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RSRP, to perform a handover to the next cell. Reference signal receive quality is
used only during connected states
Range :- -3 to -19.5 dB
RSRQ term is used for Quality same as Ec/No in 3G.
SINR :- Signal to Noise Ratio.
SINR = S / I + N
S -- Average Received Signal Power
I -- Average Interference power
N -- Noise Power
Significance : Is a way to measure the Quality of LTE Wireless Connections. As the
energy of signal fades with distance i.e Path Loss due to environmental parameters (
e.g. background noise , interfering strength of other simultaneous transmission)
Significance :
Is the parameter represents the entire received power including the
wanted power from the serving cell as well as all the co channel power
& other sources of noise
CQI :- Channel Quality Indicator
Range :- 1 to 15
Significance:
CQI is a measurement of the communication quality of wireless channels i.e. it
indicates the downlink mobile radio channel quality as experienced by the UE .CQI
can be a value representing a measure of channel quality for a given channel.
Typically, a high value CQI is indicative of a channel with high quality and vice versa.
DDownlink Throughput
-I n E-UTRAN may use a maximum of 2 Tx antennas at the ENodeB and
2 Rx antennas at the UE ( MIMO ).
Significance - Target for averaged user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times
Release 6 HSDPA i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G ( Over 300 Mbps
downlink as compared to 14 Mbps in UMTS)
Uplink Throughput
-I n E-UTRAN uses a maximum of a single Tx antenna at the UE and 2 Rx
antennas at the E Node B.
- Greater user throughput should be achievable using multiple Tx
antennas at the UE ( MIMO )
.
- SignificanceTarget for averaged user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced
Uplink i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G (Over 50 Mbps Uplink as
compared to 5.76 Mbps in UMTS).The user throughput should scale with the
spectrum bandwidth provided that the maximum transmit power is also scaled.
Link Budget
Sensitivity is the minimum input power needed to get a suitable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output
of the receiver. It is determined by receiver noise figure, thermo noise power and required SNR. Thermo
noise power is determined by bandwidth and temperature, SNR is determined by modulation technique,
therefore the only variable is noise figure.
The cascading noise figure can be calculated by Friis equation (Herald Friis):
NFt = NF1 + (NF2-1)/G1 + (NF3-1)/(G1*G2) + ... + (NFi-1)/(G1*G2*...*Gi)
As the equation shows, the first block imposes the minimum and the most prominent noise figure on the
system, and the following blocks imposes less and less impact to the system provided the gains are
positive. Linear passive devices have noise figure equal to their loss. A TMA typically has a gain of 12dB.
There are typically top jumper, main feeder and a bottom jumper between antenna and BTS. A TMA
placed near antenna with a short jumper from antenna provides the best noise figure improvement the
noise figure will be restricted to the top jumper loss (NF1) and TMA ((NF2-1)/G1), and the remaining
blocks (main feeder and bottom jumper) have little effect.
To summarize, a TMA has a gain thats close to feeder loss.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->12. <!--[endif]-->What are the pros and cons (advantages and
disadvantages) of TMA?
On the upside, a TMA reduces system noise, improves uplink sensitivity and leads to longer UE battery
life. On the downside, TMA imposes an additional insertion loss (typically 0.5dB) on the downlink and
increases site installation and maintenance complexity.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->14. <!--[endif]-->Why TMA are installed at the top near the
antenna and not the bottom near the NodeB?
Based on Friis Equation, having a TMA near the BTS will have the top jumper and main feeder losses
(noise figures) cascaded in and a TMA will not be able to help suppress the losses.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->17. <!--[endif]-->What are the processing gains for CS and PS
services?
CS12.2: 25dB
PS-64: 18dB
PS-128: 15dB
PS-384: 10dB
HSDPA: 2dB
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%:
124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->20. <!--[endif]-->What are the Eb/No targets in your design?
The Eb/No targets are dependent on the service:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->On the uplink, typically CS is 5 to 6dB and PS is 3 to 4dB PS is
about 2dB lower.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->On the downlink, typically CS has 6 to 7dB and PS is 5 to 6dB
PS is about 1dB lower.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->21. <!--[endif]-->Why is Eb/No requirement lower for PS than for
CS?
PS has a better error correction capability and can utilize retransmission, therefore it can afford to a lower
Eb/No. CS is real-time and cannot tolerate delay so it needs a higher Eb/No to maintain a stronger RF
link.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->28. <!--[endif]-->What is typical pole capacity for CS-12.2, PS-64,
PS-128 and PS-384?
