DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 1
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1.

An equation containing independent variable, dependent variable & differential coeffecients of dependent variables w.r.t. independent
variable is called differential equation.

2.

If all the diff erential c oeffecients are pres ent w.r.t. one independent variable then the differenti al equation is called ordinary
differential equ. If they are present w.r.t. more than one independent variables then it is called partial differential equ.
3

d2 y

dy
x
2
dx
dx
2 y
x
3.

2 y

ODE

z 2

PDE.

Differential equation represents a family of curve which share some common characteristics

dy
5
dx

e.g.1 :

y = 5x + c

family of lines with slope 5

xy

e.g.2 :

dy
0
dx

x 2 y2 k

family of hyperbola with centre as (0, 0) & pair of asymptotes as y =

4.

The family of curves obtained after intergrating the given differential equ., free from differential coeffecients & containing arbitrary
constants is called general solution or solution or integral curves or primitive.
If all the arbitrary constants present in general sol. are substituted with some specific values then the obtained equ. is called
particular sol.

5.

Order & Degree :

The order of highest order differential coeffecient present in the equation is called order of differential equation
2

8
d3 y
2 dy

y
3
dx x 0
dx

e.g. :

order = 3.

The exponent of highest order differential coefficient present in the equation is called the degree of differential equation provided
all the differential coefficients are present in polynomial form.
Order of a differential equ. is always defined while degree need not to be defined.
7

e.g. : 1

order

d3 y
d2 y
3 2
dy
dx

25

y7 x 0

degree

degree

undefined

e.g.: 2

order

d5 y
dy / dx
x3
5 e
dx

5
d4 y

e.g.: 3
order

e dx x 4

e.g.: 4
order

degree

y
""

y ' sin1 y 0
degree

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 2

y ""2 y '1/ 3 x

e.g.: 5
order - 4

degree

degree

sin1 y " x3 n x

(iv)

order

FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

NOTE :

(A) If the equation of family of curves is given then

(i) count the no. of independent arbitrary constants say n
The no. of independent arbitrary constants will be the order of differential equ. to be formed

sin3 x k1 k 2

e.g. 1: y =

e.g.2 : y =

kek 2 x k 4

order

A sin x B cos x

order

order

k1ek 2 x k 3 k 4

=
e.g.3 : y =
e.g.4 :

e.g.5 :

sin3 x k

order

y=

y A sin x c cos x D
y

sin1 x cos1 x
k1 k 2

k 3 k 4 sin x .

(ii) Differentiate the given equation n times. Eliminate these n arbitrary constants from these n + 1 equations, one given and n
obtained.
(iii) The eliminant of above will be req. differential equ.
(B) If the equations are given in terms of language then form the corresponding mathematical equation & hence differential equation
thus obtained is Reqd. D.E.
Q.

Form the differential equ. for follow family of curves

(i)

y k1e x k 2

y ' k1e x
e x y ' k1
e x y ' e x y " 0
y = y.

(ii) y =

k1e x k 2 e x

y ' k1e x k 2e x
y " k1ex k 2 e x
(iii)

y k1e x k 2 e x

y ' k1e x k 2e x
y =

k1e x k 2 e x y .

y = y..

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(iv)

y k1x3 5

y =

3k1x2

y =

y 5
3x 2 3
x

(v)

y eax b c

y=

keax c

y 5
3
x

PAGE # 3

y ' ak eax
e ax y ' ak
ae ax y ' e ax y " 0
y = ay
y = ay.
(vi) Family of circles centred at origin

x 2 y2 k 2
x yy ' 0
(vii) Family of circles having centre at line x = 1 & radius = 2

x 12 y k 2 4

x 1 y k y ' 0
y k

x 1

x 12

y'

x 12
y ' 2

4.

(viii) Family of parabolas axis // to x-axis & the vertex at (4, 5)

y 52 a x 4
2 y 5 y ' a

y 5 2 2 y 5 y ' x 4

y 5 2 x 4 y ' .
(ix) Circle touching x-axis at origin
2

x2 y r r2

x 2 y2 2yr 0
x2
y 2r 0
y

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

2xy y ' x 2

PAGE # 4

y' 0

y2

2xy x 2 y 2 y ' .
(x)

y 2 2c x c

2yy ' 2c

y 2yy ' x yy '

y 2y ' x yy ' .
y 2 2yy ' x c
2

SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

1.

