Figure 7 Photograph of the fabricated LPF.

[Color figure can be

viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

and 2.76 GHz for simulation and measurement, respectively.

Moreover, the measured insertion loss is less than 0.2 dB in
passband (from DC to 2.55 GHz) and a wide bandstop performance is realized from 2.96 to 13.2 GHz. Using the definitions of
selectivity in Ref. 15, the selectivities of 64.2 dB/GHz and 53.4
dB/GHz are obtained for simulation and measurement, respectively. Regarding the S11 parameter, the return loss is greater
than 18 dB in passband for both simulated and measured results
that show a good matching of input impedance. In the stopband,
from 2.96 to 10.2 GHz, the S11 is less than 0.6 dB for both
simulated and measured results, which means that the radiation
loss in this frequency range is negligible. Although some frequency deviations of the transmission zeros can be observed,
probably owing to the SMA connector and fabrication inaccuracy. Besides the desired characteristics, the proposed LPF with
the overall area of 3.6  2.2 cm2 can be seen from Figure 7.
4. CONCLUSIONS

A microstrip LPF based on a combination of CMRCs and

uniquely shaped DGS cells is presented to optimize the filter
performances. The selectivity of the proposed LPF has been successfully increased by five times compared to the one in Ref.
11. The proposed LPF has been simulated, fabricated, and measured. Insertion loss of less than 0.2 dB and return loss of greater
than 18 dB are achieved in passband, which is implying a good
passband characteristic of the proposed LPF. The selectivity of
53.4 dB/GHz and a stop bandwidth of 10.24 GHz are also
achieved. Good agreement between measurement and simulation
is observed in both passband and stopband. As can be concluded, the results indicate that the proposed filter has many desirable features such as low insertion loss, sharp roll-off, and
wide stopband.
REFERENCES
1. J.S. Hong and M.J. Lancaster, Microstrip filters for RF/microwave
applications, Wiley, New York, 2001.
2. M.K. Mandal and S. Sanyal, A novel defected ground structure for
planar circuits, IEEE Microw Wirel Compon Lett 16 (2006),
9395.
3. M.K. Mandal, P. Mondal, S. Sanyal, and A. Chakrabarty, Low
insertion loss, sharp-rejection and compact microstrip lowpass filters, IEEE Microw Wirel Compon Lett 16 (2006), 600602.
4. D. Ahn, J.-S. Park, C.-S. Kim, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, A design of
the lowpass filter using the novel microstrip defected ground structure, IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 49 (2001), 8693.

2464

5. S.-W. Ting, K.-W. Tam, and R.P. Martins, Miniaturized microstrip

lowpass filter with wide stopband using double equilateral Ushaped defected ground structure, IEEE Microw Wirel Compon
Lett 16 (2006), 240242.
6. Q. Chen and J. Xu, DGS resonator with two transmission zeros
and its application to lowpass filter design, Electron Lett 46
(2010), 14471449.
7. H. Oraizi and M.S. Esfanhlan, Impedance matching and spuriousresponse suppression in stepped-impedance low pass filters, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53 (2011), 20812086.
8. A. Balalem, A.R. Ali, J. Machac, and A. Omar, Quasi-elliptic
microstrip lowpass filters using an interdigital DGS slot, IEEE
Microw Wirel Compon Lett 17 (2007), 586588.
9. J. Yang and W. Wu, Compact elliptic-function lowpass filter using
defected ground structure, IEEE Microw Wirel Compon Lett 18
(2008), 578580.
10. A. Boutejdar, A. Omar, E. Burte, A. Batmanov, and R. Mikuta, A
new logarithmic method to minimize the size of low-pass filter
using multilayer and defected ground structure technique, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53 (2011), 25612566.
11. Y. Yang, X. Zhu, and N.C. Karmakar, Compact microstrip lowpass
filter for harmonics suppression using a new defected ground structure, Microwave Opt Technol Lett (in press).
12. J.-L. Li, S.-W. Qu, and Q. Xue, Compact microstrip lowpass filter
with sharp roll-off and wide stop-band, Electron Lett 45 (2009),
110111.
13. L. Li, Z.-F. Li, and Q.-F. Wei, Compact and selective lowpass filter with very wide stopband using tapered compact microstrip resonant cells, Electron Lett 45 (2009), 267268.
14. M. Hayati, A. Sheikhi and A. Lotfi, Compact lowpass filter with
wide stopband using modified semi-elliptic and semi-circular
microstrip patch resonator, Electron Lett 46 (2010), 15071509.
15. N.C. Karmakar and M.N. Mollah, Investigations into nonuniform
photonic-bandgap microstripline low-pass filters, IEEE Trans
Microw Theory Tech 51 (2003), 564572.
C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V

