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THE TEMPLE OF

DEIE EL BAHARI:
ITS PLAN, ITS

FOUNDERS, AND ITS FIRST EXPLORERS.

TNTEODUCTORY MEMOIE

EDOUARD NAVILLE,
COBRESPONDE>-T OF TUE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE

D.Litt., D.Phil.,

HONORARY FELLOW OF

KINO's COLLEGE; LONDON.

TWELFTH MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.

PUBLISHED BY OIWEE OF THE COMMITTEE.

A'

SOLD AT

The offices

OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND,

AND

AND DY
B.

15,

37,

Great

Russell

Street,

W.C;

Blagden Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.;

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster House, Cuabing

QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly; A. ASHER & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covent
194.

Cross Road

Garden.

EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND.

IPreslOcnt.

SIR

JOHN FOWLEK,

Bart.,

K.C.M.G.

UlccsiprcalOeiits.

Sir Chaeles Newton, K.C.B., D.C.L.

R. Stuart Poole, Esq.^ LL.D, {Hon. Sec).

The Hon. Edward G. Mason (U.S.A.).

The Hon. John Geo. Bourinot, D.C.L,

Maunde TnoMPSON, Esq., C.B., D.C.L., LL.D.

Charles Dudley Waener, Esq., L.H.D., LL.D.

Prof. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (France).

E.

(U.S.A.).

JosiAH MxjLLENS, Esq. (Australia).

The Rev. W.
(IIo7i.

(Canada).

Winslow, D.D., D.C.L.

and Hon. Sec, U.S.A.).

C.

Treat,

M. Charles Hentsoh

(Switzerland).

on. ^ccasuccrs.

The Rev. W. C. Winslow, D.D., D.C.L. (Boston, U.S.A.).

Clarence H. Clark, Esq. (Penn. U.S.A.).

H. a. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A.

Iboii. Secretary'.

R. Stuaet Poole, Esq., LL.D,

/IBcnitets of Committee.

The Rt. Hon. Loed Amherst ofHackney.F.S.A.

T.

H. Batus, Esq., M.A., Q.C.

J.

\V. JLioGeegor,

A. S. MuREAT, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.

M.A.

D. Parrish, Esq. (U.S.A.).

DB Morgan {Birecteur Geniral des Anti-

quites de VEgypte).

Francis

Wm.

Percival, Esq.

Lieut.-Col. J. C. Ross, R.E., C.M.G.

Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D.

The Rev, Peof.

W.

H. ViLLiERs Stuaet, Esq.

Fowler, Esq.

Major

General

G.C.M.G.,

Sir

Francis

Grenfell,

KG.B.

F. L. Griffith, Esq., B.A., F.S.A.

T.

Farmer Hall,

Esq.

Peof. T. Hattee Lewis, F.S.A.

Mbs. McClure,

M.A.

Prof. J. H. Middleton, M.A., Litt.D., D.C.L.

Miss Biudbuey.
J. S, Cotton, Esq.,

M.

The Rev.

A. H. Satoe, M.A., LL.D.

Mes. Tirard.

The Rev. H. G. Tomkins, M.A.

The Rt. Rev. The Lord Bishop of Truro.
Hermann Weber, Esq., M.D.
Major-General Sir Charles Wilson, K.C.B.,
K.C.M.G., F,R,S.

PKEFACE

This Memoir

is

not intended to be a

obtained from the

it

describing

the building,

el
its

Bahari, but simply as an

plan,

belongs, and also giving an account of the

previous excavators on this

at

statement of the results hitherto

present excavations at Deir

introductory volume

which

full

spot,

and the period to

work accomplished by

and especially by Mariette.

have dwelt

some length on the reign of Hatshepsu, Avhose temple of Deir

el

Bahari

was at once her own creation and her noblest monument.

Some

reference

to

discoveries

winters' excavations Avas

to them, particularly in
tions

of the plan

made

the

in

unavoidable, and I have

course

of the

last

two

more than once alluded

showing how they have corrected erroneous restora-

But

of the building.

have carefully refrained from

drawing from these discoveries any premature inferences which might have
to be modified as the
in progress,

it is

Plates Nos.

work

progresses.

many

not possible, on

I.

as the excavations are still

points, to arrive at definite conclusions.

III. are reproductions of the plans

expedition, by Lepsius, and by

the difierences between them.

in

As long

places, as, for example, in

Mariette, and

it

is

Lepsius' plan (PI. II.)

made by the French

interesting to
is

compare

evidently conjectural

the restoration of the northern part of the

PREFACE.

vi

lower colonnade, which he cannot have seen and must have supposed to
be similar to the southern part.

The phototypes contained

in this volume, like those in

memoirs, have been executed by the firm of

All the

smaller

illustrations

are

MM.

Thevoz et

my

preceding

Cie, of

Geneva.

from photographs taken by Mr.

Howard

Carter, one of the artists attached to our staff at Deir el Bahari.

The

original text of this

memoir was

wi'itten in

French, and has been

translated under the direction of the Committee.

EDOUARD NAVILLE.
Malagny,
August, 1894.

CONTENTS.
PAGE

Chap.

I.

The

Urst explorers, Champolliou, Wilkiusou, Lepsius

Mariette

III.

Plan of the Temple

IV.

The family

V.

Hatshepsu

VI.

Hatshepsu's naval expedition to the Laud of Punt

VII.

End

II.

Index

of the

Thothmes

Contents of Plates

13

.......

of Hatshepsu's reign,

....

Thothmes

II.

and Thothmes

15
21
III.

26

29

32

DEIE EL BAHAEI.
CHAPTER
THE FIRST EXPLORERS

The

tourists avIio annually

seldom depart from

swarm

the ancient

into

CHAMPOLLION, WILKINSON, LEPSIUS.

Thebes

Amon

city of

I.

building as seen at the close of the last century.

We can follow in the works of Wilkinson,

Lepsius,

without visiting the magnificent natural amphi-

and Mariette the subsequent study and explora-

theatre of Deir el Bahari, where the hills of the

tion

Libyan range present

their

most imposing aspect.

Lea^^ng the plain by a narrow gorge, whose walls

naked rock

of

the

traveller

bounded
of

chfifs.

honeycombed with tombs,

are

emerges into a wide open space

at its further

These

cliffs

end by a semi- circular wall

of white limestone,

which

time and sun have coloured rosy yellow, form an

absolutely vertical barrier.

They

are accessible

of the temple, the various excavations that

have been made there, and

it

has sustained since

The

following

is

Tombs

what we learn

from the

The approach

was by an avenue

plain

was

This

avenue

wide,

and four

thirteen

hundred

(54 yards).

of the

of

from the two French writers.

leading to the summit of the ridge that divides

Bahari from the wild and desolate Valley

its

summary

long, without counting

el

which

ancient ruins were in

part laid bare.

only from the north by a steep and difficult path

Deir

also the injuries

On

of sphinxes.

metres

metres

a break of

(42

feet)

yards)

(437
fifty

metres

either side were small heaps of

rubbish, symmetrically placed at regular intervals.

Their original forms were not easily to be dis-

of the Kings.

Built against these chffs, and even as

it

were

rooted into their sides by subterranean chambers,

covered at a

tomed

to

first

glance

but any one

such ruins, like the authors

accusof

this

is

description, would quickly recognize in these heaps

an exception and an accident in the architectural

the remains of pedestals for sphinxes or rams such

is

the temple of which Mariette said that "it

life

of Egypt."

Our

as are

earliest detailed description of the place is

that given by Jollois and DeviUiers, two scholars

attached to the French expedition of 1798.

They

made a plan of what they found there, and that plan

here reproduced

is

interesting';

it

(pi. i.).

Their description

is

gives us a fairly good idea of the

and

still

to

at Luxor.

Descrii'tiun

<le

VJtgypte, vol.

ii.,

p.

340, Panckoucke's

At the western extremity of

this

avenue were the debris of two constructions, which

might have formed the towers of a pylon,

for the

entrance through the enclosure wall of the temple

was made

at this point.

Mariette agrees with his

predecessors in placing a pylon here,

nothing but
1

be seen in great numbers at Karnak

Still

its site

keeping to

was

although

discernible in his time.

Jollois

and DeviUiers, and

edition.

DEIR EL BAIIART.

we

following the continuation of the avenue,

on the north traces of a wall more than

At each end of

metres (49 yards) long.

plan

is

blank

Here, Mariette's

an adjunct of what he

to

rise

These vestiges of a wall

(pi. iii.).

must have belonged

are

it

the remains of a column, but " they do not

above the level of the ground."

find

forty-five

" the Eastern Terrace."

calls

Farther on we come to

the ruins of two flights of steps which led up to

on a higher

buildings

which

clearly applies to the avenue

is

same

far

forty-eight metres

direction lie

who saw the ruins

found many remains of
almost

forms the entrance to this

part of the building, and

is

covered with hiero-

glyphs in sunk relief of the most careful workmanship.

hidden under plaster, with which

It is

would seem
tians, for

upon

to

it

have been coated by the Chris-

images of their saints

may

convent

here refers to the central part of the western

highest part of the temple, and

We

far

to be the sanctuary, the

opening on

the

to

still

more

(IG

rounded

to

only, for

which the pro-

(44

They

which

ceiling,

now thought

is

They make

Avidc.

ft.)

we can

They

extensive.

what

and a half metres

thirteen

standing and

subterranean chamber

court,

longed avenue leads.

to

be covered

also

chamber

the

long,

ft.)

speak of

vaulted

is

by
its

appear-

in

easily sec that its

in,

hori-

while its cylindrical form was

by chiselling away the

subsequently produced

angles and thus shaping the ceihng into a vault

desired

of the

The

curve.

sculptures

of the

chamber are covered with a coating of plaster

painted with figures of Christ, " and this would
lead us to infer that

worship

during

it

the

was a place of Christian

earlier

centuries

our

of

era."

Hence

all

the

close

at

it."

built against the rock itself.

are

ruins

give a long description of

yet be seen

There can be no doubt that the description

platform, the

whose

must then have been

ance

them,

to

became a

temple

they never notice the Coptic super-

structures,

five

unknown

the

each other and finally close the space which was

red granite door-way, in

perfect preservation,

that

fact

In the

Pococke,

which we describe, here

apparently

the

(52 yards)

some inner rooms whose forms

are easily followed.

still

was

also

zontal courses of stone were laid so as to overlap

by twenty-nine (31 yards) wide.

mummies.

end of

a rectangular edifice built on

higher ground, "

long,

a line

in

is

At the

with the axis of the temple.

that avenue

This description

level.

North"
as

that was to be seen of the temple

of

the

last

were

century

the

remains of the dromos at the entrance, and the

pedestals of the sphinxes which lined

The two

side.

first

on either

it

platforms must have been

gather that the

completely covered with sand except for the out-

southern chambers of the platform, which were

crop of certain lengths of wall on the north side

afterwards cleared

by Mariette, were not

alto-

gether buried out of sight at the close of the last

century, but

up

probably were

filled

with

rubbish

Neither do I think that

to a certain height.

pavement of the platform could then

the floor or

The platform was reached through

be seen.

granite portal, which early Christians

the

had coated

with white plaster and painted with figures of

saints,

and the mention of the state of

way and
is

the

the

visible,

the

standing.

upper platform was

Traces of long-abandoned Christian

all

that was then found

The general appearance

much the same earlier in the century

who visited the spot in 1737, and
theirs.

indication given by those authors

means

but further,

and the subterranean chamber was also

accessible.

and Devillicrs

Jollois

of

worship remained upon

Jollois

by

part

central

this door-

of the sanctuary

only

of the lower, or eastern platform

and

for
is

Pococke,

quoted by

is

very short, and by no

After mentioning the

mummies

he adds that " here

as to the later use to which the temple was put.

which abounded

The name

as though the mountain had been vertically

of Deir

el

Bahari

" Convent

of the

was

Devillicrs, gives a similar account to

His description
clear.

of the site

it

seemed

hewn

THE FIRST EXPLORERS.

out by the hand of man, and the people of the

gods speaking

place said that there had once been a passage

queen, as iu the following formula

through

saith

into the next valley."

it

ChampoUion and Wilkinson must have

Deir

visited

Bahari within a short interval one of the

el

ChampoUion' scarcely pauses

other.

to describe

the same condition as

He

and Devilhers.
to study

and

of the edifice,

He was

pose."

in the days of JoUois

us that his object in going

tells

was "to

it

was

it

the as yet

fix

unknown date

chiefly attracted

part,

to

"called Moeris by the Greeks."

He

at

made

is

"

ChampoUion

of solving this problem,

propounded the existence of a queen called Amense,

of

sister

Thothmes

He

II.

thought to have

on

taken Amenenthe for her second husband, and he

once

also

it,

which he read the cartouche of Thothmes

he loves, sun devoted to

III.,

by the upper

and the granite portal leading

whom

the building which thou hast

like to the divine dwellintj.'

By way

Behold, thus

'

name iu a cartouche attached to that

of an unknown Thothmes, who would have been
her first husband, and who must have reigned in
his wife's name.
On his death, Amense must have

ascertain its original pur-

to

addressed as a

is

lord of the thrones of the world,

to his daughter

much

the building, which seems to have been in

Amon-Ra,

the truth

he

to this king,

Thothmes III,
and that they must have superwhich were all the more readily
he found them upon the temple

found her

ruled

her

in

name.

She evidently pre-

perceived that the cartouches of

deceased him, for Amenenthe afterwards reigned

were usurpations,

conjointly with

seded two others,

determined since
walls.

The second

Queen

Ilatshepsu

declined to call

garding

it

of these cartouches

he

read

that of

Amenenihe,'^

He

a queen's.

but

persists in re-

as belonging to a king, and hence ofiers

it

Thothmes

the

The ward would not seem

gratitude

towards

hammering out his legends.

