Sonatrach's - Problem Well Analysis PDF

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Development Phase
Introduction to Hydrocarbon Exploitation

Problem Well Analysis
Pratap Thimaiah
2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
Abalt
Solutions
Prob le m Well Analysis
Problem Well Analysis

Surveillance
Getting Started
What is a problem well?
Inflow restrictions
Outflow restrictions
Reservoir Problems
Artificial Lift
Mechanical Failures
Sand Control
Re-completions
Plug and Abandonment
Workover Economics
Abalt
abalt solutions limited - 2005
Solutions
September October 2005

Development Phase
Surveillance
Monitoring of the asset to optimally recover the oil and gas
reserves in a timely fashion through safe and profitable
operations
Critical for the future profitability of the field
Entire Business Unit
Analysis
Reservoir A
Identification of well problems

or
field problems
Problem Definition
Pro blem We ll Analysis
Reservoir B
Problem Analysis
Reservoir C
Solutions
Generation
Reservoir D
Production and operating cost problems
Continue to produce well's) with no change,

Collect additional data,
Workover and/or stimulation,
Equipment change,
Operations procedures changes),
Re-completion,
Pressure maintenance,
Enhanced recovery operation, or
Shut-in and abandonment
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Solutions
Getting Started
Essential data must be in hand like:
Plot of the bottom-hole flow rate and pressure

recorded during a drawdown test
Well test plots

Daily production plots
Wellbore diagram
Base open-hole log
Schlumberger
Production plot, oil, gas, water, and GOR. Exponential decline.
Log-log plot of two well tests shows wellbore storage

reduction with downhole shut-in
Schlumberger
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Development Phase
Getting Started
Typical deepwater well completion
Wellbore diagram
Must include both the measured

and true vertical depths of
tubulars, perforations, packers,
and all subsurface equipment.
Outer diameter and internal
diameters of each item.
Tight spots
Junk in hole
Potential problem areas
Reference elevation
Type connection in the wellhead
for production logging described
Schlumberger
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Solutions
Getting Started
Base Openhole Log

Open perforations must be
shown for each well.
Cased hole gamma ray
and porosity log could be
of help.
Casing collar depths and
any radioactive marker
depths should always be
shown at the proper
depths on the base log.
GOC and WOC should be
shown when available.
001) BONANZA 1
GRC
0
150
SPC
-160 MV 40
ACAL
6
16
ILDC
0.2
200
SNC
0.2
200
RHOC
DT
1.95
2.95 150 us/f 50
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
MLLCF
0.2
200
10700
10800
10900
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Problem Well Defined
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Solutions
Problem Well Defined

Low oil or gas production

High GOR
High water cut
Mechanical problems
Should be differentiated from a reservoir

problem
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Solutions

Development Phase
Inflow Restrictions
Potentially damaging fines
Wellbore plugging
Perforation restrictions
Formation Damage
Scale deposit in Tubing
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Solutions
Inflow Restrictions
Such damage may be indicated by:
Production well tests
Pressure build-up and drawdown tests
Comparison with offset wells
Analysis of production history Effect of wellbore damage on productivity
Difference between pressure drawdown in undamaged and

damaged reservoirs. 50% of p occurs in last 15 ft.
pressure
Damage zone
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Solutions

Development Phase
Inflow Restrictions
Procedure in surveillance for problem wells:

If the monthly production test rate has decreased more
than 10 percent from normal decline retest the well
immediately.
Review adjacent wells for abnormal decline. If a number of
wells in an area have significant declines, the problem may
be reservoir related.
Check the well for mechanical problems; especially if on
artificial lift.
Check for wellbore fill-up.
Check for changes in backpressure or operating procedures.
Consider the need for production logs or pressure surveys
to confirm damage.
If damage is confirmed, take corrective action.
Use caution on stimulation if near gas-oil or water-oil contacts
Recommend bold action for low rate wells
Use some restrain on high rate wells, however they may offer
the highest potential again.
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Solutions
Wellbore Plugging
Flow restrictions in the wellbore is often formation fill or scale.
For flowing or gas lifted wells, provided the tubing is openended, where there is fill across the formation, a coiled tubing
unit are commonly used for cleanout.
For pumping wells it may be necessary to pull the tubing before

clean-out.
Inorganic scale in the wellbore and perforation is a common
problem that can easily reduce production.
Sodium chloride salt
Calcium carbonate
Gypsum
Barium and strontium chloride
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Solutions

