxygen and nitrogen in the ratio 21:79 respectively. So the feed for the process
is 1968.52 kmol of cumene, 2952.78 kmol of oxygen and 11108.07714 kmol of nitrogen.
OXIDISER:
INPUT
COMPONENT
CUMENE
BAPATLA ENGINEERINGOXYGEN
COLLEGE, BAPATLA
NITROGEN
TOTAL
WEIGHT(kgs)
236222.44
94488.96
311026.1599
641737.5599
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OUTPUT
CLEAVAGE
INPUT
COMPONENT
WEIGHT(kgs)
NITROGEN
311026.1599
CUMENE
HYDROPEROXIDE
161576
CUMENE
94488.96
OXYGEN
59528.0704
METHYLSTYRENE
6968.5608
ACETOPHENONE
7086.672
METHANE
944.8896
HYDROGEN
118.1112
TOTAL
641737.424
COMPONENT
WEIGHT(kgs)
NITROGEN
311026.1599
CUMENE
HYDROPEROXIDE
161576
CUMENE
94488.96
OXYGEN
59528.0704
METHYLSTYRENE
6968.5608
ACETOPHENONE
7086.672
METHANE
944.8896
BAPATLA ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, BAPATLA
HYDROGEN
TOTAL
118.1112
641737.424
TANK:
Page 19
OUTPUT
COMPONENT
WEIGHT(kgs)
NITROGEN
311026.1599
CUMENE
94488.96
OXYGEN
59528.0704
METHYLSTYRENE
6968.5608
ACETOPHENONE
7086.672
METHANE
944.8896
HYDROGEN
118.1112
PHENOL
99922
ACETONE
61654
TOTAL
641737.424
SEPERATOR:
INPUT
Page 20
COMPONENT
WEIGHT(kgs)
NITROGEN
311026.1599
CUMENE
94488.96
OXYGEN
59528.0704
METHYLSTYRENE
6968.5608
ACETOPHENONE
7086.672
METHANE
944.8896
HYDROGEN
118.1112
PHENOL
99922
ACETONE
61654
TOTAL
641737.424
OUTPUT
COMPONENT
TOP(kgs)
BOTTOM (kgs)
NITROGEN
311026.1599
---
CUMENE
---
94488.96
OXYGEN
59528.0704
---
METHYLSTYRENE
---
6968.5608
ACETOPHENONE
---
7086.672
METHANE
944.8896
---
HYDROGEN
118.1112
---
PHENOL
---
99922
ACETONE
---
61654
TOTAL
371671.2311
641737.424
DISTILLATION COLUMN I
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INPUT
COMPONENT
WEIGHT(kgs)
CUMENE
94488.96
METHYLSTYRENE
6968.5608
ACETOPHENONE
7086.672
PHENOL
99922
ACETONE
61654
TOTAL
270120.1928
OUTPUT
COMPONENT
TOP(kgs)
BOTTOM (kgs)
ACETONE
61654
---
CUMENE
---
94488.96
METHYLSTYRENE
---
6968.5608
ACETOPHENONE
---
7086.672
PHENOL
---
99922
TOTAL
61654
208466.2
DISTILLATION COLUMN II
Page 22
INPUT
COMPONENT
WEIGHT(kgs)
CUMENE
94488.96
METHYLSTYRENE
6968.5608
ACETOPHENONE
7086.672
PHENOL
99922
TOTAL
208466.2
OUTPUT
COMPONENT
TOP(kgs)
BOTTOM (kgs)
CUMENE
89764.512
4724.448
METHYLSTYRENE
---
6968.5608
ACETOPHENONE
---
7086.672
PHENOL
---
99922
TOTAL
89764.512
118701.688
DISTILLATION COLUMN III
Page 23
INPUT
COMPONENT
WEIGHT(kgs)
CUMENE
4724.448
METHYLSTYRENE
6968.5608
ACETOPHENONE
7086.672
PHENOL
99922
TOTAL
118701.688
OUTPUT
COMPONENT
TOP(kgs)
BOTTOM (kgs)
CUMENE
4724.448
---
METHYLSTYRENE
6620.13276
348.4
ACETOPHENONE
---
7086.672
PHENOL
---
99922
TOTAL
11344.58
107357.072
DISTILLATION COLIMN 1V
Page 24
INPUT
COMPONENT
WEIGHT(kgs)
METHYLSTYRENE
348.4
ACETOPHENONE
7086.672
PHENOL
99922
TOTAL
107357.072
OUTPUT
COMPONENT
TOP(kgs)
BOTTOM (kgs)
METHYLSTYRENE
348.4
---
ACETOPHENONE
---
7086.672
PHENOL
99922
---
TOTAL
100270.4
7086.672
CRYSTALLIZER
OUTPUT(kgs)
TOP
BOTTOM
COMPONENT
INPUT (kgs)
METHYLSTYRENE
348.4
348.4
---
PHENOL
99922
---
99922
TOTAL
100270.4
348.4
99922
Page 25
ENERGY BALANCE
ENERGY BALANCE
Page 26
Heat capacities of the compound are calculated by GROUP CONTRIBUTION METHOD.