A solution of a differential equ. will satisfy it identically

e.g. : Find which one of the follow/s is/are sol. of differential equ.
(i) y =

Sol.

y" y 3 0

a sin x b cos x

(ii)

y 3 asin x b cos x

(iii)

y 3 a sin x bcos x

(iv)

y 4 sin x 3

Checking option (ii)

y " a sin x b cos x

y " y 3

as bc as bc 3 3 0
Sol.

Checking option (iv)

y " 4 sin x

4s 4s 3 3 0 .
2.

For a general curve

(a) Tangent

Yy

dy
X x
dx

(b) Normal

Yy

dx
X x
dy

(c) Intercepts made by tangent on both the axes are A :

3.

y
x y ' , 0

&B:

0, y xy ' .

(a) R.P. = Length of tangent Intercepted portion of tangent b/w pt. & x-axis
(b) P.S. = Intercepted portion of normal b/w pt. & x-axis Length of Normal.
(c) RQ = subtangent = Projection of length of tangent on x-axis
(d) QS = Projection of length of normal on x-axis Subnormal.
Subnormal = QS = y tang = yy

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 5

y 1 y '

Length of normal = PS =

subtangent =

y
y'

Length of tangent =

4.

d =

1
y 1
y'

dx 2 dy 2
B

Length of curve = AB =

d
A

dx dy

1 y ' dx

METHODS OF SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

1.

Variable separable :
Take dy on one side of equation & dx on other side. If all the terms containing y can be clubed with dy & the terms containing x can
be clubed with dx then it is variable separable form.
Separate the terms & then intergrate.
(i)

sin x cos y

dy
0
dx

sin x dx cos y dy
cos x sin y c .
(ii)

dy

2 cos x tan y 3 dx 0

2 cos x dx 3 cot y dy
2x sin x 3 n sin y c
(iii)

2 sin 3x dy y2 1 dx 0

2 sin 3x dy y 2 1 dx
dx
dy

0
2 sin 3x y 2 1

dx

2 sin3x + y

dy
2

=0

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

3x
sec 2 dx
2
3x
3x
2 2 tan2 2 tan
2
2

PAGE # 6

tan1 y c .

dy
e3x y ey sin x
dx

(iv)

dy
e3x .ey e y sin x
dx

e y dy e3x sin x dx

e y e3x

cos x c .
1
3
(v)

dy
n ax by
dx

dy
eax by
dx

dy
eax .eby
dx

eby dy eax dx

eby eax

c.
b
a

(v i) Fi nd c urve (wh ic h is n ot p as s i ng t hrou gh origi n) f or whic h len gth of n ormal at a p oint is equal to rad ius
vector ?
Sol.

Length of normal = radius vector

y 2 1 y '
yy =

y 1 y ' x 2 y 2

y2

y2 x2 k .
(vii) Find curve for which segment of tangent contained b/w coordinate axes is bisected by the point & the curve passes through
(3, 4)

A:

y
x y '

x A xB
xp
2

y
0
y'
x
2

y
x
y'

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 7

dy dx

y
x

n y n x c

( (3, 4) lies on the curve)

xy = k = 12.
Q.8

Fin d th e c u rve pas s ing through ( 1, 2 ) f or wh ic h mid pt. of (l engt h of ) tangen t is bis ec ted at its pt . of x with
y-axi s

x A xP
0
2

y
x 0
y'

2x

y
y'

2dy dx

y
x
2 n y n x c

y 2 kx
(1, 2) k = 4

y 2 4x .
Q.9

Find curve for which area bounded by curve, the coordinate axes & a variable ordinate is equal to the length of corresponding arc
in 1st quad. & given that curve passes through (0, 1) ?

Ar OAPQ PQ
x

y dx

1 y ' dx

f x dx

y = f(x)

1.y =

1 y '

y 2 1 y '

y ' y2 1

y=

y=1

dy
y2 1

dx

n y y2 1 x c

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 8

n y y2 1 x
y y2 1 e x
y y2 1 e x

2y e x e x
y

ex e x
2

& y = 1.

