Measuring Circadian Light - Presentation

Measuring Circadian Light:
Impact on Health and Well-being

Mariana G. Figueiro, PhD
Mark S. Rea, PhD
Lighting Research Center
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, NY, USA
April 2015
2015 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Why is light so important?

Light reaching the retina can impact
Visual system enables us to see
Sensory system conveys information
Circadian system enables us to maintain
synchronization with the solar day
2
Circadian system
Plants and animals exhibit
patterns of behavioral and
physiological changes over an
approximately 24-hour cycle that
repeat over successive days
these are circadian rhythms
circa = about; dies = day
Circadian rhythms are
influenced by exogenous and
endogenous rhythms
3
Light is the primary synchronizer of

circadian rhythms to local position on Earth
24.2
suprachiasmatic
nucleus
The natural, 24-hour,

light-dark cycle
hypothalamus
thalamus
lateral geniculate
nucleus
pineal gland
retina
light
optic nerve
signals to body
Adapted from National Library of Medicine image, 2007
(public domain)
also the major disruptor

4
Circadian disruption
Circadian disruption has been associated with:
Poor sleep and higher stress
Eismann et al., 2010
Increased anxiety and depression

Du-Quiton et al., 2009
Increased smoking
Kageyama et al., 2005
Cardiovascular disease
Young et al., 2007; Maemura et al., 2007
Type 2 diabetes
Kreier et al., 2007
Higher incidence of breast cancer

Schernhammer et al., 2001, Hansen, 2006
5
Light and human performance

Vision + Circadian + Message
Intensity
Spectrum
Distribution
Appearance
Timing
Visual System
Visual
Performance
Performance,
Well-being,
Satisfaction,
and Comfort
Culture,
Experience,
Expectations
Circadian System
Alerting Effects
Duration
Phase Shift
IESNA. 9th ed
Intensity
Spectrum
Distribution
6
Timing
Duration
Daysimeter
Daysimeter was developed under a G x E an
U01 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse
Measures circadian light/dark and activity/rest
Used to calculate circadian entrainment
disruption and sleep quality
Further developed to be used in Alzheimers

disease (AD) patients under an R01 from the
National Institute on Aging
Won the 2010 The Scientists annual

Top 10 Innovations contest
Have been worn by dayshift and rotating shift
nurses, 8th graders, Veterans with PTSD, older
adults with early sleep onset
Currently being worn by AD patients to
measure the impact of a tailored light treatment
on sleep and behavior of this population
7
Project overview
Proposed tasks
Perform building measurements (summer and winter)
Wayne N. Aspinall Federal Building, Grand Junction, CO
Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building, Portland, OR
Federal Center South Building, Seattle, WA (winter only)
GSA Central Office, Washington, DC
Collect personal light exposure with the Daysimeter

Hypothesis
Buildings with more access to daylight would provide more
circadian stimulation to workers
Better sleep quality and mood, especially in summer months,
when there is more daylight availability
Methodology
Building measurements
Performed morning, midday, afternoon and evening

spot photometric measurements
during winter and summer months
Illuminance measurements
Luminance measurements
Spectroradiometer measurements
Performed lighting experience survey
9
Vertical E
measurement
point
Horizontal E
measurement
point
Methodology
Building measurements
Placed stick Daysimeters to collect continuous light

measurements
Deskspaces located on all four faade orientations
Windows located on all four faade orientations
Circadian stimulus and photopic lux estimated at each deskspace
and compared to how much it reached the window
10
Edith GreenWendell Wyatt