Development Phase
Perforation Restrictions
Cause by perforation plugging or inadequate perforations
Considerable effort should be made on completion to
ensure that the perforations are open and undamaged
Avoid loss of dirty water of dirty water into the formation

which may plug both the perforations and the formation
pores.
Solutions range from re-perforation, wash the
perforations, surge the formation, or to even fracture the
formation.
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Solutions
Formation Damage
Impairment of well productivity or injectivity
due to
Plugging within the perforations

Formation pores adjacent to the wellbore
Fractures communicating with the wellbore
The procedure to follow:

Determine the degree of well damage (skin)
Causes of damage
Approach to alleviate the damage
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Formation Damage
Paraffin or Asphaltene Plugging
Emulsion Blocks
Water blocking
Fine Particles
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Solutions
Outflow Restrictions
Increase the backpressure
Limit drawdown
Reduce production
Some cases:
Tubing smaller than optimum will cause extra
friction losses
Larger than optimum will increase slippage and
may cause the well to load up and die.
On a pumping well, to small a tubing may restrict
the lift equipment or cause friction, which will
increase lift energy requirements.
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Solutions

Development Phase
Inflow and outflow performance curves can
help determine if a tubing size change is
justified.
Well system analysis. Node selected at perforation outlet
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Solutions
The production well test should report the wellhead pressure. If

it is relatively high, and outflow analysis should be undertaken.
If the pressure has recently increased, then possible
plugging in the outflow system should be checked.
If the pressure is normally high, the investigate why it is
high.
Are there any gas sales pressure limitations?
Are there compressors that require a fixed suction pressure?
Can it be economically lowered?
What is the pressure drop between the wellhead and the
separator?
Is there a surface choke on the well and what is its size?
On pumping wells, is the annulus vented into the flowline?
Are there any downhole restrictions?
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Reservoir Problems
Low reservoir permeability
Low reservoir pressure
Water production problems

Gas problems in gas wells
High Viscosity Oil
Abalt
Solutions

May be an overall reservoir characteristic or limited to a
specific area.
Should be considered along with other causes of low
productivity.
Usually well productivity declines rapidly as fluids near

the wellbore are produced.
Production tests may aid in differentiating between low
permeability and formation damage.
Matrix acidizing of low permeability undamaged
reservoirs can only provide a small productivity increase.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Effect of matrix acidizing an undamaged well.
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Solutions
Low reservoir pressure

Should be documented by periodic subsurface measurements.
Dominant reservoir drives in a particular reservoir should be
considered and how these drive mechanisms are associated
with the real or apparent well problem being investigated.
Prior to considering workover of wells in a low or partially

pressure-depleted oil reservoir, an effective artificial lift should
be planned.
Pressure maintenance or an enhanced recovery programme is
usually the best long range approach to increase production
rate and oil or gas recovery from partially pressure-depleted
reservoirs.
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Solutions

Development Phase
Low Reservoir Pressure
Typical pressure-production history for various

reservoir-drive mechanisms.
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Solutions

May result from:
Natural water drive or Waterflood, aggravated by
fingering or conning.
Extraneous sources including casing leaks or

cementing failures.
Fracturing or acidizing into adjacent water zones
or to below the water-oil contact.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase

Water encroachment is normal in a water drive reservoir. Three
water-oil contacts may usually be defined in oil wells:
Lower water-oil contact
Producing water- oil contact
Completion water-oil contact
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Solutions

Fingering
Water conning
Water channelling
Irregular water encroachment in heterogeneous
reservoir can result in early water breakthrough.
Conning of Water
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Solutions

Development Phase
Water Production- Chemical Control Techniques
Cements
Resins and hard set chemicals
Gel treatments
Swelling chemicals & particulates
Relative permeability modifiers
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Solutions
Quick reference guide-Treatment options for excess water

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Solutions

Development Phase

Cement solutions
Casing & tubing leaks
Channels behind casing
If primary cement job fails
Squeeze cementing
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Solutions

Resins and other hard set chemicals
Low viscosity chemical mixtures that set up as
solid or hard inert plastic.
Resins are phenolic or epoxy base types.
Used in casing patches

Plug off cement channels and perforations
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Solutions

