na thermal power plant, power distribution follows a unitized and a station concept. All the auxiliaries, which are required to run for the successful operation of the unit, are connected to unit buses. All auxiliaries that cater to services which are common to the station are connected to station buses. On interruption of supply to various buses, changeover from one supply to the other is resorted to, based on the functional requirement. This article covers types of changeover schemes and related philosophies. Principles behind fast transfer, in- phase transfer and slow transfer are explained. Analytical expressions characterizing dynamic performance of induction motor performance during such changeover are given. Site measurements of run down characteristics of large induction motor are presented and compared with theoretical values. The article ends with remarks on features of reacceleration schemes. System Description 1A typical SLD of auxiliary system in conventional Power Plant (without Generator Circuit breaker (GCB)) is shown in Fig.1 ‘The Unit Auxiliary Transformers (UAT) derive power from the generator terminals and deliver it to the unit buses (Buses 1 & 2). The Station transformers (ST) derive Power from EHV buses and delivers to the station buses (Buses 3 to 6). Manual Live Changeover During start up of a unit, there is no power at the generator terminals. During this time the unit bus is fed from the station transformer through the station bus and the respective station to unit ties. Post synchronization, when the unit reaches approximately 30 % load, the supply to unit bus is switched over to unit transformer without interruption. This changeover is done manually with appropriate provisions to ensure synchronism between the station to unit tie breaker (Bkr B) and the incoming supply (Bkr A). In this changeover the two supplies are momentarily paralleled and thereatter the tie (Bkr B) is automatically tripped. This changeover is called "Manual Live changeover’. It is essentially a "make before break” scheme. Standard schemes for same are available. Need for Fast Auto changeover in power plant auxiliary system In a power station, boiler takes longest time to start up, typically six to eight hours. Therefore, after a unit trip under certain conditions, practices have evolved in which the boilers are kept in operation to give an opportunity to the operation personnel to determine whether the unit can be brought back quickly or it will take a long time to Fig.1 SLD of Auilary System in Power Plant (Without GCB)fix the problem. In case of the later, the boiler is then hand tripped. ‘The faults in the unit are classified as Class A, Class B and Class C. 1 > Class A trip involves a serious electrical fault like differential, stator earth fault etc and is considered to be the most onerous in terms of the shock on the Unit, Since it involves electrical faults that can result in extensive damage to equipment, connections from both generator and EHV bus(Bkr E) are v=20% Vs 682V @ 650ms Fee immediately switched off to limit the damage at the fault point and also to isolate the healthy system. Hence the unit (turbine, generator and boiler) has to be tripped. > Class B primarily relates to mechanical problems. There is no electrical fault. This results in tripping of turbine followed by generator on reverse power. > — Class C involves basically un-cleared system related problems in grid like under/over frequency, under) over voltage, etc. This does not necessitate tripping of the unit. Only Bkr E is tripped. The unit operates on house load in ‘islanded mode In Class B / C trip, it is desirable to keep the boiler operational. This is to enable the operations staff to bring back the unit quickly ifthe problem can be identified and fixed in a short time, Normally the system is provided with HP-LP bypass system through which the steam cycle is maintained. To sustain the steam cycle, itis important that the related auxiliaries should run without any interruption. ‘Auto-changeover schemes ensure restoration of power supply to critical motors at the earliest for uninterrupted boiler operation. In passing, it may be mentioned that island operation of large thermal units only on house load (about 8%) after Class C trip has not been a success in most of the cases in actual practice due to boiler controllability issues in spite of providing HP-LP bypass and adequately sized condenser. Class C trip can be eliminated which has only doubtful practical utility Auto Changeover Scheme for Unit bus in plants without GCB Refer Fig.1, once the generator trip, unit bus lose its normal source of supply as EHV breaker is also tripped in this case. To maintain uninterrupted power supply to the auxiliaries (mainly motor loads) it is required to switchover to:the healthy station source. This switchover has to be very fast otherwise the decaying bus voltage would cause all the connected auxiliaries to trip. Bus voltage and frequency profile for a unit bus after unit tripping as recorded at power plant site is shown in Fig.2. ‘As explained