DESIGN OF A COLD STORAGE (FOR APPLES)

TOTAL HEAT LOAD FOR APPLES COOLING FACILITY (COLD STORAGE)

1. Heat conductance
wall
ceiling
floor

3864
1534.1
1106.09
6,504.19 Btu/h

2. Field heat
300 bushels/day at 80 F

26,100.00 Btu/h

3. Heat of respiration
300 bushels(warm apples)
2700 bushels(cold apples)

subtotal
4. Service load
10% of subtotal

2430
2685
5,115.00 Btu/h
37,719.19
3,771.92 Btu/h

TOTAL HEAT LOAD

41,491.11 Btu/h

***The approximate proportion of the total heat load contributed by each of the four sources is:
Heat conduction . . . . 15.68 percent
Field heat. . . . . . . 62.91 percent
Heat of respiration . . 12.33 percent
Service load. . . . . . 9.09 percent
refrigeration capacity

=
=
=

TOTAL HEAT LOAD

12000 Btu/h ton
41491.11 Btu/h
12000 Btu/h ton
5.19 TR

*chilling rate factor

*1.5

HEAT CONDUCTANCE
CONDUCTION THROUGH CEILING

CONDUCTION THROUGH WALL

AREA DESIGNATION

COLD STORAGE

AREA DESIGNATION

COLD STORAGE

Wall area
(sq.ft)

To,(F)

1288

Temp. Diff,
Rw
(F)
(sq.ft/Btu)

Ti, (F)

80

32

48

SH
(Btu/lb/F)

MMMT (F)

Ti, (F)

0.87

80

32

16

TOTAL

3864

FIELD HEAT
Weight
bushels
pounds
300

15000

Ceiling
area (sq.ft)

To,(F)

529

Temp. Diff,
(F)

Ti, (F)

90

32

CONDUCTION THROUGH FLOOR

Ceiling
Rc
resistance (sq.ft/Btu)

58

20

FIELD
TOTAL FIELD HEAT
HEAT (Btu)
(Btu/h)
626400

26100

HEAT OF RESPIRATION
Rc
AREA DESIGNATION
(Btu/lb/h)
COLD STORAGE

0.018

Rw
(Btu/lb/h)

AVHR (Btu/lb/h)

0.34

0.179

No. of bushels (cold)

cold
2700

WEIGHT(lb)

warm
300

cold
135000

warm
15000

Heat of respiration

TOTAL

TOTAL
SERVICE
LOAD

SERVICE LOAD
AREA DESIGNATION

COLD STORAGE

Conduction
wall
3864

ceiling
1534.1

Field heat
floor
1106.09

26100

cold
2430

warm
2685

37719.19 3771.919

Heat load
cold
2430

warm
2685

TOTAL HEAT LOAD

OF RESPIRATION
(Btu/h)
5115

TOTAL

1534.1

Floor area
(sq.ft)
529

Temp. Diff,
(F)

AYR,(F) Ti, (F)

55

32

23

Rf
(sq.ft/Btu)

TOTAL

TOTAL HEAT
CONDUCTION
(Btu/h)

11 1106.0909 6504.1909090909

HEAT CONDUCTANCE
CONDUCTION THROUGH CEILING

CONDUCTION THROUGH WALL

AREA
DESIGNATION

COLD STORAGE

Rw
Temp. Diff,
Wall area To,
Ti, (F)
(sq.ft(sq.ft)
(F)
(F)
F/Btu)
1288

80

32

48

TOTAL

16

3864

Ceiling
area
(sq.ft)
529

Temp.
To,
Ti, (F)
(F)
Diff, (F)

90

32

58

Rc (sq.ftF/Btu)

20

CONDUCTION THROUGH FLOOR

TOTAL

1534.1

Floor area AYR,

(sq.ft)
(F)

529

55

Ti, (F)

32

COMPUTATION:

conduction thru wall

=
=
=
=

conduction thru
ceiling

=
=
=
=

conduction thru floor

NOTE:
To= outside temperature
Ti=inside temperature
Rw=wall resistance
Rc=ceiling resistance
Rf=floor resistance
AYR=average year-round temperature

ceiling area (sq.ft)*temp.diference(F)

resistance of ceiling(sq.ft-F/Btu)
ceiling area (sq.ft)*(To-Ti)(F)
resistance of ceiling(sq.ft-F/Btu)
23*23*(90-32)
20
1534 Btu/h

Computation of Resistance for Wall

floor area (sq.ft)*temp.diference(F)

resistance of floor(sq.ft-F/Btu)
floor area (sq.ft)*(AYR-Ti)(F)
resistance of floor(sq.ft-F/Btu)
23*23*(55-32)
11
1106 Btu/h

