Cable Stayed Bridges and Its Wind Induced Vibrations

Cable-Stayed Bridges and its wind induced vibrations
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or pylons), from which cables support the
bridge deck. A distinctive feature are the cables which run directly from the tower to the deck,
normally forming a fan-like pattern or a series of parallel lines. This is in contrast to the modern
suspension bridge, where the cables supporting the deck are suspended vertically from the main
cable, anchored at both ends of the bridge and running between the towers. The cable-stayed bridge
is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges, and shorter than suspension bridges. This is the
range where cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier if the span were lengthened, while
suspension bridge cabling would not be more economical if the span were shortened.
The history of cable stayed bridges dates back to 1595, found in a book by the Venetian
inventor (Bernard et al., 1988). There are two main types of long span bridges-suspension bridges
and cable stayed bridges. Many suspension and cable stayed bridges have been designed and
developed since 1595 such as the Albert bridge and the Brooklyn bridge (Wilson and Gravelle,
1991), (Bernard et al., 1988). Cable-stayed bridges have been later constructed all over the world.
1.2 CABLE STAYED BRIDGES

The cable-stayed bridge has proven to be the most advantageous, economical long-span
bridge solution throughout Western Europe since the end of World War II. A primary reason for the
increased design application is that they require less material than other bridges, which should
result in lower erection costs. Loads are carried efficiently because all members carry axial forces
only. The recent development of high-strength steel material has permitted cable systems to carry
high axial forces without excessive elongations. Recent advances in computer technology now
permit the enormous number of structural calculations required to be done quickly and cheaply. A
typical cable stayed bridge is a deck with one or two pylons erected above the piers in the middle
of the span. The cables are attached diagonally to the girder to provide additional supports. A
typical cable-stayed bridge is depicted in Figure 1.1
1
Civil Engineering, FISAT
Fig 1.1 simple illustration of typical cable stayed bridge
The pylons form the primary load-bearing structure in these types of bridges. Large
amounts of compression forces are transferred from the deck to the cables to the pylons and into
the foundation as shown in Figure 1.1 The design of the bridge is conducted such that the static
horizontal forces resulting from dead load are almost balanced to minimize the height of the pylon.
Cable stayed-bridges have a low center of gravity, which makes them efficient in resisting
earthquakes. Cable stayed bridges provide outstanding architectural appearance due to their small
diameter cables and unique overhead structure. Figure 1.2 shows the Yinling Bridge in China
(cable stayed bridge).
2
Fig 1.2Yinling Bridge in China
A cable stayed bridge is composed of three main components as explained below.

Deck
The deck or road bed is the roadway surface of a cable-stayed bridge. The deck can be
made of different materials such as steel, concrete or composite steel concrete. The choice of
material for the bridge deck determines the overall cost of the construction of cable stayed bridges.
The weight of the deck has significant impact on the required stay cables, pylons, and foundations.
As one can see in Figure 1.3, the composite steel-concrete deck is composed of two structural edge
girders. These girders are attached by transverse steel floor beams. The precast reinforced concrete
deck is supported by these two main girders. This type of composite steel-concrete deck has more
Advantages as follows
The own weight of a composite deck is less than a concrete deck.
The light steel girders can be erected before applying the heavy concrete slab.
The stay cables have more resistance against rotation anchoring to the outside
steel main girders.
The redistribution of compression forces due to shrinkage and creep onto the
steel girders is minimized by using the precast slab
3
Figure 1.3 Composite deck

Pylon
Pylons of cable stayed bridges are aimed to support the weight and live load
acting on the structure. There are several different shapes of pylons for cable stayed
bridges such as trapezoidal pylon, Twin pylon, A-frame pylon, and Single pylon.
They are chosen based on the structure of the cable stayed bridge (for different cable
arrangements),
aesthetics,
length,
and
other
environmental
parameters.
When
height
of the tower increases the cross sectional area for the cable decreases. Pier below the
girder resist the torsional moments of the superstructure. Figure 1.4 shows the pylon
geometry
Figure 1.4 Pylon geometry