ChampoUion proved from the

the feminine form in

to several travellers

says he,
here,

'
'

felt

somewhat surprised

giving

place

to

all

this

the insignia of

Amenenthe,

whose name we may search the royal

vain,

still

seeing

at

elsewhere throughout the temple, the

as

renowned Moeris, adorned with

royalty,

"If,"

more astonished was

I to find

lists

edifice

did

his

in

and

inscriptions that

with " vaulted" ceilings could be no other

accessories

they

the inscriptions that wherever they referred to this

but

Amon. According
who had preceded him, this

than the tomb of Moeris

for

on reading

much

felt

utmost to consign him to oblivion, by diUgcutly

the temple was dedicated to

the inscriptions.

have

guardian,

his

of

his guardianship.

to

no satisfactory explanation of the employment of

all

"the Moeris

III.,

Greeks," who was under

show

contain
to

it

but

its

chambers and

to be a genuine temple, for

scenes

of

offerings

to

the ancestors of the Pharaohs.

the

gods

Cham-

poUion notes signs of restorations by Horus,

Rameses the Great,

son Merenphtah, and

his

bearded king in the usual dress of the Pharaohs,

later

nouns and verbs were in the feminine, as though

the inferiority of sculptures of the Greek period

a queen were in

as compared with the magnificent bas-reliefs of

question.

of

found the same

Not only was there the

peculiarity everywhere.

prenomen

Amenenthe preceded by the

title

of sovereign ruler of the world, with the femi-

nine

affix,

but also his

following on the
Finally, in all

title

o-rni

name immediately

of 'daughter of the Sun.'

the bas-reliefs

representing

the

the

Letlrcs ccriies d'ligijpte et de Nuhie, no. 15.

The cartouche

is

read

Amonemhe

iu the Notices.

11.

Remarking on

XVIIIth Dynasty, ChampoUion takes the

opportunity of giving renewed expression to one

of his favourite ideas, viz
profited

the origin of

B 2

sublimity;

it.

Greek

Egyptian.

arts to Greece,

of

that, far

by Greek influence, Egyptian

suffered through

the
'

by Ptolemy Euergetes

It

from having
art

had only

was his conviction that

art lay in servile imitation of

Ancient Egypt had taught her

who developed them

but had

it

to the point

not been for Egypt,

DEIR EL BAHARI.
Greece would in

all

probability never have

become

Amunre,

the classic land of the fine arts.

In 1827 Wilkinson was in the temple, since he

speaks of excavations which he then made, for the

He

purpose of clearing part of the walls. ^

name under which

the building by the same

known

to us

mountain

is

name, Dayr

" Below the

she did this

fine obelisks of granite

(who

is)

the giver of

life like

him

the sun for ever."

This bas-relief supplies evidence in favour of

is

Wilkinson's theory that there were two obelisks

it

of the Libyan

cliffs

two

lord of the regions (and) erected to

calls

at the entrance to the temple.

seems to

It also

an ancient temple, whose modern

furnish an indication that the blocks which were

Bahri, or the northern convent,

found built into walls erected on the upper plat-

and

form carved with scenes referring to the transport

el

indicates its having served, like the vicinity

precincts of

" she has made (this) her work for her father

most of the temples of Thebes, as a

of two obelisks

in

one case showing one of the

had

church and monastery of the early Christians."

monuments placed upon a

He speaks of the long dromos leading,

brought thither from the eastern platform by the

rows of sphinxes whose fragments

to a square enclosure before

mark

the

sites

description

is

of two

between two
still

remain,

Wilkinson's

obelisks.

He

mentions

an inclined plane of masonry leading to the central court of the

temple, and intersecting at right

angles a covered corridor formed by a peristyle of

" The inner

eight polygonal columns.

this corridor,

which

is

of a series of terraces,"

the front of the

is

face

first

of

scarp

doubtless what Mariette

called the " Eastern Terrace."

Wilkinson gives

ns some interesting details as to the sculptures

adorning

On

walls.

its

sacrifice of

of two boats.

All

this

side

carrying boughs or

are processions of soldiers

weapons, the

southern

the

an ox, and the remains

may

still

be seen, and

even more than Wilkinson describes.

scene

found by the English traveller, and representing

the dedication of two obelisks to

Amon by

the

been

Copts.

Coming

which two pedestals

somewhat confused.

sledge

the granite gateway which gives

to

access to the western platform, Wilkinson, like

Champollion,

that its inscription

testifies

the Pharaoh

the feminine, and refers to

name he

reads as Amunneitgori

he hesitates to

all

is

whose

the same,

this sovereign a queen.

call

in

He

describes the sanctuary and its bas-reliefs, and in

ChampolHon's hypothesis

this connection confutes

of a

He

mes.
is

to

an unknown Thoth-

proves that the

unknown Thotlimes

queen Amense, wife

no other than Thothmes

He

was no queen Amerise.

and that there

II.,

also

mentions the

tradition of the existence of a passage connecting

the temple of Deir

Biban

el

el

Bahari

M'ith

the valley of

Molouk.

Whether any one worked at Deir el Bahari after

but certainly
Champollion we do not know
;

Lepsius appears to have seen something more of

royal founder of the temple, has not altogether

the

temple than his predecessors, as

may be

disappeared, though

gathered from his plan of the building

(pi. ii.).

These

it

very

obelisks,

has considerably suffered.

different

from

those

of

He

describes the

dromos (but without speaking of

Diospolis (Karnak), must have been erected on

any obelisks), the western platform, the granite

the pedestals at the end of the dromos.

gateway, and the sanctuary.

Wil-

kinson translates the accompanying inscription.

After giving the

names and

titles of

the Pharaoh

Amunneitgori,^ the inscription goes on to say

the temple was originally connected with that of

Karnak, since the axis of the prolonged dromos

would lead straight

He was
1

Topography of Thehes, 1835 edition, p. 90.

See the description in Murray's Handbook, 18G7

wl\i(;h

the bulk

Pharaoh

is

is

derived from Wilkinson.

there read

Amun voo-het,

Tiie

name

the

first

temple, which
ed., of

of the

instead of Amunneitgori.

Lepsius believes that

Assassif.
sister

of

It

to the great

discover the founder of the

to

he

temple of Amon.

still

calls

the temple of the

was a queen, Numt Amen, eldest

Thothmes IIL, who devised

this

bold

THE FIRST EXPLORERS.

scheme

two sides of the Nile

contrary to the law of succession for a queen to

valley.

She it was who erected before the temple

Karnak the two largest obelisks left to us.
Numt Amen are the two first words of the car-

occupy the throne, and this was the reason that

of

her brother, probably

touche of Hatshepsu, and Lepsius had in truth

After the queen's death her cartouches were re-

for

uniting

recognised the

although,

queen

is

as

name
he

the

of the founder of the temple,

had

at

never represented

once
as

always in the dress of a man.

vealed by the inscriptions.

observed,

the

woman, but
Her sex is rea

" Doubtless

it

was

still

a minor, subsequently

appears as sharing the throne along with her.

placed by those of Thuthmosis III., and her

was not admitted upon the

lists

sovereigns.

Brie/e, p. 282.

of

name

legitimate

DEIR EL BAHARI.

CHAPTER

11.

MARIETTE.

From the days of Lepsius on-\varcls, hunters

after mummies and antiquities have probably
attacked Deir

cl

Baliari

from time

had a proof on the 14th February 1893,

this I

on

when,

chamber
platform

reaching the

N.W. angle

situate at the

chamber unknowni
its

had been opened by Greene

made

Mariette

the

roof of

found a pencilled notice on

it

Of

time.

to

covered

of the western

Mariette

to

walls stating that

in

1855.
el

sculptured blocks, capitals and bases of columns

upside

wrought

For instance,

culable.

made

In the course of

this wall.

tions

from the excavations

or less successful

The

first

Then

was ascertained

cl

Bahari."

it

was that the plan

(pi. iii.),and

its

of the temple

discovery

made

of the

to

mummies,

The subsequent explorations

form collections of
either for the

chiefly

sarcophagi

Museum

of

for the Paris Universal Exhibition of

and

Boulaq or
18G7.

good deal of

which must,

Mariette

special

name because

Convent of the

King bears

ruins of a Coptic convent stand on

part of the temple site

even to this day.

Copts did not take possession of the whole

did not occupy the eastern platform.

from

that

this platform

But

it

Karnak, Luxor

are

work of many
Xllth

the

find a certain

the examples

XXth

The

Dynasties.

in the first place buildings

Dynasty,

and

the

deity,

From

generations.

dynasty

Usertesens,

and

the time
of

almost

the
every

sovereign or reigning family undertook the duty

of adding to or repairing the structure of Karnak.

Each generation
there, so

they

Amon became

was

all

peculiar

bank of the

left

Here only do we

erected for the worship of the local

The

that they took material for

upon the

insisted

great temples on the right bank of the Nile

Amenemhats

the

possible, be completed as the

by the XVIIIth to the

place also call Deir el

Sultan

myself that

date from the comparatively limited period covered

the

the Convent of the Assassif or Deir es

satisfied

type of builc]ing, and

which the people of the

Assassif

and

it,

work

winter's

first

character of the temples on the

river at Thebes.

of

Bahari

if

rightly

Convent of the North,

el

my

contains fragments of very important inscrip-

the

Deir

built against

excavation proceeds.

Goornah and make more

bas-reliefs of the naval expedition to the

land of Punt.
sci-ved

at

attempts on Deir

proved to be the most important in

results.

famous

men

take small detachments of

at

Mariette did not see

of ancient blocks.

"On

to

incal-

the rock, and protecting the court on the west,

I cleared a

was I able

is

great wall

the

all

the end of the western platform,

it

only (1858, 18G2, 180G)

temple by the Copts

in this

there as uninterruptedly as in other parts of Egypt.

occasions

The destruction and the havoc

down.

Bahari, but regrets having been unable to work

three

of miscellaneous

are built

latter

being used indiscriminately with bas-reliefs turned

is

three excavations at Deir

The

stone.

that

insisted on

being represented

the walls of the great temple of

as

it

Egyptian monarchy.

were the annals of

It

with the temples on the

is

the

altogether otherwise

left

bank.

There the

building the wretched walls which divided their

king began a temple with the intention of com-

convent into different rooms.

pleting

either of brick, brick

These walls are

and stone, or altogether of

to carry

it
it

himself.

The plan was

his,

out from beginning to end

and he

tried

for, in fact,

MARIETTE.
were monuments raised

these temples

by the

each other, they are separated by considerable

to

king to his own glory and to his o^YU memory,

distances.

and the inscriptions with which they are covered

cultivated land,

from his autobio-

often take the form of chapters

In order to understand

graphy.

the

object of

we must compare them with the

Egyptian tomb such as it was even under the Old
Kingdom. An Egyptian tomb consisted of three

these temples

parts

the exterior chapel, the shaft, and the

The

chamber.

sepulchral

rooms,

lavishly decorated, adorned with

peristyles,

and always accessible

tempted to disturb,

little

sepulchral chamber, and

be accessible, and

to

kindred

he had any.

whose nature and

details

men, and close

all

chapel to which

was

filled

mummy,
above

by which the sarcophagus

into the sepulchral chamber.

all

dead

This

no one could gain access to the

which must be secured from

man

sight,

The funerary

from sacrilege.

on the other hand, was open to

the

was the opening

up, and the chamber hermetically

closed, so that

wished to

and

chapel,

and there

visitors,

show what

his

life

As may be seen at Beui Hassan, it

was here that he had caused his praises to be

had been.

inscribed,

and that

it

had pleased him

forth to posterity the rare qualities

to

set

by which he

were brought, and where

were celebrated through the pious care of the

rites

But the chapel had grown

of such temples there

to this

day

Goornah, the Ramesseum, Medinet

el

Bahari.

Mariette that we must give the credit

It is to

of having fully recognised the nature and func-

royal tombs whose existence they imply.

proceed to

divide

two categories
reign,

these funerary temples into

those erected for a single sove-

and those which were intended to serve

for several royal

belong

Rameses

To

tombs.

Piamesseum

the
II.,

left

which occupies so large a

river,

and consider

the tombs destined for the greatest personages

in

the realm,

Here we

that

is

to

say for the

find the three essential

kings.

parts of the

category

Egyptian kings, and after him that one among

by the external mag-

and vainglor}^ of his reign, seems

to

have resolved to imitate him in every way

bank of the

first

the vainest and most ostentatious of

nificence

space on the

the

and Medinet Haboo.

had raised him, and the riches that

of the vast necropolis

Their

we may now

special character being determined,

his career, the dignities to

Thebes, to the entrance

are

great funerary chapels, closely connected with the

royal favour

he had gathered.

They

tion of these temples of the left bank.

had marked

which the

must once

have been several, and four of them are standing

his successors who, dazzled

to

closed.

was the

to a college of priests,

had been distinguished, the high deeds which

Let us now return

was meant

was hermetically

ofi'erings

Haboo and Deir

were prescribed by the ceremonial code.

pit

all

of this

at

Outside the valley, and nearer to the town, stand-

they also came at certain times in the year to

was introduced

gallery pene-

None

into a temple

of the vertical shaft

the

several different levels.

family, or of visitors.

it,

the equivalent of

and often excavated

bring oflerings of food and incense to the dead

In the chapel, or near to

the

trating far into the rock,

Hither came his family to make libations and

celebrate religious rites,

is

namely the long subterranean

shaft,

solitude

ing out against the sand of the desert in sight of

to the
if

is

from

far

in the midst of a

was

colonnades or

of the deceased and to his priests,

one

that

and

sometimes

exterior chapel

more

composed of one or

In the Valley of the Kings,

Rameses III. built

monuments designed
deeds, and to carry

their

own funerary

to perpetuate their

down

esteemed as their chief

to posterity
titles to

chapels,

mighty

what they

fame.

Hence

each of these temples was in connection with one

tomb

only.

It

nah and Deir

was otherwise with those of Goor-

el

Bahari.

Seti

Ancient and Middle Kingdom tomb, but instead

ing

of being all together, or at least in close proximity

chapel to his father, Rameses

at

I.

began the build-

Goornah, and there raised a funerary

I.

The

inscriptions

EL BAIIAUI.

DEIIl

on the walls show that Rameses was dead, and he

is

represented as

and

his sanctuary

seated in

bearing the emblems of Osiris.

did not complete the building.