(B) Reducial to Variable separable :

dy
f ax by c
dx
let ax + by + c = t
a + by =

dt
dx

a bf t

dt
dx

dt
dx .
a f t

1.

dy
dx

sin 2x 3y cos 2x 3y 4

2x + 3y = t
2 + 3y =

dt
dx

2 + 3(sin (t) + cos(t) + 4) =

dt
dx

dt
dx .
3sin t 3cos t 14

2.

dy
2
x y
dx

3.

dy x y 1

dx x y 2

4.

x y 1 dy x y 1
x y 2 dx x y 2

5.

dy
x tan y x 1
dx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
2.

x+ y= t
1 + y =

1+

dt
dx
dt
dx

t2

dt

dx = 1 t

1
x + c = tan x y .

3.

x+ y= t
1 + y =

dt
dx

t 1 dt

t 2 dx

t 2 t 1 dt

t2
dx
2t 1 dt

t 2 dx

t2

dx = 2t 1 dt .
4.

x+ y= t

dt
dx

1 y '

1+

t 1 t 2 dt
t 2 t 1 dx

t 2 t 2 t 2 t 2 dt

dx
t 2 t 1

2 t2 2

t 2 t 1
2dx dt

5.

dt
dx

x tan t

dt
dx

t 2 t 1

yx t
y ' 1

dt
dx

PAGE # 9

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 10

x dx = cot dt
x2
c n | sin y x | .
2
3.

Variable separable using Trigonometric substitution :

(a)

y r sin
r cos

&x=

(b)

x y2 r 2

(c)

tan y / x

(d)

x dx ydy r dr

(e)

sec 2 d

x dy y dx
x2

r 2 d xdy y dx .
T-2:

(a)

x r sec
y=

r tan

(b)

x2 y2 r 2

(c)

y
sin
x

(d)

x dx y dy r dr

(e)

cos d

xdy ydx
x2

x dy y dx r 2 sec d .

1.

xdx ydy
xdy ydx
r dr
r 2 sec d
dr
1 r2

1 x2 y2
=

x2 y2
1 r2

r2

sec d

n r 1 r 2 n sec tan c

2.

x 2 xdx ydy 2y xdy ydx 0

r 2 cos2 r dr 2r sin r 2 d 0

cos2 .dr 2sin d 0

dr 2 tan sec d 0

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 11

r 2 sec c 0

xdx ydy
3.

x y

ydx xdy
x2

4.

xdx ydy x xdy ydx

5.

x yy '
1 x2 y2

xy ' y
x2 y2

3.

r dr
r 2 d
2
r
r cos2

dr = sec
r=

4.

r2

tan c .

r dr =

r cos r 2 d

dr cos d

1
c sin .
r

5.

1 x2 y2
x yy '

xy ' y
x2 y 2

r cos r sin y '

1 r2

r cos y ' r sin

r2

x+

dy
dx

dr
1 r2

xdx y dy
r dr

xdy ydx r 2 d

1 r2
r

d .

a x b1y c1
dy
1
dx a2 x b2 y c 2

a2 xdy b2 ydy c 2 dy a1xdx b1ydx c1dx

b2 ydy c 2 dy a1xdx c1dx a2 xdy b1ydx 0
If

a2 b1 0

a2 xdy b1ydx

a2 xdy ydx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

e.g.: 1

PAGE # 12

dy 3x 4y 5

dx 4x 8y 9

4xdy 8ydy 9dy 3xdx 4ydx 5dx

8ydy 9dy 3xdx 5dx 4 xdy ydx 0 .

4xy 4y 2 9y

e.g.2 :

3x2
5x c
2

dy
x 4y 9

dx 4x 16y 1

x + 4y = t.

e.g.3 :

dy 2x 3y

dx 3x 2y

Integrate term by term

e.g.:4 :

3dy 9x 8y

dx
8x 2y

e.g.: 5:

dy
3x 4y

.
dx 2x 9y 7

HOMOGENOUS D.Es :

The equation of the form

dy P x, y

dx Q x, y

is called homogenous differential equation where P & Q are homogenous functions of

same degree.