=
=
=

conduction(wall+ceiling+floor)
3864+1534+1106
6504 Btu/h

=
=
=

TOTAL HEAT
CONDUCTION(Btu/h
)

wall area (sq.ft)*temp.diference(F)

resistance of wall(sq.ft-F/Btu)
wall area (sq.ft)*(To-Ti)(F)
resistance of wall(sq.ft-F/Btu)
4*(23*14)*(80-32)
16
3864 Btu/h

Materials
cement plaster
fill-type insulation(cellulose)
gypsum drywall
cement mortar
1/2 inch plywood
Plain expanded extruded polystyrene
Sprayed expanded urethane
Total Resistance

R (sq.ft-F/Btu)
0.08
3.5
0.32
0.2
0.62
5
6.25
15.97

Computation of Resistance for Floor

Materials
cement plaster
fill-type insulation(cellulose)
Sprayed expanded urethane
Total Resistance

R (sq.ft-F/Btu)
0.08
3.5
6.25
9.83

Computation of Resistance for Ceiling

Materials
gypsum drywall
cement plaster
Plain expanded extruded polystyrene
8-inch lightweight concrete block, open core

glass or mineral wool

fiberglass
Aged expanded polyurethane
Total Resistance

R (sq.ft-F/Btu)
0.32
0.08
5
2
3
3.5
6.25
20.15

Temp.
Diff, (F)

23

Rf (sq.ftF/Btu)

TOTAL

TOTAL HEAT
CONDUCTION(Bt
u/h)

11 1106.090909 6504.190909091

AREA DESIGNATION
COLD STORAGE

SH (Btu/lb/F)

MMMT (F)

Ti, (F)

0.87

80

32

FIELD HEAT
Weight
bushels
pounds
300
15000

FIELD HEAT (Btu)

626400

NOTE:
SH= specific heat of apples
MMMT= mean maximum monthly temp
Ti= inside temperature
COMPUTATION:
FIELD HEAT(BTU/h)

=
=
=

specific heat (BTU/lb/F)*temp.difference(F)*weight(lb)

.87 BTU/lb/F*(80-32)F*300bushels*50lb/bushels
626400 Btu

Since the apples are to be cooled to 32 F in one day, the total field heat
load is divided by 24 hours; therefore,626400Btu/24hours=26100Btu/h

FIELD HEAT
TOTAL FIELD HEAT (Btu/h)
26100

HEAT OF RESPIRATION
AREA DESIGNATION

COLD STORAGE

Rc (Btu/lb/h) Rw (Btu/lb/h) AVHR (Btu/lb/h)

0.018

0.34

0.179

No. of bushels (cold)

cold
2700

warm
300

COMPUTATION:

Weight(cold)

=
=
=

No.of bushels(cold)*50lb/1 bushel

2700 bushels*50lb/1 bushel
135000lb

Weight (warm)

=
=
=

No.of bushels(warm)*50lb/1 bushel

300 bushels*50lb/1 bushel
15000lb

Heat load (cold)

=
=
=

Respiration of cold*weight of cold

0.018 Btu/lb/h*135000lb
2430 Btu/h

Heat load (warm)

=
=
=

Ave. Heat of respiration*weight of warm

0.179 Btu/lb/h * 15000 lb
2685 Btu/h

=
=
=

Heat load (cold) + Heat load (warm)

2430 Btu/h + 2685 Btu/h
5115 Btu/h

=
=

TOTAL HEAT LOAD

OF RESPIRATION

cold
135000

warm
15000

Heat load
cold
2430

TOTAL HEAT LOAD OF

RESPIRATION (Btu/h)
warm
2685

NOTE:
Respiration of cold+Respiration of warm
2
0.018 Btu/lb/h + 0.34 Btu/lb/h
2
0.179 Btu/lb/h

Ave. Heat of
respiration

WEIGHT(lb)

Rc= heat of respiration for cold apples

Rw=heat of respiration for warm apples
AVHR = Average heat of respiration

5115

SERVICE LOAD
AREA DESIGNATION

COLD STORAGE
COMPUTATION:
SUBTOTAL

TOTAL SERVICE LOAD

Conduction
wall
3864

ceiling
1534.1

Field heat
floor
1106.09

26100

Heat of respiration
cold
2430

warm
2685

SUBTOTAL

37719.19

TOTAL
SERVICE
LOAD Btu/h)
3771.919

=
=
=

Conduction(ceiling+wall+floor) + field heat + heat of respiration(warm+cold)

3864+1534.1+1106.09+26100+2430+2685
37719.19

=
=
=

subtotal * 10%
37719.19 * 10%
3771.919 Btu/h)

