99.

ADENOVIRUSES
ADENOVIRIDAE
Species

Adenovirus Type 1
Adenovirus Type 2
Adenovirus Type 41 (you get the drift)

Characteristics

linear double-stranded DNA genome

icosahedral capsid (multifaceted protein coat)
non-enveloped (naked, not surrounded by a cell membrane)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir, not normal flora - as are all other viruses)

Transmission

direct contact (person-to-person)

droplet nuclei (respiratory spray)
fecal-oral
contaminated fomites (indigestible objects)

Diseases

The Common Cold

- fever, rhinitis leading to rhinorrhea and pharyngitis leading to sore
throat
- may complicate by progressing to laryngotracheobronchitis and
viral interstitial pneumotitis
- primarily occurs in children
- caused by Adenovirus infection of the nasopharynx
Keratoconjunctivitis
- pink eye
- keratitis and conjunctivitis leading to conjunctival hyperemia and
preauricular lymphadenomegaly
- caused by Adenovirus infection of the eye
Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
- fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, conjunctival hyperemia and preauricular
lymphadenomegaly
- caused by simultaneous Adenovirus infection of the pharynx and
eye
Gastroenteritis
- abdominal pain vomiting and watery diarrhea
- caused by Adenovirus infection of the GI tract

Treatment

oral fluid and electrolyte replacement (if gastroenteritis)

-1-

100. HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUSES

HERPESVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear double-stranded DNA genome

icosahedral capsid
enveloped (surrounded by a cell membrane originating from the
previously infected host cell)

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1, Human Herpesvirus 1)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact

Diseases

Herpes Labialis
- cold sore
- painful ulcerating encrustating vesicles at the site of initial
infection
- primarily occurs on the lips and/or the bucca
- spontaneously resolves in < 2 weeks
- may complicate by reactivation of latent HSV-1 in the trigeminal
ganglia ! reoccurrence of the painful ulcerating encrustating
vesicles at the site of initial infection
- may also complicate by HSV-1 viremia ! meningoencephalitis
- caused by HSV-1 infection of the oral cavity
Herpetic Keratitis
- ulcerating coalescing vesicles on the cornea
- may complicate by causing corneal scarring ! blindness
- caused by HSV-1 infection of the eye
Herpetic Whitlow
- painful ulcerating encrustating vesicles on the cuticles of the
fingernails
- caused by HSV-1 infection of the skin

Treatment

indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

-2-

Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2, Human Herpesvirus 2)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
sexual (sexually transmitted disease, STD, venereal disease)
perinatal (mother-to-fetus)

Diseases

Herpes Genitalis
- painful ulcerating encrustating vesicles at the site of initial
infection
- primarily occurs on the external genitalia, periorally (if oral
intercourse) or perirectally (if anal intercourse)
- spontaneously resolves in < 2 weeks
- may complicate by reactivation of latent HSV-2 in the lumbosacral
paravertebral ganglia ! reoccurrence the of the painful ulcerating
encrustating vesicles at the site of initial infection
- may also complicate by HSV-2 viremia ! meningoencephalitis
- caused by HSV-2 infection of the skin
Herpetic Keratitis
- see above
Herpetic Whitlow
- see above
TORCH Syndrome
- spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, premature birth, birth defects, viral
interstitial pneumonitis, acute viral hepatitis leading to jaundice,
hepatosplenomegaly, generalized lymphadenomegaly and neonatal
meningoencephalitis leading to mental retardation, seizures,
deafness and blindness
- caused by intrauterine HSV-2 infection ! HSV-2 viremia

Treatment

indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

continued in 101

-3-

101. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
continuation of 100

Cytomegalovirus (CMV, Human Herpesvirus 5)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
perinatal

Diseases

Infectious Mononucleosis-Like Syndrome

- analogous to infectious mononucleosis (see 102)
- may complicate by reactivation of latent CMV in the paravertebral
ganglia ! viral interstitial pneumonitis, acute viral hepatitis, and
retinitis leading to blindness (primarily occurs in
immunocompromized)
- caused by CMV infection of the nasopharynx ! CMV viremia
TORCH Syndrome
- see 100