In this case R.H.S ca also be written as

y
f
x

[By cancelling xn from numerator & D r of R.H.S. where n is the degree of P & Q.]
To solve put y/x = t
y = xt

dy
dt
tx
dx
dx
f(t) = t +

dt
dx

f(t) t =

dt
dx

1
dt
dx
x
f t t

Q.1

dy 3x 4y

dx 4x 3y
As it is homog. diff equ.
using y/x = t

variable separable.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 13

dx
dt

3 4t
x
t
4 3t

n x

4 3t dt
3 3t 2

dy
y 2 y2 x2
dx

2.

3.

dy x2 xy

dx x 2 y2

4.

y
y
x sin dy y sin x dx .
x

5.

2.

2
2
dy y 2 y x

dx
x

3xy y 2 dx x 2 dy

dx
dt

x
t 2 t2 1 t

ln x

3.

1
n t t2 1 c
2

dy x2 xy

dx x 2 y2

dx
dt

1 t
x
t
1 t2

1 t dt
=
t 1 t
2

1 t 2 dt
dx

x
1 t3

1 t dt
n x
1 t t t 1
2

4.

dy y sin y / x x

dx
x sin y / x

+ c.

t = y/x.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 14

dx
dt

t sin t 1
x
t
sin t

n x sin t dt .

5.

dy x 2 3xy y 2

dx
x2
dx
dt

x
1 3t t 2 t
n x

6.

t 1

dt
=

t 2t 1

dt

t 12

Find the curve for which subnormal is equals to summation of coordinates

yy ' x y
y =

xy
y

dx
dt

1 t
x
t
t
7.

t dt
=

1 t t2

Find the curve for which ratio of subnormal to the sum of coordinates is equals to that of ordinate & absicca ?

yy '
y

xy x
y = 0 or y =

8.

xy
x

If the area bounded by the curve b/w x = , x = x, y = 0 & the curve is = ratio of cube of ordinate to absicca
x

y dx

y=

y3
x

3y 2 y ' x y 3
x2

x2 y y3

9.

3y 2 x

y' .

Find the curve for which angle formed by x-axis at any pt. is twice the

tan =

y
x

tan 2 y '

formed by polar radius of pt. of tangency with x-axis

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

2y / x

y'

y
1
x

dx

dt
2t
1 t2

10.

y y ' 2xy ' y 0

y =

2x 4x 2 4y 2
2y

y =

x x2 y2
y

dx
dt

x
1 1 t 2
t
t

11.

1 e dx e
x/y

x/y

1 x / y dy 0

x/y

e 1 x / y
dx

dy
1 ex / y
dy
dt

t
y
e 1 t
1 et

12.

ydx

xy x dy 0

dy
y

dx 2 xy x
dx

dt
t
t
2 t 1

dy
1 x2 y 2 x 2 y 2 .
dx

Q.3

xy 2

REDUCIBLE TO HOMOGENOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

PAGE # 15

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

T-1.

PAGE # 16

a x b1y c1
dy
1
dx a2 x b2 y c 2
x=x+ h
y= y+ k

a x b1y a1h b1k c1

dy
1
dx a2 x b2 y a2h b2k c 2

If h & k are chosen such that

a1h b1k c1 0
a2h b2k c 2 0 .
dy a1x b1y

dx a2 x b2 y
dx
dt

t.
a
x
1 b1t
a 2 b2 t

Ex-1.

dy
x 2y 5

dx 3x 4y 11
x=x+ h
y= y+ k

dy
x 2y

dx 3x 4y
h + 2k 5 = 0
3h + 4k 11 = 0
h = 1, k = 2

dx
dt

2t
x
t
3 4t
T-2:

Q.1

3 4t dt
1 t 4t 2

x 1

If x & y is present as f(x) & g(y) then search f(x) with dx & g(y) with dy.