I.

continued

and adhering

it,

cation consecrated

we

see Seti

who

therefore

is

tombs, and

coming

I.

forth

in favour of

stands before him, offering perfumes

The temple

to the sacred bark of the god.

Goornah

I.

Amon

from his tomb, and invoking

II.

original dedi-

to its

also to his father, Seti

it

for in a large bas-relief

his son,

Rameses

as though in a mastabat of the

is

it

of

the great chapel of two

Old Kingdom, or

in one of the

tombs

of Beni

There may even be traces of

a third building of the same kind.

The temple must

In his lionour the

temple was built and the ceremonies celebrated.

Seti

Xlth Dynasty.

also have been

intended for

ceremonies connected with the tomb of the queen.

The great vaulted chamber on the south, which

was cleared by Mariette, and where we see long
processions of priests bearing offerings
is

likewise of a funerary character.

queen must have made her tomb in

that the

Thebes, near to the burial-places of the rest of her

and on that

family,

where this

side of the river

temple stands. But where did she cause that tomb

hewn out whose

to be

covered

Is

site

we have never

in the valley of

it

Biban

Hassan, there were two pits opening from the

together with most of the royal tombs

same room.

adventure

This

is

also the case at Deir el Baliari.

temple belonged to several tombs whose

unknown
its

which

to us, but

may

immediate neighbourhood.

that the queen had built

it

tomb only

made

but had he

That

sites are

western platform, which

made

for the

Thothmes

that

king,

which

placed before
queen's

first

She chose a

with regard to her

own

further excavations

I cleared last spring,

he

although

queen, was in the

first

site

of

the

there

of

that

We do not know.

lead

him

to destroy her

ashes to the wind

fact

III.

were ancient even in her

that at the

now

are

Did the ven-

far

end

south-west,

utterly destroyed,

which dated from King Mentuhotep

II.,

of the

the fury with which he

tomb
is

also

and

to cast her

The

scarcely likely.

Thothmes III., and according to M.

Maspero, of Thothmes I., without counting those
of

many princes and

princesses of the family

know

the

tomb

of

any Thothmes,
their

to the hiding-place

but

Moreover, we do not

not the body of the queen.

moved

edifice,

we

II.,

show that the

states

secret

remains that we have the bodies of Thoth-

mes

what places or caves

I.

That

and the altar

to

amphitheatre, towards the

was another

now excavating

seem

which had served as a necro-

for ]\Iarietto

is it pei'-

place beneath the walls of the temple that

discovered,

thought had been for Thothmes

polis in times

days,

door,

its

some

erased the inscriptions of his aunt and guardian,

The rock-cut chapel

I.

or in

geance of Thothmes

place intended to be the funerary temple of her

father,

western valley

Molouk

Mariette thought

would have seen that the building,

certainly

in the

el

yet dis-

well have been in

the direction of the north-west angle of the

in

(pi. vi.),

It is certain

nor from

mummies were

re-

which was so well con-

cealed as to keep the secret of

its

precious deposit

One thing at least is certain that

in Deir el Bahari we have a building which was the
funerary chapel of Thothmes I. and of his daughter.
Perhaps it also belonged to Thothmes 11., and
Thothmes III. but of this we cannot be sure at
until our time.

the present stage of our researches.

CHAPTER

III.

PLAN OF THE TEMPLE.

The

Queeu Hatshepsu

funerary temple built by

on the

site of

an Xlth Dynasty necropolis bore no

resemblance to other Egyptian temples

sui generis (pi.
its

We shall proceed to

iii.).

it

was

describe

plan, mainly basing our description upon the

researches of Mariette.

His work notwithstanding

our knowledge of the temple

and

is

as yet imperfect,

hoped that further and complete

it is

mation on the

subject

may

result

infor-

from

the

present excavations, which will doubtless occupy

several winters.

The excavations

of

1893 showed

No

one can

fail to

admire the indomitable energy

and perseverance by which he triumphed over

obstacles

path

sometimes

during

outset

cases

his

of

we

method

wantonly

his search for the

placed

But

many
by his

of work, Mariette prevented himself

completing his own excavations, and

At Deir
his

at the

in

are constrained to admit that,

undertaking exceedingly
el

his

in

Serapeum

Egyptian career.

all

from

made

the

difficult for his successors.

Bahari he carried out on a large scale

custom of heaping his rubbish close

11

Court

Torraca

to the place

^'="''

Midilla colonnaJij

U|ipcr platiorm

,llJ.

Lower colounaJo
MiJdlo platform

Lower platform

Mariette's theoretical reconstruction of the build-

from which

ing to be inaccurate as regards the upper platform

distance.

and from time

will

to time our

own

ideas of the temple

probably be modified as we clear away the

mounds

of rubbish

Far be

it

still

covering parts of

it.

from us to detract from the merit

it

came, instead of removing

his

to a

Probably this practice was forced upon

him by circumstances, but

in

it

covering

important

it

sometimes resulted
sites

with earth or

sand, and thus led to his overlooking discoveries

to

which he himself would have attached high

has several times fallen to

my

lot to

and value of Mariette's researches, which amended

value.

and restored large portions of Egyptian

deal with these results of Mariette's method,

especially during my excavations at Deir el

history.

The above plan give.s the nomenclature which will be

adopted in this and the subsequent volumes in describing

It

'

the various parts of the temple at Deir

el

Bahari.

In clearing the north-west corner of the

upper platform, and trying to find the rock against
Bahari.

DEIR EL BAHART.

10

which that platform stands,

moved the

have not only re-

debris which concealed

of Wilkinson and Lej^sius, but I

it

from the eyes

was

in the

first

away beyond the temple

place obliged to carry

enclosure large accumulations from the south side

of the

cast here by Mariette.

same platform,

He

temples on the

bank

left

of the river.

Still,

he

ultimately decided that the

bas-relief described

by Wilkinson

question,

settled

seem

year's excavations

opinion

two

that

the

me

to

and

had

monoliths

great

last

confirm his

to

adorned the entrance to the temple.

once

Following

his rubbish

the avenue which divides the whole length of the

heaps lay a hall decorated with gigantic sculptures,

temple, at about 50 metres (55 yards) within the

although Greene had noticed the top of

enclosure wall,

had never suspected that beneath

less did

Still

it.

he suspect that here too was the roofed

chapel of Thothmes

I.,

and an inner court con-

taining that great altar whose discovery was the

most important

result of

my

first

season's work.

All this part of the temple I have completely cleared.

We

must not be too severe

Mariette

judgment of

probably he would gladly have acted

otherwise
rapidly,

in our

the

but

necessity

for

proceeding

place as Deir

between

must be

difficulty

Bahari, where the temple

el

hill

and necropohs.

carried out to

pond which the Arabs

in order to run

Here the

an old clay

call

is

pit,

shut

debris

a sort of

the lake " birket "

no risk of covering either building

The enclosure
appeared,

but

has almost

wall

its

course

According to Mariette

platform, which Mariette calls the " Eastern

first

We

Terrace."

on

reliefs

the

bas-

which were protected by a roof

doubly supported on a row of quadrangular pillars

and another row of columns of a composite

it

can

still

entirely dis-

be

traced.

embraced not only the

Dynasty building, but also a much older

The north

temple.

damaged

than

style

XXHnd

Dynasty the building

had served as a receptacle

Not one stone

is

for

itself

mummies.

now standing

of that entrance

gateway near which AVilkinson found traces of a

Mariette saw no objection to admitting

that there had been a pylon here, but he was less

willing to admit that
for obelisks

two obelisks stood in front

were not usually placed before

part,

The damage

entirely effaced.

its

far

more

bas-reliefs

at the south

end

of the

many mummies found

tions

having also involved the removal of the

there, these excava-

pavement.
high retaining wall, upholding the whole

length of the middle platform above the valley,

from the south-east angle of the lower or

starts

eastern
Its

platform,

and

is

in

good preservation.

lower courses are decorated by a series of

hawks and

temple of Hatshepsu show that from the

south

is

has been chiefly effected by excavations in search

The whole surrounding country is indeed one

vast necropolis, and mummy-pits dug all over
time of the

the

part of the wall

representing religious scenes having been almost

carved

return later to

shall

its wall,

funerary temple dating from the Xlth Dynasty.

it

graduated

the

inchne leading to that raised colonnade of the

or tombs.

of

begins

proto-Doric and found elsewhere throughout the

obliged

of disposing of his rubbish, especially in such a

pylon.

it

him to work
The excavator is

all his life,

almost invariably confronted with the

the

Beyond

determined.

the inner row being of the style sometimes called

as economically as possible.

XVnith

rectangular construction whose nature cannot be

and the pecuniary conditions by which

he was hampered

in

Mariette notes two angles of a

panellings,

surmounted

by alternating

urnei of colossal size (pi. xiv.).

This

ornamentation extends the whole length of the

platform,
Little

i.e.,

for

about 90 metres (98 yards).

remains of the pavement

on the south

it

has almost entirely disappeared, owing to graves

having been dug there and afterwards
complete plan of the building
great

mounds

is

rifled.

No

possible until the

of rubbish on the north side of this

platform have been completely cleared away.

graduated incline, or

from the centre of

flight

of

this platform to the

steps, led

upper or

PLAN OP THE TEMPLE.

11

western platform, which was upheld by the retain-

ment

ing wall terminating the middle platform, just as

has suffered.

the middle platform was upheld above the lower

chiselled out

The

one.

face of this wall bears very important

inscriptions, and was protected by a portico formed

The southern

of two rows of square pillars.

is

half

covered with the famous pictorial representa-

tion of the expedition to the

Land

Punt

of

on

of inscriptions from which the whole temple

Thothmes

and replaced by that of her nephew,

III.,

who

mes

Amon Ba.

father,

to

the worship of

to

birth

enthronement by her

On

queen and

the

of

father,

Thothmes

her

the same level as the portico, and at either

end of

That on the

are rock-cut sanctuaries.

it

north

consists

one

of

chamber

small central

of that

figure

Name and

I.

parallel to the axis of the temple, opening

on two

Amon, erased

figure

inferior restorations is probably due to

who thus acquired the

own name on almost

is

right

The Southern

and colour.
the

more important.
capitals,

is

to contain the following

life

Hathor Speos

is

entered through a

King Bamses
father,

Kameses

Aw _S*SIII
II.

restored these

Amon Ba.

II. j

'='

[l

monuments

of his

This formula occurs no

less

than five times on the south half of the wall of

the lower colonnade.

Passing through the granite gateway we enter

and whose walls bear scenes

a rectangular space bounded by thick walls on the

pillars

relating to the rejoicings at

cessful return of the fleet

On an

WOOO

Hathor-

whose

covered vestibule

headed

It

or

of

his

Q'

walls

full

II.,

every wall of the temple.

they are only partially effaced, and are

Kameses

of inscribing

no inscription of a few yards long

is in perfect

temple.

imperfectly restored, and the credit of these very

which does not prove

of the Northern Speos are exclusively religious

name and

were afterwards roughly and

These three chambers are approached through a

The scenes painted on the

the

divinity throughout the

There

preservation.

antagonism

in his passionate

others which are at right angles to each other.

twelve-columned portico, whose roof

Menlclieperra (Thoth-

the god was also struck out, evidently by order

most interesting texts and scenes

the

the rest of the in-

monument to her
Subsequently the name of

Khueuaten, who,

are

all

has raised this

III.), she

of

cleared,

left

scription in the feminine

the northern half, which I have already partly

relating

queen's cartouche was

First the

have

Thebes on the

suc-

from the Land of Punt.

inner wall of the Speos, Hathor

is

repre-

north and south, and terminated on the west by

the vertical
court

was

cliff

all

which closes in the

that

was

by

seen

This

valley.

Jollois

and

Directly opposite the granite gate-

sented under the form of a cow suckling a boy

Devilliers.

bearing the queen's name.

way, and in a line with the avenue of approach,

The upper platform was occupied by

In the

buildings.

first

place there

is

various

a terrace,

and, judging by what I found on the north side,

was roofed

this terrace

in,

and the roof rested upon

a single row of columns and abutted against a

thick wall,

now more than

half ruined, on which

the Copts erected their convent tower.

The

red

granite gateway, which is exactly opposite to the

entrance to the sanctuary, leads through the wall

into a large inner court.

This portal was seen

by Jollois and Devilliers in the

it

the rock-cut sanctuary whose "vaulted" roof,

described by the French savants,

The west

wall of the court

built against the cliff side,

for ofierings or sacred

posts

a retaining wall

and containing niches

I cleared

almost

had been rebuilt by the

Copts, and that the blocks which they had used

year,

and found that

for this

it

purpose are carved with fragments of a

great inscription, to whose sculptures they had

inscription is lamentable.

monolithic

constructed in

the whole of the northern half of this wall last

and furnishes two instances of that deface-

red granite

is

emblems.

paid no regard whatever.

of

is

true Egyptian fashion as above explained (p. 2).

and

consists
lintel,

last century

is

The

loss of this great

DEIR EL BAHARI.

12

my

excavations were begun in 1893 the

court,

and

south side only of the upper platform had been

great

altar

high mounds of rubbish covered

cleared
But although the south side
the north.

The

Before

was

laid bare

invisible to

bounded

on

it

alone

by Mariette, and the north side

him, his plan shows the wall which

the

on the

court

inner

north.

On

the south he had found several chambers, and

especially

one large " vaulted " room, oriented

from east to west

at its far

like the

temple, and containing

end a granite stela whose inscription

The

completely effaced.

walls of this

is

chamber

are sculptured with processions of priests bringing

offerings to

Queen Hatshepsu, the work being

remarkable fineness

(pi. vi.).

None

of

the midst of this court stands a

in

of " good white

made

An

stone."

Harmakhis, and

altar is dedicated to

so

is

placed that the priest ascending the flight of steps

leading to

its

platform would face the rising sun.

Opposite the north side of the altar

leading

the

to

Here we found the name

Senseueb.