With same assumptions as above:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Softer handover: when a UE is connected to cells owned by the
same NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Soft handover uplink: RNC performs selection combining, i.e.
RNC selects the better signal coming from multiple NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Softer handover uplink: NodeB performs maximum ratio
combining, i.e. NodeB rake receiver combines signals from different paths and forms a stronger signal.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Reduced UE power (up 4dB), decreasing interference and
increasing battery life.
Disadvantages:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->UE using several radio links requires more channelization
codes, and more resources on the Iub and Iur interfaces.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->34. <!--[endif]-->What are fast fading and slow fading?
Fast fading is also called multi-path fading, as a result of multi-path propagation. When multi-path
signals arriving at a UE, the constructive and destructive phases create a variation in signal strength.
Slow fading is also called shadowing. When a UE moves away from a cell the signal strength drops down
slowly.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->35. <!--[endif]-->What are fast fading margin and slow fading
margin?
To factor in the fast fading and slow fading, we need to have a margin in the link budget and they are
called fast fading margin and slow fading margin.
In link budget, the fast fading margin is usually set to 2-3; slow fading margin is set to 7-10.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->36. <!--[endif]-->What is a typical soft handover gain in your link
budget?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->More power can be allocated to traffic channels.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->41. <!--[endif]-->How much is your HSDPA (max) link power?
HSDPA link power is typically 4 to 5dB below the maximum NodeB maximum output power. For
example, for 43dBm maximum NodeB power the HSDPA link power is 39dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->42. <!--[endif]-->Consider downlink only, what are the major
components in calculating maximum path loss, starting from NodeB?
< !--[if !supportLists]-->44. <!--[endif]-->Simple link budget: with a 30dBm CPICH and a 100dBm UE sensitivity, ignoring anything in between, what is the maximum path loss?
30 (100) = 30 + 100 = 130dB.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->51. <!--[endif]-->Do you divide scrambling code groups into
subgroups? Please give an example.
Yes, we divide the 64 code groups into subgroups:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Macro layer group: 24 code groups reserved for macro (outdoor)
sites.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Micro layer group: 16 code groups reserved for micro (inbuilding) sites.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Expansion group: 24 code groups reserved for future expansion
sites.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->54. <!--[endif]-->What is noise rise? What does a higher noise
rise mean in terms of network loading?
For every new user added to the service, additional noise is added to the network. That is, each new user
causes a noise rise. In theory, the noise rise is defined as the ratio of total received wideband power to
the noise power. Higher noise rise value implies more users are allowed on the network, and each user
has to transmit higher power to overcome the higher noise level. This means smaller path loss can be
tolerated and the cell radius is reduced. To summarize, a higher noise rise means higher capacity and
smaller footprint, a lower noise rise means smaller capacity and bigger footprint.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->60. <!--[endif]-->What is the active set size on your network?
3.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->61. <!--[endif]-->How many fingers does a UE rake receiver have?
4.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Closed outer loop: RNC calculates the SIR target and sends the
target to NodeB (every 10ms frame).
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Closed inner loop: NodeB sends the TPC bits to UE to increase
or decrease the power at 1,500 times a second.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->64. <!--[endif]-->What is the frequency of power control (how fast
is power control)?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->When a UE needs to access to the network it uses RACH to
begin the process.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->RACH is a shared channel on the uplink used by all UE,
therefore may encounter contention (collision) during multiple user access attempts and interfere with
each other.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Each UE must estimate the amount of power to use on the
access attempt since no feedback from the NodeB exists as it does on the dedicated channel.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->The purpose of open loop power control is to minimize the
chance of collision and minimize the initial UE transmit power to reduce interference to other UE.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Instead of sending the whole message, a test (preamble) is
sent.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->68. <!--[endif]-->Suppose two UE are served by the same cell, the
UE with weaker link (poor RF condition) uses more capacity, why does this mean?
The UE with weaker RF link will require NodeB to transmit higher traffic power in order to reach the UE,
resulting in less power for other UE therefore consumes more capacity.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->69. <!--[endif]-->Under what circumstances can a NodeB reach its
capacity? What are the capacity limitations?
NodeB reaches its maximum transmit power, runs out of its channel elements, uplink noise rise reaches
its design target, etc.
UTRAN
< !--[if !supportLists]-->74. <!--[endif]-->What are the interfaces between each UTRAN
component?