By Group Contribution Method Cp values of the compound are calculated by following
procedure:
Cp = R (A+B*T/100+D*(T/100))
Where R is the gas constant and T is temperature in K. Parameters A, B, and D are obtained
from
A = niai, B = nibi, D = nidi
Where ni is the number of groups of type i, k is the total number of different kinds
Of groups, and the parameters ai, bi, ci are listed.
Hydrocarbon Groups
=C(H,C)
=C(2C)
=C(2H)
C(3H,C)
CO(2C)
ai
4.0749
1.9570
4.1763
3.8452
5.43750
bi
-1.0735
-0.31938
-0.47392
-0.33997
0.72091
di
0.21413
0.11911
0.099928
0.19489
-0.18312
Cp values of compounds are

Cumene
= (139.2
10-3) + (53.76 10-5) T + (-39.79 10-8) T2 + (120.5
10-12) T3
Oxygen
= (29.1
10-3) + (1.158 10-5) T + (-0.6076 10-8) T2 + (1.311
10-12) T3
Cumene peroxide = (1.345 105) + (3.806 102) T
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Methyl styrene = 268.625 -0.567T + (1.33 10-3) T2
Acetophenone = 262.84 -0.44113T + (9.989 10-4) T2
Phenol = (187.858) - (0.565) T + (1.468 10-3) T2
Acetone = (187.858) - (0.565) T + (1.468 10-3) T2
Heats of formation of compounds are

Methane = -74.856 KJ/mol
Cumene peroxide = -149.6 KJ/mol
Cumene = -41.1 KJ/mol
Acetone = -249.4 KJ/mol
Phenol = 158.16 KJ/mol
Methylstyrene = 80 KJ/mol
Acetophenone = -142.5 KJ/mol
Latent heats of vaporization of compounds are

2
Phenol = 3.0 10 KJ/Kg
Acetone = 5.11 10
KJ/Kg
2
Acetophenone = 3.5 10
Cumene = 3.12 10
KJ/Kg
KJ/Kg
Page 28
2
Methylstyrene = 3.26 10 KJ/Kg
OXIDISER:
Reference temperature: 25C
Reactor temperature:
110C
Enthalpy of inlet + Heat of reaction = enthalpy of outlet + heat added (or) evolved
Enthalpy associated with inlet =
CpT
=55105.85 KJ/day
Enthalpy associated with outlet =
CpT
= 24886763 KJ/day
Heat of reaction = heat of formation of products heat of formation of reactants
Heat of reaction = -114172.078 KJ/mol
So, heat evolved from the reactor = 2547742 KJ/day
CLEAVAGE:
Reference temperature: 25C
Reactor temperature:
70C
Enthalpy of inlet + Heat of reaction = enthalpy of outlet + heat added (or) evolved
Enthalpy associated with inlet =
CpT
=22288834 KJ/day
Page 29
Enthalpy associated with outlet =
CpT
= 24396697.87 KJ/day
Heat of reaction = heat of formation of products heat of formation of reactants
Heat of reaction = 62036.78 KJ/mol
So, heat evolved from the reactor = 2045826.31 KJ/day
DISTILLATION COLUMN I
Reference temperature = 25C
Entering stream temperature =700C
Leaving stream top product temperature =550C

Bottom product temperature =1100C
Energy Balance Equation:

Enthalpy of feed + reboiler feed = enthalpy of bottom + enthalpy of top + condenser
load
Condenser is used to cool vapours coming out of distillation column.

Condenser load = m
Here , is latent heat of vaporization
Balance heat = 31788.7 KJ/day
Therefore reboiler load = 23.7*10^5KJ/day
Page 30
DISTILLATION COLUMN II

load

Condenser load = m
Therefore reboiler load = 19.8545*10^5KJ/day
DISTILLATION COLUMN III


Page 31
load

Condenser load = m
Therefore reboiler load = 28.7*10^5/day
DISTILLATION COLUMN IV

load
Condenser load = m
Balance heat = 21654.987KJ/day
Therefore reboiler load = 24.7*10^5/day
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CRYSTALLIZER:
Phenol crystallizes at 40.5C. Phenol comes out from the distillation column at 120C.
Feed rate of phenol = 99922 Kg/day
Enthalpy to be removed =
CpT = 24.9 103 KJ/day
DESIGN OF
DISTILLATION COLUMN
Page 33
DESIGN OF DISTILLATION COLUMN

