Appendix A

A.1 Shaft Temperature Calculations

The goal of these calculations is to determine the temperatures along the shaft by using the
resistant heat transfer fin method. The Diameter of the shaft is 1 inch. Lo ranges from 0-18
inches. Lins is 1 inch, and Tw is assumed to be 212 F at a time 1 hour of operation. The ambient
surrounding air temperature is 77F. The convective heat transfer coefficient, h is assumed to 30
W/m2*K for ambient air. The thermal conductivity, K of 304 stainless steel is 16.2 W/m*K.

Rotary
+

Shaft

"

()*

"
Figure 11: Cup and Shaft Schematic

The temperature along the shaft is given by Equation (1)

" = $ +

'()
$
()* + '() +

(1)

where T= ambient air temperature= 77F and Tw=wall temperature =212F. Rfin is the
resistance due to the fin and Rins is the resistance due to the insulation they are shown below in
Equations (2) and (3).

'() =

1
2 (9 )

()* =

()*

2;< + 2

where P=perimeter of shaft, AC=Area, L0=length along shaft, h=convective heat transfer
coefficient, Kcup =thermal conductivity of stainless steel, and m is given by Equation (4)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Solving Equation (4) yields:

=

30
= .
16.2 0.000506

Then, solving Equations (2) and (3) yields:

'() =

1
30 0.079 16.2 0.0005 0.00004 (17.077 9 )

()* =

(5)

0.0254
= .
16.2 0.000506

using these Equations (1), (2), and (3) the following table was created because temperature will
vary along distance, Lo.
Table 4: To values based on equations

Appendix B
The goal of these calculations is to find the revolutions per minute of the shaft, which will in turn
be the revolutions per minute of the rotating spinneret. This rotational velocity has a large effect
on the force in the rotating spinneret and in turn the polymer nanofibers that will be spun out of
the nozzles.
B.1 Pulley Speed Calculations

N=2840 rpm
D= 5 in

Motor

Shaft

n=?
d= 2.5 in

C=19.5 in
Figure 12: Pulley System Schematic
The equation for stepping up a pulley system is given as follows:

(6)

(7)

solving for n yields:

Solving Equation (7) yields:

B.1 Pulley System Calculations

5 2840 ()
=
2.5 ()

Figure 13 below shows the relationship between forces on the belt, the direction of torque, and
the pulley. The equations following detail the calculations of forces and resulting torque, and the
selection of a belt.

Figure 13: Forces and Torque on a Pulley

B.1.1 Length and Size Analysis
For a belt between two pulleys, the angle of contact between the belt and each pulley is given by
Z = 2 sin_`

(8)

b = = + 2 sin_`

where:
D = diameter of large pulley, d = diameter of small pulley, C = center distance,
b =angle of contact for the large pulley and Z = angle of contact for the small pulley
In this case:
Z = 2 sin_`

5 2.5
= .
2(19.5)

b = = + 2 sin_`

= .
2

The length of the V-belt is given by the following equation:

(9)

< = 2 +

( + )
( + )j
+

2
4

(10)

where:
Lp = length of the belt, D = diameter of large sheave, d = diameter of small sheave, b =angle
of contact for the large sheave, Z = angle of contact for the small sheave

< = 2 19.5 +

(5 + 2.5)
(5 + 2.5)j
+
= .
2
4 19.5

According to Table 17-9 of Shigleys Mechanical Engineering Design, for standard V-belt
section A, using a motor ranging from -10 hp should have a belt width, a= 1/2 in, a thickness,
b=11/32 in and a minimum sheave diameter of 3.0 in. According to table 17-10 of Shigleys
Mechanical Engineering Design, Section A belts come in a standard circumference size of 51in,
which is chosen based on the calculated belt length of 51.5in, therefore the chosen belt would be
an A51 v-belt and based on Table 17-11 an A51 belt has a pitch length of 52.6 inches. Although
this is slightly higher than the calculated value of 51.5 inches, the extra length of the belt will be
accounted for in an additional pulley in between the larger and small diameter pulley.
B.1.2 Power and Force Analysis
F1