Uu: UE to NodeB
Iub: NodeB to RNC
Iur: RNC to RNC
Iu: RNC to MSC
< !--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Physical layer (Layer 1, L1): used to transmit data over the
air, responsible for channel coding, interleaving, repetition, modulation, power control, macro-diversity
combining.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Link layer (L2): is split into 2 sub-layers Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Radio Link Control (RLC).
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->MAC: responsible for multiplexing data from multiple
applications onto physical channels in preparation for over-the-air transmition.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->RLC: segments the data streams into frames that are small
enough to be transmitted over the radio link.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Upper layer (L3): vertically partitioned into 2 planes: control
plane for signaling and user plan for bearer traffic.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->RRC (Radio Resource Control) is the control plan protocol:
controls the radio resources for the access network.
In implementation:
< !--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Physical Channel: carries data between physical layers of UE
and NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Transport Channel: carries data between physical layer and
MAC layer.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Logical Channel: carries data between MAC layer and RRC
layer.
<!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]-->
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Transparent mode corresponds to the lowest service of the
RLC layer, no controls and no detection of missing data.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Unacknowledged mode offers the possibility of segment and
concatenate of data but no error correction or retransmission therefore no guarantee of delivery.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->83. <!--[endif]-->How many OVSF code spaces are available?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Total OVSF codes = 256.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Reserved: 1 SF64 for S-CCPCH, 1 SF256 for CPICH, P-CCPCH,
PICH and AICH each.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Total available code space = 256 4 (1 SF64) 4 (4 SF256) =
248.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->84. <!--[endif]-->Can code space limit the cell capacity?
Yes, cell capacity can be hard-limited by code space. Take CS-12.2k for example:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8: 124 / 1.8 = 68 uers/cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->85. <!--[endif]-->Can a user have OVSF code as 1111?
No, because 1111 (256 times) is used by CPICH.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->86. <!--[endif]-->What are the symbol rates (bits per symbol) for
BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Qmean: the average SIR of the target cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Qmin: minimum required SIR.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Pcompensation: a correction value for difference UE classes.
S = Qmean - Qmin - Pcompensation
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->If S>0 then the cell is a valid candidate.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->A UE will camp on the cell with the highest S.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->89. <!--[endif]-->Briefly describe Capacity Management and its
functions:
Capacity Management is responsible for the control of the load in the cell. It consists of 3 main functions:
Planning
< !--[if !supportLists]-->90. <!--[endif]-->What are the major 4 KPIs in propagation model
tuning and typical acceptable values?
The 4 KPIs are standard deviation error, root mean square error, mean error and correlation coefficient.
The typical acceptable values are:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Standard deviation error: the smaller the better, usually 7 to
9dB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Mean error: the smaller the better, usually 2 to3.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Root mean square error: the smaller the better, usually
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Correlation coefficient: the larger the better, usually 70% to
90%.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->93. <!--[endif]-->How many scrambling code groups are there for
downlink?
There are 64 code groups, each group has 8 scrambling codes.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->97. <!--[endif]-->In IS-95 we have a PN reuse factor (PN step size)
and therefore cannot use all 512 PN codes, why isnt it necessary for UMTS scrambling
codes?
Because IS-95 is a synchronized network, different PN codes have the same code sequence with a time
shift, therefore we need to maintain a certain PN step size to avoid multi-path problem. For example, if
two sectors in the neighborhood have a small PN separation then signal arriving from cell A may run into
the time domain of cell B, causing interference.
UMTS, on the other hand, is not a synchronized network and all scrambling codes are mutually
orthogonal so no need to maintain a step size.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Outdoor: -110dBm sensitivity + 5dB fade margin = -105dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->In-vehicle: -110dBm + 5dB + 8dB in-vehicle penetration loss = 97dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->In-building: -110dBm + 5dB + 15dB in-building penetration loss
= -90dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->105. <!--[endif]-->What plots do you usually check after running
Monte Carlo for trouble spots?
(RSCP, Ec/Io, service probability, reasons for failure)
< !--[if !supportLists]-->106. <!--[endif]-->What are the typical reasons of failure in Monte
Carlo simulation?
< !--[if !supportLists]-->108. <!--[endif]-->Do you use live traffic or even-load traffic in
your design?
(Depends).
Optimization
< !--[if !supportLists]-->109. <!--[endif]-->What are the optimization tools you use?
Drive test, analysis, others?
