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Outline
Vector Potentials, Wave Equation
Far-field Radiation
Duality/Reciprocity
Transmission Lines
Slide 2
Chapter 2
Synthesis problem
Given the desired operational characteristics (like the radiation
pattern), find the antenna structure or source current that will
generate this.
Challenging! Much less developed.
Topic for research.
Slide 3
Chapter 2
Fields:
Arbitrary volume V
Filled with sources
= electric currents (A/m2)
= magnetic currents (A/m2)
Problem:
Compute fields E and H generated by currents
Solution:
Maxwells equations gives exact solution
Slide 4
Chapter 2
Maxwells Equations
Equations (Differential Form)
Gauss Law (electric field)
Gauss Law (magnetic field)
Faradays Law
Amperes Law
Constitutive Relationships
Slide 5
Chapter 2
Quantities
E
H
B
D
J
M
(Ohm)
Chapter 2
Slide 7
Chapter 2
Boundary Conditions
Slide 8
Chapter 2
Wave equation
Slide 9
Chapter 2
Vector Potential
Basic Antenna Analysis Problem
Given currents J and M , compute fields E and H
Option 1: Direct
Option 2: Use potential
Static Problems
Nice to use electric scalar potential (V =voltage) instead of E
Why? Can solve scalar equations instead of vector equations
Dynamic Problems
Use the vector potential A instead of B
Can solve vector equations
instead of complicated dyadic (matrix) equations
Definition of A chosen to make analysis as simple as possible
Exploit physical and vectorial properties
Antennas and Propagation
Slide 10
Chapter 2
Therefore,
BA = HA = A
Slide 11
Chapter 2
Slide 12
Chapter 2
Slide 13
Chapter 2
Slide 14
Chapter 2
Also, to get E
Slide 15
Chapter 2
Approach
Given J and M solve for A and F
When all finished, then find E and H
Helps us manage the complexity of EM antenna problems
Slide 16
Chapter 2
Alternative Approach
Transform into integral equation
Greens function technique
Advantage:
Automatically incorporates boundary condition
Single equation
Slide 17
Chapter 2
Slide 18
Chapter 2
We need to solve
J
x
Slide 19
Chapter 2
Slide 20
Chapter 2
Slide 21
Chapter 2
Solutions
Simplification: c2 = 0
Slide 22
Chapter 2
Slide 23
Chapter 2
Note:
Slide 24
Chapter 2
Becomes
Slide 25
Chapter 2
Slide 26
Chapter 2
2. Translate Solution
Have solution for point at origin
z
r - r
Slide 27
Chapter 2
Big Idea: Can solve this equation by substituting the point source
solution into the proper integral equation.
Slide 28
Chapter 2
Slide 29
Chapter 2
Slide 30
Chapter 2
Slide 31
Chapter 2
Slide 32
Chapter 2
Slide 33
Chapter 2
Solution
Use vector potentials to make problem simpler
Simple inhomogeneous wave equation for A
Solve the equation for a point current source (= Greens function)
Fields for arbitrary current given by integral equation
(Superposition or convolution)
Slide 34
Chapter 2