Treatment

indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

direct viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

continued in 102

-4-

102. EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS

continuation of 101

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV, Human Herpesvirus 4)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact

Diseases

Infectious Mononucleosis
- kissing disease
- fever, headache, severe pharyngitis, splenomegaly and generalized
lymphadenomegaly
- spontaneously resolves in < 6 weeks
- primarily occurs in children and young adults
- caused by EBV infection of the B lymphocytes in the nasopharynx
! dissemination of EBV in virtually every lymphoid organ
- may progress to burkitt lymphoma and/or nasopharyngeal
carcinoma (see below)
Burkitt Lymphoma
- malignant neoplasm of B lymphocytes
- primarily occurs in children
- caused by persistent EBV infection of B lymphocytes
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
- malignant neoplasm of the pharyngeal epithelium
- primarily occurs in adults
- caused by reactivation of latent EBV ! EBV infection of the
pharyngeal epithelial cells

Treatment

none in particular

continued in 103

-5-

103. VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS AND HHV-6 (HUMAN

HERPESVIRUS-6)
continuation of 102

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV, Human Herpesvirus 3)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
droplet nuclei
contaminated fomites

Diseases

Varicella
- chickenpox
- fever and headache ! erythematous ulcerating encrustating
vesicles beginning on the face and trunk and then progressing
towards the extremities (as well as mucous membranes)
- spontaneously resolves in < 1 week
- may complicate by VZV viremia ! viral interstitial pneumonitis
and meningoencephalitis (primarily occurs in
immunocompromized)
- caused by VZV infection of the nasopharynx ! VZV viremia
- may progress to zoster (see below)
Zoster
- shingles
- reoccurrence of the erythematous ulcerating encrustating vesicles
on 1 or more dermatomes
- occurs years after initial infection
- caused by reactivation of latent VZV in the paravertebral ganglia

Treatment

indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

-6-

Roseola Virus (Human Herpesvirus 6)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact

Diseases

Treatment

Roseola Infantum
- exanthema subitum
- high fever and cervical lympadenomegaly ! erythematous rash on
the neck and trunk
- spontaneously resolves in < 1 week
- may complicate by reactivation of latent Roseola Virus in the
paravertebral ganglia ! infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome
(see 102), viral interstitial pneumonitis, acute viral hepatitis and
meningoencephalitis (primarily occurs in immunocompromized)
- primarily occurs in infants
- caused by Roseola Virus infection of the nasopharynx ! Roseola
Virus viremia
-

indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

-7-

104. POXVIRUSES (VARIOLA AND THE ERADICATION OF

SMALLPOX)
POXVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear double-stranded DNA genome

complex capsid (uncharacterizable protein coat)
enveloped

Serotypes

Variola Major
Variola Minor

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir, now extinct due to vaccination (!))

Transmission

direct contact
droplet nuclei

Variola Virus

Diseases

Variola
- smallpox
- high fever and maculopapular rash beginning on the pharynx, oral
cavity, face and extremities and then progressing towards the trunk
- > 25% mortality
- caused by Variola Virus infection of the nasopharynx ! Variola
Virus viremia

Treatment

none in particular

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

parenteral (injectional)

Vaccinia Virus

Diseases

Treatment

Vaccinia
- ulcerating encrustating vesicles at the site of initial infection
- may complicate by Vaccinia Virus viremia ! meningoencephalitis
(primarily occurs in immunocompromized)
- caused by inoculation of Vaccinia Virus into the skin (vaccination
against Variola Virus, see above)
-

none in particular

-8-

Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV)

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily primates and marsupials)

Transmission

direct contact
sexual
zoonotic
contaminated fomites

Diseases

Treatment

Molluscum Contagiosum
- multiple medium-sized nodules with central invagination
(umbilication) at the site of initial infection
- spontaneously resolves in < 2 years
- caused MCV infection of the skin
-

none in particular

-9-

105. HEPATITIS VIRUSES I (HAV AND HEV)

PICORNAVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear positive-sense (does not need a viral RNA-dependent RNA

polymerase to replicate) single-stranded RNA genome
icosahedral capsid
non-enveloped