above, it is important to maintain power supply to the auxiliaries in Class B and C trips. This is achieved by FBT (Fast Bus Transfer) scheme features Fig.2 Bus Voltage and Frequency profile of 6.6KV Unit Bus of which are explained very succinctly in [2]. Most manufacturers offer FBT scheme with following features. Fast transfer: The transfer is effected within 10 cycles (as per ANSI C50.41-2000). Two alternatives are possible. Closed transition ~ This is implemented by triggering the closing of the ST tie breaker through the Class 8 and C trip initiating contacts. After ST breaker ‘closed’ signal is received, open command for UAT breaker is given The permissive for the transition is usually obtained from synchro-check relay which compares voltage and angle of UAT bus with that of ST bus. The value addition by synchro-check in this application is a little suspect for following reasons. a (@) Fast transfer is required under Class B / C trip. This does not involve any electrical fault on UAT bus. in this case, differential voltage between UAT bus and ST bus is expected to be well within limits permitting transfer. (b) Since the entire transfer sequence is executed in 5 to 6 cycles with modem high speed breakers, for ‘compatibility, synchro check relay operation should be much faster in the region of 1 cycle. Most of the conventional check synchronizing relays are too slow to respond before which transfer has already taken place. Open transition - This comes in two flavours, simultaneous transfer and cascade transfer. In simultaneous transfer, tripping command for UAT breaker (A &C) and closing command of ST breaker (B & D) are initiated simultaneously. Typical tripping time is 3 to 4 cycles and closing time is 5 to 6 cycles. Thus the unit bus is without any external connection for a dead time of about 2 cycles. in cascade transfer, tripping command of UAT breaker is given and closing command for ST breaker is initiated after ensuring that UAT breaker is ‘open. Here the unit bus is without any external supply for a dead time of about 8 cycles. The transfer is supervised by high speed check synchronizing relay which permits closing of SUT breaker. Check synchronizing relay permissive is issued after comparing UAT bus voltage and ST bus voltage. In majority of cases, fast transfer within 8 cycles is successfulThe author's company prefers close transition but open transition is also adopted in many utilities. In-phase transfer: The success of fast transfer depends on voltage decay characteristics of induction motors connected to the UAT bus and inter-motor dynamics. There is a possibilty that within the initial time window of 8 cycles, the UAT bus voltage might have fallen below set value or angular difference might have exceeded set value. In this case fast transfer fails and this initiates in- phase transfer. In this case, the relay calculates the best instance at which closing command of ST breaker is to be issued so that when ST breaker closes, ST bus voltage will be almost in phase with decaying UAT voltage. This is based on solution of analytical equations. Decaying UAT bus voltage phasor, target ST bus voltage phasor and closing time of ST breaker are modeled when solving the equation. In phase transfer is also supervised by check synchronizing relay. The in-phase transfer can be declared really successful only if the transfer is effected in the first instance when UAT bus voltage is almost in phase with ST bus voltage after failure of fast transfer. The typical window for in-phase transfer is 8 to 20 cycles, Slow transfer — it could be based on voltage or time. If voltage based, change over is effected after the bus voltage has fallen below 30%. If the terminal voltage has fallen below 30%, induction motor is ‘electrically dead’ and can be feclosed to alternate supply without danger of excessive treinsient torques. In time based, time delay of say 2 sec is given before switching to alternate supply. Slow transfer is in effect the conventional auto-change over scheme employed at all buses and all voltage levels. The fast transfer (Including in-phase transfer) is carried out at the highest voltage level of the auxiliary system. The downstream system automatically derives the benefit of the fast transfer. Where there are two MV levels like 11 and 8.3 KV (Fig 1), fast transfer is effected only at the 11KV level and not at both 11 KV and 3.3 KV levels, There is always an element of uncertainty in a fast transfer scheme, as there are too many variables which need to converge ata very short time. If this is done at two levels (simultaneously) the probability of failure increases. Let us following: ) illustrate with the Fast transfer at 11 kV only. a) Ifitis successful, then itis successful at all the downstream levels inoluding 3.3 KV and 415V levels. b) Hits not successful, then the boiler trips. ii) Fast transfer at 11 kV and 3.3 kV level Fig.3 SLD of Auxiliary System in Power Plant (With GCB) a) fit is successful at 11 kV and 3.3 kV - effect is as mentioned in () a) above. b) fit successful at 11 KV and not at 3.3 kV, then, the