Total number of stages = 14
Assume the tray spacing (Lt) = 0.5m
The top section allowance in distillation column = 0.5m
The top section allowance in distillation column = 0.5m
The total height of column = 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 12
=7m
Distillate rate D = 99922 Kg/day
Bottom rate B = 7086.672 Kg/day
R=
L
D
=2
L = 2 D = 2 99922 = 199844 Kg/day

V =L + D = 199844 + 99922 = 299766 Kg/day
Vapour flow rate is constant throughout the column
BASED ON TOP CONDITIONS:
Column diameter (De) =
4Vw
v U v
Maximum vapour velocity, (Uv) = (-0.171 Lt2 + 0.27 Lt 0.047)
l v
v
Here, l = 1070 Kg/m3

v = 3.892 Kg/m3
Page 34
Then, Uv = (-0.171 0.52 + 0.27 0.5 0.047)
10703.892
v 3.892
= 0.7849 m/s
(De) =
4 299766
3.892 0.7849 24 3600
= 1.2025m
Consider safety factor = 1.3

So Dc = 1.3 1.2025
= 1.56325 m
PLATE DESIGN:
Cross sectional area of column, (Ac) = 4

Dc2
1.563252
4
= 1.9193 m2
Down comer area Ad = 12 % of Ac = 0.12 1.9193
= 0.2303 m2
Net area An = Ac - Ad = 1.9193 0.2303
= 1.698 m2
Hole area Ah = 10% of net area = 0.1 An
= 0.1689 m2
WEIR LENGTH (Wl):
Page 35
Fig 11.31, Coulson & Richardson, (6th vol)
Ad
From graph ( A c
Lw
100 vs (
Dc
0.2303
= ( 1.9193
Corresponding, (
100 = 12
Lw
= 0.74
Dc
So, Lw = 0.74 1.56325 = 1.1568m
Assume parameters
Weir height (hw) = 50mm
Hole diameter (dh) = 5mm
Plate thickness (pt) = 5mm
CHORD LENGTH (Lh):

Lh
Lw
From plot ( D c
vs ( D c
Lw
We have ( D c
Fig 11.31, Coulson & Richardson, (6th vol)
= 0.74
Lh
Corresponding ( D c = 0.18
Therefore Lh = 0.18 1.56325
= 0.281m
Page 36
HOLE PITCH:
Hole pitch (distance between the hole centres) L p should not be less than 2.0 hole
diameter, and the normal range will be 2.5 to 4.0 diameter.
Consider,
Hole pitch (Lp) = 3 hole diameter
=3 5
=15 mm
Consider the holes are in equilateral triangle pattern.
Then,
Ah
Ap
[ ]
dh
0.9
=
Lp
Ap = perforated area =
[ ]
5
= 0.9 15
Ah
0.1
= 0.1
0.1689
0.1
1.689 m2
FLOODING VELOCITY:
Ut = K1
v v
v
Here, K1 is constant from K1 vs FLV
Page 37
Here, FLV is liquid vapour flow rate =
Lw v
V w l
1.1658 3.892
299760 1070
=0.0707
From graph, K1 = 0.15
Then, Uf = 2.104 m/s
Height of the bottom edge of apron above the plate,
hap=hw
(5 to 10 mm)
The height is normally set at 5 to 10 mm below the outlet of the weir height, take it as
7mm.
Then,
hap=hw
(8 mm)
= 42 mm
PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS:

Bottom densities
l = 1030 Kg/m3 , v = 4.1 Kg/m3
Residual drop = hr =
12.5 10 3
l
Liquid weir height, how = 750
Lw =
= 12.1359mm
[ ]
Lw
lw . L
Liquid feed rate below feed plate
= L+F=72719.6694 Kg/hr = 20.1999 Kg/sec
Page 38
l w =
Weir length =2.1773m,
=710.94 Kg/m3
how =33.675mm
hd
Dry plate pressure drop,
[ ]
Uh
= 51 C o
L
V
K 20.9 ( 25.4d h )
Where Uh = The minimum design vapour velocity =
[ V ]
1/ 2
;(
dh
in mm)
Here
, K2
is a constant, dependent on the depth of clear liquid on plate
hw +h ow
=50+33.675
= 83.675 mm
Corresponding
K2
=30.6
Then Uh =6.5655 m/sec
Here,
Ah
Ap
100=10
Corresponding
Then,
hd
Co
=0.842
=15.1593 mm
Total plate drop
ht
hd
+(
hw +h ow
)+
hr
=15.1593 + (50+33.675) + 17.5824

