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BE GOING TO
Positive & Negative Sentences
The positive and negative structures for Be Going To are as follows:
Positive
I am going to
You are going to
He is going to
She is going to
It is going to
We are going to
You are going to
They are going to

Negative
I am not going to
You are not going to
He is not going to
She is not going to
It is not going to
We are not going to
You are not going to
They are not going to

The structure BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future in English. We use
this structure:
1. When we have already decided or we INTEND to do something in the future.
The decision has been made before the moment of speaking.
I'm going to India next year.
We talked about it yesterday and I'm going to quit my job tomorrow.
2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen.
Something is likely to happen based on the evidence or experience you have.
It's so cold! I think it is going to snow
3. When something is about to happen:
Get back! The bomb is going to explode.
QUESTIONS WITH BE GOING TO
Questions are formed by changing the order of the subject and the verb BE:
Affirmative
You
are
going to
win the race.
Subject
BE
GOING TO
Question

Are
BE

you
Subject

going to
GOING TO

win the race?

You
are going
to
be
sick
if
you
eat
that.
(Positive
Are you going to be sick if you eat that? (Question)
We are going to take orange juice to the party. (Positive
Are we going to take orange juice to the party? (Question)

sentence)
sentence)

BE GOING TO IN THE PAST TENSE

When BE GOING TO is used in the past tense, it refers to something that was going to
happen but in the end it did not happen.
EXAMPLES:
I was going to call you but I lost your phone number.
It was going to rain but suddenly the sun appeared.
We were going to buy a new TV but then we changed our minds.
You were going to be my bridesmaid but then you slept with my fiance.
GONNA

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Sometimes when we speak quickly, GOING TO sounds like GONNA. While it is
grammatically incorrect, it is used a lot in very informal English. You will also
occasionally see the word Gonna written in song titles or in song lyrics.
I'm gonna go to the beach tomorrow.
= I'm going to go to the beach tomorrow.
He's gonna bring his girlfriend to the party.
= He's going to bring his girlfriend to the party.

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
Para comparar DOS cosas, animales o personas utilizamos los adjetivos en grado
comparativo, el cual se divide en: comparativo de superioridad, comparativo de
igualdad y comparativo de inferioridad.
SUPERIORIDAD (ms que)
El comparativo de superioridad se usa para comparar dos personas, animales o cosas
cuando una supera a la otra en algn aspecto. Para formarlo deberemos fijarnos en
la longitud del adjetivo:
1. ADJETIVOS CORTOS
Se consideran adjetivos cortos aquellos que tienen una slaba . El comparativo se
forma de la siguiente manera:
aadiendo -er al adjetivo + than
cheap (barato) cheaper than (ms barato que)
The white shirt is cheaper than the blue one (la camisa blanca es ms barata que la
azul)
CASOS ESPECIALES:
Los adjetivos cortos que acaben en vocal + consonante (-b, -d, -g, -n, -p, -t) duplican la
consonante antes de aadir -er. Hot hotter
big bigger
thin
thinner
A los adjetivos de dos slabas que acaben en consonante* + -y cambian la y por
unai, aadiendo por tanto -ier (hungry, empty, friendly, tidy, busy, dirty, funny, hungry,
crazy, early, lucky...) crazy crazier
happy happier
lucky luckier
Los adjetivos cortos que acaban en -e muda (no se pronuncia) slo tendremos que
aadir -r. Nice nicer
large larger
Los adjetivos cortos que acaben en -l, duplican la l antes de aadir -er. cruel crueller
.Si acaban en doble l, slo aadiremos -er. Tall taller
Aunque acaben en dos slabas se consideran cortos a efectos de formacin del grado
comparativo.
EJEMPLOS:
She is taller than her sister. (Ella es ms alta que su hermana)
John is thinner than Mike (John es ms delgado que Mike)
My office is larger than hers (Mi oficina es ms grande que la suya)
Her hair is curlier than mine (su pelo es ms rizado que el mo)
Today is hotter than yesterday (Hoy hace ms calor que ayer)
ADVERBIOS
El grado comparativo en adverbios por lo general se forma como explicamos a
continuacin.
No
obstante,
algunos
adverbios
"cortos"
como early (temprano), late (tarde) o near (cerca) aaden -er.
early earlier late later near nearer
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ADJETIVOS LARGOS
Se consideran adjetivos largos aquellos que tienen dos slabas o ms. El comparativo
de superioridad se forma de la siguiente manera:
more + adjetivo / adverbio + than
Famous (famoso) more famous than (ms famoso que)
Expensive (caro) more expensive than (ms caro que)
Difficult
(difcil)