boiler trips as many vital auxiliaries are connected at 3.3. kV ©) Ifitis not successful at 11 kV and successful at 3.3 kV, then also the boiler trips, as important auxiliaries are connected at 11 KV. From the above it can be seen that the probability of unsuccessful fast transfer is more when we have changeover at two levels compared to when we have it at one (higher) level. In Class A tripping, even though the boiler is also tripped out, some auxiliaries must run for safe shutdown of the unit ike ID fan and its related system, lube oil pumps, turbine auxiliary oil pump etc. There is no problem as such if the supply to these auxiliaries suffers a momentary interruption of couple of seconds. Critical auxiliaries are automatically / manually restarted once the power supply to the bus is restored by slow transfer and continued till the unit is safely shut down. Auto Changeover Scheme for Unit bus for plants with GCB As per latest trends, generator circuit breaker (GCB) is provided between generator and its generator transformer. GCB is the synchronizing breaker. Refer Fig.3 for single line diagram. With provision of GCB, requirement of station transformer for startup power is not mandatory. The startup power for auxiliaries connected to Unit bus can be obtained by back charging GT. On tripping the GCB the generator gets isolated but the power supply to the Unit bus remains uninterrupted, Which is a great advantage compared to the scheme without GCB. In plant with GCB the trip classification of unit protection (Generator, GT and UAT) is slightly modified. Class A trip is further divided into two types: Class A-1 trip and Class A2 trip, EHVeUS Neaky _THKV Pte NOClass A-1: This refers to faults in GT, UAT and bus duct upstream of GCB, shown as 'U’ in Fig 4 EHVBUS Fig.4 Zones for Unit Protection In this case, turbine is tripped, turbine valves are closed; GOB is tripped, EHV breaker (both Main and Tie breaker for one and half breaker scheme or Main and transfer breaker for two main and transfer bus system), UAT LV breakers and generator field breaker are tripped without intentional time delay, initiating simultaneously GCB and EHV breaker failure, The auxiliaries are not maintained as it may involve serious electrical fault. Power is restored to unit bus by slow transfer. Only the auxiliaries required for safe shutdownare restored, Theaction andeffectare same as that for scheme without GCB except for one crucial difference. In case without GCB, the fault continues to be fed by generator even after field breaker is opened due to residual magnetism present. The generator residual voltage decay time constant is considerable during Which time fault current (though decaying) is maintained. In Fig 18 of Ref [3], residual voltage decay time constant ‘of 250MW generator as measured at site is 10.4 sec. In case with GCB, immediately after tripping of EHV breaker and GCB, current at the point of fault is zero, Class A-2: This refers to faults in generator or bus duct up to GCB, shown as ‘L’ in Fig 4. In this case, turbine is tripped, turbine valves closed; GCB and field breaker tripped without intentional time delay, initiating simultaneously GCB breaker failure. The auxiliaries are fed through unit transformer by back charging of GT. Thus in Class A-2 trip we are able to maintain uninterrupted power to the Unit bus naturally which was not possible in the scheme without GCB. Class B trip also leads to generator breaker (GCB) tripping. Therefore in a GCB scheme when a unittrips on generator ‘or mechanical fault as in Class A-2 or Class B, power supply to unit bus is maintained without the need of fast transfer unlike the scheme without GCB where a fast transfer is required for similar contingency to maintain boiler auxiliaries. Also 90% of unit trips occur due to Class B or Class A-2 trip in practice. Thus fast transfer is ot relevant for units with GCB. Slow change over and Manual live changeover are provided as in conventional plants. Auto Changeover Scheme for other buses The power supply distribution system in a power plant is generally based on the logic of 2 x 100% redundancy. All load centres or buses are supplied with two feeders and related transformers as applicable. The bus configuration is generally two bus sections with a bus-coupler breaker normally open. Each incomer and the related transformer is connected to one bus section and rated to cater to the full load of both the bus sections. Auto changeover is provided in these buses to changeover to the healthy bus by closing the bus coupler, should there be any interruption in any of the incoming feeder. Unit bus is the only bus where the normal power supply can be interrupted due to a non- electrical reason (Class B) subsequent to generator trip. Power interruption to rest of the buses happens only due to electrical fault in the vicinity, (other than manually initiated interruption) This subtle nuance shall be well understood by design engineers. The effect of an electrical fault is manifested by a severe voltage dip. Let us take an example of any 3.3 KV bus. This