INTERNAL COOLING LOADS; CLF=1.0

AREA DESIGNATION

qpeople
sensible

qlightning

qappliances

TOTAL
Btu/h

Qty

Btu/h

Qty

Btu/h

Qty

Btu/h

RETAIL SALES

2500

6*36W
F.Lamp

738

small desktop,
cash register

648.47

PACKAGING

10

5000

4*36W
F.Lamp

492

n/a

Computation for Occupants per Room

1 person = 500BTU/Hr

EXTERNAL CO
TR
req'd

Conduction
wall

3886.47 0.3239 8370.7

5492

0.4577

APPLIANCES

small desktop-443.69 Btu/h

cash register-204.78 Btu/h
1 Watt - 123 Btu/h

12556

door
480
3300

EXTERNAL COOLING LOAD

Solar load
Through Glass

Conduction
window
642.9
40

door

window

5568

14915.3

20880

1392

TOTAL

29976.9
38168

SPACE COOLING LOAD

TR=1200
0 BTU/h
ton

floor
area

2.498075

240

3.180667

432

TR required

TOTAL TR
reuired

REMARKS (split
type unit)

1.2

4.0219475

2 ceiling cassette
(2TR)

2.16

5.79833333

1 ceiling
concealed(5TR), 1
wall mounted(1 TR)

DATA
AREA

SCL door (sq ft)

north

RETAIL SALES
PACKAGING

south
0
100 100

SCL window

(sq ft)

west
north
south
west
0
200
100
100
200
0
100
0
0

wall area
(sq ft)
572
468

Computation of Resistance for the Wall

Materials
cement plaster
cement plaster and gypsum drywall
gypsum drywall
cement mortar
Total Resistance

door area
window
(sq ft)
area (sq ft)
32 2*16, 10.68
40,80
16

Rwall

Rwi

Rdoor

0.82
0.82

0.8
0.8

0.8
0.8

FORMULA:
R (hr-ft^2-F/BTU)
0.08
0.32
0.32
0.1
0.82

Computation of Resistance for window

Materials
powder coated aluminum frame,clear float glass

R (hr-ft^2-F/BTU)
0.88

Computation of Resistance for door

Materials
powder coated aluminum frame,clear float glass

R (hr-ft^2-F/BTU)
0.88

conduction thru walls = (wall area

conduction thru window = (window
conduction thru door=(door area)(
radiation thru window=SC*SCL*(T
radiation thru door=SC*SCL*(To-T

NOTE:
Rwall=Resistance of wall
Rwi=Resistance of window
Rdoor-Resistance of door
SC=shading coefficient
SCL=solar cooling load
To=outside temperature
Ti=inside temperature
SCL of North and South = 100BTU
SCL of East and West =200BTU/H

external cooling load

SC

0.87
0.87

TEMP DIFF
(F)
12
22

Conduction
wall
door
8370.73171
12556.0976

door
window
window
5568
14915.28
480
642.9
20880
1392
3300
440

on thru walls = (wall area -window area-door area)(To-Ti)/Rwall

on thru window = (window area)(To-Ti)/Rwindow
on thru door=(door area)(To-Ti)/Rdoor
thru window=SC*SCL*(To-Ti)*window area
thru door=SC*SCL*(To-Ti)*door area

esistance of wall
sistance of window
esistance of door
ding coefficient
ar cooling load
de temperature
e temperature
North and South = 100BTU/Hr-ft^2
East and West =200BTU/Hr-ft^2

Solar load Through Glass

Table 5. Specific Heat and Heat of Respiration for Horticultural Crops Grown

Commodity

Specific Heat
(Btu/lb/F)

Apples, summer
Apples, fall
Asparagus
Beans, butter
Beans, string
Beets, topped
Blueberries
Brambles
Broccoli
Cabbage
Cantaloupes
Cucumbers
Grapes
Green onions
Leafy greens
Okra
Peaches
Peas, garden
Peas, field
Peppers
Potatoes
Squash
Strawberries
Sweet corn
Sweetpotatoes
Tomatoes,
mature green
Tomatoes, ripening
Turnips
Watermelons

Cool
Warm
(Btu/lb/hour)

0.87
0.87
0.94
0.73
0.91
0.90
0.86
0.87
0.92
0.94
0.94
0.97
0.86
0.91
0.90
0.92
0.91
0.79
0.73
0.94
0.84
0.95
0.92
0.79
0.75

0.018
0.012
0.245
0.123
0.161
0.028
0.028
0.092
0.092
0.023
0.025
0.119
0.014
0.096
0.100
0.257
0.023
0.177
0.160
0.046
0.028
0.161
0.069
0.186
0.064

0.340
0.240
2.523
0.716
0.885
0.092
0.748
0.711
1.376
0.257
0.305
0.170
0.179
0.704
1.034
1.583
0.466
1.651
1.554
0.252
0.055
0.751
0.872
1.644
0.100

0.94
0.95
0.93
0.94

0.030
0.067
0.034
0.034

0.197
0.188
0.130
0.110

ltural Crops Grown in North Carolina