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Procedia Engineering 85 (2014) 562 570

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2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
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(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
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Peer-review
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Keywords:$VVHVVPHQWHQWURS\WKHRU\RUJDQL]DWLRQDOKHDOWKRUJDQL]DWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRUJDQL]DWLRQDOUHVLOLHQFH


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1877-7058 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Diamond Congress Kft.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.584

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