=116.4167 mm
Total pressure drop, (
Pt
3
) = 9.81 L h t 10 =811.9273 Pa
Page 39
CLEARANCE AREA:
A ap A m=h ap . l w
= 0.1253 m2
HEADLOSS IN DOWNCOMER:
Lwd
hdc =166
L . Am
Where,
Lwd
= liquid flow rate in down comer in Kg/sec = 12934.57/3600 =
3.59244Kg/s
l=710.94 Kg /m
A m =0.1253 m2
Then,
hdc =8.5357 mm
RESULTS:
Total no of stages
= 14
Tray spacing (lt)
= 0.5 m
Column height
=7m
Column diameter (De)
= 1.2025 m
Superficial velocity (uv)
= 0.7849 m/s
Area of column (Ac)
= 1.9193 m2
Down corner area (Ad)
= 0.2303 m2
Page 40
Net area (An)
= 1.689 m2
Hole area
= 0.1689 m2
Weir length (lw)
= 1.1568 m
Weir height (hw)
= 50 mm
Hole diameter (dh)
= 5 mm
Plate thickness (pt)
= 5mm
Chord length (lh)
= 0.281 m
Hole pitch (lp)
= 15mm
Perforated Area (Ap)
= 1.689 m2
Residual Drop (hr)
= 12.1359 mm
Liquid Weir Crust (how)
= 33.6750 mm
Dry Plate Pressure Drop (hd)
= 15.1593 mm
Vapour Velocity through holes (Uh)
= 6.5655 m/s
Plate Total Pressure Drop (ht)
= 116.4167mm
Total Pressure Drop ( Pt)
= 811.9273Pa
Flooding Velocity (Uf)
= 2.1401 m/s
Liquid vapour flow factor (Flv)
= 0.0707
Height of bottom edge of apron
= 4.2mm
Clearance area (Aap)
= 0.1253m
Head loss in down corner (hdc)
= 208.6274 mm
Residence time in down corner (tr)
= 11.2402 sec
Page 41
COST ESTIMATION
Page 42
COST ESTIMATION
An acceptable plant must design a process that is capable of operating under

conditions, which yield a profit. Capital must be allocated for direct labour and equipment.
Besides many plant expenses many other indirect plant expenses are included and these must
be included in the total cost analysis of plant.
A capital investment is required for any other industrial process. The capital
investment plus working capital must be available to pay salaries, keep raw materials and
product on hand and handle other special items required a direct cash outlay thus in an
analysis of costs, manufacturing costs and general expenses including income tax must be
taken into consideration.
Capital investment is defined as the total amount of money needed to supply the
necessary plant and manufacturing facilities plus the amount of money required as working
capital for operating of the facilities.
Total capital cost = Fixed capital investment + Working capital requirement
Fixed capital investment = Direct cost + Indirect cost
Fixed capital investment represents the capital necessary for the installed process
equipment with all auxiliaries that are needed for complete process operation. Expenses for
piping, instruments, insulation, foundations and site preparation are typical examples of costs
included in the manufacturing fixed capital investment.
Page 43
DIRECT COST:
1. PURCHASED EQUIPMENT COST:
EQUIPMENT
COST/UNIT
NUMBER OF
TOTAL COST
IN $
UNITS
IN $
REACTOR
600 10
1200 10
DISTILLATION
3
100 10
3
400 10
SEPERATOR
3
200 10
3
200 10
CRYSTALLIZER
60 10
200 10
9.3 Cr
COLUMN
TOTAL
2. INSULATION COST:
Insulation cost is 10 15 % of PEC
Assuming 15%
Therefore Insulation cost (IC) = 1.395 Cr
3. PIPING & INSTALLATION COST:
It is 18 25% of PEC
Assuming 22%
Therefore Piping and installation cost (PIC) = 1.86Cr
Page 44
4. INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL INSTALLED:

It is 50 70 % of PEC
Assuming 60%
Therefore instrument & control installed (ICI) = 5.58 Cr
5. INSTALLATION COST:
Assuming 30%
Therefore installation cost (EIC) = 2.79 Cr
6. BUILDING PROCESS AUXILIARY:
Assuming 50%
Therefore building process auxiliary (BPA) = 4.65Cr
7. SERVICE FACILITIES:
Assuming 40%
Therefore service facilities = 3.72Cr
8. YARD IMPROVEMENT:
It id 10 20 % PEC
Assuming 15%
Therefore yard improvement (YI) = 1.395 Cr
Page 45
9. LAND COST:
It is 20% of PEC
Therefore land cost (LC) = 1.86 Cr
10. TECHNOLOGY & ENGG FIELD:
It is 20% of PEC
Therefore technology & engg field(TEF ) = 1.86 Cr
TOTAL DIRECT COST = Rs. 34.41 Cr
INDIRECT COST:
1. ENGG & SUPERVISION COST:
Assuming 25%
Therefore Engg & supervision cost (ESC) = 2.325 Cr
2. CONSTRUCTION EXPENSES & CONTRACTORS FEE:
It is 34% of PEC
Therefore Construction Expanses & Contractors Fee (ESC) = 3.162 Cr
3. CONTINGENCY:
It is 8 20% 0f PEC
Assuming 15%
Therefore contingency = 1.395 Cr
TOTAL INDIRECT COST = Rs. 6.882 Cr
Page 46
Therefore,
FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT (FCI) = DIRECT COST + INDIRECT COST
= 34.14 + 6.882
= Rs.41.292 Cr
WORKING CAPITAL INVESTMENT:

It is 10 20 % of FCL
Assuming 15%
Therefore Working Capital Investment (WCI) = Rs. 6.1938 Cr
TOTAL CAPITAL INCVESTMENT (TCI) = FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT +
WORKING CAPITAL INVESTMENT
= 41.292 + 6.1938
= Rs. 47.4858 Cr
ESTIMATION OF TOTAL PRODUCT COST:

TOTAL PRODUCT COST = MANUFACTURING COST + GENERAL EXPENSES
MANUFACTURING COST = FIXED COST + DIRECT PRODUCTION COST +
PLANT OVERHEAD COST
1. FIXED COST:
a. DEPRECIATION:
It is 10% of FCI
Page 47
Therefore depreciation = 4.1292 Cr
b. LOCAL TAXES:
It is 3 4% of FCI
Assuming 4%
Therefore local taxes = 1.65168 Cr
c. INSURANCE:
It is 0.4 1%
Assuming 1%
Therefore insurance = 0.41292 Cr
TOTAL FIXED CHARGES = Rs. 6.1938 Cr
BUT FIXED CHARGES = 15% OF TOTAL PRODUCTION COST (TPC)
THEREFORE TPC = 6.1938 (100/15)
= 41.292 Cr
2. DIRECT PRODUCTION COST:

a. RAW MATERIALS:
It is 10 15% of TPC
Assuming 15 %
Therefore Raw Material Cost (RMC) = 5.36796 Cr
b. OPERATING LABOUR:
It is 10 20% of PEC
Page 48
Assuming 15 %
Therefore Operating labour cost (OLC) = 6.1938 Cr
c. DIRECT SUPERVISORY & ELECTRICAL LABOUR
It is 20 % of Operating Labour
Therefore Direct Supervisory & electrical labour (DSEL) = 1. 23876 Cr
d. UTILITIES:
It is 10 20% of TPC
Assuming 13%
Therefore cost of utilities = 6 1938 Cr
e. MAINTENANCE:
It is 2 10% of FCI
Assuming 5%
Therefore maintenance cost (MC) = 2.0646 Cr
f. OPERATING SUPPLIES:
It is 10 20% of maintenance cost
Assuming 15%
Therefore operating supplies cost (OSC) = 0.30969 Cr
g. LABORATORY CHARGES:
It is 10 20 % of Operating Labour cost
Assuming 15 %
Therefore labour charges = 0.92907 Cr
h. PATENT AND ROYALITIES:
It is 2 6% of TPC
Page 49
Assuming 3%
Therefore Patent & Royalties (PAR) = 1.23876 Cr
Therefore,
TOTAL DIRECT PRODUCTION COST = Rs. 23.53644 Cr
3. PLANT OVERHEAD COST:

It is 50 70% of Operating Labour, Supervisory and Maintenance.
Assuming 60%
Therefore Plant overhead cost (POC) = 5.6983 Cr
TOTAL MANUFACTURING COST = 6.1938 + 23.53644 + 5.6983

= RS. 35.42854 Cr
GENERAL EXPENSES:
a. ADMINISTRATION COST:
It is 20 30% of Operating Cost
Assuming 25%
Therefore Administration Cost (AC) = 1.58485 Cr
b. DISTRIBUTION AND MARKENTING COST:

It is 2 20 % of total direct production cost
Assuming 15%
Page 50
Therefore distribution & Marketing cost (DMC) = 3.530466 Cr
c. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COST:

It is 3% of total direct production cost
Therefore Research & Development Cost (RDC) = 0.7060932 Cr
TOTAL GENERAL EXPENSES =5.8214 Cr
Therefore,
TOTAL PRODUCT COST = 35.42854 + 5.8214
= Rs. 41.24994 Cr
GROSS EARNING AND RATE OF RETURN:

Number of operating days in an year = 330 days
Cost of phenol = 117 Rs / Kg
3
Product annual sales = 100 10 330 117
= 386.1 Cr
Gross profit = Total income Total production cost
= 386.1 41.24994
= 344.85 Cr
Assuming tax to be 35%
Net profit = Gross profit ( 1tax )
= 344.85 ( 10.35 )
Page 51
= 244.1525 Cr
Rate of return = (Net profit / Total sales) 100