bus will experience a voltage dip due to any of the faults listed below (Refer Fig 5) Fig.5 Dilerent Fault locations causing votage clip > The incoming feeder and the equipment of the upstream bus (F,) > The upstream switchgear busbar (F.) Fault in any outgoing feeder of the 11kV and 3.3 KV bus (F,) Fault in the incomer connecting to the subject 3.3 KV bus (F,). The primary protection is expected to clear the fault that causes the voltage dip within at the most 200 msec. With coordination interval of 300 msec, auto-changeover tohealthy bus is initiated after a minimum time delay of 500 msec. Auto-change over is initiated by time delayed under voltage signal giving enough time for high speed over current protection to operate first and clear the fault. The incomer breaker of the affected section has to be tripped first before the bus coupler is closed due to an auto-changeover. Other wise the upstream fault may be fed by the “changed over” healthy source causing it to trip also. Its always ‘break before make’ transfer. ‘An electrical fault immediately causes the voltage to collapse. The above mentioned time duration for fault clearance and incomer tripping will cause all the motors connected to the affected bus to pull out. Under this condition if the bus coupler closes, all the motors will start up at the same time. The cumulative start up current of all the motors may cause the healthy incomer to trip on overcurrent. Thus, it is a standard practice to trip the connected motors except may be one or two very vital ones, before the auto-changeover is effected. The standard time adopted in power stations is voltage below 70% with 1.5 sec time delay to trip out the selected motors. The bus coupler is closed after 2 sec. The time and voltage settings can vary a bit from utility to utility and depending on the protection and relaying scheme. Therefore,."slow changeover” is adopted for all buses except for Unit bus. In this type of changeover the voltage of the outgoing is all the motors on the bus are tripped. ‘Thus synchro-check between the outgoing and incoming supply is not required Ithas been found that with the above change-over timing ‘no unit tripping takes place as the auxiliaries are evenly distributed in both the buses. An automatic rundown brings the unit to partial load if required. Thereafter the unit is brought back to full load through automatic switching on the required auxiliaries through DCS. Induction motor voltage decay characteristics after supply disconnection ‘As seen from above discussion, two types of changeover are adopted in power plants. Oneis fast transfer (including in-phase transfer) when the decaying bus voltage and incoming supply are in ‘reasonable’ synchronism. This ensures that transient motor torque is not excessive and well below the Pullout torque (typically 300%) Another is auto-changeover which can be termed as slow transfer where motors are tripped and dead busis ensured before changeover. To understand logic behind slow transfer scheme, it is essential to understand induction motor dynamics under loss of supply conditions. To illustrate the concept, dynamics of a single motor under stator open circuit condition is given below. Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor The conventional equivalent circuit of induction motor is shown in Fig 6. The nomenclature used is given below: Fig.6 Equivalent Crcutfor Induction Motor X,, = Magnetising reactance Xq = Stator leakage reactance Xp = Rotor leakage reactance Xp = Rotor self reactance = Xp + Xy S = Operating stip Ss Ra Rg = Stator resistance = Full toad slip = Rotor resistance = S, 0 (very small, can be ignored) The per unit values for the parameters of equivalent circuit can be found from generally available name plate details. For example, Starting Current, I, = 600% = 6 pu No load Current, I = 30% = 0.3 pu 5% = 0.005 pu Full load slip, S- From the above, Xq + Xp = 1/1, = 0.1666 pu Xy = Xp = 0.0833 pu Xq = 1/Tp = 3.3333 pu Xan = Xa + Xy = 3-4168 pu Ra=S, Rg =0 = 0.5% = 0.005 pu Analysis ‘Assume that the motor is running at specified load. At time 0, the motor is tripped. The stator current instantly falls to zero. The rotor current circulates in the path shown in Fig 6 and will decay as per the open circuit time constant To which is defined by: aa ES (1) Lage = Rotor self inductance = Xp / (2) = 3.4166 /314.17 = 0.0109 TTY = 0.0109 / 0.005 = 2.18 sec T(t) = Igo @xP(+! tp) 2 The internal flux (y) in the machine is proportional to rotor current. w(t) = {1,01 When the supply to motor is cut off, the machine also slows down with time. The rate of decay of machine speed© is inversely proportional to the inertia of the rotor. The voltage developed across the stator terminal (so called residual voltage) is given by: Volt) = oft) x t1,(0] «) In the worst case, we assume the motor has infinite inertia and thus ignore reduction in motor speed during coasting down period. The motor is deemed to be electrically dead or inert when the internal emf of the motor is less than 30%. In this case, full voltage can be applied to the stator