dy 3x3 4y 2 x 7x

dx 4x 2 y 5y3 8y

2
2
x 3x 4y 7
y 4x2 5y2 8

y dy 3x 2 4y2 7

x dx 4x 2 5y2 8
dy2
dx2

3x2 4y 2 7
4x2 5y 2 8

y 2.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 17

dy 3x 4y 7

dx 4x 5y 8
4xy

5 2
3
5
3
y 8y x 2 7x c 4x 2 y 2 y 4 8y2 x 4 7x 2 c
2
2
2
2

2.

sec y 3cos x 4 sin y

dy

dx cos ec x 4 cos x 5 sin y

3.

x y dx 2xydy 0

4.

dy
ex y e x e y
dx

5.

yy 'sin x cos x sin x y 2

2.

cos y dy 3 cos x 4 sin y

sin x dx 4 cos x 5 sin y

d sin y
d cos x

3cos x 4 sin y
4cos x 5 sin y

y = sin y, x = cos x

dy 3x 4y

dx 4x 5y
4xy

3.

5y 2
2

3x2
c .
2

x y dx 2xy dy 0
2

y2 y

x y dx x dy 0
dy y x

dx
x

4.

e y dy
e x dx

e x ey

e
de
d ey

ey

Now

ex x

dy
xy .
dx
Reducible separable method.

&

ey y

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
5.

PAGE # 18

2yy ' sin x 2cos x sin x y 2

sin x x

sin x dy 2
2cos x sin x y
dx

y2 y

dy 2
x y
dx x

2y dy = dy.

6.

x 7 y 3 2
x 7 2

dy
dx
let X = X 7
Y=Y+3

dY X Y

dX
X2

dX
dt

X
1 t 2 t

dt
=

1 t t2

where Y = tX

Ultimately we will put Y = Y + 3 & X = x 7.

LINEAR D.E. OF 1ST ORDER & FIRST DEGREE :

1.

General equation :

dy
p x. y Q x
dx
Define integrating factor
I.F. = exp.

p x dx

p x dx

multiply both sides by I.F.

p x dx .

p x dx
p x dx
dy
e
.p x .y Q e
dx

p dx
p dx
d
y.e Q x e

dx

y e

NOTE :

p dx

Q x .e

p dx

If an expression contains

dx

...(i)

dy
dx

linearly added with y(where coefficients could be functions of x) then it can be made perfect diff.

of (y. Integrating Factor).

2.

dx
p y . x Q y .
dy
is linear differential equ. where y is dependent veriable and x is independent variable.

Q.1

x 1 x2

y 1 x x n x .
dy
dx
2

Q.2

x n x

dy
y 2 n x .
dx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 19

Q.3

dy
1

dx x cos y sin 2y

Q.5

dy
y

dx 2y n y y x

Q.4

t 1 t 2 dx x xt 2 t 2 dt .

Q.6

Q.7

1 y x y dx x x dy 0 .

Q.8

2xy cos x .
1 x dy
dx

Q.9

1 y dx tan

Q.10

2x 10y dy / dx y 0 .

Q.11

x y 1 dx 1 .

Q.12

sin x

1.

y x dy .

dy

x n x
dy
1 x2

y
2
dx x 1 x
1 x2

I.F. =

1 x2

exp
dx
2

x
1

1 2

x
exp
dx
x 1

exp n x

1
x

1
x

Using (i)

yx

x n x x2 1
.
dx
1 x2 x

n x dx

x n x 1 c .

dy
x
1

.y
dx 1 x 2
2x 1 x2

dy
cos x 2 sin2 x y
dx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

2.

I.F. =

dx
exp
x n x

exp n n x

PAGE # 20

= nx. From (i)

y n x

x n x dx

y n x n2 x c .
3.

dx
x cos y sin 2y
dy
dx
x cos y sin 2y
dy

xe

4.

sin y

sin 2y e

sin y

dy .

dx 2y n y y x

dy
y

dx 1
.x 2 n y 1
dy y
I.F. = y

2y n y y dy .

xy =

9.

tan1 y
dx
x

dy 1 y2
1 y2

x.e

5.

tan1 y

tan1 y

.tan1 y dy

1 y2

t 1 t 2 dx x xt 2 t 2 dt
2
dx x 1 t
t2

dt
t 1 t2
t 1 t2

dx 1
t
x
dt t
1 t2
I.F. =

1
1 1
exp.
dx exp. n
t

t t

x
t
1

dt
2
t
t
1 t

x
tan1 t c .
t

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

6.