< !--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->After aligning to NodeB time slot, UE then uses secondary
synchronization channel (S-SCH) to obtain frame synchronization and scrambling code group
identification.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->UE then uses scrambling code ID to obtain CPICH, thus
camping to a NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Active set the list of cells which are in soft handover with UE.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Monitored set the list of cells not in active set but RNC has told
UE to monitor.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Detected set list of cells detected by the UE but not configured
in the neighbor list.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->114. <!--[endif]-->What are the major differences between GSM
and UMTS handover decision?
GSM:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Time-based mobile measures of RxLev and RxQual mobile
sends measurement report every SACH period (480ms).
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->BSC instructs mobile to handover based on these reports.
UMTS:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->UE plays more part in the handover decision.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->115. <!--[endif]-->What are the events 1a, 1b, 1c, etc.?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1a a Primary CPICH enters the reporting range, i.e. add a cell
to active set.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1b a primary CPICH leaves the reporting range, i.e. removed
a cell from active set.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1c a non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active
primary CPICH, i.e. replace a cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1f: a Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute
threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3a: the UMTS cell quality has moved below a threshold and a
GSM cell quality had moved above a threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3b: the GSM cell quality has moved below a threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3c: the GSM cell quality has moved above a threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3d: there was a change in the order of best GSM cell list.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->117. <!--[endif]-->What may happen when theres a missing
neighbor or an incorrect neighbor?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Access failure and handover failure: may attempt to access to a
wrong scrambling code.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Dropped call: UE not aware of a strong scrambling code, strong
interference.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->What are the typical commands you have for CS and PS call?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Do you regularly stop and restart a new log file? Why and when
to stop and start a new file?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->How do you stop a log file? Stop command sequence first, wait
and make sure all equipment are in idle mode before stop logging.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->125. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for an IRAT
Failure?
< !--[if !supportLists]-->127. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for a lower PSR?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Very HighPeriodic Location Update Timer Keeping UEs in
VLR long time after it moved out of coverage
< !--[if !supportLists]-->128. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for a Drop Call on
a UMTS network?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Study the Pilot spillover from the 3rd Tier SC and control its
coverage
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Even after controlling the coverage, if the spillover is there, Add
the neighbor.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Hard Handover in UMTS is a break before make type Handover
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->It can happen in the inter RNC boundaries where there is no Iur
link.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->132. <!--[endif]-->What is the typical Call Setup Time for a 3G UE
to 3G UE Call? What are the possible RF related causes for a delayed CST in this type of
call?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Soft Handover Overhead is calculated in two ways. 1) Average
Active Set Size Total Traffic / Primary Traffic. 2) Secondary / Total Traffic
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Typical Values are like 1.7 (Avg Active Set Size) or 35%
(Secondary / Total )
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->With OCNS, the interference (load) increases. This leads to
reduction in Ec/Io of a Pilot, which reduces the pilot spillovers. Reduction in Pilot Spillover will reduce
the Soft Handover Overhead.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->135. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for an Access
Failure in UMTS?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->System Ref Point for E/// NodeB is at the output of TMA
(Between TMA and Antenna)
< !--[if !supportLists]-->139. <!--[endif]-->What will be the impact when you change
reportingrange1a from 3 to 4 dB andtimetotrigger1a 100 to 320 ms, without changing
any other parameters?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Admission Control is an algorithm which controls the Resource
Allocation for a new call and additional resource allocation for an existing call. Incase, if a cell is heavily a
loaded and enough resources in terms of power, codes or CEs are not available, admission control denies
permission for the additional resource requirement.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Congestion Control monitors the dynamic utilization of specific
cell resources and insures that overload conditions do not occur. If overload conditions do occur,
Congestion Control will immediately restrict Admission Control from granting additional resources. In
addition, Congestion Control will attempt to resolve the congestion by either down switching, or
terminating existing users. Once the congestion is corrected, the congestion resolution actions will cease,
and Admission Control will be enabled.
<!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]-->
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Sharing the HS Channelization Codes among more than one HS
users within the 2ms TTI period.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Power unutilized by R99 PS, CS and Comman Channels, is used
for HS (PHS = Pmax - hsPowerMargin - Pnon-HS)
< !--[if !supportLists]-->145. <!--[endif]-->What are Events that can trigger the HSDPA Cell
Change?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Event 1d HS Change of Best Cell in the Active Set
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Event 1b or Event 1c Removal of the Best Cell from the Active
Set
< !--[if !supportLists]-->146. <!--[endif]-->How is typically the Call Setup Time of a CSV call
calculated in UMTS using L3 messages?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->CST is calculated as the time difference between Alerting and
the first RRC Connection Request (Call Initiation) messages.
