Numerical Simulation of Over

expanded Jets
Vinoth P
Department of Aerospace Engineering.
Indian Institute of Technology - Madras

Supersonic Jets
Supersonic jets are produced by C-D nozzle
Exhaust from the nozzle can be perfectly expanded
Most of times the exhaust from the nozzle is either at higher
pressure or at lower pressure
Over expanded jets fluid exits the nozzle at a lower pressure
than the atmospheric pressure
To raise the pressure of the supersonic flow, shock waves are
created outside the nozzle

Flow from a Over expanded nozzle.

Shock transformations in Openjets

The flow from the nozzle go through various stages

Shockwave Patterns for nozzle pressure ratio (Pb/P0)

Transition from MR to RR
Shockwave transition from
MR to RR is accompanied by
hysteresis
Regular reflection solutions
are not possible beyond the
detachment conditions for
oblique shock D
Mach reflections are not
possible below the vonNeumann
condition
(Mechanical
equilibrium
condition) N

Objective
To study the shock transformation and hysteresis
phenomenon in over expanded and under expanded open
jets.
Study the problem using computational, experimental and
analytical methods.
Planned to predict
Shock Transformation angles.
Shock hysteresis.
Mach stem height.

Computational method
First order Upwind scheme is used
Computational domain : Lx = 6 h and Ly = 2 h.
Nozzle exit conditions : M = 5
Pexit (N/m2)

exit
(kg/m3)

(degr
ees)

7859.34

0.5474

42

11941.534

0.8318

33

11384.707

0.9322

31

Results of Simulation M = 5; = 42

Density contours for = 42

Mach contours for = 42

Simulation of M = 5 = 33

Density contours for = 33

Mach contours for = 33

Simulation of M = 5; = 31

Density contour for = 31

Mach contour for = 31

High Resolution schemes

High resolution schemes are good in resolving discontinuities
and provide high accuracy in the smooth regions.
Fifth order WENO method was used to simulate the over
expanded flows
Global- Lax Friedrich method is applied to calculate the fluxes.
TVD Runge-Kutta 4th method is used to advance in time.
Computational domain is same as the upwinding scheme.
Simulation is carried out for
RR domain M = 5 ; Pexit = 31223.18 N/m2; = 2.17 kg/m3; = 20 degrees
MR domain M = 5 ; Pexit = 7859.34 N/m2; = 0.5474 kg/m3; = 42 degrees

Simulation of M = 5 = 20 (RR)

Density contours for = 20

Mach contours for = 20

Results of M = 5 = 42

Density contours for = 42

Mach contours for = 42

Density contours for weno scheme

Density contours for upwind scheme

Mach contours for weno scheme

Mach contours for upwind scheme

Comparison of Density contours of WENO and upwind schemes

Conclusion and Future work

WENO simulation for MR domain region is not converged
They are sensitive to the initial and boundary conditions
Computational prediction of Mach Stem height using WENO
schemes and validating it with experiments
Shock hysteresis phenomenon will be studied from the
computational, experimental and analytical results
Over expanded and Under expanded regimes will be studied

Thank you