It

which

I
I.

of the king's

even from

obvious,

is

a door

Thothmes

rock-cut chapel

little

believe to be the funerary chapel of

is

mother
this brief

description, that the north side of the upper plat-

form considerably

differs

from the side cleared

by Mariette, and that the two sides of the building

are in no wise symmetrical to each other.

No

of these have

chambers were

the Northern

over

built

been hammered out excepting the name of the

Speos, nor yet over the Southern; and no use

queen.

seems

In Mariette's, or rather M.

Brune's, conjectural

restoration of the upper or western platform,

assumed that the buildings on its north

exactly correspond with those on its south.

is

excavations have proved that this

There are two doors

court.

to

north

in

is

it

Amon.
sistently

The

figure

effaced

of the

probably

and eastern door

is

much

II.

offerings to

and

The second

smaller, and loads to a

part of the building entirely separate from the

rest of the temple,

and which

believe to have

been specially dedicated to Thothmes

I.

It

is

me

to conclude that

time

of the

and that no one ever went there.

On
the

the north side of the middle platform are

first

columns of a colonnade starting from the

Northern Speos, running from west

having in

its

wall

In

M. Brune's plan

to east,

and

niches for offerings such

little

throughout the temple.

as arc found elsewhere

this

is

represented

as

colonnade of thirty-seven columns, and as stretch-

excavations prove

an open

rubbish and

debris were allowed -to accumulate on this spot,

ing the

to south.

This

II.

from the time

of Khuenaten,

reign

row of three columns running from north

in the vestibule leads into

cleared

of the destruction of the shrine, perhaps from the

entered through a covered vestibule with a single

A doorway

cliffs.

ebony shrine dedicated by Thothmes

discovery led

god has been con-

roughly restored by Rameses

of the

talus

of the pavement, and there found a panel of the

gigantic

by Kliuenaten

from the

My

The larger and western door opens on

somewhat high and narrow hall, lying
making

them, which were only intended to protect their

roofs

the platform over the Northern Speos to the level

the north wall of the

representations of the queen

have been made of the platforms above

side

not the case.

and south, and decorated with

to

and

to

full

length of the middle platform.

it

to

Our

have been much shorter,

have consisted of

fifteen

columns only.

13

CHAPTER

IV.

THE FAMILY OF THE THOTHMES.

Before considering the reign of the great queen

who built the temple of Deir el Bahari, let us
investigate

first

her

family

In

history.

have

been

We

coveries.

now

by later

modified

successively

dis-

will therefore explain the case as it

stands, though

liable possibly to further

it is

important modifications from future research.

In the genealogical

table

An
table
of

II.

and the

important alteration of this genealogical

was necessitated by M. Boussac's discovery

great

the

Goornah.^

Thothmes

The

el

Hatshepsu, discharged

is

the land."

Queen Aahhotep

Amenophis

II.

Thothmes

and the princess Aahmes

son,

I.

being their

I.

daughter.

their

tomb

"when

king

His

Thothmes

sister,

the

the royal wife

of regent

office

III. is

by name, but as there was no intermediate king

between him and Thothmes

Thothmes

II.,

must needs have been the son of Thothmes

was born Queen Hatshepsu, the founder of

This conclusion

But Thothmes

I.

had two other wives

Mutnefert, whose son was Thothmes

Isia,

evidently of inferior rank,

Thothmes

III.

quite recently

The

this

and

II.,

whose son was

genealogy

seemed most

which

until

I.

is

M. Maspero has

therefore altered the second

part of his genealogical table as follows

Aahmes

Thothmes

(queen)

Thothmes

Mutnefert

I.

likely to be correct

Thothmes

II.

Isis

II.

Hatshepsu

Aahmes

I.

In

jMutnefert

concluding

his

Thothmes

II.

notice

of

the

III.

XVIIIth

Isis

Dynasty, M. Maspero indicated one point as

doubtful.
Hatshepsu

Thothmes

II.

Thothmes

III.

Hence Thothmes II. and Thothmes III. were

both sons of Thothmes I., and consequently half

Mission archeologique fran(;aise au Caire,

Maspero, Pros, of the Soc. of Bibl.

vol.

Arch.,

i.,

p.

C37.

vol. xiv.,

This

the mother of
wife

p. 170.

II.

confirmed from the dedicatory

Hatshepsu

Aahhotep

III.

inscription of a statue at Karnak.

ran as follows
Amenophis

of

not here mentioned

Brother and sister married, and of that marriage

temple.

at

two lands, and he was prince upon the throne of

help of the inscriptions found on the Deir

the wife of

appeared in heaven and rejoined

II.

him who begat him.

mummies/

in

stela tells us that

Dynasty as drawn up by M. Maspero with the

Bahari

Anna

of

stela

the gods, his son took his place as king of the

XVIIIth

the

of

Thothmes

this

matter the conclusions of earlier Egyptologists

who became the wife of

guardian of Thothmes III.

brothers to Hatshepu,

Aahmes

first

makes Queen Aahhotep

table

Thothmes

is

still

I.,

and thus the king's

his full sister.

But M. Maspero

did not consider this as conclusively settled, and

we now

find that his

Erman

has recently published an inscription on a

doubt

is justified.

piece of limestone in the Ghizeh

Professor

Museum, which

gives the text of a letter or circular sent round to his

subordinates by

Thothmes

I.

(in this instance

to

DEIR EL RAIIARr.

14

an

officer at

Elephantine), announcing his acces-

In reference to the formula

sion to the throne.

he

oaths

for

says

a-a

v\ ~wv^ T"

Q])

man and

the

king in the cases

now under

The mother

Thothmes

of

his

Let them sivcar hy the

J)

I)

Majesty,

life,

and

health,

of His

horn

of the

strength,

From

royal mother, Senseneh.

it

iiainc

consideration.

was made known

III.

from the linen wrappings inscribed with

to us

Book

texts from the

n

the father having been the

wife,

mummy.

of Chapter

of the

Dead which

enfolded

Immediately following on the

I.

arc these words,

'^

Ij

|)

title

inscription

this

would seem that Senseneh, although wife of

Amenophis

I.,

was not of royal hlood, or that

any rate she had not been raised

Now

queen.

mes

known

in

represented with his well-

is

Aahmes,

wife, the queen-sister

^S (^"^

the rank of

the funerary chapel of Thoth-

the king

I.

to

at

""*"]

with another queen

^1*50

''^^'^^

V '5:&^

^
jj

c.

j|

,SV/('(/

the king Menhheiterra, son of

/;//

theStin, Thothmes, jristified, son of the royal mother

The name

Isis, justified.

of Isis

is

a cartouche, and she has no other

" royal mother "

we may

i.e.,

title

than that of

Hence

mother of a king.

Thothmes

infer that

not enclosed in

II.

had not raised

[|i

Isis

called the royal mother, irrinccss of the two Innch,

Senseneh,

1 ""^x

"^

who

evidently the

is

Ghizeh

ferred to in the

one

inscription.

rank of queen, and that she was

the

to

merely one of the royal harem.

perhaps furnish us with the key to a problem

This

Thothmes I. was only halfSenseneh is

his wife Aahmes.

which has never been

proves that

brother to

here called queen, and her

^^

in a cartouche
in

the

but she

name

is

probably due

to

whom was

husband's

her

The amended genealogical table

the Thothmes family stands therefore

the

relations

namely,

which

sub-

and Thothmes

III.

Hatshepsu was the legitimate wife of Thothmes II.,

and seems to have had no son, but only two

her elevation

genealogies,

royal

unmcntioned

satisfactorily solved,

between Hatshepsu

sisted

enclosed

by

presented

that

daughters, one of

being

may

This fact

re-

son of Thothmes

II.-,

The

her namesake.

Thothmes

III.,

was born

of

favour.

of

another wife,

and

if

who was perhaps

a rival or a slave

Hatshepsu shared her throne with the only

as follows
heir of
Aaliliotep

Amrsnophis

T.

Senseneh

Thothmes

II.,

it

was doubtless because

she was constrained to do so either by circumstances or by custom, and not from any affection

Aalimes

Thothmes

I.

Miitnnfort

which she bore to her husband's son who was

own nephew.
aunt and nephew were

also

Thothmes

Hatshepsu

Isis

II.

her

ised by

Hatshepsu

II.

Tlmtlimes III.

The

between

relations

certainly not character-

attachment and mutual confidence,

with Thothmes HI. they

left

for

no trace of anything

but resentment, which he sought to appease by

We
their

here see that these four kings

half-sisters,

Ptolemaic times,

i.e.,

married

custom which lasted into

and which must have

founded on very ancient tradition.

the

all

been

It is certainly

known as endogamy,
marriage between the members of the family,
remains of what

is

and implies polygamy on the part of the father of

doing his utmost to destroy everything recalling

the reign of Hatshepsu.

and Hagar as enacted

queen was
for she

less

was

It is the story of

in a royal family

happy than the Sarah of

obliged to instal

to give

but the

Scripture,

Ishmael in the

tage of Abraham, to associate

and

him with

him her own daughter

Sarah

heri-

herself,

in marriage.

15

CHAPTEE

V.

HATSHEPSU.

Let

now

us

consider the

monuments

Judging from her

greater detail.

we conclude

of this queen in

life

did not

she

that

fall

below the

XVIIIth Dynasty,
the greatest and most powerful

standard of the rest of the

certainly one of

BamaJca,^ Hat-

of all the Egyptian dynasties.

Numt Amen

shei^su,

(pi.

xiii.)-was,

we have seen, the daughter of

Thothmes I. (pi. xii.) and of his

'^^^

as

fl

Q _>

half-sister

"^jii

would seem to have given early

V J

dence of her capacity to reign, for her

t-J

father,

Thothmes I.,

Aahmes

(pi.

xi.).

A scene

of

action

his

temple, there might

fuller

the throne as co-reguant with her father

in

an inscription Avhich I found

wall of the middle colonnade,

half of the temple by the record of the Expedition

The

Punt.

to

In the accompanying inscription, and more

"7

thee,

king of the gods, I prostrate

myself (before thee).

In return for what I have

have come unto

done for thee do

Land
living

(the

thou,

desert)

eternally,

as

Bed
on my daughter Bamaka,
bestow Egypt and the

hast

thoiL

Further on he proceeds to say

TJsertkau (one of her titles),

united unto thee, (who

is

is)

who

done for me."

" My dauglder
loves thee, ivho

beloved, thou hast

transmitted the world unto her, {thou hast united

it)

in her hands, thou hast chosen her as queen.'^

That

Thothmes

I.

voluntarily

associated

daughter with himself upon the throne

from the

fact that this inscription

during his lifetime;

is

his

proved

was engraved

had there been no other

from end to end,

The

transcription of the

tablets of Tell el
this cartouche

name

Amarua shows

must be

Ka ma

ra.

Hatshepsu,

appropriate to

Expedition to Punt.

Immediately preceding

it

are scenes referring to

the birth of Hatshepsu and to her being suckled by

These scenes are almost identical

the divine cow.

with those relating to the birth of Amenophis III.

which adorn the walls of a chamber

representations at Deir

el

temple

in the

of Luxor, and were probably suggested

by the

The

Bahari.

story

by the

of Hatshepsu's

childhood

account

enthronement, and this direct

of her

is

followed

sequence implies that she was

when

that event took place.

Hatshepsu
costume.

is

still

very young

From

always represented in

In the Southern Speos she

childhood,
full
is

male

depicted

in the hkeness of a boy being suckled by the

of Amenopliis III. in the

that the correct reading of

all inscrip-

like

could not

has been

it

commemorating
III.

can only

It

he appropriated the record of the

himself as

Cow Hathor
1

somewhat

is

be copied with great difficulty, because

Thothmes

re-

inscription

obscure and requires close study.

which

and preferring his

on a place

i.e.,

evi-

on one of

god Amon, he says

the retaining

corresponding to that occupied in the southern

exclusively

especially addi-essing the

given

is

last spring in the

northern half of the temple, on

tions

quest.

have been doubt on this

account of Hatshepsu's accession to

baton and mace, standing before a sanctuary contriad,

matter than that

point.

chiselled over

Theban

the

engraved by order of Hatshepsu, and in her own

the pylons at Karnak represents the king holding

taining the

in

She

associated her with himself in

the exercise of the sovereignty.

record

scene which

we

she

is

shown as

a youth in the

are about to consider, and else-

where throughout the temple of Deir

el

Bahari

EL BAHART.

nKII!

16

man

she appears as a full-grown

cepting as a goddess, she

is

seasons

and not as priestess

She

natural

officiates as

and when enthroned

some other god,

even

the beard

beginning of the fixed

the

phenomena

made

Nile) were

within a sanctuary she wears the head-dress of

Osiris or of

{i.e.,

year

which was founded upon the recurrence of certain

never once represented

under the form of a woman.

priest,

Ex-

(pi. xiii.).

especially

Ancient Egyptians

is

upon the same day, so

to fall

From

the inscription tells us.

the rise of the

time to time the

must have

incon-

the

felt

not omitted.

venience noted in the Cauopic

inscription, that,

The enthronement inscription is accompanied

by a scene illustrating the text, and finely carved

namely, of finding such of their

festivals

Hke

in rehef,

the

all

sculptures

on

making the round

names

Thothmes

is

and

being inscribed above his head, and

titles

seated within a shrine, his

neither the figure of the king, nor his

titles,

But

it is

record.

Thothmes holds by the

left

This was ob-

of the seasons.

viated by again causing the two yeai's to begin on

the same day.

nor

There was a fresh

start

and since

the difference between the two years was but that

the opening words of the text have been defaced.

of one day in four years, the old

was

and

otherwise with the rest of the scene

by dates in the vague year gradually

regulated

this wall.

as were

made

arm a yoimg

inconvenience

who

during the reign of the prince

unfelt

the reform, and his successors were free to

man, who is standing. This is the queen, whose

names and titles arc also placed above her head

employ the same means as he had done when the

and although inscription as well as figure have

became so great as

been hammered out,

The long

the characters.

and

at

It is at

it is still

is

from Amenophis

hard to read,

present I can only give a summary of it.

least evident that the king has summoned

together the nobles of his kingdom,

and

and fixed

years

to be troublesome.