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Cables
Cables are one of the main parts of a cable-stayed bridge. They transfer the dead
weight of the deck to the pylons. These cable are usually post-tensioned based on the
weight of the deck. The cables post-tensioned forces are selected in a way to
minimize both the vertical deflection of the deck and lateral deflection of the pylons.
The cables should posses high modulus of elasticity. There are four major types of
stay cables including, parallel-bar, parallel-wire and locked-coil cables. The choice of
these cables depends mainly on the mechanical properties, structural properties and
economical criteria.
1.3 COMPARISON WITH SUSPENSION BRIDGE

Cable-stayed bridges may appear to be similar to suspension bridges, but in fact they are
quite different in principle and in their construction.
In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang between the towers and
are anchored at each end to the ground. This can be difficult to implement when ground conditions
are poor. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the towers, bear the load of the
bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under tension from their own weight. Along
the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections. As
this is done, the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the live load of traffic crossing the
bridge. The tension on the main cables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages and by
downwards tug on the towers.
Fig 1.5 Suspension bridge
5
Fig 1.6 Cable-stayed bridge
In the cable-stayed bridge, the towers are the primary load-bearing structures which transmit the
bridge loads to the ground. A cantilever approach is often used to support the bridge deck near the
towers, but lengths further from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers. This
has the disadvantage, compared to the suspension bridge, that the cables pull to the sides as
opposed to directly up, requiring the bridge deck to be stronger to resist the resulting horizontal
compression loads; but has the advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resist the horizontal
pull of the main cables of the suspension bridge. By design all static horizontal forces of the cablestayed bridge are balanced so that the supporting towers do not tend to tilt or slide, needing only to
resist horizontal forces from the live loads.
2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES BASED ON THE

ARRANGEMENT OF STAY CABLES
2.1 HARP ARRANGEMENT

In a harp arrangement, the cables are made nearly parallel by attaching them to
different points on the pylon as shown is in Fig. 1.3a. From economical point of view,
this type cable stayed bridges is not efficient for long span bridges. This is because
such an arrangement requires more steel for the cables, gives more compression in the
deck, and produces bending moments in the pylon. However, in terms of aesthetics it
is attractive in comparison to other types of cable stayed bridges. The parallel cables
give a most pleasant appearance to the harp arrangement as stated by Bernard et al.
6
(1988). The need for taller pylons is one of the disadvantages of this type of cable stayed bridge.
2.2 FAN ARRANGEMENT

In this pattern, all the stay cables are attached to a single point at top of each pylon
as shown in Fig. 1.3b. The relatively steep slope of the stay cables results in smaller
cable cross section in comparison to the harp type. Moreover, the horizontal cable
forces in the deck in this arrangement is less than the harp type (Bernard et al., 1988)
Figure 2.1: Three main types of cable stayed brides.

7
However, by increasing the number of the stay cables, the weights of the anchorages
increase
and
attaching
the
stay
cables
to
anchorage
becomes
difficult.
Therefore,
the fan patterns are suitable only for moderate spans with a limited number of stay
cables.
2.3 SEMI-FAN ARRANGEMENT
Several modern cable-stayed bridges have been built around the world using semi-fan
arrangement due to its efficiency. As shown in Fig. 1.3c, in this system, the cables7
are distributed over the upper part of the pylon, which are more steeply inclined close
to the pylon (Bernard et al., 1988). The world largest cable-stayed bridge (Sutong
Bridge in Jiangsu, China) was designed as a semi-fan arrangement using A-shape
pylons. The semi-fan arrangement has better appearance in comparison to the fan
arrangement.
3. DIFFERENT VARIATIONS OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES
3.1 SIDE-SPAR CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

A side-spar cable-stayed bridge uses a central tower supported on only one side. This design
allows the construction of a curved bridge. This kind of bridge has only one tower and is supported
only on one side. One bridge built on this principle is bridge in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and is
made to carry pedestrians. Other is Jerusalem Chords Bridge which is also made to be curved
which this design allows for.
8
Fig 3.1 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
3.2 CANTILEVER-SPAR CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