more
difficult
than
(ms
difcil
que)
Easily (fcilmente) more easily than (ms fcilmente que, con ms facilidad que)
EJEMPLOS:
His trainers are more comfortable than hers (sus zapatillas son ms cmodas que las
suyas)
A blouse is more elegant than a t-shirt (una camisa es ms elegante que una
camiseta)
Mercedes is more expensive than Hyundai (Mercedes es ms caro que Hyundai)
She learns more easily than her sister (ella aprende con ms facilidad que su
hermana)
EXCEPCIONES
Quiet
quieter
than
Los adjetivos de dos slabas que acaben en -ow, -le y -er permiten ambas formas, si
bien es ms comn aadir -er.
Clever cleverer than / more clever than
Narrow narrower than / more narrow than
Simple simpler than / more simple than
IRREGULARES
Algunos adjetivos adoptan una forma irregular para formar su grado comparativo.
Good (bueno) better than (mejor que)
Bad (malo) worse than (peor que)
Far (lejos) farther than / further than (ms lejos que)
OTRAS
EXPRESIONES:
Con los comparativos no podemos usar "very" (muy). Sin embargo, s podemos usar:
much
/
far (mucho
ms)*
Chinese is much / far more difficult than Spanish (el chino es mucho ms difcil que el
espaol)
a
lot
/
lots (mucho
ms)
(informal)
Chinese
is a
lot
more
difficult
than Spanish
a
little (un
poco)
The blue dress is a little cheaper than the white one (el vestido azul es un poco ms
barato
que
el
blanco)
a
bit (un
poco)
(informal)
The
blue
dress
is a
bit
cheaper
than the
white
one
any (algo)
(enftico)
Do
you
feel any
better?
(te
sientes
algo
mejor?)
even (incluso)
You cook even better than a chef (cocinas incluso mejor que un chef)
VERBOS Y SUSTANTIVOS
Adems de adjetivos y adverbios, tambin podemos usar la comparacin de
superioridad con verbos y sustantivos.
She works
more than
he
does
(ella
trabaja
ms
que
l)
They want more money (ellos quieren ms dinero)
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*Cuando el comparativo se usa con sustantivos, podemos modificarlo
con much (para incontables) y many (para contables).
Ellos tienen mucho ms dinero que t They've got much more money than you do
Hay muchos ms libros en esta estantera There are many more books in this shelf

IMPORTANTE
Slo podremos "than" cuando mencionemos las dos cosas que se estn
comparando.
The orange t-shirt is 15. The blue t-shirt is 20
The blue t-shirt is more expensive than the orange t-shirt (nombramos las dos)
The blue t-shirt is more expensive (slo nombramos una)
Mucho cuidado con escribir that en lugar de than.
Ellos son ms altos.
They
are
more
talls
X
They

are

taller

OK

Detrs de than podemos usar:

Pronombres objeto You are taller than me (t eres ms alto que yo)
Pronombres posesivos His car is better than mine (su coche es mejor que el mo)
One /ones (para sustituir a un sustantivo precedente) The blue t-shirt is more
expensive than the orange one (la camiseta azul es ms cara que la naranja)
IGUALDAD (tan. como)
Lo usamos para indicar que dos cosas, animales o personas son iguales. El grado de
igualdad se formar de la siguiente manera:
As + adjetivo / adverbio + as
Blue is as nice as green (el azul es tan bonito como el verde)
Nike is as expensive as Adidas (Nike es tan caro como Adidas)
My car runs as smoothly as yours (mi coche va igual de suave que el tuyo)
Negativas
Bastar con poner el verbo en forma negativa. En las negativas tambin podemos
usar so... as.
My office isn't as large as hers (mi oficina no es tan grande como la suya)
Peter is not so successful as his father ( Peter no tiene tanto xito como su padre)
OTRAS
EXPRESIONES:
as much... as se utiliza con sustantivos incontables (tanto + sustantivo + como)
She earns as much money as him (ella gana tanto dinero como l)
as many... as se utiliza con sustantivos contables (tanto + sustantivo + como)
I've watched as many films as you (he visto tantas pelculas como t)
half as... as, twice as... as, three times as... as (la mitad de... que, el doble de... que, el
trible de... que)
My room is twice as big as yours (mi habitacin es el doble de grande que la tuya)
as +
adjetivo +
a+
sustantivo +
as
Tambin podemos poner un sustantivo singular entre el adjetivo y el segundo as.
We want a flight as cheap as possible = We want as cheap a flight as possible
(queremos
un
vuelo
lo
ms
barato
posible)

En
negativas
es
ms
comn
usar
la
estructura
con such.
I thought she was a clever girl She is not as clever a girl as I thought
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She is not such a clever girl.
INFERIORIDAD
(menos.
El grado de inferioridad se formar de la siguiente manera:
Less + adjetivo / adverbio + than

que)

Water is less expensive than coke (el agua es menos cara que la coca-cola)
The book is less popular than the film (el libro es menos conocido que la pelcula)
He drives less carefully than his wife (l conduce con menos cuidado que su mujer)
I go to the cinema less often than you (voy al cine con menos frecuencia que t)
Adems de adjetivos y adverbios, tambin podemos usar este grado comparativo con
sustantivos:
less +
sustantivo
incontable +
than
He
has less
money
than you
(l
tiene
menos
dinero
que
t)
fewer +
sustantivo
He has fewer books than she
He has less books than she has

has

(l

contable +
tiene menos

libros

que

than
ella)

SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
El superlativo se usa para decir qu cosa, persona o idea tiene la mayor parte de una
cualidad particular dentro de un grupo o de su clase.
Los adjetivos superlativos vienen normalmente antes de cualquier otro adjetivo
FORMING THE SUPERLATIVE (FORMANDO EL SUPERLATIVO)
FORM

RULE

FOR EXAMPLE

Words of one syllable ending in 'e'.

Add -st to the end of the

wide - widest

word.
The Amazon River is the widest river in the world.
Words of one syllable, with one vowel

Double the consonant and

and one consonant at the end.

add -est to the end of the

big - biggest

word.
In 2010 a dog called Giant George was given the title of the biggest dog in the world.
Words of one syllable, with more than

Add - est to the end of the

one vowel or more than one consonant

word.

high - highest

at the end.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the word. (But it isn't the tallest mountain in the
world.)

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Words of two syllables, ending in 'y'.

Change 'y' to 'i', and add

happy - happiest

-est to the end of the word.

In 2013 Australia was named the happiest country in the world.
Words of two syllables or more, not

Place 'the most' before the

beautiful - the

ending in 'y'.

adjective.

most beautiful

Some people say that the Maldives have the most beautiful beaches in the world.

Don't forget that some adjectives are irregular:

'good' becomes 'the best'
'bad' becomes 'the worst'
'far' becomes 'the furthest'
FOR EXAMPLE:
"Jill is the best student in the class ."
"Jack is the worst student in the class."
"In our solar system the planet Pluto is the furthest planet from the Sun."
NOTA - Have you noticed that these superlatives are preceded by 'the'.
FOR EXAMPLE:
"The Rio de la Plata river, on the southeast coastline of South America,
is the widest river in the world."
According to the List of World records Carol Yager (1960-1994), from Michigan,
is the fattest person ever to live, weighing 725 kg (1,600 lb).
"Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world."
"I think that Castle Combe is the prettiest village in England."
"Arguably, Rome is the most beautiful city in the world."