Although the genealogy of the Thothmes kings

possible to decipher

text

between the vague

disparity

I.

Tliothmes III. can now be

to

restored with almost absolute certainty, there

no such certainty with regard

the

to

regencies, and co-regencies of the family.

tells

is

reigns,

That

them that he has conferred the prerogatives and

insignia of royalty upon his daughter, whom they

Thothmes

I.

was the son of Amenophis

I.,

that he associated his daughter with himself

and

upon

curious indication

the throne, are two well established facts. Marietta

that this inscription was engraved by order of

concluded from the inscriptions on an unpublished

are henceforward to obey.

the

queen, and

by order of Thothmes,

not

is

that he speaks of the queen in the masculine

/ww

^t^

literally,

The Majesty of him

daughter,

The

inscription also contains a

or

^s,"^

he,

my

(laughter.

somewhat obscure

allusion to the death of the king, followed

of the

rejoicings

accession of the queen.

names and

that

were

time co-regnant.

for a

Thothmes

altogether unlikely.

when she joined her

my

account

monument

titles are

by an

which celebrated the

On

that occasion her

said to be completed,

i.e.,

have been a reform of the calendar.

Thoth (which

is

the

of the vague year)

The

to

1st o^

me

I.

and Thothmes

Thothmes

I.

must have associated

II.

his son as well

a most

It

if

reigned together,'

as his daughter with himself

proceeding.

improbable

would rather seem as though

Hatshepsu had reigned alone

in

the

interval

between her father's death and her marriage with

reign that she founded

would seem

This seems to

Thothmes

followed by long formulas of epithets and attrithis time also there

II.

father on the throne, and

Thothmes

At

and Thothmes

Hatshepsu was not married

her two cartouches are henceforth preceded and

butes.

I.

Bahari.

founded

II.,

and that

As a proof
in

it

was during her

sole

the temple of Deir

tliat

the lifetime of

the temple was

Thothmes

I.,

el

not

Mariette

month

states that never once throughout the building is

and the ])oginning of the

that king's legend found as the legend of a living

first

day of the

first

HATSHEPStJ.

Although

with

agreeing

Marie ttc's
In

conchision, I cannot support this statement.

a part

temple which Mariette

of the

Thothmes

excavate,

On

reigning king.

platform there

does bear the

I.

titles

of a

an outer wall of the upper

a long

is

not

did

of which

inscription,

unfortunately only a small portion remains, but

it

undoubtedly refers to Thothmes

(o 1LJ]1

Z3

I.

as living.

the

tioo

lands, beloved, giving life like

Sun eternally. This

of a deceased king
tion

is

is

certainly not the legend

bat oddly enough the inscrip-

a palimpsest.

It

carved with hollowed

is

out signs, while the rest of the sculptures are

in relief,
it

and traces of the older inscription which

may

superseded

Moreover, since

still

it is

be discerned beneath

inclined

think

to

that

Thothmes

was a

it

later

made with the intention of attributing

ing to him and not to his daughter.
Neither are the king's

ment

I.,

was very

likely

am

addition

that build-

in the enthrone-

titles

but

engraved by the queen's

and may have been intended

to settle the

disputed legitimacy of her accession.

In inscrib-

orders,

ing the walls of her temple with the long text

by a scene representing Thothmes

illustrated

in the act of placing his

herself as

it

were

second

of which

in fragments,

is

seen serving as millstones

in

some may bo

the neighbourhood

of Thebes.

These obelisks were erected

the peristyle

in

which precedes the great Hypostyle Hall.

The

in-

on each of the four faces were

the three lines the middle one

portant.

The

made by

diiferent kings

I.

they are incomplete,

III., a fact

and

I.,

which proves that

in

part at least they were engraved after the queen's

On

death.

only

is

The

all

four sides the middle inscription

complete.
fourgi'eat central texts are very important,

and contain particulars upon

wliieli

thrown by the inscriptions of Doir

the north face

name

el

new

light is

On

Bahari.

we read: "Her Majesty caused

of her father to be established on this

monument, which was placed when the king

of

Upper and Lower Egypt, the king Piaaakheperka,

gave praise to the Majesty of this god.

Her

Majesty raised the two great obelisks on her

first

anniversary, for

it

was said by the king of the

gods to thy father the king of Upper and Lower

Egypt, Raaakheperka, Give orders that obelisks

and

this

appealed to his authority in order to secure from

the most im-

side lines contain scenes of offerings

even Thothmes

may

protection,

is

but they represent Hatshepsu, Thothmes

hands upon her, she put

under his

the joint

to

Unfortunately only

one obelisk of this pair stands intact, while the

the

inscription those of a dead sovereign

this text

it.

inscribed on the outside of a

wall of the funerary chapel of

Karuak,

at

intended to be in three lines on each face, and of

Baaakhejjei'Jca, loorshipper of Avion, lord of the

thrones of the

Hatshepsu

obelisks of

reign of father and daughter.

scriptions engraved

ML^"
T,

17

be raised, and thy Majesty will complete

monument."

At

sight the text

first

and the

seems somewhat conof understanding

her subjects the obedience which he himself had

fused,

commanded them

increased by that change of persons from third

securing

it

to give her.

She succeeded

in

during her Hfe, but after she was

dead her name was not admitted on the

of legitimate sovereigns.

lists

Therefore, in spite of

appearances, and notwithstanding the two inscriptions which

seem

to

prove the contrary,

think that the temple of Deir

secrated in the life-time of

Nor do

el

do not

Bahari was con-

Thothmes

I.

agree with Mariette in ascribing the

erection of the two largest obelisks in Egypt, the

to second

difficulty

which

common

is

According to this inscription

who had
and

in
it

Egyptian

it

is

texts.

was Thothmes

I.

originally intended to erect the obelisks,

at the

command

of the god

Amon

but since

the obelisks in question are here referred to in

the plural
divine

11

II
11

and not

command must have

than two.
work.

'ww

He

Thothmes

I.

in the dual, the

related

to

more

obeyed, and began the

erected two obelisks in the vestibule

C

DE[R EL BAHARI.

18

preceding

and immediately

of the queen

that

One

contignons to the Hj-postj-le Hall.'

obelisks

mountain."

Here

incontrovertible proof that

is

the regnal years of a sovereign were counted from

as sole king, without any mention of

the date of accession or coronation, and not from

its

co-rcgnant with

daughter as

his

of these

in the

it

inscriptions

still

is

name him

standing, and

seven months since the beginning of

These

him.

ohehsks must therefore date from before

Thothmes

joint reign of

the

The

and Hatshepsu.

I.

the 1st of Thoth.

For, since Mechir was the

second month of the second season, and Mesori

month

the fourth

months

of the third, the seven

Idug was afterwards desirous of completing his

woiild necessarily have fallen in the

undertaking, but he probably died either before

year had that year been reckoned from the 1st of

or immediately after beginning to do

Thoth.

so, for the

no other

obelisk raised by his daughter bears

mention of him except in the scenes of offerings

and

in the inscription

qualified

as

on the plinth, where he

as deceased.

i.e.,

Hence

completion of the work of Thothmes

is

the

by the

I.

erection of the two above-mentioned obelisks which

name must be attributed to the

Hatshepsu.
The queen was very

bear the queen's

reign of

sole

proud of her work, and described

it

at length in

the inscription on the plinth of the one which

still

standing:

"

who

who hath made me

make for him two
is

in the palace

in

sky in the august hall of

between the two great pylons

(Thothmes

When

living.

know

not.

hath been done.

and the favour of

vigorateth

my

...

they see

know

This hath been done by cover-

ing the stone with gold

it

I.)

the course of years, and see

what I have done, beware of saying:

not, I

all over.

swear

my

it

It is thus that

says:

father

nostrils with life

"My

may

Amon, who

in-

and strength."^

be deduced.

The

first

day of Mechir,

the IGth year, and the last day of Mesori,

'

text

Majesty began to work at this in

the 15th year, and the

Lepsius, Denkm.,

iii.

till

making

the

in

statements

these

to

obelisks

at Deir el Bahari.

the

Accord-

erection

of

the

temple of Karnak, and of Hat-

in the

shepsu's building on the other side of the river,

commemorated an anniversary

alike

On

coronation.

yy rn

the
at

tn-o

the

And again

we road

celehmtecl

Bahari

Now

anniversary.

is

names

that of

bij

Her

of the temple of Deir

^o

the inscriptions which I found,

speaks as follows

)[

the

In one of

the god

Amon

Enter in peace, my daughter,

good, and sacred, and pleasant jdace

this

which thou

3fajestij

one of the most

sacred place of the first anniversary.

within

honour

his

Pf|14^ll--'J7P^!

great obelisks were erected

first

in

/vwws

anniversary of the Sed

(he first

frequently recurring
el

obelisk

has

she

Amon)

(that of

the

of the queen's

liast

made for me, aww> wm^ "^K

'^

a.

^* O ^

W within the sacred place

The

anniversary.

Sed

festival

accession

In one of

my

have described the celebration of

at

some

character of the festival

no doubt that

the first

pillars of the colonnades re-

peatedly mention the Sed festival.

former works

of

it

The general
known there is

length.^
is

well

commemorated the

sovereign's

but the period of time which must

G.

Translation by Mr. Lo Page Renouf, in Records of the

Past, vol. .\ii., p. 131.
'

agreement,

by the love of Ra

In stating the length of time occupied by the

work, this same text supplies data from which a
very interesting fact

ing

remember

smu metal, whose

obelisks of

men now

my monument

and the inscriptions

heart hath hastened to

of the king Ea-aa-kheper-ka

the words of

is

remarkable

is

matter of dates, between the obelisk inscription

festival.

my

tops reach iinto the

columns which

sit

There

same regnal

TJie Festival

of Bubaslis.

Hall of OsorJcon

II. in

the

Great Temple

HATSHEPSU.
have elapsed between a coronation and accession

and the celebration of the Sed

have

again

elapsed

festival,

the

before

entitled to a second celebration of the

On

as yet determined.

was

been one of thirty years

instances, nor

is

r/Dta/foi^Taerrjpt?

The

which reference

festival to

now
is made

Hatshepsu

must have been held

at the laying of the first stone

at Deir el

the obehsks were in place and the whole

pleted

and by no means the

we have

Hatshepsu

later

when

which was also probably

work com-

is

there

is

it is

mas-

Senmut

in the feminine.

He

favour of my queen.

the

and purveyor of

house,

me

exalted

I was

land.

the

land

the

in

lived

chief

executed his

under the lady of the

His memory

perpetuated also upon the walls of his temple; in

The base

great

this

of a squatting

personage in

black

statuette of

and

granite,

broken glass bead inscribed with his name were

found in the course of our recent excavations.
Is

it

queen or

to the

to her architect that the

honour of inaugurating a new

here no question of a period of thirty

years, of a TpiaKovTaeT-qpCi;

practice, the

a great man tcho loved his lord, and

ivas

Hathor.^

Hence

limit.

In ac-

the Southern Speos his name occurs as worshipping

thirtieth year of

its

usual

land, queen Eamalca, living cterncdhj."

than the sixteenth year of her

reign,

"J

orders

no inscriptions of

yet

as

says

his

the queen's reign as the date of the celebration.

Moreover,

queen's

and sometimes

its

connected with build-

over the chiefs, head of the architects,^

but even the second hypothesis gives the

sixteenth,

in

before the face of the land to the rank of overseer of

Bahari

of the building, or else at its inauguration,

the

culine

I gained

stances of the Sed festival with which we are

concerned.

all

him

to

inscription mentions her sometimes in the

older

in the inscriptions of

nearly

cordance with

in accordance with the circum-

is it

ascribed

titles

ings and the administration of estates.

not

but

numerous

inscription are

thought to have

first

not borne out by the

is

The

was

the CAidenco of Ptolemaic

inscriptions this period

that conclusion

same

Senmut, who lived in the queen's reign.

called

and must

sovereign

It)

style of architecture

that of a temple wholly or in

even improbable

pai't rock-cut,

and

that the festival should not have been celebrated

known

as a speos or hemi-speos

until towards the

style of

temple developed greatly under Kameses 11.

Deir

was solemnised

it

Besides the

name commemorating

frequently bore that of

,^

ctzd,

or the sacred place of Anion.

is

nothing

distinctive, the

el

the date of

Bahari more

^ Q J ^ W^

Amon,

send, or send

examples of

in the ninth year.

foundation, the temple of Deir

(1

and especially

Bahari inscriptions I should rather con-

el

clude that

its

end of the reign, and from the

name

it

than

being

sixteen-sided columns

ser

oflerings,

This

such as

date

from

the

Bahari was suggested

el

At Deir

el

Bahari as at Beni Hassan we find the square

pillars,

to persons,

but we have no older

by the tombs of Beni Hassan.

there

epithet %=^

due

XVIIIth Dynasty and the reign of Hatshepsu.

There can be no doubt that the conception of the
rock-cut temple of Deir

the sacred place,

In this

Nubia

in

is

and more especially the characteristic

known

as Proto-Doric, sup-

commonly apphed

either

festivals, or places,

i.e.,

to anything consecrated

than the diameter of the columns, and without

may

be translated sacred, or

the echinus never omitted between the shaft and

to divine use.

had

loorthj to he

We

know

abilities

It

porting architraves

in reverence.

the

name

abacus of

of the architect to

whose

the

Hathor further

on square abaci not wider

Doric column.
recalls the

tombs

Hatshepsu had recourse, and who probably

superintended the building of the temple.

rauseum of

Berlin,* there

is

In the

a statue of an official

Lepsius, Denhn.,

iii.

25.

Duemicheii,

Ilist.

Lmch.,

ii.,

pi. 34.