This type of cable stayed bridge has a single cantilever spar on one side of the span. Its spar
is made to resist the bending caused by the cables because cable forces of this bridge are not
balanced by opposing cables and bridge applies large overturning force on its foundation. Puente
de la Mujer (2001), Sundial Bridge (2004) and Chords Bridge (2008), all in Spain, are bridges of
this type.
9
Fig 3.2 Puente de la Mujer, Mexico
3.3 MULTIPLE SPAN CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

Cable-stayed bridges with more than three spans involve significantly more challenging
designs than do 2-span or 3-span structures. In a 2-span or 3-span cable-stayed bridge, the loads
from the main spans are normally anchored back near the end abutments by stays in the end spans.
For more spans, this is not the case and the bridge structure is less stiff overall. This can create
difficulties in both the design of the deck and the pylons. Examples of multiple-span structures in
which this is the case include Ting Kau Bridge, where additional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to
stabilise the pylons; Millau Viaduct and Mezcala Bridge, where twin-legged towers are used; and
General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, where very stiff multi-legged frame towers were adopted. A
similar situation with a suspension bridge is found at both the Great Seto Bridge and San
FranciscoOakland Bay Bridge where additional anchorage piers are required after every set of
three suspension spans this solution can also be adapted for cable-stayed bridges.
10
Fig 3.3 Ting Kau Bridge, Hong Kong
3.4 EXTRADOSED BRIDGE

The extradosed bridge is a cable-stayed bridge but with a more substantial bridge deck that,
being stiffer and stronger, allows the cables to be omitted close to the tower and for the towers to
be lower in proportion to the span. The first extradosed bridges were the Ganter Bridge and
Sunniberg Bridge in Switzerland. A new extradosed bridge is also being planned to cross the St.
Croix River between Bayport, Minnesota and Houlton, Wisconsin in the Twin Cities.
11
Fig 3.4 Sunniberg Bridge,Switzerland
3.5 CABLE STAYED CRADLE SYSTEM BRIDGE

A cradle system carries the strands within the stays from bridge deck to bridge deck, as a
continuous element, eliminating anchorages in the pylons. Each epoxy-coated steel strand is carried
inside the cradle in a one-inch (2.54 cm) steel tube. Each strand acts independently, allowing for
removal, inspection and replacement of individual strands. The first two such bridges are the
Penobscot Narrows Bridge, completed in 2006, and the Veterans' Glass City Skyway, completed in
2007.
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Fig 3.5 Penobscot Narrows Bridge, US
4. ADVANTAGES
BRIDGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
CABLE
STAYED
Key advantages of the cable-stayed form are as follows:

1) much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, so that deformations of the deck under
live loads are reduced
2) can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower the cables act both as temporary
and permanent supports to the bridge deck
3) for a symmetrical bridge (i.e. spans on either side of the tower are the same), the horizontal
forces balance and large ground anchorages are not required
4) take less time to build
5) much more economical when compared to suspension bridges
Main disadvantages of cable stayed bridge are

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1) They may not be too stable. Excessive wind may tend to rock the bridge from side to side
which may loosen the cables.
2) They are not ideal for distances too far.
3) Inspection and maintenance is more difficult. In most cases, the main tension elements
within a cable bundle area are hidden from view and access to anchorage areas are almost
impossible, making inspections more difficult. Also, cables are prone to corrosion and
fatigue, which can result to more repairs and maintenance.
5. NECESSITY OF WIND ANALYSIS FOR CABLE STAYED BRIDGES

Cable-stayed bridges are subjected to variety of dynamic loads like traffic, wind, pedestrian
and seismic loads. In addition to this the stay cable are very flexible and have very low inherent
damping. Also the geometric and structural properties of these bridges are very complex. In
addition to these the exact nature of excitation and the mechanism underlying some of the vibration
phenomenon still remain to be fully understood. The most important feature of this kind of
structure is the non-linearity in geometry and material.
5.1 Different Types of Wind Induced Vibration