FOCKS INTEGRAL AND PEKERISS

INTEGRAL CALCULATION FOR
DIFFRACTION ON DIELECTRIC CONVEX
SURFACE
J. F. Legendre,1 T. Marsault,1 G. Landouer,1 and D. Cueff2
1

, 35170
DGA Information Superiority, TEC/SPC, route de Laille
Bruz, France; Corresponding author: jeff.legendre@free.fr
2

, 35170
DGA Information Superiority, CGN-1/EMR, route de Laille
Bruz, France
Received 28 January 2012
ABSTRACT: This note describes a complete mathematical method to
compute Focks integral or Pekeriss integral that appears in diffraction
coefficient on dielectric convex surface proposed by Pathak [Radio Sci 14
C 2012
(1979), 419435]. Our solution is valid in all space above surface. V
Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:24642468, 2012;
View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27149
Key words: uniform theory of diffraction; Focks integral; Pekeriss
integral; grazing wave diffraction

1. DEFINITION OF FOCKS INTEGRAL AND PEKERISS

INTEGRAL

Focks integral is defined by:

Pn; q

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 54, No. 11, November 2012

Fz; qe
jnz dz

1

DOI 10.1002/mop

(1)

gin to replace Airy functions by these asymptotic developments

(at first order) [1]:
w2 z

jme
w02 z

jne

jh

(6)

j/

(7)

with
h
Figure 1

Diffraction on convex surface


1 p 4 3=2
p
/


z
2 2 3
2

and m n

1

1=4

(8)

Then, F(z,q) becomes:

with
Ai0 z
q Aiz
Bi z
qBiz
jAi0 z
q Aiz
V 0 zs
qVzs
0
w2 z
qw2 z

Fz; q

p
j j
n=mejh
/
q j 1 j4z3=2
j z
q
3
p

Fz; q
e
j2h
2 2
j z
q
n=me
jh
/
q 2 2
(9)

1
w1 z
w2 z
2j
p
w1 z pBiz6j Aiz
p
w2 z pBiz6j Aiz
Vz

(2)
(3)

(4)

w0 1 z
qw1 z
jnz
e dz
0

1 w 2 z
Z
qw2 z
1

Pn; q 2j1

e
jnz dz Pn; q

1

p
4 3=2
j
z
q
dz
ejnz3z p
j
z

q

1

1
Z 1
1
1

p n; q

eqz f z; qdz
(10)
2n
2
1

Pn; q

Ai(z) and Bi(z) are Airy functions defined in Ref. 1.

This integral is used to compute diffracted field on dielectric
convex surface [2] that can be approximated locally by a tangent
ellipsoid (see Fig. 1). The factor q depends on surface impedance and ray curvatures of the surface. Parameter n is associated
with angular coordinate of observation point. The zone where n
is very near to 0 define the optical limit SSB between shadow
region (n < 0) and lightened region (n > 0) where incident field
exists. Focks integral makes appear a singular term undefined
at SSB line proportional to n
1.
Let define Pekeris integral p*(n,q) which is continuous for n
0 and is equal to:
p n; q 2j1

Focks integral is given by (making assumption that n
1 is

near to 0):

1
2n

(5)

j
2

ejnz dz

1
2

We have a magnitude function

p

j z
q
f z; q p
j z
q

(11)

and a phase term

qz j


4 3=2
nz z
3

(12)

This integral is evaluated using stationary phase integration

method [3] at point z zs, which is given by cancellation of the
first derivative of the phase term q(z) (looking for the extremum
such as q0 (zs) 0). It can be easily demonstrated from Eq. (12)
p
that zs
0:5n. If we set the variable change q(z) q(zs)

2
s , this enables to rewrite Focks integral as:
1
Pz; q eqzs
2

The evaluation of these integrals is divided into three parts.

We define two real values A < 0 and B > 0. The numerical
integration methods depend on n value:

Gse
s ds

(13)

1

With
n < A ! asymptotic development,
A < n < B ! Filons integration and integration by parts,
n > B ! residus method.