= (244.1525/386.1)
100
= 63.23%
Payout period = TCI / (Net profit + Depreciation)
= 47.4858 / (244.1525 + 4.1292)
= 0.1912 years
Page 52
PLANT LAYOUT
Page 53
PLANT LAYOUT
The success of an industrial venture greatly depends on geographical location of the

plant. Enough care must be exercised in selecting the plant site and different factors must be
considered before finalising the plant location. The plant should be located where the
minimum cost of production and distribution can be obtained, also keeping in view other
factors, such as room for expansion, safe living conditions for plant operating people and the
surrounding community, which is also important. Consciences regarding plant location
should be obtained before a design project reaches detailed estimate stage and firm location
should be established upon completion of detailed design.
The choice of final site should be based on complete survey advantages and
disadvantages of various geographical areas and, ultimately, on the advantages and
disadvantages of available real estate.
The source of raw material is one of the most important factors influencing the
location of the plant site because location near the raw materials source permits considerable
reduction in transportation and storage charges. Proximity to major markets is one important
consideration in selection of plant site. It should be noted that markets are needed for byproducts as well as for major final products. Power and fuel can be combined as another
major factor in the choice of a plant site as their requirements are high in most of the
industrial plants. A location near a source of fuel supply or large hydro electric installations
may be essential for economic operations.
Page 54
The plant site should have access to all types of transportation; certainly two types
should be available. The proximity to rail road centers and possibility of canal, river, lake or
oceans transport must be considered. The kind and amount of products and raw materials
determine the most suitable type of transportation facilities. Attention should be paid to local
freight rates and existing road lines.
Climate is a factor that should be examined when selecting a plant site. Improper
selection can have serious effect on the economic operation of a plant. The process industries
use large quantities of water for cooling, washing, steam generation and as a raw material.
The plant therefore must be located where a dependable supply of water is available. The
temperature, mineral content silt or sand content, bacteriological content and cost for supply
and purification treatment must also be considered while choosing the water supply. The site
selected for a plant should have adequate capacity and facilities for waste water disposal.
The permissible tolerance levels for various methods of waste disposal should be
consider carefully and potential requirements for additional waste treatment facilities should
be consider, even though a given area has minimal restrictions on pollution.
Type and supply of skilled and unskilled work force available in the vicinity of
proposed plant should be examined. Similarity state and local tax rates on property income,
unemployed insurance, local regulations on zoning, building codes, nuisance aspects and
transportation facilities have a major influence on the final choice of plant site.
Considering all the above factors and keeping in view the latest development trends,
storage facilities for raw materials and intermediate and finished products may be located, in
isolated areas or in adjoining areas. The plant can be located near any refinery such as MRPL,
IOCL, OR IPCL. As water needed in large quantity, the site near river will be quite feasible
as water can be obtained from it.
Page 55
Plant layout involves the layout of process units in a plant and the equipment within
these process units. The layout can play an important parting determining construction and
manufacturing costs and thus be planned carefully with the attention being gives to future
problems that may arise. Plant layout means the disposition of the various equipments,
material and man power etc., and services of the plant within the area of the site selected
previously. The plant layout begins with the design of the factory building and goes up to the
location and movement of the work table. All the facilities like equipments, raw materials,
machinery, tools, fixtures workers etc., are given a proper place. Rational design must include
arrangement of processing areas, storage areas and handling areas in efficient co-ordination
and with regards to such factors as
1. New site development or addition to a previously developed site.
2. Future expansion.
3. Economic distribution of services- water, process steams, power and gas.
4. Weather condition.
5. Safety consideration- possible hazards of fire, explosion and fumes.
6. Building code requirements.
7. Waste disposal problems.
8. Sensible use of floor and elevation space.
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT:

A few sound principals of plant layout have been brief as under, they are the
principles of
a. INTEGRATION:
It means the integration of production centre facilities like workers,
machinery, raw materials etc., in a logical and balanced manner.
b. MINIMUM MOVEMENTS AND MATERIAL HANDLING:
Page 56
The number of movements of workers and materials should be minimized. It
is better to transport materials in optimum bulk rather than in small amounts.
c. SMOOTH AND CONTINUOUS FLOW:

Bottle necks, congestion points and back tracking should be removed by
proper line balancing techniques.
d. CUBIC SPACE UTILIZATION:
Besides using the floor space of the room, the ceiling height is also to be
utilized, so that more materials can be accommodated in the same room. Overhead
material handling equipments save a lot of valuable floor space.
e. SAFE AND IMPROVED ENVIRONMENT:
Working places-safe, well ventilated and free from dust, noise, fumes, odours
and other hazardous conditions decidedly increases the operating efficiency of the
workers and improve their moral. All this leads to satisfaction amongst the workers
and thus better employer employee relations.
f. FLEXIBILITY:
In automotive and other industries where models of products change after
some time, it is better to permit all possible flexibility in the layout. The machinery is
arranged in such a way that charges of the production process can be achieved at the
least cost of disturbance.
g. STORAGE FACILITIES AND RAW MATERIALS:
Intermediates and finished products may be located in isolated areas or in
adjoining areas. Hazardous materials stored in the large quantities should be isolated.
Arranging storage of materials so as to facilitate or simplify handling is also a point to
be considered in design.
Page 57
h. ECONOMY OF FLOOR SPACE:

Consistent with good housekeeping in the plant with proper considerations
given to line of flow of materials, access to materials, space to permit working on
parts of equipment that needed frequent servicing and safety and comfort of the
operations. It is fundamental in chemical engineering industries that the buildings
should be around the process instead of process being made to fit in buildings of
conventional design of a new building to meet the requirements of the process is more
scientific.
i. LABOUR SUPPLY:
Skilled and unskilled labour is obtained in Indian states. The villagers near
the sites can accommodate
for enough of unskilled labour and all the engineering
graduates of colleges can form the skilled labour.

j. MARKET:
This is one of the major declining factors of plant location and in this respect
the plant should be near a big city, which should be a major trade centre so that a lot
of money can be saved on transportation charges and final product will have a heavy
demand.
Page 58
Page 59
ENGINEERING
PROBLEMS AND SAFETY
Page 60
ENGINEERING PROBLEMS AND SAFETY

CONSIDERATIONS
ENGINEERING PROBLEMS:
Engineering problems in oxidation of aromatics with oxygen or air is that aromatics,
being stable compounds, require relatively high reaction temperatures. However, once
reaction has started, the intermediate products are much less stable and the reaction tends to
drive temperatures out of control.
Direct oxidation of aromatics is carried out commercially by vapour phase and liquid
phase processes, the liquid phase processes are practiced at somewhat lower temperatures and
therefore sophisticated systems.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS:
There is every incentive and a real necessity foe including a survey of safety and fire
hazards in a study of chemical engineering processes. Some of the important safety
considerations in the chemical industries where toxic substances are manufactured, handled
or used are summarized here. Suitable services should be installed where ever possible to
give warning in case of liberation quantities of these substances. Every operation or process
involving use of irritating and the packing of the product should be effected by mechanical
means is apparatus provided with adequate enclosures and dust collecting systems in order to
curtail atmospheric contamination. Any spillage of irritating or toxic dry compounds should
be removed as quickly as possible, preferably by vacuum apparatus.
All personnel exposed to toxic substances should be provided overalls or working
clothing and also a time allowance of not less than 10 minutes at the expense of the employer
for the use of baths at the end of days work.
One or more aid tips or cabinets, containing sufficient and suitable first aid dressing
and other equipment should be provided and maintained in easily available locations for
immediate temporary treatment in case of accident or sudden illness.
Page 61
In addition to chemical hazards, mechanical hazards, electrical hazards are also to be

dealt with by recognizing and incorporating with minimum safe practices prescribed by
nationally recognised protection associations, engineering authorities and government bodies.
Fire prevention and control, good ventilation systems are also indubitably important aspects
to be considered for the safe and successful operation of chemical process industries.
Measures to prevent and control circumstances which produce fatigue, such as
excessive noise, inadequate ventilation, poor lighting, excessive heat and humidity, to the
workers are to be taken. Sanitation in the plant should also be taken into consideration. Safety
must be considered when dealing with disposal of wastes as effecting persons outside the
jurisdiction of the plants. All the personnel should be thoroughly informed of the hazards
connected with their duties and the measures to be taken to protect themselves there from.
The management should take special responsibility of those who have placed their
health, welfare and livelihood in their hands, to invite a sense of security, as safety hazards
and potential deterrents to attainment of optimum technical efficiencies and product quality.
No matter highly satisfactory a plant design may be from the technical and economic view
point, disregard of safety, air pollutions and disposal problems will nullify an otherwise
sound engineering plant design.
POLLUTION CONTROL AND SAFETY

The effluent from phenol plant consists of mainly blow downs of condensers, cooler
and condensates from distillation column. These may contain negligible amount of phenol.
STORAGE & HANDLING
Keep in a tightly closed container. Store it in a cool, dry and ventilated area from
sources of ignition. Protect against physical damage. Store it separately from source of heat
or ignition. Protect against physical damage. Store separately from reactive or combustible
materials and out of direct sun light. Avoid dust formation and control ignition sources.
Employ grounding venting and explosion relief provision in accord with accepted
engineering practices in any process capable of generating dust and or static electricity.
Empty only in to inert or non-flammable atmosphere. Emptying contents into a non inert
atmosphere where flammable vapours may be present could cause flash fire or explosion due
Page 62
to electrostatic discharge. All phenol workers should be properly trained on its hazards and
the proper protective measure required. This training should also include emergency actions.
All phenol operations should be enclosure to eliminate any potential exposure routes.
Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retrain product residue
observe all warnings and precaution listed for the product.
EXPOSURE CONTROL/PERSONAL PRODUCTION
Airborne exposure limits
OSHA Permissible Exposure limit (PEL)
ACGIH Threshold limit value (TLV)
5ppm (TWA) (skin)