Structural Cables are popular due to their High Flexibility, Light Weight and Low Damping
Characteristics. They are easily excited and severely oscillate through Dynamic Effects of Wind.
There are many factors and phenomena can generate Cable Vibrations. The cable Vibrations is
coupled with the vibrations of the bridge girder and pylons. There are different types of wind
induced vibrations such as:- Galloping, Buffeting, Vortex Shedding, Wake Effect. This type of
Vibration is caused by interaction between wind, rivulet and cables. The rivulet motion is coupled
with cable vibration in the effective range of mean wind speed.
5.1.1 Aerodynamic Galloping: This is a relatively low-frequency oscillatory phenomenon of
elongated, bluff bodies acted upon by a wind stream. The natural structural frequency at which the
bluff object responds is much lower than the frequency of vortex shedding. It is in this sense that
galloping may be considered a low frequency phenomenon.
5.1.2 Wake Galloping: It is considered of two cylinders one windward, producing a wake, and
one leeward, within that wake separated at a few diameters distance away from each other. In wake
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galloping the downstream cylinder is subjected to galloping oscillations induced by the turbulent
wake of the upstream cylinder. Due to this, the upstream cylinder tends to rotate clockwise and the
downstream cylinder, anti-clockwise thus inducing torsional oscillations.
Figure5.1 Wake galloping
5.1.3 Buffeting: Buffeting is a high frequency instability, caused by airflow separation or shock
wave oscillations from one object striking another. It is caused by a sudden impulse of load
increasing. This phenomenon is quite different from vortex-induced vibration. The relation of 2:1
between the aerodynamic damping coefficients in the along-wind and across wind direction may
contribute to the fact that most vibration problems in cable stayed bridges occur in the plane of the
cables. The significant increase of damping at high wind velocities prevents, most situations, the
Occurrence of important cable oscillations under buffeting loads.
For along wind Direction, Aerodynamic damping Coefficient can be approximated by
15
aero, kD =
UDC D
2 m k
For across wind Direction, Aerodynamic damping

Coefficient can be approximated by
aero, kL=
UDC D
4 m k
5.1.4 Vortex Shedding: It is an oscillating flow that takes place when a fluid such as air or water
flows past a cylindrical body at certain velocities, depending on the size and shape of the body. In
this flow, vortices are created at the back of the body and detach periodically from either side of the
body. The fluid flow past the object creates alternating low pressure vortices on the downstream
side of the object. The object will tend to move toward the low-pressure zone.
Fig 5.2 vortex shedding

If the cylindrical structure is not mounted rigidly and the frequency of vortex shedding
matches the resonance frequency of the structure, the structure can begin to resonate, vibrating with
harmonic oscillations driven by the energy of the flow
5.1.5 Wake Effect: Wake effect is the term used for all the vibration phenomenon of stays that lie
in the wake of other stays or structural elements. The perturbing element affects the wind flow,
creating local turbulent conditions that produce oscillations of the cable. Wake oscillation cannot be
16
anticipated in the design phase. The most common wake effects are as follows: Resonant buffeting
and Vortex resonance
5.1.5.1 Resonant Buffeting: The phenomenon was described by davenport and can occur for
bridges with two parallel planes of cables. Accordingly, the wind gusts strike the upwind and
down-wind planes of cables with a time delay of B/U, Being the distance between the two planes
of cables and U the mean wind velocity as in Fig. If this delay coincides with half the period Tt
associated with torsional deck mode, then resonant effects can be attained.
Fig 5.3 Resonant Buffeting

The critical velocity Ucr for the resonant buffeting is then defined by,
U cr =
2B
TT
5.1.5.2 Vortex Resonance: This phenomenon occurs typically in cable-stayed bridges with two
planes of cables. When subjected to oblique winds. Resonant effects may occur for the cables
behind the pylon that have a natural frequency ft close to the shedding frequency. The critical wind
velocity for the occurrence of vortex resonance of a cable of frequency f in the wake of a pylon can
therefore be evaluated from
17
Fig 5.4: Vortex Resonance