SDCCH
BCCH
TCH
A&C
Q2. The parameter number of Slot Spread Trans (SLO)(BTS) is used to allocate a number of
CCCH blocks for .
a) Paging Channel (PCH)
b) Random Access Channel (RACH)
c) Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
d) Traffic Channel
Q9. Increasing Radio Link Time Out (RLT) from 16 to 24 will improve following KPI
a) SDCCH Completion rate
b) TCH Completion rate
c) Paging Success rate
d) All of the above
1.
2.
3.
4.
Antenna Hoping.
Frequency Hoping.
Antenna Diversity.
MAIO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
150 K Erl
300 K Erl
135 K Erl
165 K Erl
Tilting of Dipoles.
Inserting Phase Shift.
Inserting attenuation.
None of the above.
Loop
Yagi
Dipole
Parabolic
Q21 Select relation between forward power and Reflected Power if load is not connected?
1.
2.
3.
4.
VSWR=1
VSWR=
VSWR=0
VSWR=1/2
1.
2.
3.
4.
Idle,Standby,Ready
Dedicated,Standby,Ready
Idle,Dedicated,Standby
None of above
QPSK
GMSK
8PSK
PSK
System Info 1, 2, 3.
System Info 1, 2, 3,4,13.
System Info 5, 6.
None of the above.
Q28 Freq used in Uplink of Satellite communication is higher while in GSM it is lower. Why?
1. Loss freq.
2. Loss 1/freq.
3. Loss sqr(freq)
4. None of the above.
SQI
Downlink quality.
Uplink Quality
None of the Above.
51 time slots.
50 timeslots
4 Time slots
9 Time slots
2. The MS continues connection from the source, tunes on the target and then releases
the source cell.
3. MS gets paging message from the target and replies it on its RACH and gets TCH
allocated.
4. MS gets paging message from the target and replies it on its RACH and gets
SDCCH allocated.
TCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
4.615 ms
1250 ms
0.577 ms
156.25 ms
1.
2.
3.
4.
Q39 As per GSM Standard in case of frequency hopping the C/I value should be at least?
1.
2.
3.
4.
3 dB
6 dB
9 dB
12 dB
GMSC
MSC
Source BSC
Target BSC
Q41 The maximum no of neighbors that can be defined with a cell is?
1.
2.
3.
4.
8
16
32
64
< 1.3
>1.3
>1
<2
The MS only
The SGSN only
Both the MS and the SGSN
None of the above
Q48 The mapping of logical name/Host name to IP addresses in the GPRS network is done
by
1.
2.
3.
4.
Border Gateway
SGSN
GGSN
DNS
In the MSC
In the SGSN
In the GGSN
All of the above
Q50 Which layer uses the functionality of Uplink State Flag (USF)?
1.
2.
3.
4.
RLC Layer
Physical Layer
MAC Layer
All of the above
51
52
26
8
Q52 Which coding scheme does not use Forward Error Correction (FEC)?
1.
2.
3.
4.
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
Location Area
Routing Area
Both a and b
None of the above
Q54 Which layer is responsible for segmentation and reassembly of LLC PDUs and
backward error correction (BEC) procedures?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Physical Layer
Application Layer
RLC Layer
MAC Layer
Q55 Which coding scheme has adopted the same coding as used for SDCCH?
1.
2.
3.
4.
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
Q56 What is the single timeslot data rate for coding scheme CS-2
1.
2.
3.
4.
7.8 Kbit/s
10.4 Kbit/s
13.4 Kbit/s
21.4 Kbit/s
d) As a Amplifier
6
4
2
8
Q59 During conference call which channel is used to establish another call1.
2.
3.
4.
SACCH
SDCCH
FACCH
TCH
Q62. If my MCC=404, MNC=05, LAC=100, CI = 14011, then what will be CGI for same??
1. 4040510014011
2. 404056436BB
3. 4040514433273
4. 4040510033273
16
3
14
45
RRM
CM
CRM
MM
4. None of Above.
Cell Update
RAC Update
LAC Update
Handover
Q69. If AMR FR & AMR HR is enabled in network, then what will be the formula for counting
GSM FR Traffic with help of EOSFLX KPI Reports ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Q70. By reducing value of RET parameter it will help to improve which KPI?