The

Speos

of Beni

of

Hassan

T)ETR

20

ill

its

arranj^oment.

sliould

EL BAIIAUr.

that Beni

tliinlc

Hassan was the phice where the queen made her

first

experiment in such architecture

for close

tombs, in the valley knomi as Stahl

to those

Antar, she began the excavation of a speos which

she never finished

but she completed both the

lateral rock-cut sanctuaries of

Deir

el

Bahari

These sanctuaries are symmetrically

of Anubis.

placed at either

The Speos

of

chambers, built round the sanctuary of a temple

to

ing together with

it is

him

for a

a hemi-speos.

few years.
It is

Strictly

preceded by a

covered colonnade, whose roof of enormous blocks

rests upon Proto-Doric columns and four pillars

with Hathor-hcad capitals.

proach to a small hypostyle

This forms the aphall,

hewn out

of the

solid rock and upheld by two Proto-Doric columns

only,

which leads into two narrow chambers, of

which the further

less lofty,

we
in

is

the narrower and also the

owing to the

find conformity to the

the

hypccthral

named "

Here

rise in the floor.

same law which

prevails

temples and M. Perrot has

the law of decreasing dimensions":

from portico

to sanctuary (called the sclcos

i.e.,

by M.

Perrot, and by others the cclla) the dimensions

of the building decrease in every sense

The innermost room contained

floor itself rises.

the sacred

form of

and the

emblem

of the goddess, probably in the

cow made of gold or some other precious

metal; and as usual in Egyptian temples the figure

would be kept

in a tabernacle or shrine.

The

sacred bark which bore the tabernacle containing

offerings,

and

precious

the sacred

all

furniture.
It is interesting to

of Deir
at

Abu

the

Simbel,

At

inner

sacred

wall

dedicated to

also

Abu
is

the goddess

most of

Simbel, as in
sclcos

carved

is

II.

tlie

not blank, but on

the

forepart

of the

cow represented as emerging from the

mountain
the

compare the Southern Speos

Bahari with that of Rameses

el

Nubian temples, the

from the time

for

things, the divine vestments,

Hathor was

when Hatshepsu had coased to reign alone, had

married her brother Thothmes II., and was reignspeaking

repositories

serve as

Hathor.

Speos, and dates

the Northern

were the equivalents of the store

lateral niches

end of the middle colonnade.

certainly built before

room imThe various

the

in

mediately preceding the samituary.

that of the south or the Speos of Hathor, and

that of the north, which I shall call the Speos

emblem was probably kept

the

beneath her head

king.

similar

group

the

is
is

figure

of

sculptured

on

the side-walls of the speos of Deir

el

Bahari.

Hathor was pre-eminently the goddess of the

mountain she it was who emerged from the Mountain of the West, and to her the deceased made
;

more

adoration. Nothing could have been

suitable

to her character as set forth in the inscriptions

than a rock- cut sanctuary hewn out of

those of Deir

el

Bahari, especially

were connected with a tomb.

if

clifis like

that sanctuary

Wo

cannot here

pursue the comparison between

the

rock-cut and hypaithral temples

but each alike

Egyptian

was intended as the dwelling-place of

and

in all

its

divinity,

essential parts presented a close

analogy with the Egyptian tomb destined for the

dwelling of the dead.

To judge from remaining

monuments, Hatshepsu was the

first

to conceive

the idea of applying the subterranean architecture

hitherto confined to

ments of divine worship

architect,

Egypt.

originated

the

tombs

to the require-

with her, or with her

rock -cut

temple

in

21

CHAPTER

NAVAL EXPEDITION TO THE

IIATSIIEPSU S

One

of the

most important events of Hatsliepsu's

Land

reigu was that naval expedition to the

of

Punt, whose sculptured record covers the southern

The upper courses

of the

wall parallel to the colonnade are unfortunately

in great part destroyed,

and but

the wall at right angles to

it

which closes

colonnade on the south.

peculiar

in several ways, of

to

in the

it

Punt,
the

it

of the South

lujuls

-^

111

'^
1

Did

is

Ilini

read

seems

still

great resem-

each had a mixed popula-

tion which

included negroes, and their produce

was almost

identical.'

comparing the sculp-

Bahari with the somewhat later

el

scenes from the

On

tomb

both cases incense

of
is

Rekhmara, we

see that

represented as the chief

product of Punt, especially the kind called anti.

Land
what were known

situation of the

certainly belonged to

which M. Maspero's

blance between them

in

Whatever was the exact

f^^^

the most correct.

of

relations with peoples of the African coasts.

%\ 1=

Punt and Khent Hunnefer were not one and

interest

was not one

<2>-

same country, there was

the

establish commercial

intended to

me
If

tures of Deir

attaches to this expedition, since

conquest, but

remains of

Httle

LAND OF PUNT.

be that of the Blemmyes.

half of the wall stretching behind the middle colon-

nade of her temple.

VI.

it

of
as

also

The

giraffe is said to

and not from the

tomb

of

come from Khent Hunnefer,

The dogs

coast.

Rekhmara

figured in the

are brought from the interior,

form part of the region called Khciit Hunncfcr

while those at Deir

mn

Ivory, panther-skins, live panthers, gold, ebony,

Pf

r^^^

wide tract

of

country

south

of Egypt, stretching between the Nile and the

Red Sea

Brugsch holds that

his conclusion mainly

it

under

appears

and bases

upon the indubitable

that in one of the great lists of

Punt

did,^

the

Thothmes

general

fact
III.

heading

of

peoples of the South and of Khent Hunnefer.^

Nevertheless,

Punt

is

particularly so in the in-

scriptions of Deir el Bahari, from which latter

extent,

of somewhat

but

wide and indefinite

while Khent Hunnefer lay in the

in,

mountainous

interior,

and included the

it

is

evident that Hat-

had been directed

expedition

sliepsu's

All these products

both countries.

to

being decidedly African,

to

an

African coast, and that her ships anchored in an

African port.

The arrangement

of the Deir el Bahari sculp-

tures, together with that of

panying

Punt possessing a coast where vessels

could put

common

texts, is

some

of their accom-

obviously intended

to convey

it

would seem that the two countries were contiguous,

antimony, and various kinds of monkeys, were

generally distinguished from

Khent Hunnefer, and

Bahari come from Punt.

el

the fact that the whole of the cargo and treasure

was brought back by a

single expedition,

and not

by two, of which one was maritime and the other

overland, as

marvels,"
district

" All these

some have supposed.

as

the

inscription calls

them, were

brought in the queen's ships from the one famous

of

<2>-

^.

1=3

Di:^,

which has been supposed

to

expedition which was her pride.

of the land of

'

Vm-ertafel,

"

Mariette, Karnalc, p. 22.

Him

And

if

products

were among them, their pre-

p. 58.
^

Hoskius, Travels in Ethiopia, plates pp. 328-330.

DEIR EL LAIIAIU.

22

sence only serves to show that commercial re-

even then between the interior

lations existed

opinion

The

coast.

matter),

the

in

was

it

represent

no
tall

scenes

The inhabitants of the

and the Soudan brought
Nubia
Upper
districts of
their native produce to Punt, whence it was
passed on into other countries which had dealings

sand and pebbles of the beach.

the

a.nd

coast.

We

with the people of that land.

should natur-

enough

to shelter the cattle,

high tides of the Red Sea, and

the

had most frequent intercourse with

their nearest

of the reach of ships.

to say, with those peoples of

Arabia separated from them by the Eed Sea

only.

and particularly Herodotus^ and

Strabo,^ speak of Araby the Blest and its wealth

Classic writers,

There lay the other shore,

of divers perfumes.

along which, as the inscription states, stretched

the

Land

for

the

names seem

two

bably ascended one of

TTorajMtat

be

fleet

on this part of the coast, and which formed

small natural harbours, identical in

names

the

for

not for those of Arabia,

Land

but we arc not justified in limiting the

Punt

to the

the

neter, the
tians,

home

of perfumes dear to the

to

M. Maspero

mountain of that name and running between the

Ras

Egyp-

and Cape Guardafui, and his assump-

el Fil
is

a plausible one.

The

south.

both shores of the southern end of the Eed Sea.'

hardly seems

Still, it

necessary for the expedition to have gone so far

upon

ascribe an almost legendary character, lay

aromatifcra regio began

the Straits of
of Tajura

Bab

Maudeb, near

el

and according

to

all

those

perfumes for which

and which must also have been highly

esteemed by the gods, since such large use was

made of them in Egyptian ritual.

The five ships sent by the queen (pi. vii.)
put in to shore in Africa, perhaps we can even
approximately determine where
but, as M.
;

Maspero* has pointed out

'

III. 107.
Lielilein,

the perfume and spice trade had

many

or ifjimpia all along this coast.

We

52, et
*

la

De

stations

are unfor-

(and I

Handel und

Schijfahrt avf

p.

am

of

two-thirds of the short wall on which was sculp-

tured the description of the

destroyed, and there
of the

ff.

Punt

is

hope of finding any

ticulars.

The squadron having been made fast ashore,

the queen's envoy, who has disembarked, is seen
followed

by an

soldiers

armed

in

officer

with

axe,

command
lance,

of eight

and

shield

778.

dem Rothcn Meere,

quelqucs navigations des Eijypiiens sur

p. 9, et

of

fragments which might yield

his

ff.

mer Erythrie,

scattered

is little

Land

invaluable geographical and ethnographical par-

"

p.

Gulf

tunately reduced to conjecture in the matter, for

more

pronounced than that of their modern represen-

nearer

to the

ancient

Orientals seem to have had a taste even

tatives,

much

Greek geographers

dwelt a trading

population which exported incense, myrrh, cin-

namon

considers

up which the Egj'ptians made

the " Elephant river," near to the

way was

which their religious texts

There, from remote antiquity,

whence the perfumes

of
tion

and the land

stations

Punt, or To-

African coast alone.

likelihood

their

coasts of Africa and

all

with the " Harbours of Incense,"^ as the inscrip-

synonymous.

undoubtedly sailed

wadys, or

the streams,

noted by Greek geographers as frequent

that the stream

Hatshcpsu's

In order to anchor near

and spices were brought.

to

out

also

the dwellings of the natives the Egyptians pro-

tion

Land,

of Punt, or the Divine

must

All this

have been at some distance inland, safe from

of the coast

is

would not be found

by the shore, nor do date-palms grow in the

ally conclude that the inhabitants

neighbours, that

the

such native huts, and trees

sculptured

coast scenery

hilly

on

not

Ics

cotes

de

^ "^ c^

ladders of
vchellc

a7it!,

which

'

*"* ''^

'''"'

''^^

staircases

curiously corresponding to

iu the

East

is

tlio

or

the

French word

applied to a harbour.

EXPEDITION TO THE LAND OF PUNT.

(pi.

The

viii.).

to

from Egypt, that

presents

exchange

in

offer

scene

says

" All

produce,

native

for

The

placed upon a small table.

this

is

such objects as the Egyptians had brought

to say

good

are

inscription of

things "

(from

Egypt) "are brought by order of Her Majesty

to Hathor,

Lady

of Punt."

trade and secure

facilitate

native favour, a tent was set up and the chiefs

were bidden to a feast of " bread, beer, wine,

meat,

and

fruits,

all

the good things of Egypt,

had commanded."

as the queen

advance somewhat fearfully into the presence of

large rings,

five

they were

if

of precious metal, but, since gold

Land

second row of

the

in

Distrusting the sight of armed men, the natives

which must have been wrought

product of the

scenes, in order to

see

sheath, two leg

its

bangles, eleven necklaces, and

made

we

as

These presents con-

an axe, a poignard in

sist of

true that,

is

23

was the

of Punt, I should rather

suppose these rings to have been made of glass

the envoy,

and speak with hands

supplication

unknown

uplifted

" How have you reached

the

to

men

Egypt

of

in

this land

Have you

descended hither by the paths of the sky, or have

you

sailed the sea of

To-Neter

"

The

native

Perhaps they were of bronze,

types and costume furnish an interesting subject of

some other metal unknown to the natives.

The poverty and meanness of the Egyptian gifts

study, and Mariettc concluded that the people

or glazed ware.
or

are in

striking contrast to

which they
of barter

receive.

we seem

In

looking

Europeans now make

The Egyptians presented

own manufactured goods, and

me

suggested to

has

scene

this scene

at

to be present at a transaction

not unlike those which

with negroes.

the value of those

their

the study of the

perhaps the

that

necklaces, which here held the place of the beads

modern commerce, were made

of

such as are

commonly found

whose chief beauty hes

which

is

The

place.

ducts

of

the

blue

included

gifts,

among

articles

glaze

ware of

natives offered nothing but

no manufactured

found among their

now

at Deir el Bahari,

the fine

in

characteristic

of scaraboids

that

raw pro-

were then to be

any more than they are

their

exports.

At

the

most, the gold and precious metals were made up

into rings.^

The

walls of Deir el Bahari pro-

bably show specimens only

of

what the Egyptians

were of two races.

Individuals

pendulous

lips,

have been well content with their bargain.

to

in the form of bulls.

The weights

aquiline

noses,

thick

and a hard expression of counbeards, curving out-

wore a feather

some Libyan
envoy

is

in

tribes.

manner

the hair, after the

The group speaking with

of

the

that of the great chief and his family,

and consists

in the first place of the father,

who

is

armed with nothing more than a boomerang and a

poignard hanging from his

His right leg

belt.

is

protected by rings of yellow metal, forming such

armour as the Bongo negroes wear on

and

which they give the name of dangahor?

to

Behind him

is

She

his wife,
is

rolls

who has dismounted from

repulsively obese, her body being

and masses of

fast following in

She wears

flesh.

a yellow dress, and a necklace.

is

their arms,

The daughter

her mother's footsteps, and

It

See these rings of precious metals being weighed in the

scale after the return of the expedition.

to

had

wards, and several of those distinguished as chiefs

"

'

which the Prince

type

They grew long

tenance.

nothing but

proportion to what they leave behind

the

of

Punt belonged

of

the strangers are represented as taking away are

all

have been

easily

came
down to the coast-land of Punt, and we also
know from the inscriptions that people of Him
came with the Puntites to greet the Egyptians.

her ass.

out of

may

the case, since the trade of the interior

gave to the people of Punt, for the goods which

with the native chiefs, who, nevertheless, appear

This

are

in

This
der

there

is

is

also true of the

Niam Niam.

Cf.