Federal Building
Portland, OR
11
Results: Spectroradiometric
measurements
Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building
Winter
Illuminance
Late Spring
Approximate
Contribution
(+/- 10%)
Color
Temperature
Circadian
Stimulus
(up to 0.7)
Deskspace
Locations
Lux
Electric
(%)
Day
(%)
CCT
(K)
Average
CS
A
B
678
335
33%
86%
67%
14%
5031
3296
0.39
0.32
456
393
766
412
62%
66%
50%
59%
38%
34%
50%
41%
4180
4012
4183
4279
0.36
0.34
0.40
0.35
379
571
570
71%
50%
57%
29%
50%
44%
3685
4498
4308
0.31
0.41
0.37
Illuminance
Deskspace
Locations
A
B
Orientations
E
N
S
W
Floors
4
12
17
Orientations
E
N
S
W
Floors
4
12
17
Lux
865
344
Approximate
Contribution
(+/- 10%)
Electric
Day
(%)
(%)
30%
70%
81%
19%
CCT
(K)
5321
3632
Circadian
Stimulus
(up to 0.7)
Average
CS
0.45
0.29
Color
Temperature
675
1001
302
413
59%
40%
65%
57%
41%
60%
35%
43%
4272
5017
4170
4396
0.36
0.49
0.29
0.32
415
487
896
68%
63%
35%
32%
37%
65%
3968
4242
5175
0.33
0.34
0.43
Overall, building receives good circadian stimulation, especially in higher floors and on
deskspaces close to windows
Deskspaces located near the window receive more light
North and East faades receive more daylight contribution
Daylight contribution increases with floor heights
There is a seasonal difference in the contribution of daylight into the space

Greater contribution of daylight in the North faade during late spring
Increased daylight contribution in the South faade during winter
12
Federal Center South

Seattle, WA
(Photo courtesy of Litecontrol, Inc.)
13
Results
Federal Center South (winter only)

Illuminance
Color Temperature
Circadian
Stimulus
(up to 0.7)
Deskspace
Locations
Photopic
Lux
Electric
(%)
Day
(%)
CCT
(K)
Average
CS
598
11%
89%
4558
0.29
203
65%
35%
3594
0.21
404
11%
89%
5492
0.38
168
69%
31%
3659
0.15
389
19%
81%
4663
0.30
2208
0.4%
99.6%
5329
0.43
Deskspaces located close to windows (A) and

below skylights (C) are the ones with the
greatest CS/daylight contributions
Deskspaces located near the atrium has the
highest CS/daylight contribution, but glare is
also an issue
14
GSA Central Office

Washington, D.C.
15
Photometric measurements
GSA Central Office (1800 F Street, Washington, D.C.)

Illuminance
Deskspace
Locations
A
B
Approximate
Contribution
(+/- 10%)
Color
Temperature
Circadian
Stimulus
(up to 0.7)
Lux
Electric
(%)
Day
(%)
CCT
(K)
Average
CS
360
322
63%
65%
37%
35%
4029
3917
0.26
0.23
457
336
232
265
69%
81%
56%
48%
31%
19%
44%
52%
3873
3905
4138
4054
0.31
0.23
0.25
0.19
279
378
391
73%
63%
56%
27%
37%
44%
3776
3984
4151
0.19
0.29
0.29
Orientations
E
N
S
W
Floors
G
2
7
Deskspaces are parallel to windows, so there is not much

difference in CS measurements between deskspaces A and B
Building orientation may not reflect seating arrangements
Ground floor has the lowest CS values and the least
contribution from daylight
Subjective evaluation
Personal light exposures

The LRC collected personal light
exposures using the Daysimeter
and related these measurements to
health and sleep outcomes
Subjects were invited to participate in
the 7 day study during winter and
summer months
Subjects were asked to fill out sleep
quality and mood questionnaires once
at start of the study
18
Wayne N. Aspinall
Federal Building
Grand Junction, CO
19