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EXAMPLES OF SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
Quizs la mejor manera de tener una idea clara de adjetivos superlativos es mostrar
ejemplos de adjetivos regulares y sus formas comparativas y superlativas. Aqu hay
una lista de varios adjetivos comunes y sus grados de comparacin

Regular
sweet
angry
bright
calm
cold
cool
curly
early
rich
lovely
smart
simple
famous
immense
long
perfect
quick

Superlative
sweetest
angriest
brightest
calmest
coldest
coolest
curliest
earliest
richest
loveliest
smartest
simplest
most famous

thin

most immense
longest
most perfect
quickest
thinnest

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IRREGULAR FORMS
Hay algunos adjetivos que tienen formas irregulares, lo que significa que el superlativo
no se puede formar aadiendo el sufijo -est o usando las palabras ms o menos. Aqu
hay unos ejemplos:
Goodthe best
Littlethe least
Addthe worst
Far the furthest

WOULD LIKE
Hoy nos toca aprender a formular deseos y a ser educados cuando le ofrecemos algo
a alguien, o cundo somos nosotros los que pedimos algo. Para eso vamos a utilizar la
expresin would like.
Vamos a empezar con unos ejemplos para ver el contexto real de esta expresin:

She would like to meet Brad Pitt Le gustara conocer a Brad Pitt
Would you like some tea? Quieres/Quiere t?
We would like something to drink Nos gustara beber algo

Cmo se forma

El verbo modal would va seguido del infinitivo like para formar esta expresin tan
comn en ingls. Vamos a profundizar en los usos al tiempo que vemos cmo se
construye esta forma verbal.
Como hemos anticipado, podemos utilizar la combinacin would like en diferentes
situaciones.
1) EXPRESAR DESEOS
Una de ellas es para expresar deseos, cosas que nos gustara que ocurrieran. Para
ello, pondremos un infinitivo precedido de to justo detrs de would like.
Sujeto + would/wouldnt + like + infinitivo con to + (Complemento)
He wouldnt like to be a doctor No le gustara ser mdico
Id like to have a bigger flat Me gustara tener un apartamento ms grande
Supongo que has notado que en su forma afirmativa, el verbo modal would puede
contraerse, aadiendo solo -d al sujeto.
Hed like to know more people Le gustara conocer a ms gente
2) OFRECIMIENTOS
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Tambin utilizamos esta forma verbal para ofrecer algo. En este caso el verbo va en su
forma interrogativa.
(Wh-word) + would + Sujeto + like + (Complemento)
Would you like a sandwich? Quieres/Quiere un sandwich?
Would you like to come to my party? Te gustara venir a mi fiesta?
2.1- ALGO TANGIBLE
Cuando lo que ofrecemos es algo tangible (en este caso sobre todo se utiliza con
comida y bebida), tras would like tendremos inmediatamente aquello que se ofrece en
forma de nombre u otra forma nominal.
Would you like a beer? Quieres una cerveza?
Would you like some chocolate cake? Quieres un poco de torta de
chocolate?
2.2- IDEAS ABSTRACTAS
Si en lugar de ofrecer algo tangible invitamos a alguien a alguna actividad, el
complemento del verbo would like ser una forma verbal, donde el verbo ser
un infinitivo con to
Would you like to go for a walk? Quieres dar un paseo?
Would you like to drive my new car? Te gustara conducir (manejar) mi
coche (auto) nuevo?
Recuerda

que

hablar

ingls implica

ser

muy

educado

as

que nunca diremos directamente que queremos algo como hacemos en espaol. En
lugar de hacer eso, utilizaremos esta frmula, que nos hace quedar mucho mejor en
nuestras relaciones sociales.
Id like some more wine Me das ms vino?
Id like to ask you something? Me gustara preguntarte algo
Aqu el complemento de would like depender de si estamos pidiendo algo tangible o
si lo que pedimos es una accin.

ING.CIVIL INGLES II