Gs f z; q

@z
f z; qus
@s

(14)

At second order, the integral tends toward the value:



p
p qzs
1 @2
e
Gs
Gs
2
4 @s2
s!0
zzs


p
p qzs
1 00 3
e

f / f / 3//0 f 0 f /00
2
4
s!0

2. NUMERICAL CALCULATION IN THE LIGHTENED REGION

When observation point is inside lighted region, then n < A <

0. Integration path is purely real. The norm of F(z,q) is limited
and its maximum magnitude is 1 because z is real. Poles of
F(z,q), where w20 (z)
q w2(z) 0, are all located in the inferior
half-plane defined by Im(z)>0. In this part, Focks integral can
be evaluated by stationary phase integration method. The value
of A must be great enough because the use of this method supposes that the exponential function of the numerator decays
quickly outside stationary phase which is the main contributor
of the integral. This point must be also far enough from the ori-

DOI 10.1002/mop

Pn; q

(15)

zzs

with

@f z; q
jqz
1=2 
p
f

@z
j z
q2 
0

(16)
zzs

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 54, No. 11, November 2012

2465


2
@ f z; q
3 jqz
1=2 
f
q
p 3 
@z2
2zj z
q 
00

(17)

Focks integral in the shadow region is given by the following complex sum:

zzs

1
X
1
e
jnzs
Pn; q e
jp=6
2
as Aias 2
Ai0 as 2

By derivations of q (z) q (zs)
s , we show

/

p

2s

jn
q0 zs

(18)

/0

/2 q000
2j


3n
3q00

(19)
p

/00

6/2 /0 q000 3/02 q00 /4 q00 00

4jej4


4/q00
3
n5=2

(20)

By replacing all these results into relation (15), we obtain the

second-order asymptotic expression of the Focks integral in the
lightened region:
r

jpn j 1 n3
Pn; q
e 12
9
48

j 0
jn 00
>
>1 j >
>
f
f
 :
;
q


z
;
q


z
;
q
;fz
s
s
s
2n
4
3n3
21

At first order, we keep only the contribution of the first pole.

Magnitude of Eq. (27) decays exponentially if imaginary part of
this pole is negative. This behavior is typical of the grazing diffracted wave on the convex surface.
Complex poles zs are deduced from differential equation of
Riccati (28) which is obtained by the derivation of w20 (z)
q
w2 (z) 0
@w02 zs
qw2 zs w002 zs @zs
@q w2 zs
q w02 zs @zs 0
(28)
As w200 (z) z w2 (z), this leads to
@zs
1

@q zs
q2

3. NUMERICAL CALCULATION IN THE SHADOW REGION



Pn; q
2pj
Res Fzs ; qe
jnzs
1
X
V 0 zs
qVzs
 e
jnzs

2pj
@
0 z
qw z
w
2
2
@z
zzs

(22)

As w200 (z) z w2 (z), this equation becomes

Pn; q
2pj

1
X
V 0 zs w2 zs
Vzs w0 2 zs

zs w2 zs 2
w0 2 zs 2

e
jnzs

(23)

From definition of w2(z) and V(z), the numerator of Eq. (23)

can be expressed with a Wronskian, that is, W(f,g) f  g0
f0
 g, of two particular complex functions of Airy. In Ref. 1, it is
demonstrated that this Wronskian equals to e
jp/6/(2p), so the
numerator equals
1.
V 0 zs w2 zs
Vzs w02 zs
2pe
jp=6
h
i
 Aizs Ai0 zs e
j2p=3
Ai0 zs Aizs e
j2p=3
1

24

Then,

e
jnzs


2
2
ej4p=3 zs Aizs e
j2p=3
Ai0 zs e
j2p=3

25

Let define
as ej4p=3 zs e
j2p=3 zs

2466

(30)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

zo such Ai(zo) 0

zo such Ai0 (zo) 0

2.33810

4.08794

5.52055

6.78670

7.94413

9.02300

10.0400

11.0090

11.9360

12.8290

1.01879

3.24819

4.82009

6.16330

7.37217

8.48800

9.53500

10.5280

11.4750

12.3850

4. NUMERICAL CALCULATION IN THE TRANSITION REGION

When n is near to 0 (A < n < B), both method presented before

are not suitable anymore. Focks integral P(n,q) is computed by
the sum of three integral I1, I2, and I3 as shown below:
Z B
Z 1
Fz; qejnz dz
Fz; qe
jnz dz
Pn; q