Wayne N. Aspinall Federal Building
Waking Average
Work Average
Summer
Winter
Illuminance Illuminance
Ari-mean Ari-mean Geo-Mean Ari-Mean
(CS)
(Lx)
(Lx)
(CS)
Post-Work Average
Illuminance
Ari-Mean
Geo-Mean Ari-Mean Ari-Mean
(Lx)
(Lx)
(CS)
(Lx)
Illuminance
Geo-Mean
(Lx)
Mean
0.19
824
36
0.21
834
84
0.12
1000
24
Median
0.18
728
32
0.21
418
76
0.11
75
19
Std Dev
0.04
559
15
0.04
826
29
0.03
1900
11
Mean
0.28
1308
111
0.26
1197
178
0.28
1247
64
Median
0.29
1036
112
0.23
916
122
0.30
1359
74
Std Dev
0.06
864
42
0.06
962
94
0.07
502
22
p value
0.004*
0.21
0.005*
0.007*
0.03*
0.02*
<0.001*
0.76
0.003*
Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant values.
Workers were exposed to the highest CS during working hours

CS values were significantly higher in summer than winter
months
CS values in winter months were at threshold for activation
of circadian system (0.1)
20
Circadian entrainmnet and sleep quality

Summer
Winter
Phasor
Sleep
Magnitude
Angle
(hours)
Actual Sleep Time

(min)
Sleep Efficiency
(%)
Sleep Onset Latency

(min)
Mean
0.35
1.10
341
70%
93
Median
0.33
1.16
357
70%
84
St Dev
0.07
1.05
42
6%
22
Mean
0.36
0.51
373
79%
18
Median
0.37
0.53
386
77%
16
St Dev
0.08
0.75
48
7%
13
p value
0.53
0.23
0.014*
<0.001*
<0.001*
In general, phasor magnitudes were lower than in dayshift nurses and in

teachers, which is between 0.4 and 0.5
Phasor angles are higher in winter months because of the evening
activity that occurs in dim light
Sleep durations was generally short and sleep efficiency low
Significant increase in sleep duration and sleep efficiency and significant
reduction in sleep onset latency in summer than in winter
21
Phasor analyses
Figueiro and Rea, in press

22
Edith GreenWendell Wyatt

Federal Building
Portland, OR
23

Waking Average
Summer
Winter
Ari-mean
(CS)
Work Average
Post-Work Average
Ari-mean Geo-Mean Ari-Mean Ari-Mean Geo-Mean
(Lx)
(Lx)
(CS)
(Lx)
(Lx)
Ari-Mean
(CS)
Ari-Mean Geo-Mean
(Lx)
(Lx)
Mean
0.15
219
34
0.19
280
91
0.06
31
10
Median
0.14
162
26
0.17
178
62
0.05
27
Std Dev
0.05
150
20
0.06
218
79
0.03
17
Mean
0.26
1094
94
0.28
1277
192
0.22
743
51
Median
0.24
838
80
0.31
952
207
0.22
754
44
Std Dev
0.06
904
51
0.09
1483
117
0.08
451
35
p value
<0.001*
<0.001*
<0.001*
0.01*
0.02*
0.01*
<0.001*
<0.001*
<0.001*
Workers were exposed to the highest CS during working hours

CS values experienced by subjects were above threshold (0.1)
CS values were significantly higher in summer than winter months
24
Circadian entrainment and sleep quality

Summer
Winter
Phasor
Sleep
Magnitude
Angle
(hours)
Actual Sleep Time

(min)
Sleep Efficiency
(%)
Sleep Onset Latency

(min)
Mean
0.37
1.93
367
79%
19
Median
0.37
1.92
361
80%
11
Std Dev
0.09
1.03
42
8%
29
Mean
0.35
0.27
355
78%
22
Median
0.37
0.35
334
79%
16
Std Dev
0.1
1.23
59
7%
18
p value
0.43
<0.001*
0.46
0.85
0.58
In general, phasor magnitudes were lower than in dayshift nurses

and in teachers, which is between 0.4 and 0.5
Phasor angles are higher in winter months because of the evening
activity that occurs in dim light
No significant differences in phasor magnitudes or sleep parameters
between winter and summer months
25
Phasor analyses
GSA Central Office