1.
2.
3.
4.
TCH Drop
SDCCH Drop
HO Success
None of above.
-6 to +6, 255
-24 to +24, 255
-6 to +24, 255
+6 to +24, 255
Q72. What is the relation between HO Load Factor and HO Priority Level?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Q73. Which are the basic features helps to distribute traffic in nearby cells?
1.
2.
3.
4.
DR
IDR
AMH
All of above
Q74. Using Multi BCF Common BCCH feature operator can expand how many numbers of
TRX in one segment without using another BCCH?
1.
2.
3.
4.
16
24
30
36
Q75. While Using Path loss Criterion C2 which parameter should be made 0 so that this
particular cell have higher C2 Value even though having poor C1?
1.
2.
3.
4.
CRO
TEO
Penalty Time
None of above.
Q76. Common BCCH feature is implemented in network, then which feature will help to
access the secondary freq. spectrum directly?
1.
2.
3.
4.
DR
DADB
DADL
All of above
1.
2.
3.
4.
-24to +63
-24 to +24
-63 to +63
0 to +63
Q79. How many maximum uplink TBF can be there per RTSL?
1.
2.
3.
4.
6
7
8
9
Q80. What should be minimum value of CDED (%) to have 1 RTSL as dedicated GPRS
Timeslot considering 2 TRX as GPRS TRX?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0
1
8
10
3. 3
4. 4
Q83. Which is / are the main factors affecting the Radio Accessibility for TBF in UL/ DL?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Coverage
Capacity
Interference
All of above.
Q84. Which parameter setting can help to increase the TBF Retainability?
1.
2.
3.
4.
UL Power Control
DL Power Control
All of above.
None of above.
Directed Retry
Traffic Reason Handover
Dynamic SDCCH
Intra Cell Handover
0.2 - 0.4
6.4 - 12.8
1.6 - 3.2
0.8 - 1.6
Q90. When 2 calls are made from different TRXs of same cell having 1*1 RF hopping; what
plays important role to neglect C/I?
1.
2.
3.
4.
MAL ID
HSN
MAIO Step
MAIO Offset
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Burst Formatting
Q92. What can be done to overcome combiner loss when cell is upgraded from 2 TRX to 3
TRX?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Remove Combiner
Air-Combining
HOP = OFF
TMA Implementation
2. STIRC
3. AMR Progressive Power Control
4. Freq. Hopping
AGCH
SACCH
TCH-FR
FACCH
SDCCH
AGCH
FACCH
SACCH
576.9us
4.615ms
6.12sec
480ms
Dipole
Omni
Loop
Cross-polar
Mobility Management
Radio Resource Management
Call Control
Call related SS message
Mobility Management
Connection Management
Radio Resource Management
Charging
Q103. In L3 messages, out of following Info messages which one carries Dedicated Mode
Information?
1.
2.
3.
4.
System Info 2
System Info 4
System Info 5
System Info 13
Q104. Which one out of following is not a part of AMR Codec Modes?
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.6
5.9
7.4
12.2
fading dips
the Viterbi equalizer
reflection
interleaving
18.8kbps
27.2kbps
29.2kbps
21.4kbps
Q108. Out of following which element/s in the GSM N/W can not initiate HO?
1.
2.
3.
4.
BSC
BTS
MSC
None of Above
Dipole
Helical
Log-Periodic
Yaagi-Uda
Q110. When we say the output power of a Transmitter is 30dBm, how many watts does it
mean?
1. 3W
2. 1W
3. 1mW
4. 30mW
Repeater
Cross Polar Antenna
TMA (Tower Mount Amplifier)
TRX
Rx Quality
Location Update
Paging Load
GPRS Attach
Q113. If a cell is EDGE capable, how much Downlink Throughput can we guarantee to
customer?
1.
2.
3.
4.
59.2kbps
473.6kbps
236.8kbps
can't guarantee
Q114. How many blocks of AGCH are reserved in non combined mode?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1-7
0-2
0-7
None of Above.
A3,A5,A8
SRES,RAND,Kc
RAND,A3,A8
SRES,Kc,A8
Authentication
Transmission of short messages
Adaptive power control information from BTS to MS only
Assignment of traffic channel to MS.
2
4
6
8
Q119 What should be the value of C/I when you are in hopping mode?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Above 9
Above 12
Less than 9
All of the above are correct
Q120 Which value of level and quality should be considered for analysis in a DT log
1.