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily primates)

Transmission

direct contact
fecal-oral
contaminated water
contaminated food (primarily seafood)

Diseases

Acute Viral Hepatitis

- moderate hepatic damage ! fever, abdominal pain, vomiting,
hepatomegaly and jaundice
- spontaneously resolves in < 3 months

Treatment

none in particular

linear positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome

icosahedral capsid
non-enveloped

CALICIVIRIDAE
Characteristics

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

Characteristics

same diseases and treatment as HAV (see above)

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily primates, swine and rodents)

Transmission

fecal-oral
contaminated water

continued in 106
- 10 -

106. HEPATITIS VIRUSES II (HBV, HDV, HCV AND HGV)

continuation of 105

HEPEDNAVIRIDAE
Characteristics

circular double-stranded DNA genome

icosahedral capsid
enveloped

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
sexual
perinatal
parenteral

Diseases

Acute Viral Hepatitis

- see 105
- may progress to hyperacute viral hepatitis (see below)
Hyperacute Viral Hepatitis
- fulminant hepatitis
- severe hepatic damage ! hepatic failure leading to generalized
edema, ascites, coagulopathies and hepatic encephalopathy
- primarily occurs in immunoreactive
Chronic Persistent Viral Hepatitis
- moderate hepatic cirrhosis ! fever, abdominal pain, vomiting,
hepatomegaly and jaundice
- primarily occurs in moderately immunocompromized
- may progress to chronic aggressive viral hepatitis (see below)
Chronic Aggressive Viral Hepatitis
- severe hepatic cirrhosis ! hepatic failure (see above)
- primarily occurs in severely immunocompromized
Chronic Carrier State
- no hepatic damage and no hepatic cirrhosis (asymptomatic)
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- malignant neoplasm of the hepatocytes

Treatment

indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

- 11 -

DELTAVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear negative-sense (needs a viral RNA-dependent RNA

polymerase to replicate) single-stranded RNA genome
icosahedral capsid
non-enveloped (needs HBV envelope to become infective (!))

Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)

Characteristics

same reservoirs, transmission and diseases as HBV (see above)

Treatment

none in particular

linear positiv-sense single-stranded RNA genome

icosahedral capsid
enveloped

FLAVIVIRIDAE
Characteristics

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

Characteristics

same reservoirs, transmission and diseases as HBV (see above)

Treatment

indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (believe it or not (!))

Hepatitis G Virus (HGV)

Characteristics

same reservoirs and transmission as HBV (see above)

Diseases

none directly associated

Treatment

none in particular

- 12 -

107. INFLUENZA VIRUS A, B AND C

ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear segmented (8 segments) negative-sense single-stranded RNA

genome
helical capsid (spirally-shaped protein coat)
enveloped

Serotypes

Influenza Virus Type A

Influenza Virus Type B
Influenza Virus Type C

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily birds, only Influenza Virus Type A)

Transmission

direct contact
droplet nuclei
zoonotic (only Influenza Virus Type A)

Influenza Virus

Diseases

Treatment

Influenza
- the flu
- high fever, headache, myalgias, rhinitis leading to rhinorrhea,
pharyngitis leading to sore throat, and non-productive cough
- may complicate by progressing to laryngotracheobronchitis and
viral interstitial pneumonitis (primarily occurs in elderly and
immunocompromized)
- caused by Influenza Virus infection of the nasopharynx
-

viral uncoating and assembly inhibitors

viral exit inhibitors

- 13 -

108. MUMPS VIRUS

PARAMYXOVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome

helical capsid
enveloped

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
droplet nuclei

Mumps Virus

Diseases

Treatment

Mumps
- fever, headache and parotitis leading to painful swollen jaws
- may complicate by progressing to meningoencephalitis (primarily
occurs in children)
- may also complicate by progressing to orchidoepididymitis and/or
oophoritis (primarily occurs in teenagers and adults)
- primarily occurs in children
- caused by Mumps Virus infection of the nasopharynx ! Mumps
Virus viremia
-

none in particular

continued in 109

- 14 -

109. MEASLES VIRUS

continuation of 108

Rubeola Virus (Measles Virus)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
droplet nuclei