Washington, D.C.
27
GSA Central Office and Regional Office Building

Work Average
(out of office)
Waking Average
ROB
1800 F
All
location
Ari-Mean
(CS)
Work Average
(at office)
Ari-Mean Geo-Mean Ari-Mean Ari-Mean Geo-Mean
(Lx)
(Lx)
(CS)
(Lx)
(Lx)
Ari-Mean
(CS)
Post-Work Average
Ari-Mean Geo-Mean Ari-Mean Ari-Mean Geo-Mean
(Lx)
(Lx)
(CS)
(Lx)
(Lx)
Mean
0.10
221
31
0.09
139
26
0.15
189
85
0.05
77
14
Median
0.10
171
27
0.09
169
23
0.13
161
77
0.04
32
12
Std Dev
0.03
186
17
0.05
262
21
0.07
121
55
0.03
188
Mean
0.11
222
32
0.09
131
26
0.15
204
91
0.05
82
14
Median
0.10
169
28
0.09
169
23
0.14
172
83
0.04
33
12
Std Dev
0.03
192
17
0.05
264
22
0.07
118
54
0.03
197
10
Mean
0.09
212
26
0.10
210
24
0.06
54
26
0.03
25
10
Median
0.09
176
20
0.09
236
21
0.06
55
29
0.02
16
Std Dev
0.04
145
18
0.02
262
10
0.03
15
11
0.04
25
p value
0.49
0.91
0.47
0.81
0.30
0.88
0.01*
0.02*
0.02*
0.25
0.57
0.34
Except for ROB (control building), participants received the highest

CS during working hours
CS exposures were significantly lower in ROB (control) building
28
Circadian entrainment and sleep quality

GSA Central Office and Regional Office Building
Phasor
Magnitude
Angle
(hours)
Actual Seep Time

(mins.)
Sleep Efficiency (%)
Sleep Onset Latency

(mins.)
Mean
0.27
1.94
346
76%
27
Median
0.27
2.02
344
77%
18
Std Dev
0.07
1.21
43
9%
29
Mean
0.27
1.91
345
76%
23
Median
0.27
1.99
344
77%
17
Std Dev
0.07
1.21
40
9%
23
Mean
0.23
2.17
355
72%
51
Median
0.23
2.12
366
75%
35
Std Dev
0.07
1.33
65
10%
49
p value
0.19
0.63
0.58
0.30
0.02*
1800 F
All
location
ROB
Sleep

Phasor magnitudes were lower than in dayshift nurses and in teachers, which is between
0.4 and 0.5
In the control building, participants had
Shorter phasor magnitudes, suggesting more circadian disruption
Lower sleep efficiency
Significantly greater sleep onset latency
Sample size in control building is small
29
Phasor analysis (all days)

GSA Central Office
30
Phasor analyses (working days)

GSA Central Office
1800 F
CS = 0.15
1800 F
CS = 0.09
ROB
CS = 0.10
ROB
CS = 0.06
Office
Not in office
31
Discussion
Amount of circadian stimulation was significantly higher in
summer than in winter months
Highest amount of light was received during work hours, except for
the control building
Sleep efficiency and sleep duration was low in this

population
But, sleep efficiency was significantly improved in summer compared

to winter months in Grand Junction, Colorado, but not in Portland,
Oregon
Sleep onset latency was greater in participants in ROB building
compared to 1800 F street building
We were not able to show a relationship between light

exposure and mood outcomes
Sample size is small

Need larger sample size in the control building without daylight
32
Discussion
Building orientation, deskspace location and floor height,
influenced the amount of circadian stimulation received by
workers
In general, North faade, higher floors, and deskspaces closer to
windows received the highest amount of daylight
In winter, south and east faades received more light than in
summer months
Furniture layout, shades positions, placement of luminaires

need to be taken into consideration if we want to increase
daylight penetration in the building
Care should be taken to avoid direct and reflected glare

Electric lighting will play an important role in deskspaces located in
the south, west and perhaps east faades and in deskspaces located
away from windows
33
Limitations and future work

Lack of a larger sample size in control building
Workers will not stay in a single place in office
Pendant measurements may be underestimating circadian

light exposures
Telecommute may reduce overall light exposure
Workers receive the greatest amount of light at work (except

for the control building)
Individual differences may play a role
It is not known how people cope with dark winters, especially

in the NW (coffee intake?)
CS threshold is not known; neither is the relationship

between amount and duration of exposure
A CS of 0.1 seems to be the threshold, but further studies are

needed to test this hypothesis
34
How can this information change practice?