Development Phase
Gel treatments
Low viscosity chemical mixtures that stiffen at
varying degrees of temperatures.
Reduce or totally block a channel or highpermeability rock matrix zone through which
excess water is flowing into wellbore.
Carried out by mechanically isolating only the
zone, fractures or perforations that are the
source
Heavy metal cross linkers such as Chrome or
aluminium based
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Solutions
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Development Phase
Placement Techniques
Bullheading
Mechanical packer placement
Chemical packer placement
Dual injection
Iso-flow placement
Transient placement
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Solutions
Bullheading
Injection of chemicals
through existing
Tubulars.
Used only when it is
determined that
aqueous injection
fluids will only enter
those water
producing zones that
are shut-in
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Mechanical/Inflatable Packer
Selective zones are
isolated using packers.
In complex situations, it
maybe necessary to
isolate perforations that
are producing oil from
both above and below the
zone- Inflatable Dual
Packer System
Chemical Packers
In gravel packed or open
hole completions where
mechanical packers
cannot be used.
Abalt
Solutions
Dual Injection Placement
Compatible fluids are injected down the

tubing and also annulus.
Packers, bridge plugs, chemical plugs and
other mechanical isolation means can be
used.
Efficient placement
To protects critical perforations in
hydrocarbon zones-Non-sealing fluid
compatible with formation is used.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Isoflow Placement
Alternative to dual injection
system.
Chemicals are directed into
selected intervals while
protecting hydrocarbon
producing or bearing zones
by simultaneous injection of
non-sealing formation
compatible fluid.
Gamma ray logging tools are
used to locate and track fluid
interface.
Suited for both wells with
negative surface pressures
and static fluids when shut
in.
Abalt
Solutions
Water Production- Mechanical Techniques
Inner Liners
Patches
Packers
Sliding sleeves
Plugs
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Casing cladding
Thermally set composite
materials used to form
patches to fix damage
Tubulars.
Using inflatable systems to
carry composite materials
into the well.
Materials are usually
thermally setting resins and
carbon fibres built into a
sleeve wrapped around the
device.
Once device is opposite the
area to be treated, device is
inflated to push composite
sleeve into place moving
upwards.
After inflation, the sleeve is
heated to harden and
conform to casing.
Electric resistors provide
heating.
Abalt
Solutions
Packer straddle
Its a combination
of packers, sliding
sleeves and other
tools to isolate
excess water
production zones
or areas of
damaged pipe.
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Solutions

Development Phase
Bridge Plugs
Run and set to
plug off water
entering the
bottom of well or
perforations.
Essentially plugsoff remainder of
well or tubing
from the point of
setting all the
way to bottom of
the well.
Abalt
Solutions
Gas problems in Oil wells

The primary sources of gas in oil wells are:
Gas dissolved in the oil
Primary or secondary gas caps which may expand, and
Gas flow from zones or reservoirs above or below the oil zone
Normal GOR behaviour corresponding to the drive mechanism for any

particular reservoir must be considered in problem well analysis.
Characteristic gas-oil performance for various reservoir-drive mechanisms
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Gas problems in oil wells

Gas flow from zones above or below the oil
zone may be due to:
Casing leaks
Poor cement job
Natural or induced fractures communicating with
gas zone
Gas flow due to channel behind the casing

Reservoir with a gas cap
Problem due to gas conning
Problem due to gas cap expansion
Abalt
Solutions
High Viscosity Oil

High viscosity is sometimes defined as oil with less than
16 API gravity. Viscosities grater than 200 cp often cause
serious flowing and pumping problems.
Thermal stimulation may be applicable, however

economics should be carefully reviewed.
It the well tubing, casing, cement job, and packer
installation has not been designed to withstand high
temperature steam, thermal stimulation may cause
severe mechanical damage to the well.
Alternative to Thermal Stimulation of the Reservoir can
be considered.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Artificial Lift
Most wells will probably require some sort of artificial lift before
abandonment to increase drawdown and thus production.
Selection
Revenue due to oil and gas production

Operating costs, and
Factors contributing to economics of
artificial lift systems
Initial capital costs
Abalt
Solutions
Sucker Rod Pumping

Walking Beam
Equalizer
Bearing
Saddle Bearing
Horsehead
Samson
Post
Bridle
Pitman Arm
Ladder
Hanger
Brake
Lever
Wrist
Pin
Prime
Mover
Crank Arm
Counterweight
Polished Rod
Stuffing Box Seal
Brake
Cable
Flow Line
Rod String
Flow Tee
Production Tubing
Base
Production Casing
Downhole Pump
Drawings Courtesy of Lufkin Industries, Inc. Lufkin, Texas

Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Sucker Rod Pumping
Analysis:
Check the well test production rates. Is the rate limited by the
pump displacement.
If the well cannot be pumped off, or pumped down to a low intake
pressure with the existing equipment on the well, determine if a
larger unit is justified.
If the well is pumped off, use time cycle to alter displacement to
match formation inflow.
If test rates suddenly decline on a well, check for mechanical
problems.
If decline in test rate is not a mechanical problem, then formation
damage, fill in annulus or perforation plugging may be the problem.
Gas interferences is a common problem on many pumping wells.
Where feasible vent the gas up the annulus and pump the oil and
water up the tubing.
Corrosion and scale are often major problems in pumping wells.
Paraffin deposition is another common problem.
Abalt
Solutions
Gas Lift
Continuous Flow
Gas Lift Systems
Intermittent lift
Injected
gas
Injected
gas
Continuous gas lift
Intermittent gas lift
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Solutions

Development Phase
Gas Lift
Annular gas injection
Tubing gas injection
Production
Production
Gas in
Tubing
Casing
Gas in
Casing
Tubing
Gas entry
Liquid
Liquid
Abalt
Solutions
Gas Lift Surveillance and Operating

Problems
Good well tests are essential to gas lift operation.
Periodic flowing pressure bottom-hole pressure surveys are
recommended.
Temperature surveys are often beneficial for both design
purposes and troubleshooting.
Sonic devices can be used to shoot fluid levels in the annulus of
gas lifted wells.
To produce at maximum rates, the injection gas depths should
be at maximum depths.
If there is a decrease in production test rate, the data should
be carefully reviewed.
In intermittent gas lift there are additional producing problems
to consider.
Check the flowing wellhead test pressures. High back pressure
is normally very detrimental to gas lift operations.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Electrical Submersible Pumping

Transformers
Motor
controller
Wellhead
Junction
box
Production
Primary cable
Motor flat splice

Motor flat cable
Casing
Drain valve (optional)
Check valve (optional)
Tubing
Pump
Pump intake
Seal
Pothead
Motor
Perfs.
Abalt
Solutions
ESP Motor Problems

Major causes of motor
overheating
Overloading
Well pumped off
Gas locked
Stuck pump
Motor thrust bearing

components & complete
Lack of cooling
tubing or casing leak, scale,
motor laying against the
casing
Bearing
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Problems with ESP's

Cable failure (generally due to fluids penetrating the covering)
Protector leakage (fluids may contact motor)
Too much free gas

Burnt motor can be caused by:
Contact with fluids due to protector leakage
Poor fluid circulation around motor for cooling
Corrosion of motor housing
Pump failure can be caused by
Solids
Pumping at rates/pressures outside of designed range
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Solutions
Identifying problems with ESPs

May notice gradual increase in power usage and gradual
decrease in flow rate as indicators of pump problems
Power spikes and frequent automatic shut-downs may
indicate electrical leakages or other problems
Check for solids in fluid

Tubing, cable, and pump must be pulled to find exact
cause of a problem. Spool required to handle cable
Pump, seal, motor, and cable must be sent to
manufacturer for testing in order to locate the exact
problem
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Electrical Submersible Pumping

Requires a rather precise design
Good operating practices
Careful equipment selection and repair
Reliable field electrical system
Stable operating conditions, and only
moderately high temperatures for successful
operation over well life
Selection of the electrical cable should provide
five years or longer trouble-free operating life.
ESP are adversely affected by free-gas, sand,
scale, and corrosion.
Abalt
Solutions
ESP Surveillance and Analysis

Well production test are the basic surveillance
method
A pump size should be chosen that will not

pump the well off. Minimum pump intake
pressures of 250 psig may be feasible, but 500
psig is a more realistic design.
Electrical problems are common and must
receive prompt attention. Good lighting
protectors are essential in many areas.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Hydraulic Pump and Jet System

Power fluid
Pump tubing
Casing
Nozzle
Production inlet
chamber
Throat
Diffuser
Combined
fluid return
Well production
Jet pump
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Solutions
Hydraulic Pump and Jet System
Power fluid return

Power fluid
Production
injection
Production and return

Power fluid
injection
Power fluid injection

Production and
return
Engine
Engine
Engine
Pump
Pump
(A)
Closed power
fluid system
Pump
(C)
Open power
fluid system
(free pump)
(B)
Open power
fluid system
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Hydraulic Pump and Jet Systems

The user has several options in the design and
installation of hydraulic reciprocating pumps:
Individual well units, or a central system