I.F.

PAGE # 21

2x
1

exp.
dx
2 1 x 2

y 1 x2

7.

2x 1 x
2

2
dy 1 y x y

dx
x x3

dy 1
1
y
dx x
x 1 x2

I.F. =

1 x2 dx

1
exp
dx x
x

dx
xy = x 1 x

2

xy =

8.

tan1 x c

tan1 x c

dy
2x
cos x

.y
2
dx 1 x
1 x2
I.F. =

2x

exp
dx 1 x 2
1 x 2

y 1 x 2 cos x dx sin x c .

10.

dy
y

dx 2x 10y3

dx 2
dx 2x 10y 3
x 10y2

dy y
dy
y
2 2
x.y 10y 2 .y 2 dy xy2 2y5 c .
y

11.

dx
x y 1
dy

exp. 1 x2 1 x 2

1
1
dx
.
2 x 1 x2

y 1 x2
dy
1

dx x 1 x 2
x 1 x2

exp. n 1 x 2
2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

dx
x y 1
dy
exp

I.F. =

dy e

e y .x e y y 1 dy .

12.

dy
cot x .y sin 2x
dx
exp

I.F. =

cot x dx exp n sin x sin x

sin x.y sin x.sin 2x dx .

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION REDUCIBLE TO LINEAR D.E. :

f ' y

dy
p x f y Q x
dx

f(y) = z

(diff w.r.t. x)

dz
p x .z Q x
dx
Linear differential. equation in z.

BERNOULIS EQUATION :

1.

dy
p x . y y nQ x
dx
1 dy
1
.
p x n 1 Q x
n dx
y
y
1
y

n 1

z.

x 2 y ' xy y 2

e.g. :

1
y

y '

1 1
1
. 2
x y x

1/y = t

dt 1
1
t 2
dx x
x
I.F. 1/x

t
dx
3
x
x

2.

y '

xy
1 x2

x y.

PAGE # 22

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
2
y
y
n y 2 n y .
x
x

3.

y '

4.

y 2 y ' x y3 .

5.

sin y

6.

y ' xy y 2 e x

1
2.

PAGE # 23

dy
cos x 2cos y sin2 x
dx

y '

x y

/2

sin x

1 x2

y t

1 dy dt

2 y dx dx
dt
xt
x

2
dx 2 1 x
2

I.F. =

1 2x dx
exp.
4 1 x 2

exp. n 1 x 2
4

1 x
2

t 1 x2

3.

x
2 1 x

1/ 4

1/ 4

1/ 4

1 1
dy
1
1
.
2
.
2
dx y n y x n y x

1/ n y t
dt 1
1
t 2
dx x
x
I.F. = 1/x

t
1 1
2 . dx .
x
x x

4.

y2

dy
x y3
dx

dx .

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 24

dy
3y3 3x
dx

3y 2

y3 t
dt
3t 3x
dx
exp 3 dx e3x

I.F. =

t e3x 3x e3x dx .

5.

6.

dy cos x
cos x sin2 x

(2cos y)
dx sin y
sin y

2
1 dy 1
x e x / 2 sin x
2 dx
y
y

1/ y t
2
dt
x t e x / 2 sin x
dx

I.F. = exp

t e x

/2

x2
2
e x / 2
x dx = exp

ex

/2

e x

/2

sin x dx

ex / 2
cos x c .
y
7.

Find the curve such that the initial ordinate of any tangent is less than absicca of pt. of tangency by 2 units.

Y y y ' X x
Initial ordinate =

y xy ', 0

put x = 0

x y xy ' 2
y '
8.

1
2x
y
x
x

Find the curve if the product of initial ordinate & absicca is constant ?
IO=

y xy ', 0

x y xy ' c .

FORMING PERFECT DIFFERENTIALS :

1.

d xy x dy y dx .

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 25

2.

d x 2 y 2 2 x dx y dy .

3.

y x dy y dx
d
x
x2

4.

x y dx x dy
d
y
y2

5.

x y dx x dy
d tan1
y

x2 y2

Q.