Red
< 80%
Red
Below 50%
Yellow
80-99%
Yellow
50-79%
Green
100%
Green
80-100%
Red
< 80% above 10 fc
Red
Below 50%
Yellow
80-99% above 10 fc
Yellow
50-79%
Green
100% above 10 fc
Green
80-100%
Red
Below 10 fc
Yellow
10-49 fc; > 500 fc
Green
50-500 fc
Expressed in
btu/ft/day
Red
Above 20%
Yellow
10-20%
Green
Below 10%
Red
No view
Yellow
Sky
Green
Ground & sky
35
How can this information change practice?

Development of the Daysimeter and a
model of the SCNs limit cycle oscillator
helps the LRC to write a prescription
so that a person can receive a light-dark
pattern that matches their desired rise
and sleep times
A biological watch may
track a persons circadian
time and provide a
recommendation for when
to receive or avoid light
Sponsors:
National Institute on Aging (R01AG034157)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (U01DA023822)
Office of Naval Research (N00014-11-1-0572)
Army Research Office
36
Thank you!
www.lrc.rpi.edu
Project Sponsor:
General Services Administration
LRC Project Team:
Jennifer Brons, MS
Mark Rea, PhD
Russ Leslie, MArch
Barbara Plitnick, RN
Geoff Jones
Sharon Lesage
Greg Ward
Andrew Bierman, MS
Kassandra Gonzalez
Rebekah Mullaney
Dennis Guyon

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Measuring Circadian Light:

Impact on Health and Well-being

Why is light so important?

Light is the primary synchronizer of

The natural, 24-hour,

also the major disruptor

Increased anxiety and depression

Higher incidence of breast cancer

Light and human performance

2015 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.

Further developed to be used in Alzheimers

Won the 2010 The Scientists annual

Collect personal light exposure with the Daysimeter

2015 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.

Performed morning, midday, afternoon and evening

Performed lighting experience survey

Placed stick Daysimeters to collect continuous light

and compared to how much it reached the window

Edith GreenWendell Wyatt

Deskspaces located near the window receive more light

North and East faades receive more daylight contribution

Daylight contribution increases with floor heights

There is a seasonal difference in the contribution of daylight into the space

Federal Center South

(Photo courtesy of Litecontrol, Inc.)

Federal Center South (winter only)

Deskspaces located close to windows (A) and

GSA Central Office

GSA Central Office (1800 F Street, Washington, D.C.)

Deskspaces are parallel to windows, so there is not much

2015 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.

Personal light exposures

Personal light exposures

Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant values.

Workers were exposed to the highest CS during working hours

Circadian entrainmnet and sleep quality

Actual Sleep Time

Sleep Onset Latency

Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant values.

In general, phasor magnitudes were lower than in dayshift nurses and in

Wayne N. Aspinall Federal Building

Figueiro and Rea, in press

Edith GreenWendell Wyatt

Personal light exposures

Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building

Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant values.

Workers were exposed to the highest CS during working hours

Circadian entrainment and sleep quality

Actual Sleep Time

Sleep Onset Latency

Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant values.

In general, phasor magnitudes were lower than in dayshift nurses

Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building

2015 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.

GSA Central Office

Personal light exposures

GSA Central Office and Regional Office Building

Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant values.

Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant values.

Except for ROB (control building), participants received the highest

Circadian entrainment and sleep quality

Actual Seep Time

Sleep Efficiency (%)

Sleep Onset Latency