^Egypiischen Equatorial Provinx,

Marno, Reise
p.

124, where

an illustration showing the figure of a chief wearing

similar rings

on

leg,

arms, and neck.

DEIR EL

24

due time attain to the same proportions.^

will in

was

It

at

supposed that

first

some

indicated

such

like

certain

barbarous

obesity

is

the

still

weight

of

which was

built

Soudanese

means

name

ideal

tribes,

and the

among
such

interior

of female loveliness.

alone

1^

of a ladder.

of the King, and

(1

^^

The type

of the

first

that of the second

from

woods which formed the

cer-

tuhth of some

n(]

Ati, that of his

VaroJiu, the

As

as well

march

that

also

marked

as

of the

represented

e.g. it

Cattle

many

still

all

those

says nothing of the cattle and

constitute the chief wealth of

on the Upper

tribes

maintain that the

superior
less

the

Soudanese

and travellers

beasts

are

far

the Egyptian, a superiority doubt-

to

already recognized

The

shepsu.

Nile,

precious

text,

in

the

reign

of Hat-

however, duly records

woods of

To-Nctcr,

all

and among

cut out of

tlic

also

wall and stolen.

now

The upper scene

wa.s

in the

II., is of

fine cabinet-

Very Ukely

Punt ebony.

The vegetable products

demand were
chief

kinds

cassia(?),

like

trees

were

called

and

still

("D

(1

and

incense,

piled

above

all

lumps,

heaps.

large

in

in

were also exported

it

1\ "^N

which was collected

which bore

up while

in the greatest

and perfumes, of which the

anti,

gum,

Punt

of

spices

<=>
|
Q O O O

]
I

The
dug

young, they were set in wooden

boxes of earth to bo placed here and there in

gardens as we put orange-trees

(pi. x.),

or to be

transplanted into ground where they eventually

grew

tall

enough

them

(pi.

ix.).

trees were

called,

Perhaps the

for

The

cattle

pass

to

beneath

anti si/canwres, as these

have not yet been

identified.

bas-reliefs exaggerate their size, as

always the case where the possessions of a god

is

As Anion and Pharaoh

or king are in question.

transplanted

La

re-

Ghizeh Museum; the lower, which

contains the daughter's figure, has never been found.
is

and

Anion during the joint reign of llatshepsu

were greater
Since the publication of Jrariottc's Deir el BalMri, both
scenes containing tlio figure of the Queen of Punt have been
'

covered and

furniture

which had formed part of a great shrine made

Q \\

whether they came from Punt or the Land of

Ilim.

manufacture

the door and panel which I found in 1893, and

origin.

enumerate

of

The Egyptians

in chief request for the

palettes,

as belonging to

Land of Punt carried away

many and various.

inscription does not

was

and Thothmes

by the Egy^^tian ships were

The

itself

for

represented

troop

considered the bark good for the eyes, but the

former by the

and probably of the same common

made

one of his processions.

the

Cushite or Hamitic race, akin to the Egj^tian

The products

in

the latter being

we must regard both types

time onward to the reign of

tliat

making, and works of art in general.

with the characteristic colour and features of the

negro,

mentioned again

is

Ethiopians bearing two thousand trunks of ebony

is

Li the tomb

one of his statues as

The wood

Ptolemy Philadelphus, who

of shrines,

neither type

staple timber trade, alike

find reference to

and again from

wood

is

of all the

Punt and of Khent Ilunnefer on the Upper

of

absence of a beard and the presence of the round

Egyptian wig.

But

we

is ill-defined

differentiated

chiefly

was probably also odoriferous.

of Ti

fD

is

as yet unidentified but

is

being of ebony.

group, which

most of the population,

which

Klicsi,

one royal lady

and could only be reached by

"^^^

the

prevented her

to enter her hut,

piles, like the

with

ebony held the chief place.^

Punt must

of

M. Loret has idenodoriferous cinnamon wood f

Tashcp, which

Nile,

have no ethnographical significance.

wife,

of

tuberculous

the

difficult

it

on

as

state that

The Queen

have found

tified

in the case of

her arms

standing upright.
tainly

monstrosity

but African travellers,

of

tribes

Speke recounts that

the

Speke and Schweinfurth,

them the

this

disease

leprosy, or elephantiasis

BAIIAIU.

than
into

ordinary

mortals,

Flore Pltaraonique,

p.

so

Amon

the garden of

trees

would

21.

See M. Loret's reinarkaljle

article,

" L't'bene chez

aneiens Eijypliens," in the Itecueil de Travaujc,

vi. p.

les

125.

EXPEDITION TO THE LAND OF PUNT.

But

attain to unusual size.

their

name

of syca-

more, and the very shape of the young saphngs,

which seems
trunks,

imply forest trees with thick

to

against Mariette's supposition that

tell

they were myrrh trees, specimens of the Balsamo-

Myrrh

dcndron nujrhha.

is

the produce of a shrub

which grows abimdantly on the Somali coast and

Arabia, but never exceeds nine or ten feet

in

in height
at

states

that

cannot be the tree repre-

this slu'ub

;^

sented

Deir

Bahari.

el

late

Amon*

chandise the king thus addressed

"I

plant for thee incense-bearing sycamores witliin

" The
the time of Ea an

thy courts," adding

had not been

like

"

seen since

entirely unvera-

cious statement, for the trade in anti sycamores

had been kept up from the time of Hatshepsu

may

onwards, as
in the

reign

be seen from the wall-paintings

tomb of Rekhmara, which date from the

of Thothmes III.

We

inscription^

there were fourteen kinds of anti,

25

need not dwell on the other products

depicted on

The

the walls, such as ivory, &c.

eleven of which were derived from the sycamore

panther-skins were chiefly used to make vestments

and were probably

for certain orders of priests.

same

different preparations of the

Anti was not only used for religious

thing.

purposes, but also as a drug.^

The

imported shows how extensively

it

large quantity

was employed.

Mestemvt-as in great

request for applying as paint round the eyes, to

increase their apparent size.

has shown that this

Prof.

name was

such as oxide

given to different

The sycamores were planted in the garden of

Amon, and the queen evidently thought this a
highly meritorious deed.
As kings have been

it

credited with the invention of industries at which

great quantities were imported into

their

hands never laboured, so perhaps Hatshepsu,

by not confining her bounties to the temples,

may

claim to have diffused throughout her kingdom the

culture of the incense-bearing sycamore, which pros-

pered in Egyptian

soil

and was a notable addition

to the material wealth of her subjects.

same wall
Punt

to

year. in

an inscription of the queen's ninth

which we read

^1 rv^ A J^ jk
2tp tlie

n X

\>

U^,

And again

in the

(j^K^^^^yj

represented

take

be so

to

it

which formed
regio,

\\

his orchard, as

Her

Majcstij hath

commanded.

After Hatshepsu, and on a far larger scale,

Rameses III. also despatched an expedition to the

Land of Punt. On its return with similar mer'

*
'

Woenig, Die Pflanzen im Alien Aeyrjyten, p. 355.

Duemichen, Geog. Insch., ii. 86-88 and p. 66 of the
Ebers Pap.,

2'cissim.

text.

which

Egypt from

the products of Punt

Kash,

(pi. ix.).

followed

many

tortoise

is

by

It lies in three

lumps of incense, and

shells,^ articles

part of the trade of the aromatifera

The gold quahfied

as

"^^

literally

and which came from the land

of

green

Amu,

probably gold in nuggets, or gold dust, as dis-

is

tinguished from the gold which has been worked up

As

to the animals brought

panthers,

pleasure

of To-Net cr and has plaeed them in his dwelling, in

But

according to the Periplus of the Erythraean

He (Amon) haspidlcd up the trees

iJ

r-m

pieces, larger than the

we know

/w^AA^

[_J "vv

a curious determinative

and lUm

to

antimony.

as piled beneath the sycamores

named

one

=ooo?isiis:iQ-kif^
y

Among

remote antiquity.

into rings.

it.=^

even

superoxide

of lead,

invariably denotes a mineral substance of

or fresh,

and lAaced them

and

of manganese,

Sea."

sijcamorcs of To-Ncicr

of (Egypt).

soil

the

which records the Expedition

as that

is

On

substances,

Wiedemann

dogs,

that wealthy
in keeping

fauna, and

more

leopards,

from Punt
giraffes

Egyptians alwaj\s took

hve specimens of foreign

especially

monkeys, of which

they regarded several kinds as sacred.

Such was Hatshepsu's Expedition

to the

Land

of Punt, and one of the chief events of her reign.

^

Harris Pap.,

)(^e\u>vr].

water of the
"

pi. vii.,

1.

7.

Turtles are represented as well as fishes in the

Red Sea

Peril/., pp. 264,

(pi. viii.).

265, ed. Miiller.

26

CHAPTER
END OF HATSIIEPSU

REIGN,

THOTHMES

Besides undertaking the enterprise of despatching a large commercial expedition to the

Hatshepsu found other work

of Punt,

In a

hand.

long

inscription

Land
her

to

Stabl Antar

at

she recounts the mighty deeds of her reign, and

"I

VII.

AND TIIOTIIMES

II.,

the eastern parts of the Delta, and

restored to

Pharaonic

III.

completely re-established there

rule

before the time of Hatshepsu.

more

Little

but

it

is

is

known

of the events of her reign,

evident that the queen displayed both

I built

the energy and the ruling power which her father

up again what had remained (incomplete) when

must have discerned before associating her with

says

restored

Aamu

what was

in ruins,

and

were in the midst of Egypt of the

himself upon the throne.

After his death

North, and in the city of Hauar, and when the

probably reigned for some

time alone.

Shasu (Shepherds) among them had destroyed

Thothmes

the

the ancient works.

and disobeying his

down on

They reigned ignoring Ra,

divine commands until I sat

the throne of Pia."'

It is

not

difficult

to consider these

words as applying

of the Hyksos,

whose dominion, though greatly

to the

ravages

weakened by the wars waged against them by

the kings of the

XVIIth and XVIIIth Dynasties,

was not altogether east

know

off

until

Thothmes

III.

Lcpsius,

not endorsed by M. Maspcro

fact

is

time

the

of

that this view, held by

;

yet the

remains that hitherto no single monument of

XVIIIth Dynasty earlier than the reign

Thothmes III. has been found in the Delta.

the

this fact

is

noted in connection

witli

making

all

fail

to

documents

fully

Naville,

Buhadu,

p.

29.

in

improving the

country and restoring

the Expedition to Punt proves

date of her marriage with her brother,

II., is

unknown

The
Thothmes

he played clearly a very subor-

dinate part in the state.

On

from his reign his name

is

buildings

dating

almost invariably

connected with that of Hatshepsu, both at Karnak

and at Deir

el

chiefly found

Bahari
in the

stela at

reign.

successful

it

is

He

apparently

campaign against the

in Nubia, as

we

learn from a

Aswan dating from the second year of his

The second campaign must have been the

more important, and

he erected a

from his

temple

in the latter

Southern Speos and in the

upper platform.

Shasu, and another

cataract.
'

rather

that she tried to develop Egyptian trade.

conducted

we can hardly

admit that peace cannot have been

order to the land

If

due allowance for the exaggeration

characteristic of such

but

internal condition of the

niches of the

the queen's

she was not chiefly concerned with

foreign conquest,

of

statement in the inscription of Stabl Antar

after

I.,

she

Unlike

fort

at

it

was during

its

course that

Kummoli, above the second

His reign was short, and

mummy, now in

the Ghizeh

it is

evident

Museum,

that

END OF HATSIIEPSU'S REIGN.

much more than

cannot have been

lie

when he died. His

marked with the effects

thirty

years old

skin was white, and

is

of

may have been

disease which

some cutaneous

the cause of his

Hatshepsu survived him, and was obliged

Thothmes

I have already

her co-regent.

III., as

explained what I take to be the cause of the

between aunt and nephew.

feeling existing

to

son and her own nephew,

husband's

take her

ill-

This

mutual antipathy has sometimes been attributed

wrong

Prof. Brugsch,- interpreting a

source.

mythological inscription as a piece of personal

Thothmes was

says that

history,

cluded from
his

all

originally ex-

share in the sovereignty, and that

aunt banished him to the marshes of Buto,

was said

where

Isis

safety

from Typhou,

have shown that

have hidden Horus

to

who had compassed

MM.

death of Osiris.

in

the

Maspero' and Meyer*

be regarded as

this story is to

pure mythology, invented to create a belief in

and

an

education

divine

origin

ceived

by the children of the gods.

account of herself.

licking the queen's

"I

re-

Here, as

an outer scene of the

In

Speos of Hathor the divine cow

follows

that

like

Thothmes has imitated Hatshepsu's

elsewhere,

is

represented as

hand and addressing her as

smell thy hand, I lick thy flesh, I

grant unto thy Majesty hfe and prosperity, as I

Horus

did unto
self

in the

thy

suckle

sovereigns

marshes of Kheb.

Majesty

"

Other

my-

It is

have referred to their childhood in

chamber

in the rock-

in a line with the axis of the build-

we find evidence of
Thothmes III. and Hatshepsu.
of king and queen

and

i.e.

may

still

the joint reign of

Here the

figures

be discerned, kneel-

making wine and milk

offerings

to

^
'

of course

behind her stands the king,

the eldest daughter of Hatshepsu, and

She was

Maspero, Les momies royales de Deir

Gescli.

Aegyplens,

p.