Solve the followings :

1.

y 2 x.dy y 3 dx
y dx x dy

x dy y dx
1

y dx x dy y 2
d xy

x
x
sec tan
y
y

x
x
sec y tan y

x
x
y dx x dy
sec y tan y
2
y

x
x x
d xy sec tan d
y
y y

x
x
n sec tan
y
y

xy =

x
n cos c .
y

2.

x3 dy x 2 y dx x dy y dx .

3.

x
cos y dx x dy xy3 x dy y dx .
y

4.

1 x x

5.

y dx x dy xy dx

6.

x yy '
y4
x 2 2y 2 2
y xy '
x

7.

xy

x2 y2 1 y dy 0

x dx yx 2 y dy 0

y sin x cos2 xy
8.

y 2 dx

cos

xy

dx

x dy
cos2 xy

sin y dy 0

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
2.

x dy y dx

PAGE # 26

x dy y dx
x2

d xy d y / x
y
x

xy =

3.

x y dx xdy
cos
xy x dy y dx
y
y2
x x
cos d xy d xy
y y
2

x xy
sin
c.
2
y

4.

dx x 2 y 2 x dx y dy y dy 0

1 2
x y 2 d x2 y2 y dy 0
2

dx

1 2 2
x y2
2 3

y dx x dy
5.

y2

3/2

y2
c.
2

x
dx 1
y
x
y

x
n x c .
y

6.

x2 y2
x dx y dy

y dx x dy
x2
x dx y dy

x2

1
1
y

2
2
2 x y
x

x dy y dx

2
2
1d x y
y
d
x
2 x2 y 2 2

x
d dx
y

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
7.

PAGE # 27

xy d xy x dx y dy 0

x 2 y 2 x2 y 2 k .
y dx x dy
8.

cos2 xy

sin x dx sin y dy 0

tan xy cos x cos y c .

9.

x dy y dx

x dy y dx
2

x y

x dx y dy
x2 y2

x dx y dy

y2

3/2

x dy y dx
1 2

x y2
2
y 2
x2 1
x

y
tan1
x
10.

1
2

x y2

3 / 2

d x2 y 2

2 x y sin 2x dx 3y 2 cos 2x dy 0

2x dx 3y 2 dy cos 2x dy 2y sin 2x dx 0

2
3
d x d y d y cos 2x 0

x 2 y3 y cos 2x c .

11.

x dx y dy
1 x 2 y2

x dy y dx
x2 y2

1 x2 y2
1
2
2
d x y x dy y dx
2
x2 y 2

2
2
1d x y

2 x2 y 2

x dy y dx
1 x2 y2
y2
x2 1
x

ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORY : (O. T.) :

1.

O.T. of a family of curves is a family of curves each member of which intersect with each member of given family at 90.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 28

To find equ. of orthogonal trajectory 1st find differential equ. of given family, then replace
integrate this DE to get req. O.T.
Q.1

Find orthogonal trajectory of follow :

x 2 y2 k 2

(i)

x yy' 0
For O.T. y =

1
y'

y
0
y'

xy ' y 0
x dy y dx 0

d xy 0
xy = c.

(ii)

x2 y2 r 2

x + yy = 0

For ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORY y

1
y'

1
y'

y
0
y'

xy y = 0
x dy y dx = 0

dy dx

0
y
x
n(y) n(x) = c

y
n c
x
y = cx.

(iii)

x 2 / 3 y 2 / 3 a2 / 3

1
x1/ 3

1
y1/ 3

.y' 0

For ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORY y

1
1/ 3

1
1/ 3

1
0
y'

y1/ 3 dy x1/ 3 dx 0

dy
dx

in this diff. equ. by

dx
dy

& then

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 29

y4 / 3 x4 / 3 k .

RATE CHANGE & FORMING CORRESPONDING D.E. :

1.

To analyse the problem consider a time interval dt i.e. from t to (t + dt).

2.

In this time interval, a changing quantity can be assumed as constant.

3.

Form D.E. for corresponding physical phenomenon.

Integrate the obt. differential equ.
The given information in the ques. may be used in limits of integration or for indefinite

Q.1

to evaluate arbitrary constant.

