Quantum Phase Transitions

in Optical Cavity QED

Felipe Dimer
Howard Carmichael
SP
Benoit Estienne (Paris)
Sarah Morrison (Innsbruck)

Outline

Single-mode Dicke model

equilibrium phase transition
T=0 quantum phase transition
Proposed realisation in optical cavity QED
Dimer, Estienne, Parkins & Carmichael, PRA 75, 013804 (2007)

Raman transition scheme

open system dynamics non-equilibrium phase transition
monitoring the system: cavity output field
critical behaviour of quantum entanglement
Other possibilities for effective spin systems

Dicke Model

N two-level atoms at fixed positions in a cavity of volume V

(constant coupling strength)
Inter-atomic separations large neglect direct interactions
between atoms
However, the atoms interact with the same radiation field
they cannot be treated as independent, must be treated as a
single quantum system
Dicke, Phys. Rev. 93, 99 (1954)

The Single-Mode Dicke Model

N two-level atoms coupled identically to a single EM field mode

#
+
$
+
H Dicke = " a a + " 0 J z +
a
+
a
J
+
J
(
)
(
)
N
+

Coupling constant " #

N
V

Collective atomic operators

N

J "!= # 0 i
i=1

1
1i , J z = # ( 1i 1i " 0 i 0 i )
2 i=1

0
!

Phase Transition in the Dicke Model

Hepp & Lieb, Phys. Rev. A 8, 2517 (1973)
Hioe, Phys. Rev. A 8, 1440 (1973)
Carmichael, Gardiner & Walls, Phys. Lett. 46A, 47 (1973)

Thermodynamic limit
N,V " #, N V finite

Phase transition to superradiant state for

$ #0 '
## 0
##!0
" > "c =
, T < Tc where
= tanh&
)
2
2
4"
2k
T
% B c(

Order Parameters (T=0)

Mean atomic
inversion
(ground state)

Mean photon
number

(Dashed lines: finite atom number, N=1,2,3,6,10)

But no equilibrium phase transition with A2 term

included

Dicke Model Quantum Phase Transition (T=0)

Emary & Brandes, Phys. Rev. E 67, 066203 (2003)

H Dicke = " a + a + " 0 J z +

Holstein-Primakoff representation of angular momentum

operators

#
a + a + )( J $ + J + )
(
N

J" =

N " b +b b, J z = b +b "

N
,
2

Large-N expansion of HDicke

Hnormal, HSR quadratic in (a,a+,b,b+)
! diagonalise (Bogoliubov transformation)

excitation energies

[b,b ] = 1
+

Excitation Energies

(" = " 0 = 1, #c = 0.5)

Note: Derivation of {Hnormal, HSR}

" < "c : J # $ N b

" > "c : a $ a % , b $ b & (coherent displacements)
then expand in N
(i.e. linearisation about semiclassical amplitudes)
N
2
2
+
a a = % , Jz = & #
2

Note: Ground State Wave Function

" ( x, y )
" "c = 0.4

(N = 10 atoms)
" "c = 1.0

!
!

" "c = 1.2

" "c = 1.4

Transition from
localised state
to delocalised
Schrdinger Cat
state
"g ~ # $ N 2 x + $# N 2
where

Jx N 2 x = N 2 N 2

Entanglement properties

Critical behaviour of atom-field and atom-atom

quantum entanglement at transition
Lambert, Emary & Brandes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 073602 (2004)

Possible Realisation?
Issues to confront:
To date, << {, 0} in cavity QED experiments
Atomic spontaneous emission, cavity mode losses
And the A2 issue
Our approach:
Raman scheme,

{, 0}{level shifts, Raman detunings},

Raman transition rate
Open-system dynamics
non-equilibrium (dynamical) quantum phase transition
Dimer, Estienne, Parkins & Carmichael, PRA 75, 013804 (2007)

Possible Realisation in Optical Cavity QED

N atoms identically coupled to single optical (ring) cavity mode

Lasers + cavity field drive two distinct Raman transitions

between stable ground states |0> and |1>

Model: Adiabatic elimination of atomic excited states

Effective Hamiltonian (rotating frame)
*
1 $ gr2 gs2 '- + $ gr2 gs2 ' +
H = ,"cav + N & + )/a a + & 0 )a aJ z
2 % # r # s (.
%#r #s (
+
$ 12r
'
12s
+&
0
+ " 2)J z
% 4# r 4# s
(
g1
g1
+ r r ( aJ + + a + J 0 ) + s s ( a + J + + aJ 0 )
2# r
2# s

"cav = # cav $
" % = #1 $

Choose

gs2 gr2
= ,
"s "r

gr#r gs#s
=
2" r
2" s

then

1
(# Ls + # Lr )
2

1
(# Ls $ # Lr )
2

Effective (Dissipative) Dicke Model

Master equation for atom-field density operator :

" = #i [ H, " ] + $ (2a"a + # a + a" # "a + a)

where

!
!

with

#
+
$
+
H = " a a + " 0Jz +
a
+
a
J
+
J
(
)(
)
N
+

Ngr2
" = #cav +
, " 0 = # %, & =
$r

N gr'r
2$ r

" tunable" such that " ~ " 0 ~ #

!
!