U cr =
Hfk
St
Where H is the projection of the pylon in the direction transversal to the wind and St is the
Strouhal number of the pylon cross section.
6. CASE STUDY
Wind and rain induced oscillations of cables of stayed bridges
18
This investigation was done by A. Bosodogianni and the study was published in the
ELSEVIER Journal of wind engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics in 1996.
The purpose of the investigation was to study the oscillation of the suspension cable of a cablestayed bridge under the combined influence of the wind and rain. The reason for the study is a
problem confronted during the construction of a bridge in Japan, and a similar problem observed in
a similar construction in Belgium.
It was observed that though the cables were stable under normal wind conditions, they became
unstable under the combined effect of the wind and rain, with amplitudes of the oscillation from
peak to peak of the order of half a meter. This instability did not seem to be caused by vortex
shedding because the frequency of the observed oscillation was much lower than the frequency of
the vortices, nor could it be due to wake galloping because the cables were far apart from each
other. Standard galloping oscillations were excluded because the cables had a smooth cylindrical
cross-section.
Hence, it was thought that it could have been the rain deposition which induced galloping by
changing the shape of the body to a non-symmetrical one. in the experiments reported here it was
observed that the rain changes the shape of the body by forming two thin agglomeration of liquid
on the cylinder surface, called rivulets, whose position on the surface depends on pressure
distribution and gravity forces.
In this paper an attempt was made to check if this is really the source of the instability
and under what conditions it is triggered.
6.1 The experimental set-up

In order to find the source of instability, scaled model of the cable was simulated using a
rigid cylinder and wind tunnel tests were conducted on it.
19
Fig 6.1 Experimental set-up
Fig 6.2 Test rig in wind tunnel

20
6.2 Cable Simulation

The technique used was that of a sectional model simulation and the long flexible cable was
replaced by a small rigid cylinder representing a small part of the cable in the middle of its length
and suspended at both ends by to simulate the elastic effects of the rest of the cable. The
reproduced oscillation of the model was the fundamental mode found on the cable. The model
consisted of a small rigid cylinder 37cm in length and 4era in diameter. The diameter of the real
cable is of 10 cm, resulting in a geometrical scale of 1:2.5. The required motion in the transversal
direction was obtained by means of two thin steel bars 4 cm in length with a rectangular crosssection 5 x 1 mm working as cantilevers.
Fig 6.3 Orientation of the model in wind tunnel
21
The cylinder weight was 0.370 kg so the model had a mass distribution of 1 kg/m. The
damping of the model expressed as logarithmic decrement was 2.2%. Hence, the Scruton number
was 19.5 for the model. According to the fact that the mass distribution of the prototype was 40
kg/m and its damping was between 0.7% and 2.8%, its Scruton number was equal, respectively, to
28 to 81. Hence, a good approximation of the real case Scruton number was obtained. The natural
frequency of the model was 10.5 Hz.
6.3 Wind tunnel and model installation

The model was tested in the L2-B wind tunnel of VKI and was located in such a way as to
form a 45 angle with the floor of the tunnel to closely simulate the real cable situation. The tunnel
has a square closed test section of 0.35 x 0.35 m and a length of 1.5 m. It was decided, considering
the model length to use a uniform velocity distribution.
The flow was essentially two-dimensional around the model and the velocity range tested was 0-16
m/s corresponding to a Reynolds number range of 0-42000, well within the subcritical region.
Moreover, no simulation of the turbulence was made on the assumption that the worst cases of
galloping oscillation are experienced in laminar flows. The model was mounted in a sturdy support
situated out of the test section of the wind tunnel, in order to avoid coupling with vibrations of the
wind tunnel walls. By turning the support, on its axis the model could be placed in such a way as to
simulate all the possible directions of the wind as shown in Fig 6.3.
6.4 Measurements
6.4.1 Flow visualization
The experiments were started by doing flow visualisations using thin oil mixed with white
titanium dioxide flowing free on the cylinder surface and accumulating in a position expected to
correspond to the actual position of the rain-associated rivulets. It was found that accumulation of
liquid appears to form on the upper and lower surface of the cylinder at positions roughly
corresponding to the expected flow separation points.
By doing flow visualisations for different angles of the wind incidence it was observed that there is
no formation of the rivulet for all the negative angles of the wind incidence, and that the formation
is more pronounced for the angles between 0 and 45. Because of this the measurements were
essentially confined for this angle range.
22
During the experiments dependence of rivulets formation on wind velocity was found. There is no
formation of the rivulets for low wind velocities. For a velocity 5.5 m/s the liquid tends to flow
down the cylinder surface, and the rivulets began to form clearly at a wind velocity above 7.5 m/s
and then they tend to climb up the cylinder surface as the wind velocity approaches 16 m/s.
There was a tendency of both rivulets to climb up the cylinder surface as the wind velocity
increased considering (a) the angular position of the upper rivulet and (b) the angular position of
the lower one. It was also apparent that, as the angle of the wind incidence increase from 0 to 90,
the climbing tendency of the rivulets decreases for the whole range of the wind velocities. It is
suspected that this behaviour is due to the action of gravity, but no parametric study was carried out
to quantify these observations.
6.4.2 Tests on smooth cylinder