A
A
Z 1
Fz; qe
jnz dz I1 I2 I3
31



Res Fzs ; qe
jnzs
4pe
j2p=3

8
9
1
1 2 > 1
1 > 3
;q   
q

q : 2
3
5
zo
2zo
3zo
2zo

This table gives the first zeros of Airy functions Ai(z) and
Ai0 (z).
Order

1
X

(29)

The computation of zs can be achieved from the well-known

solutions zo, when q 0 (perfectly conducting surface using the
Taylors development
zs
zo

When n > B in the shadow region, poles zs of F(z,q) (which

give w20 (zs)
q w2 (zs) 0) are all located in the inferior complex plane, where Im(z) < 0. It is possible to evaluate Focks integral with residues technique. Then, we can write:

(27)

(26)

As magnitude of A is greater than 1, we can use the asymptotic

form of Focks integral (10). This makes appears a term proportional to n
1 (the typical singularity of Focks integral) and a
new continuous integral I1*:
8
9
p
Z
Z
3=2
j 1 jnz
1 1 j:nz43z ;
j z
q
p
I1
dz
e dz
e
2
A
2
A
j z
q
1
1

e
jnA I1
(32)
2n
2

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 54, No. 11, November 2012

DOI 10.1002/mop

I3

1
2

f z; qeqz dz

(38)

4
qz jnz
z3=2
3
p

z
q
f z; q
p
z
q

(39)
(40)

There is a great analogy between computation of I3 and I1*.

So, we use twice integration by parts and it can be shown that
integral I3 is given by relation (41). Because of the exponential
term which decays quickly with factor B, this integral has a
lower contribution than I1 and I2.
8
9
1
f 0 B; q q00 Bf B; q>
4 3=2 >f B; q
>
>
>

I3

ejnB e
3B >


: q0 B
;
2
q0 B2
q0 B3
Figure 2 Pekeriss function for q 0. [Color figure can be viewed in
the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Relation (32) shows that Focks integral presents a discontinuity when n 0. However, Pekeriss integral remains continuous because:

The second integral I1* has the following form

I1

I1

f z; qeqz dz

(41)

1
1
e
jnA
j
1
j
I1

I1 A
nA2
n2 A3
2n
2
4
12
2n

(42)

(33)

A

Using Eqs. (5), (31), and (41), Pekeriss integral tends to the
continuous value:

Integration by parts gives

9


Z1 8
f z; q qz 1
f z; q>
>

>
>
I1


e
:
;eqz dz
q0 z
q0 z

A

p  n; q Pn; q
(34)

1
j

A I1 I2 I3
2n 2

(43)

A

5. VALIDATION

Making this treatment twice, it can be demonstrated that

"

8
9 #1
f z; q f 0 z; q q00 zf z; q>

qz >
>
>
>
I1 e >


: 0
;
2
q z
q0 z3
q0 z
8
9
A
Z 1
0
00
>
@ >
f
z;
q
q
z


f
z;
q
q
z
qz
>
>
>
>


:
;e dz
3
0
@z
q
z

A

35

The remaining integral has not so much contribution because

of term q0 (-A)3 with
A 1. Then we have 0:
I1

e

q
A

8
9
>
f
A; q f 0
A; q q
Af
A; q>
>
>
>
>

: q0
A
;
2
q0
A3
q0
A

Figures 2 and 3 show real and imaginary parts of Pekeriss integral, where parameter n varies from
3 to 2. The convex surface is supposed to be perfectly conducting. Parameter q can
have only two values (0 and 1) that depends on wave polarization. Our solution gives the same results as those published by
Pathak [2]
Figures 4 and 5 show real and imaginary parts of Pekeriss
integral, where parameter n varies from
4 to 2. The convex
surface is supposed to be dielectric. Our solution is checked
with the value of q proposed by Kin and Wang [4], that is, q

1.9706 j 0.246060 and q 0.51418 j 0.0225. Our

(36)

Integral I2 can be divided into two Filons integral with a

characteristic parameter t nd. They can be evaluated by
Filons integration method described in Ref. 1. Discretization
factor in range [A,B] must be chosen carefully to have an accurate estimation of I2 because function F(z,q) presents a high
spot for z [ [04], if parameter q is positive and real.
This spike is very narrow when q is between 1 and 2. So,
discretization step of F(z,q) should be small enough to take into
account one point of this spot.
I2