365.

el

Bahari,

p.

in prospect

was destined her

of the high station to which she

mother had already provided her with a houseSenmut, the famous archi-

hold estabhshment.

who

tect

the

directed

construction

of

all

the

buildings raised by Hatshepsu, was also steward

and when recording upon the rocks

to Neferura,

of

Aswan how he had been

sent to procure the

command he

queen's

obelisks according to the

does not omit to mention that he was attached to

the

account which an
at

El Kab, has

the time of

young

the

of

service

of his long

King Aahmes

the

named Aahmes, buried

officer

left

In

princess."

lasting from

life

to that of

Thothmes

III.,

he states that he had found favour with the Queen

Hatshepsu, and had brought up her eldest
daughter Neferura.' Neferura never came to the
throne it was not she who became the mother
;

Amenophis

of

usually

her

name

II.,

alone,

must

also have been the daughter

of Hatshepsu, though

that

it

was

It is

so.

of the wife

Hatshepsu - meri - Ra,

but

as Hatshepsu II., who, to judge by

known

of

we have no formal proof

noteworthy that the name

Thothmes

III.

found in the temple of Deir

Thothmes

III.

el

name

the

cfiiiced

it

of her portraits.

has never been

Bahari.

and co-regent throughout the

Thothmes

II.,

and thus

latter

effected

and also

did not think

the accompanying cartouches by his

of

of his aunt

place,

Where he

worth while to destroy the

he replaced

own

or those

an easy trans-

formation, since the queen is always represented

as a

man, and

fronted by an
attribute

'

defaced

and behind him the princess Ncferura, who was

many

mainly in the sanctuary,

ing, that

ing,

The queen

since the time of Lcpsius.

takes precedence

Egyptian

similar terms.

cut

much

but these scenes have been

probably intended to become his wife.

death.'

to a

Amou /

27

to

in

male

which he could not

inscription

himself he

But when con-

attire.

ruthlessly

547.
Lopsius, Denkm.,

iii.

20.

Zeitschrift, 1882, p. 133.

Lepsius, Denkm.,

iii.,

Gesch., p. 308.

Lepsius, Denkm.,

iii.

25
43.

bis.

effaced

the

DEIR EL BAHARI.

28

His antipathy was, however, confined

whole of it.
to

Hatshepsu alone and did not extend

family.
father,

He

respected the

memory

Thothmesl., who was the

her

to

of his grand-

father,

and also

that of his great- aunt Aahmes, albeit she was the

He

mother of Hatshepsu.

even spared the figure

of the princess Neferukheb, a daughter of Aahmes

and Thothmes

I.,

and

full

sister of

but who never came to the throne.

might suggest some doubt as

destruction attributed to
really

be

laid

to

Khuenaten and

his

his

rage

recaUiug

everything

Amen, was

there

the

only

to

Hatshepsu,

These

whether

facts

the

all

Thothmes IH. should

charge.
for

Setting

doing

name and

aside

away with
figure

of

Thothmes HI. among

Hatshepsu's successors whose interest lay in consigning her

who

memory to

oblivion ?

Amenophis

III.

plagiarised the whole record of the queen's

miraculous

on

birth

the

walls

of

his

own

adjacent temple at Luxor, had he no inducement

to wipe out the marvellous story

he was not the

glory

in

which showed that

sovereign with the right to

first

having the

god

himself for father

These arc hypotheses whose value excavation

may some day

determine.

In conclusion,

if

we consider such monuments

of this queen as have been spared,

short duration of her reign,

admit that

although

her

we

and also the

are constrained to

may

rule

not

have

equalled in splendour and in power that of her

great

Xllth Dynasty predecessors, or that of the

mighty conquerors who succeeded her upon the

throne,

Egypt must

wealth

and

still

prosperity

held by her somewhat

have enjoyed years of

while

the

despotic

sceptre

hand.

was

INDEX.
Aabhotop

queon, 13,

II.,

Brugsch, Prof.

H.

Aahmes, king, 27.

officer,

,,

queen, 13, 14, 15, 28.

Aanni, nation, 2G.

Cassia

Abu

Cella,

Simbel, 20.

Amenemliat, king,

III.,

Convent, Coptic,

Amensfi, queen, 3,

Amu

4,

3,

Amonemhe, king, 3

6,- 8,

-11,

12,

15,

18, 24,

Cow,

11,

15, 20, 27.

note.

Bangahor, 23.
king, 4.

Deir

Amunnoohet, king, 4 note.

13.

priest,

17,

Cushitc race, 24.

land, 25.

Amunneitgori,

Anna,

el Assassif,

G.

es Sultan, G.

Delta, the, 2G.

Anniversary, festival of the

first,

18.

Devilliers, see Jollois.

Anti, kind of incense, 21, 24, 25.

Diospolis, 4.

.4w<J-sycamores, 24, 25.

Dogs, 21, 25.

Antimony,

Doorway,

21, 25.

Arabia, 22, 25.

Aromatifera

G.

Copts, 4, 6, 11.

4.

27, 28.

2.5,

2,

Coptic superstructures, 2.

15, 28.

Amon, Amon-Ea,

4,

Cinnamon, 22, 24.

IG.

14,

27.

11.,

4.

Christians, 2, 4.

3.

13,

I.,

3,

Christ, figures of, 2.

G.

Amenentlie, king,

Amenophis

24.

(?),

or sckos, 20.

Champollion, J. F.,

12.

10,

27.

Buto, 22,

27.

,,

Altar,

21,

II.,

Brune, M., 12,

2.

Doric columns, 19.

rcgio,

22, 25.

Assassif, temple of the, 4.

Ebony,

Aswan,

Echinus, 19.

2G, 27.

24,

21,

12,

Ati, queen of Punt, 24.

Egyptian Art,

Avenue

Elephant Kivor, 22.

of approach,

2.

3.

Elephantine, 14.

Bab

el

Mandeb,

straits of,

22.

El Kab, 27.

Balsamodendivn myrrlia, 25.

Eju.iropia,

Beni Hassan,

Endogamy,

Biban

ol

Book

8,

19, 20.

Molouk, see Tombs of the Kings.

Blemmyes,

Bongo

7,

22.

14.

Erman, Prof.

A.,

13.

Ethiopians, 24.

21.

negroes, 23.
of the

Dead, 14.

Boulaq museum,
Boussac, M., 13.

G.

Gliizeh

Museum,

13, 2G.

Giraffe, 21, 25.

Goornah,

G,

7,

13.

INDEX.

30
Greece, 4,

]\Ieronphtah,

Greeks,

Mesori,

3.

Greek geographers,
Greene,

18.

of,

Mesfem, 25.

22.

Meyer, Prof.

10.

C,

B.,

I.

3.

month

27.

E.,

Middle Kingdom,

Guardafui, Cape, 22.

7.

Moeris, 3.

Monkeys,

Ilagar, 14.

Hamitic

race,

21, 25.

Mutnefert, queen, 13.

2-1.

Myrrh, 22, 25.

Harbours of incense, 22.

Harmakhis, 12.
Hathor, 11, 15, 19, 20, 23.

Neferuhheh, princess, 28.

Hathor-head

Neferura, princess, 27.

Hatshep.sii,

capitals,

3, 5,

9,

11,

20.

10,

12,

21, 24, 25,

20,

Hatshepsu IL,

13,

2G,

13,

27,

14,

13, IG,

17,

18,

19,

28.

Negroes, 21.
Nile, the, G, 21, 24.

27.

14,

valley of, 5.

,,

Hauar, city

of,

2G.

XiiLia,

Hawk.<;, sculptured,

10.

19, 22, 20.

Nubian

Herodotus, 22.

Numt

tem]iles,

20.

Allien (Hatshepsu), 4,

14.

Ilonis, god, 27.

king, 3.

Obelisks,

Hyksos, 2G.
Hypostyle

Karnak,

hall at

17,

10,

4,

Old Kingdom,

18.

O-siris,

18,

17,

19,

27.

8.

7,

10, 27.

8,

Ilim, region, 21, 24, 25.

Panel, wooden, 12.

Incense, 21, 22.

Panthers, 21,

Ishmaelj 14.
Isi.s,

25.

queen, 13, 14.

Panther skins, 21.

goddess, 27.

Paris, Exhibition of, 6.

Parohu, king of Punt, 24.

Ivory, 21, 25.

Pcriplus of the Erythrcan Sea, 25.

Jollois

and

Devillicr.s,

1,

2,

3,

Perrot,

11.

Georges, 20.

Pharaohs,

Karnak,

1,

4,

Kasli, tortoise

Kheh, marshes

Khent

C,

5,

15,

1.3,

18,

17,

20.

UoTa/J-Ml,

25.

.shells,

22.

Ptolemy Euergetes

Ilunnefer, region, 21, 24.

II.,

3.

Philadelphus, 24.

Khuenaton, 11, 12, 28.

Kummeh,

2.

Proto-doric columns, 10, 19, 20.

27.

of,

3.

Pococke, R.,

Punt, land

20.

Pylon,

of,

11,

G,

15,

21, 22, 23, 24,

10.

1,

Leopards, 25.
Lep.sius, R.,

1,

4,

5,

Libyan mountains,
,,

tribes,

G,

1,

10, 2G,

Ra, see Sun.

27.

Raaakheperka (ThothTOOs

4.

Ramaka,

23.

Loret, v., 24.

Luxor,

I,

Rameses

G, 15,

28.

Mariette, A., 1, 2, 4,

G,

8,

0,

10,

12,

IG,

17, 23, 25.

II.,

III.,

Ramesseum,
Rams,

Mechir, month

Ras

18.

of,

Medinet Ilaboo,

el

3,

7,

7, 8,

25.

7.

Fil,

22.

ilfenMejJOTa (Thothmos IIT.), 11, 14.

Red Land, the, 15.

Red Sea, the, 21, 22.

Mentuhotep

Rokhmara,

II.,

7.

18.

8.

7,

Ma.spero, G., 8, 13, 21, 22, 2G, 27.

17,

10.

15,
I.,

I.),

21, 25.

11,

12,

19,

20.

2.5,

20.

31

INDEX.
Tajura, 22.

Schweinfurth, G., 24.

Sed

festival,

18,

Tashep, wood, 24.

19.

Sekos, or cella, 20.

Tell el

Amarna,

Senmut,

Thehan

triad,

architect,

18,

Senseneh, queen, 12,

Serapeum,

I.,

Amen

(temple), 18.

Smu, metal,

C,

Thothmes

IG,

of,

18.

8, 10, 11, 12, 13,

II.,

3,

8,

14,

12, 13, 14,

III., 3, 4,5, 8,11,1.3,

2G.

Tomb,

25.

Tombs

Soudan, 22.

of the Kings, valley of the,

Tuneier, region, 22, 23, 24, 25.

TpiaKoi'TaT)jpi;,

Speke, Capt. H., 24.

Tukuh,

Speos, 11, 19.

Typhon,

northern (Auubis), 11, 12, 20.

southern (Ilathor) 11, 12, 15, 19, 2G, 27.

2.

19.

hut-s 24.
27.

Uraei, 10.
Usertcsen, king, 6.

avenue

of,

1,

4.

Usertkaii,

(Hatshepsu), 15.

Stabl Antar, 20, 26.

Strabo, 22.

Sun, the god,

Wiedemann,
3,

17,

17,

18, 25, 20.

Prof. A.,

Wilkinson, Sir G.,

1,

25.
3,

4,

18,

26, 28.

20, 24, 26, 27.

7.

South, lands of the, 21.

1,

IG,

IG,

14,16,17, 21,25,26, 27,28.

Soudanese, 24.

Sphinxes,

1.5,

Ti, 24.

18.

coast,

17.

11,

8,

7,

I.,

8.

7,

Shasu (Shepherd.?),

Somali

ThcLes,

Thoth, month

9.

Serui, serui

Seti

27.
14.

15.

15.

10.

1,

4,

7,

8.

CONTENTS OF PLATES.
Frontispiece.

General

view of Deir

el

Bahari in 1892, before the commencement of the

excavations.
I.

Plan made hy the French Expedition at the end of the

VE(jii])te

II.

III.

Antiqiiifes, vol.

Reduced copy of the plan

Reduced copy

ii.,

pi.

38.)

in Lepsius

Pages

last century.

{TJcscr.

de

1, 2.

{Dcnhn., Part

I., pi.

of Mariette's plan (Deir el Bahari, pi.

87).

i.).

IV. Southern part of the middle colonnade, showing the wall sculptured with the Expedition to the Land of Punt, and the entrance to the Hathor-shrine. Pages 11, 21 !<eqq.

V. The excavations

in

The removal

January, 1894.

debris from

of the

the middle

platform.

VI. Part of a wall in the Southern Hall of Offerings

offerings brought to Queen Hatshepsu, deceased.

sculptures representing funerary

Pages

8, 12.

VII. Bg3'ptian ships, from the wall sculptured with the Expedition to the Land of Punt.

Page 22.
VIII. The Egyptian

officer

and

his soldiers, landed

IX. Frankincense trees planted

X. Scales

XL

for

in the

garden of Amon.

weighing the gold brought from Punt.

Queen Aahmes, mother of Hatshepsu

Page 14.
colonnade.

XII. Iving Thothmes

I.,

father of

discovered in 1893.

XIII. Hatshepsu

Page

in

male

Page 22.

Page 24.

Frankincense trees in pots.

Page 23.

from the recently excavated wall of the middle

Hatshepsu;

from a painting

in his funerary chapel

Page 14.

attire

from a niche

in

the vestibule

of the

altar- chamber.

IG.

XIV. Sculptured hawks from the

Page

on the coast of Punt.

10.

retaining wall on the southern side of the middle platform.

^Zm,

x**^

Speos de

lotest

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,-.

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';*

'^--^

"^^

w:j:M^u:^^.^j^^^^:i

THE EXCAVATIONS

IN

JANUARY, 1894

'

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V.

'^"^

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3" ..'...
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Plate

-4'

"553

c^ >.

'I^^:'I}^0'''^ri^
'X

WEIGHING THE PRECIOUS METALS.

FRANKINCENSE TREES

IN

POTS.

X.

Plate

-t^^'"

T\

'j^^:r.

Mm

r
1

QUEEN AAHMES.

'-''; 1^-J,.

HATSHEPSU'S MOTHER.

XI.

Plate

KING

THOTHMES

I.

HATSHEPSU'S FATHER.

XII.

Plate

QUEEN HATSHEPSU

IN

MALE ATTIRE.

XIII.

Plate XIV.

>?

^.vi:::K:^

?mm^'--'
^'^
t

.1-

.-,

.p
.

'*
.f

'
I

1^1

fl?i.

,.f

;^

OF THE M.ODLE PLATFORM.

HAWKS ON THE SUPPORTING WALL

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