2.
3.
4.
Full
Sub
Both
None of the above is correct.
Q121 What are the coding schemes observerd in UL/ DL after implementing EDGE in your
Network:
1.
2.
3.
4.
CS1-CS4
MCS1-MCS6
MCS5-MCS9
MCS1-MCS9
5
2
6
4
Q124 How many TRXs can be accommodated max on a single E1 where DAP pool is
assigned for 4 TS in a Ultra site
1.
2.
3.
4.
12
16
18
24
Q125 How much traffic will be offered by a sector having 4 TRX with GOS of 2%
1.
2.
3.
4.
24Erlangs
21.03Erlangs
23.56Erlangs
22.12 Erlangs
Q126 Which ND report would you refer in order to find the discrepancy for Handovers?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Report 163
Report 166
Report 153
Report 208
Q127 On what basis would an optimizer decide whether the site serving is overshooting:
1.
2.
3.
4.
On the basis of TA
From ND report 232
Physically verifying whether the cell is having up tilt
All of the above
Q130 Which alarm indicates the TRX faulty operation in the system:
1.
2.
3.
4.
7601
7602
7725
7745
U/L
D/L
Both A&B
Cannot be estimated.
Q132 Which is the unique feature in TEMS for analsing speech quality:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rx qual Full
Rx Qual Sub
SQI
Rx Qual.
Q133 Drop calls due to Handovers can be caused basically due to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Q134 Consider a cell where the no calls are happening, the probable causes would be
1.
2.
3.
4.
-47dbm
-110dm
-65dbm
-85dbm
Q137 What would be the power loss after using a combiner in a sector:
1.
2.
3.
4.
-2db
-1db
-3db
-4db
Q139 Which report would give you the total payload for GPRS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
232
208
228
226.
Q140 In a Flexi BTS 1 physical TRX would logically represent how many Trx:
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. None of the above.
Q141 Booster becomes a solution in case of :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Capacity
Coverage
A & B Both
None of the above
2
0
1
4
Q143. Which ND report gives the data for RACH rejection on cell level?
5.
6.
7.
8.
134
132
188
111.
Q144. Which ND report would you refer in order to find the discrepancy for Handovers?
5.
6.
7.
8.
Report 163
Report 166
Report 153
Report 208
Q145.On what basis would an optimizer decide whether the site serving is overshooting:
5.
6.
7.
8.
On the basis of TA
From ND report 232
Drive test logs
All of the above
Q146.Which ND report would give you the total payload for GPRS:
5.
6.
7.
8.
232
208
228
226.
ZERO
ZEQO
ZEOL
ZELO
ZEFO
ZEDO
ZEHO
ZEGO
051
053
061
063.
051
111
216
053
150
151
153
154
204
216
186
226
Q154 In which ND report we can see hourly Traffic Profile for a cell?
1.
2.
3.
4.
180
181
182
186
Q155. In which ND report we can see hourly call drops due to TCH_RF_NEW_HO counter?
1.
2.
3.
4.
216
213
163
166
Q156. In which ND report we can see adjacency discrepancy between neighbor definitions?
1.
2.
3.
4.
061
060
067
073
ICE
Reverse ICE
Smart Radio Concept(SRC)
All of Above
213
216
186
222
230
226
229
228
msl_13
msl_14
msl_15a
msl_16a
Q161. How many 64 Kbps DAP TSLs are required if MS is using MCS 9 (consider:
dedicated data timeslot = 4, single data user attached)?
1.
2.
3.
4.
2
4
6
8
64
128
256
264
Q163. What is the Maximum output power of Metrosite BTS in terms of Watt?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
10
20
40
Q164. What is the maximum number of TRXs can created per BCSU in BSC 3i with version
S12?
1.
2.
3.
4.
110
200
100
220
Gs
DPM ( Dual Paging Mode)
Gn
DPT ( Dual Paging Transmission)
Q166. In which ND report we can see TRHO Handovers attempt and success?
1.
2.
3.
4.
153
154
155
156
Q167. How many TRXs can be handled by 1 BB2F Card in Ultra Site BTS?
1.
2.
3.
4.
2
3
4
6
Q168. Which of the following BTS Type do not have combiner in-built in them?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ultra Site
Metro Site
Flexi BTS
None of above
280
281
128
082
Q170. In which ND report we can see paging deletion counts for cell level?
1.
2.
3.
4.