Diseases

Rubeola
- measles
- high fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, non-productive
cough and generalized lymphadenomegaly ! medium-sized
erythematous rash with bluish-white centers on the bucca and
tongue (kopliks spots) ! erythematous maculopapular rash
beginning on the face and then progressing descendingly to the feet
- spontaneously resolves in < 2 weeks
- may complicate by causing viral interstitial pneumonitis, infective
myocarditis and meningoencephalitis
- primarily occurs in children
- caused by Rubeola Virus infection of the nasopharynx ! Rubeola
Virus viremia
- may progress to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (see below)
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
- SSPE
- stupor and myclonic spasms in awaken state (spasms normally
occurring in healthy as they fall asleep you know what Im
talking about) ! deafness, blindness and seizures ! coma
- > 25% mortality
- occurs years after initial infection
- caused by reactivation of latent Rubeola Virus

Treatment

none in particular

- 15 -

110. RUBELLA VIRUS

TOGAVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome

icosahedral capsid
enveloped

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
droplet nuclei

Rubella Virus

Diseases

Rubella
- german measles
- low-grade fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis and painful
postauricular and suboccipital lymphadenomegaly ! small
erythematous rash on the soft palate (forchheimers spots) !
erythematous maculopapular rash beginning on the face and then
progressing descendingly to the feet
- spontaneously resolves in < 1 week
- may complicate by progressing to infective arthritis
- analogous to rubeola (see 109)
- primarily occurs in children
- caused by Rubella Virus infection of the nasopharynx ! Rubella
Virus viremia
TORCH Syndrome
- see 100

Treatment

none in particular

- 16 -

111. ROTAVIRUSES
REOVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear segmented (11 segments) double-stranded RNA genome

icosahedral capsid
non-enveloped

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
fecal-oral
contaminated water
contaminated food
contaminated fomites

Rotavirus

Diseases

Treatment

Gastroenteritis
- most common cause of gastroenteritis
- abdominal pain, vomiting and severe watery diarrhea (> 20 liter
per day)
- may complicate by leading to hypovolemia ! hypovolemic shock
! death
- may also complicate by Rotavirus viremia ! meningoencephalitis
- primarily occurs in children
- caused by Rotavirus infection of the GI tract
-

oral fluid and electrolyte replacement

- 17 -

112. NORWALK VIRUS AND OTHER VIRUSES OF HUMAN

GASTROENTERITIS
CALICIVIRIDAE
Characteristics

see 105

same reservoirs, transmission and treatment as Rotavirus (see 111)

Norwalk Virus
Characteristics
Diseases

Gastroenteritis
- see 99
- primarily occurs in teenagers and adults
- caused by Norwalk Virus infection of the GI tract

- 18 -

113. POLIOVIRUSES
PICORNAVIRIDAE
Characteristics

see 105

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
droplet nuclei
fecal-oral

Poliovirus

Diseases

Inapparent Poliomyleitis
- low-grade fever, headache and pharyngitis
- spontaneously resolves in < 1 week
- primarily occurs in children
- caused by Poliovirus infection of the nasopharynx
- may progress to non-paralytic poliomyelitis and/or paralytic
poliomyelitis (see below)
Non-Paralytic Poliomyleitis
- meningitis leading to high fever, vomiting and nuchal rigidity
- spontaneously resolves in < 1 week
- primarily occurs in children
- caused by Poliovirus viremia ! Poliovirus infection of the
meninges
Paralytic Poliomyleitis
- asymmetric flaccid paralysis ! muscular atrophy and loss of
myotatic reflexes (stretch reflexes)
- may complicate by flaccid paralysis of the respiratory muscles !
death
- primarily occurs in teenagers and adults
- caused by Poliovirus infection of the peripheral motor neurons

Treatment

none in particular

continued in 114

- 19 -

114. COXSACKIE AND ECHO VIRUSES

continuation of 113

Coxsackie A Virus (CAV)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
droplet nuclei
fecal-oral