5ppm (TWA) (skin)
VENTILATION SYSTEM:
A system of local is generally preferred because it can control the emission of the
contaminant at its source, preventing dispersion of it into the general work area. Please refer
to the ACGIH document, Industrial ventilation manual of recommended practices most recent
edition for details.
PERSONAL RESPIRATORS (NIOSH APPROVED):
If the exposure limit is exceeded a full face piece respirator with organic vapour
cartridge and dust/mist filter may be worn up to 50 times the exposure limit or the maximum
use concentration specified by the appropriate regulatory agency or respirator supplier
whichever is lowest. For emergencies or instance where the exposure levels are not known
use a full face piece positive pressure air supplied respirator.
SKIN PROTECTION:
Wear impervious protective clothing including boots, gloves, lab coat, apron or
coveralls to prevent skin contact. Butyl rubber and neoprene are suitable materials for
personal protective equipment.
EYE PROTECTION:
Use chemical safety goggles and or full face shield where dusting or splashing of
solution is possible. Maintain eye wash fountain and quick-drench facilities in work area.
Page 63
CONCLUSION
1. In this pre- preliminary feasibly report a design of a plant to produce 100 TPD of phenol is
proposed and its feasibility was studied.
2. Demand of phenol is increasing year by year 2009 2015. From last year data estimation
had been made until year 2015 which shown an increase quantity from 7.9 m tons in 2009 to
reach 10.6 m tons by 2015.
3. After analysing properties of phenol, we found that there are many side effects if we
expose to phenol such as irritation, corneal damage or blindness in humans.
Page 64
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Analysis synthesis and design of chemical processes by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie,
Wallanc B. Whiting, Joseph a. Shaeiwitz.
2. Plant design and economics for chemical engineers, 4th edition, by Max S. Peters, Klaus
D.Timmerhaus.
3. Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering by R.K. Sinnott- Volume VI, chemical
Engineering design.
4. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Edition, Robert H. Perry, Don W. Green
5. Properties of Gases and Liquids, fifth edition, Bruce E.Poling, John M. Prausnitz, John
P.OConnel.
6. Optimization of Chemical Processes - Edgar, Himmelblau and Lasdon, 2nd Ed
WEB REFERENCES:
1. http://www.sciencedirect.com
2. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/name-ser.html
3. http://www.wikipedia.com
4. http://www.tradeindia.com
Page 65

Production of Phenol

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Production of Phenol

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MANUFACTURE OF PHENOL

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

Simple phenol is an antiseptic. A phenolic compound hexachlorophene is a constituent

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

Carbolic acid, Hydroxy benzene, Phenic acid,

Flash point (closed cup)

Upper flammable limit

Lower flammable limit

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

Heat of formation of solid

Heat of formation of gas

This is the test of phenol.

halogenation of alkyl halide.

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

(d) REACTION WITH PCl5:

C6H5CI + POCI3 + HCI

(C6H5)3 PO4 +3HCl

(e)REACTION WITH ZINC DUST:

(F)REACTION WITH AMMONIA:

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

(g) ACTION OF P2S5:

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

TOLUENE TWO STAGE OXIDATION PROCESS:

CUMENE PEROXIDATION PROCESS:

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF PHENOL

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

2C6H5CH (CH3)2 + 1/2O2

C6H5CC2H5 + C6H5COCH3+ CH4

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

B1=OXIDISER, B2= CLEAVAGE TANK, B3= SEPERATOR, B4= DISTILLATION

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

DISTILLATION COLUMN III

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

Heat capacities of the compound are calculated by GROUP CONTRIBUTION METHOD.

Cp values of compounds are

10-3) + (53.76 10-5) T + (-39.79 10-8) T2 + (120.5

10-3) + (1.158 10-5) T + (-0.6076 10-8) T2 + (1.311

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

Heats of formation of compounds are

Latent heats of vaporization of compounds are

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

Leaving stream top product temperature =550C

Energy Balance Equation:

Condenser is used to cool vapours coming out of distillation column.

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

Leaving stream top product temperature =1200C

Condenser is used to cool vapours coming out of distillation column.

DISTILLATION COLUMN III

Leaving stream top product temperature =1200C

BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BAPATLA

Condenser is used to cool vapours coming out of distillation column.