F1

T1

F2

F2

Figure 14: Belt and Pulley Free Body Diagrams

Solving for the speed of the belt gives:

12

where V=peripheral speed of belt, D=diameter of small sheave, and n=speed of motor

(11)

5 2840
= . /
12

According to table 17-12 and interpolating for V=1858 ft/min the belt will be rated for a
horsepower rating of, Htab=2.86 hp. From Table 17-13, K1= 0.99 and from Table 17-14, K2=0.95.
Thus:

s = ` j tsu

(12)

where Ha= allowable horsepower on the belt, K1= correction factor for angle of contact, and
K2=correction factor for belt length
s = 0.99 0.95 2.86 = .

Also, the design power can be calculated as follows:

Z = )"v * Z

(13)

where:
Hd=design power, )"v =nominal power, * =service factor, and nd=design factor. From Table
17-15 for light shock and high torque, Ks=1.2. It is assumed a design factor of 1 is used.
Z = 0.5 1.2 1 = .

The centrifugal tension force, Fc can be analyzed next. It is given by equation (14).
2 = 2

j

1000

where Kc = V-belt parameter, and V=speed of belt. From Table 17-16 for an A section belt,
Kc=0.561.
3717.5
2 = 0.561
1000

= .

next the power transmitted per belt is calculated using F=F1-F2. F is given as follows:

(14)

63025
F =

Z
u

( 2)

(15)

where:
Hd=0.6 hp, Nb=number of belts, n=speed of motor, and D=large sheath diameter.
0.6
1 = .
F =
2840(5/2)
63025

Also, the forces F1 and F2 are given by:

` = 2 +

()

1

(16)

(17)

j = `

where:
Fc=centrifugal tension force, f=friction factor=0.5123 for grooves, and =contact angle=3.013
radians. F=power transmitted per belt.
` = 7.75 +

10.56(0.5321 3.0269)
= .
(0.5321 3.0269) 1

and
j = 20.57 10.65 = .

Next the torques are solved for. T1 and T2 are given as follows:
` = ` + (u )` = ` +

(18)

j = j + (u )j = j +

(19)

T1 gives the torque in the large diameter pulley with (Fb)1=corresponding belt tension that
induces the same maximum tensile stress at the driving sheath. T2 gives the torque at the small
diameter pulley with (Fb)1=corresponding belt tension that induces the same maximum tensile

stress at the driven sheath. Kb=220, given in Table 17-16 from Shigleys Mechanical
Engineering Design.
` = 20.57 +

j = 9.92 +

220
= .
5

220
= .
2.5

B.1.3 Belt Life Analysis

The life of the pulley system is also considered. Np gives the number of passes and is shown in
the following equation:
< =

_u

+
j

_u _`

(20)

where K and b are durability parameters given in Table 17-17 of Shigleys. K=694, b=11.089,
resulting in:

< =

694
64.57

_``.9

694
+
97.92

_``.9 _`

= .

and therefore the lifetime in hours is given by:

=

< <

720

Equation (21) yields:

2.67 10 52.6
= .
720(3717.5)

(21)

Appendix C
C.1 Cup Height Calculations
The goal of these calculations is to solve for the height of the cup based on the polymer being
forced against the wall of the cup and spilling out over the top of the cup. A parabolic shape is
assumed for the curve. In Figure 15, the height of the cup is defined as h, the radius is defined as
r, and the rotational velocity in rad/s is defined as . The angle is defined as the angle between
horizontal and the n-axis in Figure 16.

h
2

dmam=dm r

dmg

Figure 16: FBD of Differential Element Model

Figure 15: Diagram of cup and polymer curve

Taking the sum of the forces about the t axis from Figure X gives:
t = 0 = v j v

(22)

Where variables are defined in figure X. Equation (22) can then be used to solve for the final
height of the polymer as follows:
=

j j

= =

(23)

taking the derivative of Equation (23) leads to:

=

j

2

(24)