Diseases

The Common Cold

- see 99
- may complicate by CAV viremia ! meningoencephalitis
- caused by CAV infection of the nasopharynx
- may progress to herpangina (see below)
Herpangina
- high fever and painful ulcerating erythematous vesicles on the
pharynx
- caused by progression of the common cold (see above)
- may progress to hand-foot-and-mouth disease (see below)
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
- high fever and painful ulcerating erythematous vesicles on the
bucca and tongue as well as on the palms and soles
- caused by progression of herpangina (see above)

Treatment

none in particular

- 20 -

Coxsackie B Virus (CBV)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
droplet nuclei
fecal-oral

Diseases

The Common Cold

- see above
- may complicate by CBV viremia ! meningoencephalitis, infective
myocarditis and acute pericarditis
- caused by CBV infection of the nasopharynx
- may progress to pleurodynia (see below)
Pleurodynia
- bornholm disease
- high fever, headache and intercostal striated muscle necrosis
leading to severe pain during inspiration (pleuritic pain)
- caused by progression of the common cold (see above)

Treatment

none in particular

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
droplet nuclei
fecal-oral

Echovirus

Diseases

The Common Cold

- see above
- may complicate by Echovirus viremia ! meningoencephalitis,
infective myocarditis and acute pericarditis
- caused by Echovirus infection of the nasopharynx
Keratoconjunctivitis
- see 99
- caused by Echovirus infection of the eye
Gastroenteritis
- see 99
- primarily occurs in infants
- caused by Echovirus infection of the GI tract

Treatment

none in particular

- 21 -

115. RABIES
RHABDOVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome

helical capsid
enveloped

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily dogs, cats and bats)

Transmission

direct contact
zoonotic

Rabies Virus

Diseases

Furious Rabies
- fever, headache and neuralgia at the site of initial infection !
encephalitis leading to delirium, psychosis and bursts of furious
rage, and severe pharyngeal spasms upon drinking (hydrophobia)
leading to foaming of the mouth ! symmetric flaccid paralysis and
seizures ! coma and respiratory center dysfunction
- > 90% mortality rate (within 2 weeks (!))
- most common
- caused by Rabies Virus infection of wounds ! retrograde
migration of Rabies Virus through sensory neurons into the CNS
Apathetic Rabies
- fever, headache and neuralgia at the site of initial infection !
encephalitis leading to insomnia, stupor and apathy ! symmetric
flaccid paralysis and seizures ! coma and respiratory center
dysfunction
- > 90% mortality rate (within 2 weeks (!))
- caused by Rabies Virus infection of wounds ! retrograde
migration of Rabies Virus along sensory neurons into the CNS

Treatment

none in particular

- 22 -

116. SLOW VIRUS INFECTIONS AND PRION DISEASE

PRIONS
Characteristics

proteinaceous infectious particles

not viruses
consists solely of protein (prion protein, PrP)

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily cattle)

Transmission

zoonotic
contaminated food
contaminated fomites
inherited (!)

Diseases

Treatment

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

- vCJD
- (bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE, mad cow disease,
in cattle)
- cerebral and cerebellar granulovacoular degeneration ! chronic
progressive encephalopathy leading to insomnia, stupor, apathy,
myclonic spasms in awaken state (see 109), and finally coma
- 100% mortality (in less than 2 years (!))
- caused by Prion viremia ! Prion accumulation in the CNS
-

none in particular

- 23 -

117. TUMOR VIRUSES

HERPESVIRIDAE
Characteristics

see 100

Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV, Human Herpesvirus 8)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
sexual
perinatal

Diseases

Treatment

Kaposi Sarcoma
- malignant neoplasm of vascular smooth muscle
- caused by KSHV viremia ! KSHV infection of vascular smooth
muscle cells
-

none in particular

- 24 -

PAPOVAVIRIDAE
Characteristics

circular double-stranded DNA genome

icosahedral capsid
non-enveloped

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
sexual
perinatal
contaminated fomites