jout causing damage to the motor. Ifthe internal voltage is in phase with supply voltage, AV = Differential voltage applied to motor = 1.0 - (0.3) O.7pu. AT = Peak electrical torque 1 V" = 0.49pu Even if the internal emfis 180° out of phase with incoming supply, AV = Differential voltage applied to motor = 1.0 - (-0.3) = 1.3pu. AT = Peak electrical torque x V> 69pu. This is less than typical Pullout torque of 300% From Eqn (2), {Ialt) gh = expt, ) The time for rotor current to fall to 30% of initial value is given by 0.3 = exp(-t/ 2.18 ) 6 sec The rotor current, internal flux and terminal voltage will fall below 30% within 2.6 seconds. The above is based on constant speed assumption. If the motor speed decay is also taken into account, the terminal voltage decay will be even faster (Eqn 3). Hence calculations based on decay of only rotor current (and hence the flux) will give pessimistic results compared to the results when speed decay is also factored in. Hence the mechanical inertia can be ignored safely in judging residual voltage decay. Also, the electrical time constant is of the order of 1 to 4 seconds. The mechanical time constant is very much higher. The motor is electrically dead much earlier than mechanically it is at rest. Site recorded values given in Fig.2 also substantiates the theory. Even a low inertia motor may take a minute for its speed to fall below 30% unless the breaking load torque is excessive. In case of LT motors, typical values are given below: Starting current = 700% No Load current = 70% Full load slip = 1% Open circuit time constant (x,) evaluated based on Eqn (1) is 0.5 sec. Terminal voltage decay is much faster typically less than one second for LT motors. More detailed information on induction motor dynamics is given in Ref [1], As a test case, the residual voltage decay characteristic with ‘normal’ inertia constant for motor & drive (J) was simulated. The simulation was repeated with inertia of the machine increased ten times (10J). The results are given in Fig 7. a 3 i = i Cl tt Fig.7 Speed and Votage Decay Characteristics It can be seen that voltage decay is almost the same in both cases whilst the speed decay is markedly different. For simplicity sake, one motor case is considered to illustrate the basic concepts. In actual practice, a number ‘of motors are connected to a bus. During loss of supply, bus voltage decay is even faster due to exchange of energy among connected motors. The notion that voltage decay will take a very tong time for high inertia motors is a myth. The type of load (fan ‘or pump) corresponding to high or low inertia does not have significant bearing on electrical (voltage) decay characteristic. Field test ‘A field test was carried out in one of the power plants of Author's company to investigate voltage (internal emf) decay characteristics of large induction motor. The aim was to correlate experimental results with theoretical prediction. The time taken for internal emf to die down to, say 30%, represents the time required for motor to become electrically dead or inert. The motor then can then be safely switched to another supply without causing damage to motor. Set up and site results The Single Line Diagram of relevant portion of network is shown in Fig. 8 Since there is only one motor (BFP) on the bus 18C, tripping of incomer breaker (Bkr 1/C) results in cutting off supply to motor. The PT on Bus 1SC measures the decay of internal emf of the = |_ motor. The emf decay Fi98 SLD for BFP motor busao Fig.9 EMF decay characteristics Of BFP Motor characteristics captured by meter is shown in Fig 9 Initial Voltage: 3.851 KV Time to reach 30% voltage (3.851 x 0.3 33sec 155 KV) = Theoretical analysis The major parameters of BFP motor are given below: Rated Voltage: 6.6kV Rated output: MW. Full load speed: 1495RPM Starting current: 600% No Load current: 30% Full load slip: 0.3333% Based on the above name plate data, following the approach described in Cl 8.2, Open circuit time constant of the motor +, = 3.263 sec Time to reach 30% of initial value = 3.9 sec The above reasonably matches with site measurements, Reacceleration Scheme After loss of supply to the bus, motors controlled by breakers are tripped by under voltage lock out relay, After slow transfer supply to affected bus is restored. Through DCS, commands are issued to close relevant motor breakers as per process / safe shut down requirements. By the time slow transfer is complete, motors are electrically dead. Hence closing of breakers does not need any synchro check facility. In some power plants, single phase PT is provided on every motor feeder on the line side to monitor residual voltage before closing the breaker. Provision of single phase PT is not required in case the breaker is reclosed after a couple of seconds. In case of contactor controlled motors, unless special care is taken, the normal contactors ‘naturally drop out within half a cycle after dip in bus voltage either due to electrical fault or loss of supply. In a reacceleration scheme, the control circuit of motor starter scheme is designed