After obtaining the results from the flow visualisations the amplitude of the oscillation of
the cylinder, under the influence of the wind alone, was checked. The oscitlation's maximum
amplitude obtained for a range of wind velocities 0 - 1 6 m/s as well as for different angles of wind
incidence from 0 to 45 was very small.
6.4.3 Tests with simulation of rivulets

As a second step in the investigation, tests were made with the rivulets simulated by solid
bars of flattened half elliptical cross-section of dimensions of 5 x 2 mm, directly attached on the
cylinder surface at positions in the range of measured angles of Fig 6.4. that is at the most likely
positions of formation as observed in the visuatisations.
23
Fig 6.4 Variation of rivulet position with wind speed and direction
Initially, the position of the upper rivulet was changed systematically in the range
40-20 while the lower was kept fixed at 20 .
The results plotted in Figs 6.5-6.9. show that the presence of the bars results in an important
amplitude of oscillations, with the largest and more clearly pronounced amplitude observed when
24
the upper rivulet was located at an angle of 40 . This angle coincides with the one where the
rivulet began to be formed according to visualisations. Furthermore, this oscillation type clearly
seems to correspond to galloping. The reason tbr this interpretation is twofold: first, a continuous
increase of amplitude is observed above a wind velocity of 7.5 m/s, and second the body oscillates
at its natural frequency of 10.5 Hz independent of wind velocity, indicating an independence from
the Strouhal number associated with the vortex-shedding excitation. For an angular position of the
upper rivulet at 30 the amplitude is still high though lower than at 40 . Finally, for 20 it is very
low. Hence, it can be concluded that the position of the upper rivulet plays a very important role on
the ampliltude of the oscillations.
Fig 6.5 Effect of rivulet position on amplitude of oscillations at 25 wind direction
25
Fig 6.6 Effect of rivulet position on amplitude of oscillations at 30 wind direction
Fig 6.7 Effect of position of lower rivulet on amplitude of oscillation: wind direction = 30 .
26
Fig 6.8 Influence of rivulet shape on oscillations: wind direction = 30
Fig 6.9 Influence of wind direction on amplitude of oscillation: rivulets at a=40 and b=20
27
After testing the position of the upper rivulet, different positions were tested for the lower one
while keeping the upper one at 40 , the worst case. No change in the amplitude was observed
which leads to the conclusion that the position of the lower rivulet plays a negligible role on the
oscillation. This is something that can be explained by the fact that the lower rivulet is situated
inside the wake formed behind the cylinder, with the particular orientations with respect to wind
investigated here.
To check the influence of the shape of rivulets, bars of different cross-section were used for the
angular positions of a=40 and b = 20 , the worst case. Using firstly bars of hemispherical crosssection 6 3 mm, and then thin steel bars of rectangular cross-section 2 1 mm the change in
amplitude was negligible compared to the standard rivulet ease, showing that the shape of the
simulated rivulets has almost no importance.
Hence, to a large extent it is simply the presence of a protuberance that changes the smooth and
symmetrical shape of the cable in a non-symmetrical one and not its magnitude or shape that
develops the galloping.
Fig 6.10 Effect of oil rivulets on oscillations: wind direction = 0