Diseases

Common Cutaneous Warts

- verrucae vulgaris
- painless superficial medium-sized rough hyperkeratinized nodules
at the site of initial infection
- primarily occurs on the hands and fingers (as well as on the feet)
- caused by HPV infection of the skin
- may progress to deep palmo-plantar warts (see below)
Deep Palmo-Plantar Warts
- myrmecias
- painful deep medium-sized rough hyperkeratinized pigmented
nodules at the site of initial infection
- primarily occurs on the feet and toes (as well as on the hands)
- caused by progression of common cutaneous warts (see above) !
HPV invasion of the dermis
Anogenital Warts
- condyloma acuminata
- multiple small papules coalescing to form a large cauliflower-like
lesion at the site of initial infection
- primarily occurs on the external genitalia or perirectally (if anal
intercourse)
- caused by HPV infection of the skin
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
- CIN
- benign neoplasm of the cervix
- caused by HPV infection of the cervix
- may progress to cervical carcinoma (see below)
Cervical Carcinoma
- malignant neoplasm of the cervix
- caused by progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (see
above)

- 25 -

Treatment

topical liquid nitrogen (if common cutaneous warts, deep palmoplantar warts and/or anogenital warts)

linear diploid (2 exact copies) positive-sense single-stranded RNA

genome
complex capsid
enveloped

RETROVIRIDAE
Characteristics

Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus 1 (HTLV-1)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

sexual
perinatal
parenteral

Diseases

Tropical Spastic Paraparesis

- HTLV-1 associated myelopathy
- skeletal muscle spasms and generalized striated muscle asthenia
(including external urethral and external rectal sphincters) leading
to incontinence
- caused by HTLV-1 viremia ! HTLV-1 infection of the CNS
Acute T-Lymphocytic Leukemia
- malignant neoploasm of T lymphocytes
- caused by HTLV-1 viremia ! HTLV-1 infection of T lymphocytes

Treatment

none in particular

- 26 -

118. ARBOVIRUSES (YELLOW FEVER VIRUS AND TICK-BORNE

ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES)
FLAVIVIRIDAE
Characteristics

see 106

Yellow Fever Virus (YFV)

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily primates and marsupials)

Transmission

zoonotic
vectorial (mosquitoes)

Diseases

Treatment

Yellow Fever
- fever, headache and myalgias (primarily of the lower back) !
toxic acute tubular necrosis leading to intrarenal acute renal failure
and uremia, and acute viral hepatitis leading to jaundice and
coagulopathies
- > 40% mortality
- caused by YFV viremia
-

none in particular

see 110

TOGAVIRIDAE
Characteristics

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV)

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily horses, rodents and birds)

Transmission

vectorial (mosquitoes)

Diseases

Western Equine Encephalitis

- WEE
- meningitis leading to high fever, vomiting and nuchal rigidity, and
encephalitis leading to delirium, stupor and seizures ! coma
- < 10% mortality
- caused by WEEV viremia

- 27 -

Treatment

none in particular

Eeastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV)

Characteristics
Diseases

same reservoirs, transmission and treatment as WEEV (see above)

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

- EEE
- analogous to WEE (see above)
- > 60% mortality
- caused by EEEV viremia

Venezuelian Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV)

Characteristics

same transmission and treatment as WEEV (see above)

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily horses)

Diseases

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

- VEE
- analogous to WEE (see above)
- < 20% mortality
- caused by VEEV viremia

BUNYAVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear segmented (3 segments) negative-sense single-stranded RNA

genome
helical capsid
enveloped

California Encephalitis Virus (CEV)

Characteristics

same transmission and treatment as WEEV (see above)

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily rodents)

Diseases

California Encephalitis
- analogous to WEE (see above)
- < 1% mortality
- caused by CEV viremia
- 28 -

119. ROBOVIRUSES (HANTAAN VIRUS, MARBURG AND EBOLA

VIRUSES, LASSA AND LCM VIRUSES)
BUNYAVIRIDAE
Characteristics

see 118

Hantavirus (Hantaan Virus)

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily rodents)

Transmission

direct contact
zoonotic
aerosolized

Diseases

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

- HPS
- fever, headache and myalgias (primarily of the lower back) !
alveolar capillary endothelial damage leading to adult respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS)
- > 80% mortality (in < 1 week (!))
- caused by Hantavirus viremia (primarily of the pulmonary
circulation)
Hantavirus Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
- HFRS
- fever, headache and myalgias (primarily of the lower back) !
disseminated capillary endothelial damage leading to hemorrhages
in the skin and mucous membranes, and toxic acute tubular
necrosis leading to intrarenal acute renal failure and uremia
- < 10% mortality
- caused by Hantavirus viremia (primarily of the systemic
circulation)

Treatment

indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (believe it or not (!))