180
181
182
186
CDED<=CDEF
CDED>CDEF
CDED=CDEF+CMAX
CDEF=CDED+CMAX
Q172. What should be minimum value of CDED(%) to have 1 RTSL as dedicated GPRS
Timeslot considering 2 TRX as GPRS TRX?
1. 0
2. 1
3. 8
4. 10
150
153
154
158
Q174 What is the maximum data throughput/timeslot can be achieved in case of MCS 9?
1.
2.
3.
4.
64 Kbps
59.2 Kbps
118 Kbps
230.4 Kbps
Q175 Which BTS Type does not support Rx Diversity (RDIV) parameter?
1.
2.
3.
4.
MCS 1
MCS 9
MCS 5
CS 1
180
269
196
169
1.
2.
3.
4.
111
222
121
051
TCSM
BSC 3i
Flexi BTS
TRX
Q180 Which of the following is not a feature of GSM network alone, but also feature of
analog mobile communication network?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Q181 which of the following is parameter affecting cell sites while planning the network
1.
2.
3.
4.
Antenna height
MS power
BTS Power
None Of Above
MSC-MSC
MSC-VLR
MSC-HLR
HLR-VLR
Hard
Soft
Both of the above
Make before break
01111110
11111111
10101010.
01010101.
Q191. If an inter MSC handover occurs during a call, the decision to make
a handover is done by
a) BSC controlling the target cell
b) MSC controlling the target cell
c) BSC controlling the current cell
d) MSC controlling the current cell
Q192. Which of the following is notan advantage of the GSM network
Compared to other networks which use the same frequency band?
a) Lower Carrier to Interference Ratio for signal reception
b) Use of MAP signaling
c) Frequency reuse is more efficient than in other networks
d) Lower bit rate for voice coding
Q193. The basic principle of speech coding in a GSM Mobile Station is
a) A-Law PCM with 8 bits per sample
b)-Law PCM at 104Kbits/s
c) A-Law PCM with special filtering at 13Kbits/s
d) None of the above
Q194. Authentication verification is carried out in
a) HLR
b) MSC
c) VLR
d) Authentication Centre
Q195. No calls initiating in a cell, handover traffic is present
1.
2.
3.
4.
Neighbor Cell Id
DTX Status
Ciphering status
HSN
Q 197. In a cell configured with phase diversity, with air combining, what should be ideal
distance between two antennas of same sector?
1.
2.
3.
4.
At least /4 separated
At least /10 separated
0 distance
None of above
BB Hopping
RF Hopping
Cyclic Hopping
All of above
What is LTE?
LTEi (Long Term Evolution) is initiated by 3GPPi to improve the mobile phone standard to cope with
future technology evolutions and needs.
S1-MME :- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
S1-U:- Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane
tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover.
S3:- It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network mobility
in idle and/or active state.
S4:- It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP
Anchor function of Serving GW. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not established, it provides the
user plane tunnelling.
S5:- It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between Serving GW and
PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the Serving GW
needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity.
In LTE architecture, the circuit switched (CS) fallback in EPS enables the provisioning of voice and
traditional CS-domain services (e.g. CS UDI video/ SMS/ LCS/ USSD). To provide these services
LTE reuses CS infrastructure when the UE is served by E UTRAN.
See Understanding CS Fallback in LTE for more details.
The keys used for NAS and AS protection shall be dependent on the algorithm with which
they are used.
The eNB keys are cryptographically separated from the EPC keys used for NAS protection
(making it impossible to use the eNB key to figure out an EPC key).
The AS (RRC and UP) and NAS keys are derived in the EPC/UE from key material that was
generated by a NAS (EPC/UE) level AKA procedure (KASME) and identified with a key
identifier (KSIASME).
The eNB key (KeNB) is sent from the EPC to the eNB when the UE is entering ECMCONNECTED state (i.e. during RRC connection or S1 context setup).
PCRF (policy and charging rules function) provides policy control and flow based charging
control decisions.
PCEF (policy and charging enforcement function) implemented in the serving gateway, this
enforces gating and QoS for individual IP flows on the behalf of
the PCRF. It also provides usage measurement to support charging
OCS (online charging system) provides credit management and grants credit to the PCEF
based on time, traffic volume or chargeable events.
OFCS (off-line charging system) receives events from the PCEF and generates charging
data records (CDRs) for the billing system.
For details read LCS Architecture for LTE EPS and LTE UE positioning in E-UTRAN