Potential Experimental Parameters?

Ring cavity / many atoms (e.g., Tbingen, Hamburg, 85Rb)

gi 2" # 50 kHz, $ 2" # 20 kHz, N # 10 6

"i
$ 0.005 %
#i

&
$ N ( 0.125 kHz $ 125 kHz
2'

!
!

Strong coupling CQED / few atoms (e.g., Georgia Tech, 87Rb)

gi 2" # 30 MHz, $ 2" # 2 MHz, N # 100

"i
$ 0.05 %
#i

&
$ N ( 0.75 MHz $ 7.5 MHz
2'

e.g., ring cavity + 87Rb + magnetic field

Holstein-Primakoff Analysis (N) : Normal Phase

" = #i [ H (1), " ] + $ (2a"a + # a + a" # "a + a)
with
H (1) = %a + a + % 0b +b + & ( a + a + )(b + b + )
for

& < &c =

1 %0 2
$ + % 2)
(
2 %

= 0.1, 0.2, 0.5

Holstein-Primakoff Analysis (N) : Superradiant Phase

a " c #, b " d m $
" = #i [ H (2), " ] + $ (2c"c + # c +c" # "c +c )
with

! ( 2)
H

2
% 0 (1# )( 3 + ) +
%0
+
= %c c +
(1+ ) d d +
(d + d )
2
8(1+ )
+

2
+ &
c + + c )( d + + d ) ,
(
1+
for

& > &c =

1 %0 2
$ + % 2)
(
2 %

&2c
= 2
&

Field and Atomic Amplitudes and

#$
" = 20
2 #c

N & #4c ) &

,)
1%
1+
i
(
+,
(
4+
'
4' # *
$*

N & #2c )
-=m
(1% 2 +
2' # *

Spectra of the Light Emitted from the Cavity

Cavity fluorescence

Probe transmission

Eigenvalues of the linearised model

Probe transmission spectra ( = 0 = 1, = 0.2)

Energy
eigenvalues

Homodyne detection (quadrature fluctuation spectra)

~c

Atom-field entanglement
Gaussian continuous variable state: quadrature/EPR operators
1 #i"
1 #i$
+ i"
$
ae
+
a
e
,
X
=
be + b +e i$ )
(
)
(
b
2
2
u = X "a + X b$ , v = X "a + % 2 # X b$ + % 2

X "a =

Possible to
deduce from
cavity output field

entanglement

("u)

+ ("v )

<1

Other possibilities for effective spin systems

Two cavity modes + off-resonant Raman transitions

Effective spin-spin interactions:

H eff = "2hJ z "

2# 2
J x + $J y2 ) , "1 < $ < 1
(
N

(Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model)

dissipative rates possible

1st or 2nd order quantum phase transitions

2# 2
Example:
H eff = "2hJ z "
Jx ,
(antiferromagnetic)
N
" = #i[ H eff , "] +

4$a
$b
2
2
2J
"
J
#
J
"
#
"
J
+
(2J# "J + # J+ J# " # "J+ J# )
(
x
x
x
x)
N
N

1st-order quantum
phase transition

#<0

Probe transmission spectrum

h=0.8

Jz
N 2

" = #1, $a = 0.01, $b = 0.2

h=0.01

Bipartite entanglement criterion / spin variances

4
4
C" = 1#
$J"2 # 2 J"
N
N

> 0,

J" = J x sin" + J y cos"

CR = max" C"

Time-dependence of entanglement, CR(t)

Note: Cavity output field boutJ so CR can be

deduced from measurable correlation functions

Summary

Proposed realisation of Dicke model in cavity QED for study of

(non-equilibrium) quantum phase transition

Well-defined cavity output provides measurable

signatures/properties of the phase transition

Other effective spin models possible

Further possibilities

Finite-N systems
small large quantum noise
entangled state preparation
and characterisation
measurement back-action

Combination with optical-lattice many-body systems

(long-range + short-range interactions)

Disordered systems