ZA

Fz; qe
jnz dz
Fz; q cosnz dz
j

Fz; q sinnz dz

(37)

Using asymptotic form (9) valid for z >> 1 and setting the
variable change z
z, integral I3 can be rewritten as

DOI 10.1002/mop

Figure 3 Pekeriss function for q 1. [Color figure can be viewed

in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 54, No. 11, November 2012

2467

4. H.T. Kim and N. Wang, UTD solution for electromagnetic scattering by circular cylinder with thin lossy coatings, IEEE Trans
Antennas Propag 37 (1989).
5. J.F. Legendre, PhD Thesis, Study of propagation prediction models
based on UTD, INSA of Rennes, n D9501, January 1995.
C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V

MINIATURIZED PLANAR ULTRAWIDEBAND ANTENNA ON A

TRAPEZOIDAL GROUND FED WITH A
TAPERED MICROSTRIP LINE
Yangjun Zhang and Masayuki Hara
Department of Electronics and Informatics, Ryukoku University,
Seta, Otsu 520-2194, Japan; Corresponding author:
zhang@rins.ryukoku.ac.jp
Figure 4 Pekeriss function for q
1.9706 j 0.246060. [Color
figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Received 29 January 2012

ABSTRACT: A miniaturized planar ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is
proposed. The antenna is fed with a tapered microstrip line. A
trapezoidal ground pattern is studied to improve impedance matching
over the UWB frequency range. The total size of proposed antenna is 22
 25 mm2, which is much smaller than the antenna with a conventional
C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol
square ground. V
Lett 54:24682472, 2012; View this article online at
wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27148
Key words: planar UWB antenna; tapered feed line; trapezoidal
ground; group delay

1. INTRODUCTION

Figure 5 Pekeriss function for q 0.51418 j 0.022532. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

solution gives the same results as those published by Kim and

Wang.
6. CONCLUSIONS

An alternative manner to compute Focks integral and Pekeriss

integral has been discussed in this article that enables to treat
UTD diffraction on convex dielectric surface with coefficient
proposed by Pathak [2]. A good behavior of our solution has
been proven by simulations and comparisons with others published solutions. In addition, this solution has been widely used
in its propagation models [5] by DGA Maitrise de lInformation.
REFERENCES
1. M. Abramowitz, I. Stegun, Handbook of mathematical functions,
Dover Publications, New York, NY, 1965.
2. P.H. Pathak, An asymptotic analysis of the scattering of plane
waves by a smooth convex cylinder, Radio Sci 14 (1979),
419435.
3. G.L. James, Geometrical theory of diffractionElectromagnetic
waves, IEE Electromagnetic Waves Series 1, 3rd ed. revised, Peregrinus Ltd.

2468

Printed planar ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is a good candidate for UWB system, because it has the attractive features
such as low-profile, light-weight, and suitability for fabrication.
A circular disk monopole antenna with 25-mm disk diameter
made of a 0.5-mm-thick brass plate, which was mounted on a
300  300 mm2 large ground plane, was reported to yield a
very wide impedance bandwidth from 2.25 to 17.25 GHz [1].
A planar monopole antenna implemented on a FR-4 substrate
was proposed in Refs. 2 and 3, and its operating principle has
been analyzed in detail [24]. The antenna reported in Refs. 2
and 3 is fed by a uniform microstrip line, and the ground is a
conventional square shape. The total size of the antenna is
about 50  40 mm2, and the radius of the circular radiation
disk is 10 mm.
Feed line and ground shape of the planar UWB antenna have
been studied to enhance impedance matching. It has been shown
that bandwidth enhancement can be achieved using a tapered
feed line or a tapered slot [5, 6]. It was also shown that ground
shape affects impedance matching over wide frequency band
[79]. For example, slot ground [7] and notched ground plane
[8] have been proposed. With the development of the latest
UWB communication system, there has been wide interest in
small UWB antennas [9, 10]. Antenna is expected to be small
enough to be embedded in the UWB device.
This article presents a miniaturized planar UWB antenna
with the total size of 22  25 mm2. A tapered feed line is used,
and a trapezoidal ground is studied to improve impedance
matching over 3.110.6 GHz frequency band. The simulated and
measured results are discussed on input impedance characteristic, radiation pattern, and group delay characteristic over UWB
frequency range.

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 54, No. 11, November 2012

DOI 10.1002/mop