Standard fixed pumps, or free pumps
Open, or closed power oil systems, and
Vented, or non-vented gas systems
Clean power fluid, normally oil, is essential to

good pump runs.
Abalt
Solutions
Hydraulic Pumping Surveillance

Well production tests are the primary means of
surveillance. The test data includes the oil, water and,
gas rates plus the injection power fluid rate and pressure
and the wellhead pressure.
A significant decline in production rate my result from

formation damage (skin) or be from inadequate pump
displacement, pump wear, pump gas interference
problems, or leaks.
Leaks are more likely in hydraulic systems since
pressures are higher and there is more exposure due to
the use of power oil lines and power fluid tubing.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Mechanical Failure in Wells

Different types of mechanical failures can cause
loss of production and/or increase costs in well
operation. More common problems are:
Primary cement channelling
Casing, tubing, and packer leaks,

Artificial lift equipment, and
Well equipment, like wellheads, subsurface
valves, sliding sleeves, etc.
Abalt
Solutions
Sand Control
Wells that sand-up or produce more than 0.1

percent sand are often good candidates for
sand control.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Sand Control
Unconsolidated
Consolidated
Zero strength
Very very weak
Very weak
Consolidated
Dry sand
Damp sand
Weakly-cemented
Stronger cement
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Solutions
Sand Control
In weak but consolidated formations:
Stage
Stage 11
Failure
Failure
Stage
Stage 22
Transportation
Transportation
Failure of reservoir
rock due to shear
stresses (failure of
bonds between grains)
Transportation
of
failed material due to
flow
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Factors Affecting Sand Production

Overburden
Friction
Differential Stresses
Cementing Material
Degree of Consolidation
Fluid Viscosity
Production Velocity
Water Production
Abalt
Solutions
Sand Problems-Casing / Liner Collapse

Failure may occur
due to:
Non uniform
lateral loading as
rock is produced.
High axial
compressive load
due to slumping of
the overlying
casing-bearing
formation.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Sand Problems- Erosion

Sand production can cause erosion in both surface and downhole
equipment such as :
Downhole
Blast Joints
Chokes
Gas lift Equipment
Elbows / Tees
Standing Valves
Pumps
Valves
Metering Devices
Circulating sleeves
Flanges
Nipples
Wellhead
Tubular
Abalt
Solutions
Sand Problems- Erosion

Bridges may form in casing
or tubing and obstruct well
flow.
They must be removed by
bailing or washing with
concentric strings.
If bridging is severe sand
control will be required.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Sand Control Methods
Restrictive Production Rate

In Situ Consolidation
Resin Coated Gravel
Gravel Pack
Screens - Natural Sand Packing (OH)
Expandable Sand Screens
Abalt
Solutions

Restrictive Production Rate
Some weak formations have enough

strength to produce sand-free at low
rates.
Selective perforations placed in the
strongest formation (based on logs)
Rock properties may change during the
production (i.e., water production).
In Situ Consolidation
Resin material is pumped into the

formation.
Furan Resin glues formation graingrain into a consolidated structure
Compressive strength >1,000 psi with
60-75% retained permeability.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase

Resin
Resin Coated Gravel

Proppant ( Gravel ) is precoated with resin
material.
Particles are mixed with
viscous gel and pumped
into the formation.
Particles are contacted
grain-to-grain.
Temperature + H2O fuses
the particles together into
a consolidated permeable,
drillable network.
Gravel
Formation
(Unconsolidated)
Abalt
Solutions

Natural Sand Packing (Screens)
Installation of a screen system (no particles) in cased or open hole.
Main horizontal completion option.
Screen system can be :
slotted liner
pre-pack screen
wire wrapped
Annular is eventually filled with formation sand.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase

Slotted liners
One of the older methods of sand control.

They are tubing sections with a series of slots cut through the tubing
wall in an axial orientation.
The slot width is designed to initiate inter-particle bridging across the
slot. It was originally considered that it should be twice the diameter of
the 10 percentile sand grains .
There are two types of slot available, keystone and straight
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Solutions

Wire Wrapped
There are three main types of wirewrap screen; rod-based screens, pipebased slip-on and pipe-based direct
build screens.
Normally made from triangular shaped
wrap wire
The gap between the edges of the
wrap wire is sufficient to allow quite
large sand grains to pass through.
Gap
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Pre-packed screens
Similar configuration to the wire
wrap but use a different filtering
media.
A layer of resin-coated gravel is
placed around the internal
screen assembly and is
supported by a shroud or
external screen.
The thickness of the filtering
medium layer, and hence the
outside diameter of the screen
depends on the specific well
requirements.
Limitations in mechanical
strength
Abalt
Solutions
Premium screens
typically an all-metal design, with a metal mesh filtration media and
a protective outer metal shroud.
The metal mesh can be either a metal weave or metal fibres or
powder particles embedded within a square metal mesh.
The apertures (called pore throats) generally very from 60 micron

to 300 micron.
The concept is that the mesh will prevent the larger sand particles
from travelling through and allow the formation fines to pass.
Premium screens are typically run in long horizontals, often behind
gravel packs and have similar sand control properties to pre-pack
screens.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase

Gravel pack
The annulus between the

wellbore and a sand control
screen (wire wrapped, or
premium) is filled with gravel
that is sized to prevent sand
from the formation passing
through the pack.
Gravel packing in open-hole
(EGP External Gravel Pack) is
useful for preventing annular
flow and controlling sand in
heterogeneous formations.
Gravel packing in cased-holes
(IGP Internal Gravel Pack) is
useful for protecting the sand
screens from erosion flow. After
the liner is run and perforated,
the sand face completion is
run. The perforations may then
be washed and the GP packer
set.
Abalt
Solutions

Frac pack
Improve the productivity of

a well by creating a short,
wide fracture close to the
wellbore.
A proppant is placed inside
the fracture that will both
hold open the fracture and
control sand production.
Frac packs are also termed

high permeability fractures
(HPF)
Fracture filled
with gravel
/proppant
wellbore packed
with screen in
wellbore
In Frac packing the fractures

tend to be shorter but much
wider.
Typical frac pack crack
widths can be 1 inch or
potentially larger.
The lengths vary depending
on the design and are
usually in the region of 20 to
50 feet.
Fracture filled
with resin coated
gravel /proppant
Wellbore free of
equipment
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
ESS (Expandable
Sand Screens)
Solutions
Abalt
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Re-completion
Can be avoided by careful planning and anticipation of
problems on the initial well completion.
The usual workover procedure for changing zones or reservoirs

in perforated casing completion is merely to squeeze cement
and re-perforate in the new zone in the reservoir.
In open hole, it may be necessary to deepen or plug back, or to
cement a liner and selectively perforate a specific zone in the
reservoir.
Changing the producing interval in both single and multiple
completions are relatively simple operations if the operation
can be carried out through-tubing.
Abalt
Solutions
Plug and Abandonment

Most zones or reservoirs must be eventually plugged and
abandoned.
Most governmental regulating bodies have specific
guidelines that must be followed.
Careful considerations should be given to all options

before plugging a well.
If a well is no longer economical to produce, has no use
as a service well, or has no use as a service well, or has
serious mechanical conditions, then immediate steps
should be taken to plug and abandon the zone.
Abalt
Solutions

Development Phase
Workover Economics
The team concept is a significant factor in

optimizing creative skill and imagination in:
Fact finding
Analysis
Experimentation
Job execution, and
Evaluation of results
Considering workover on programme basis

Profitability analysis
Abalt
Solutions

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INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION

Introduction to Hydrocarbon Exploitation

2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Prob le m Well Analysis

Problem Well Analysis

abalt solutions limited - 2005

September October 2005

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION

Identification of well problems

Pro blem We ll Analysis

Production and operating cost problems

Continue to produce well's) with no change,

2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Plot of the bottom-hole flow rate and pressure

Well test plots

Production plot, oil, gas, water, and GOR. Exponential decline.

Prob le m Well Analysis

Log-log plot of two well tests shows wellbore storage

abalt solutions limited - 2005

September October 2005

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION

Pro blem We ll Analysis

Must include both the measured

2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Prob le m Well Analysis

Base Openhole Log

2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

abalt solutions limited - 2005

September October 2005

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION

Problem Well Defined

Pro blem We ll Analysis

What is a problem well?

2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Problem Well Defined

Prob le m Well Analysis

Low oil or gas production

Should be differentiated from a reservoir

2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

abalt solutions limited - 2005

September October 2005

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION

Pro blem We ll Analysis

Scale deposit in Tubing

2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Prob le m Well Analysis

Difference between pressure drawdown in undamaged and

2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

abalt solutions limited - 2005

September October 2005

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION

Pro blem We ll Analysis

Procedure in surveillance for problem wells:

Prob le m Well Analysis

For pumping wells it may be necessary to pull the tubing before

2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

abalt solutions limited - 2005

September October 2005

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION

Pro blem We ll Analysis

Avoid loss of dirty water of dirty water into the formation

2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Prob le m Well Analysis