28
Performing the same measurements at different angles of the wind incidence to the cable, similar
results were obtained, i.e. a very well pronounced amplitude for the angular position a = 40 of the
upper rivulet. It can be seen that this increase presents a peak for the cylinder at 30 of wind
incidence.
6.4.4 Simulation with oil

As a final step, to confirm the development of the galloping in the presence of fluid rivulets,
oil deposited on the cylinder was used to simulate the rain. The oil was directly poured on the
cylinder surface by means of a tube which was inserted into the test section of the wind tunnel from
a small hole opened at the top near the upper edge of the cylinder, The experiments were carried
out using oil and not water because the oil sticks better on the cylinder and only a small amount of
it spreads in the test section of the wind tunnel, while water would have required a continuous high
flow. Furthermore, it has been already observed (Fig. 10) that the shape of the cross-section of the
rivulet plays a negligible role in the amplitude of oscillations. Surface tension is also expected to
play a minor role in this problem. The oil was poured continuously on the cylinder surface,
simulating the continuous rain flux.
Carrying out the same experiments as for the smooth cylinder, a pronounced galloping oscillation
was obtained from an onset velocity of about 7.5 m/s, i.e. the same as the previous cases with the
angular position of the upper rivulet at 40. Also for different angles of the wind incidence a peak
was again found at 30 of wind attack.
29
Fig 6.11 Effect of rivulets on oscillations: wind direction = 30
Considering that the behaviour was similar for rigid and fluid rivulets, it can also be concluded that
it is the presence of the rivulet at a certain position on the surface and not their eventual motion
under the influence of the increasing wind velocity that cause the instability. An instability of
galloping nature can be considered then to be likely when rain-generated rivulets are present at
angular position around 40 .
6.5 An attempt at suppressing the oscillations

After finding the source of instability, in an attempt to suppress it, a flexible metal wire 2
mm in diameter was wound helicoidally round the cylinder with a distance between the spires of
1.5 cylinder diameters, simulating the usual technique employed to suppress wind-induced
oscillations in steel chimneys.
For the case of 30 angle of the wind incidence and the presence of the spiral, only slightly larger
amplitudes than those in the absence of the wire were found. Testing then the combination of wire30
oil a clear reduction in the amplitude was also measured, a fact that suggests the possibility for a
solution to the problem.
Fig 6.12 Effect of spiral coil on the cylinder: wind direction = 30
31
7. CONCLUSIONS
1) The present study has focused on cable-stayed bridges in general and the different types of
wind induced vibrations on it. These days cable-stayed bridges are used commonly and they
are most optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges, and shorter than suspension
bridges. They provide much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, so that
deformations of the deck under live loads are reduced. Cable-stayed bridges need much less
materials when compared to suspension bridges therefore they are cheaper to build.
2) There are different types of wind induced vibrations such as:- Galloping, Buffeting, Vortex
Shedding and Wake Effect. These are caused by interaction between wind, rivulet and
cables. Galloping is considered a low frequency phenomena when compared to vortex
shedding and buffeting.
3) When wind tunnel tests were conducted on reduced scale models of the cable it was found
that rain deposition on particular locations on the cable may induce galloping by
changing the shape of the body to a non-symmetrical one.
4) It was also found that it seems possible to suppress the instabilities to a large extent by
winding a wire of adequate thickness round the cylinder.
8. REFERENCES
32
[1] AndrzejFlaga, Jerzy Podgorski, EwaBlazik-Borowa, GrzegorzBosak, JaroslawBec, "A

Comparative Aerodynamic Analysis of Two Cable Stayed Bridges Built in Poland"
International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research, Vol. 29, No 3-4, pp. 377-390 (2002).
[2]
Chin-Sheng Kao, Chang-Huan Kou and XuXie, "Static Instability Analysis of
Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges with Carbon

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Cable Stayed Bridges and Its Wind Induced Vibrations

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Cable Stayed Bridges and Its Wind Induced Vibrations

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Cable-Stayed Bridges and its wind induced vibrations

1.2 CABLE STAYED BRIDGES