- 29 -

FILOVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome

helical capsid
enveloped

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily primates)

Transmission

direct contact
zoonotic

Marburg Virus

Diseases

Treatment

Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever

- fever headache and myalgias (primarily of the lower back) !
disseminated capillary endothelial damage leading to hemorrhages
in the skin, mucous membranes as well as other organs ! multiple
organ failure
- > 25% mortality
- caused by Marburg Virus viremia
-

none in particular

same reservoirs, transmission and treatment as Marburg Virus (see

above)

Ebola Virus
Characteristics
Diseases

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

- analogous to marburg hemorrhagic fever (see above)
- > 90% mortality (!)
- caused by Ebola Virus viremia

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ARENAVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear segmented (2 segments) negative-sense single-stranded RNA

genome
helical capsid
enveloped

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily rodents)

Transmission

direct contact
zoonotic
aerosolized
contaminated food
contaminated fomites

Lassa Virus

Diseases

Treatment

Lassa Fever
- analogous to marburg hemorrhagic fever (see above)
- < 1% mortality
- caused by Lassa Virus viremia
-

indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (believe it or not (!))

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV)

Reservoirs

humans
animals (primarily primates, rodents, swine and dogs)

Transmission

direct contact
zoonotic
aerosolized
contaminated food
contaminated fomites

Diseases

Treatment

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
- LCM
- fever, headache and myalgias ! meningoencephalitis (see 119)
- < 1% mortality
- caused by LCMV viremia
-

none in particular

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120. HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B19

PARVOVIRIDAE
Characteristics

linear single-stranded DNA genome

icosahedral capsid
non-enveloped

Human Parvovirus B19

Reservoirs

humans

Transmission

direct contact
perinatal
parenteral

Diseases

Treatment

Erythema Infectiosum
- slapped-cheek disease
- erythematous rashes of the cheeks as well as on the trunk and
extremities
- may complicate by infection of the bone marrow ! aplastic
anemia ! transient aplastic crisis (primarily occurs in infants,
immunocompromized or if already anemic)
- spontaneously resolves in < 1 week
- primarily occurs in children
- caused by Human Parvovirus B19 viremia
-

none in particular

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121. VIROLOGY AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF AIDS

122. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SPREAD OF AIDS
RETROVIRIDAE
Characteristics

see 117

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Reservoirs

humans (only reservoir)

Transmission

direct contact
sexual
perinatal
parenteral

Diseases

Treatment

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

- AIDS
- infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome (see 102) !
immunodeficiency leading to a torrent of opportunistic bacterial,
viral, fungal protozoal and helmithic superinfections, as well as a
torrent of malignant neoplasms
- may complicate by HIV infection of both the central and peripheral
nervous system ! encephalopathies, myelopathies and peripheral
neuropathies (AIDS dementia complex)
- 100% mortality (eventually (!))
- caused by HIV viremia ! HIV dissemination in virtually every
lymphoid organ ! HIV infection of helper T lymphocytes
-

indirect viral reverse transcriptase inhibitors

direct viral reverse transcriptase inhibitors
viral protease inhibitors

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123. CONGENITAL VIRAL INFECTIONS (RUBELLA AND CMV,

DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION)
124. IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CONDITIONS, TRANSPLANTATION
AND VIRAL INFECTIONS, PREVENTION
125. NOSOCOMIAL VIRAL INFECTIONS, EXAMPLES FOR
TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY, ENTERIC AND BLOODBORNE VIRUSES

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