to have a ‘ride through’ during momentary Power supply disconnection for critical drives. The motor contactor is held during momentary supply dip / disconnection so that the power supply is reapplied to the motor automatically without human intervention, This is achieved with two timers in the control circuit One timer is an off delay timer which latches on the motor contactor and avoid dropping it off. The off delay timer is usually set based on the expected power supply restoration time. Itis of the order of a few seconds in case of power plant auxiliary system where even with slow transfer supply is restored within 2 to 4 seconds. Another is on delay timer which decides the instant at which motor should start after resumption of power supply. This ensures that all the motors in the plant is not starting at the same time causing voltage dip on the supply bus. The priority of motor starting is decided by the process requirement, In modern numerical relays, reacceleration feature is provided. External timers are not required in schemes with numerical relays. The timers are achieved in reacceleration feature algorithm of the relay. “Restart time” parameter in relay defines the off delay timer setting, “Restart delay" parameter defines the on delay timer setting. In [4] features of reacceleration schemes as applicable to process plants are described in detail Conclusion Auxiliary system of power thermal power plant without GcB, (@) All UAT buses are equipped with fast transfer, in- phase transfer and slow transfer schemes initiated by Class B trip (Class C trip can be eliminated due toTechspace its doubtful utility in practice). (b) Itis recommended to have fast transfer schemes only at the highest voltage level UAT buses. (c) Other buses are equipped with conventional auto- change over scheme which is slow transfer. Auxiliary system of power thermal power plant with GCB, Fast transfer including in-phase transfer is not provided. (©) All buses are equipped with conventional auto- change over scheme which is slow transfer. In case of fast transfer, the switch over to alternate source is effected within a few (2 to 8) cycles. This is to ensure that neither the terminal voltage of motor has fallen down substantially nor the phase angle shifted significantly from incoming supply. Out of phase synchronising that may result in excessive transient electrical torque is avoided This is the corner stone of fast transfer schemes. When a bus with number of induction motors looses power supply, the bus voltage decays from initial value to zero depending on open circuit time constant of motor and inter- motor dynamics. The open circuit time constant is typically 1 to 4 sec depending on motor parameters. The motor is ‘electrically dead if its terminal voltage is less than 30%. Reapplication of voltage is permissible under this condition which will not result in large transient torque. The time take for motor terminal Yoltage to fall below 30% is of the order of a few seconds. The mechanical time constants are orders of magnitude higher. Hence the motor becomes ‘electrically dead’ even though its speed has not fallen down substantially (ust inert rotating mass). When alternate supply is applied as soon as the motor is electrically dead, the motor has to accelerate, not from zero speed, but from significant speed (say 70%) to full load speed (typically 99%). This results in very short starting time. This is the basis for slow change over and reacceleration schemes. Analytical expression for estimating voltage decay time is given. This is verified with actual site measurements. Salient features of ‘Reacceleration Schemes’ are briefly explained. REFERENCES [1] “Induction motor performance during fast transfer", K Rajamani and MV Hariharan, Proceedings of VI national Power System Conference, Bombay, June 1980. [2] "Motor Bus Transfer Applications Issues and Considera- tions", Jon Gardell & Dale Fredrickson, J9 Working Group Report, IEEE Power System’ Relay Committee, May 2012. [3 “Evaluation of generator parameters by online testing’, K Rajamani and Bina Mitra, IEMA Journal, February 2008, pp 68 - 82 [4] “Motor Reacceleration to Improve Process Uptime’ ubomir Sevoy, et al, IEEE Trans Industrial Applications, Jan/ Feb 2016, pp 684-691 Dr. K Rajamani Reliance Infrastructure Ltd, Mumbai Bina Mitra Larson & Toubro Ltd, Mumbai CUSTOM MADE RODS rem Emel re) Vas 180 9001-2008, 180 1400-2008 8 ‘OHSAS 18001:2007 Certified Company AStar Trading house Exporting to 15 Countries Copper Rods (ETP & OFHC) Made from LME Grade ‘A’ Cathodes Technically qualified and experienced Team trained at Southwire USA Largest Product Range @ ETP Rods in Diameter 8, 9.5, 11, 12.5, 16 & 19.6mm_ ‘© Oxygen free high conductivity roads in Diameter 8, 12.5 and 16mm * Continuous Cast Copper Bars Superior properties of TDT Rods 8 ‘© Better Drawability ? © Lesser dust © Lower porosity © Uniformity of bar structure and grain size NE) Ea oa let ee Uae) ila tel re eee ‘TDT Copper tt. 179-186, HSIIDC Growth Centre, Bawa, Dist. 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