Let a spherical ball losses its volume which is directly proportional to its instantaneous area. Also at t = 0, r = 2m & at t = 3 months,
r = 1 m. Find radius as function of time ?

dv
4r 2
dt
dv
k 4 r 2
dt

d 4 3
r k 4 r 2

dt 3

4
dr
3r 2
k 4r 2
3
dt
dr
k
dt
r = kt + c
t = 0,
c=2
t=3
3k + 2 = 1

Q.2

k=

1
3

r=

1
t2.
3

r=2
r=1

Let a cone is filled with water & water evaporates from it at the rate directly proportional to suface area expossed to environment
proportionality constant being 2 m/s. Find the height of water column as funct. of time given at t = 0, h = 100 m & the semivertical
angle is 60.

1 2

2
r h h tan60 h
3
3

= h3

dv
2r 2 6h2
dt

6h

d h3
dt

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 30

dh
6 h2
dt

3 h2

dh
2
dt
h = 2t + k
h = 100
h = 2t + 100.
Q.3

t=0

k = 100

Let a right circular cylinder of cross-sectional area A is provided with a circular opening at bottom of area a, which is covered with
a diaphrogm z is opening at a constant rate & is completely opened at the time, t = T. The ht. of circular vessel is H & is comp. filled
column as a funct. of time ?
(i) t < T
(ii) t > T

a t kt
at a

when t = T

a
T

k=

at

a
t.
T

vreduced v out
Adh a t v.dt

(v is the velocity of water moving out)

Adh at 2gh dt

dh

a
t dt
2gh T

A
2g

A
2g
2A

dh
h

a
t dt
T

2g

2 h

h
H

a t2

T 2
0

h H

h H

2g at 2
4TA

a t2
T 2

A dh
t>T

Q.4

2gh

t<T

a dt .

Let a container contains v0 L of fresh water. At time t = 0 a salted water is run into it at the rate v1 L/min, each litre of which contains
a kg of salt. At t = 0 water also starts flowing out at the rate of v2 L/min then find quantity of salt present in container as a function
of time, all the time mixture is kept uniform by stirring.
am = In out

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PAGE # 31

m
av1 dt
v 2 dt
v 0 v1 v 2 t

Volume of water =

v 0 v1t v 2 t

m
dm av1dt
v 2 dt
v 0 v1 v 2 dt

v2
dm

m av1
dt v 0 v1 v 2 t

v2
exp.
dt
v 0 v1 v 2 t

If =

v2

exp.
ln v 0 v1 v 2 t
v1 v 2

v 0 v1 v 2 t v v

v2

m v 0 v1 v 2 t

v2
v1 v 2 =

v2
t v1 v 2 =

m v 0 v1 v 2

av v v
1

v2 t

av1 v 0 v1 v 2 t

v2
v1 v 2

dt

v2
1
v1 v 2

v1 v 2 v 2v 1
1

+ c.

STQ:

Linear Diff. Expression.

1.

f(x) + p(x).f(x)

2.

Let for a given diff. equation

dy
f x, y
dx

If g(x) is one of the solution then

dg
f x, g x
dx

Q.1

Let y = f(x) be a solution of differential equ.

curve at a given point ?

dy 1 3

2
dx
1
T = y + 4 = 2(x 1)
N

y 4 2 x 1 .

dy x 2 3x

dx
y5

& it passes through (1, 4) then find equ. of tangent & normal to this

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Q.2

Let p(1) = 0 and

d p x
dx

PAGE # 32

p x ,

x 1

x 1

T.P.T. p(x) > 0

dp
p 0
dx

d
p x e x 0
dx

f(x) > 0

f(x) ing
then if x > 1
f(x) > f(1)
p(x)

e x p 1 e1

p(x)

e x 0

p(x) > 0.
Alternative :

d
p x .e x 0
dx

Integrating both sides within limits 1 to x

p x ex

p x e x p 1 e1 0
p(x) > 0.

Q.3

Let f(x, y, c) = 0

be the integral curves of the differential equ.

dy g x, y

dx k x, y

where g & k are homogenous exp equ. of same degree T.P.T. tangentss

drawn to all the integral curves at their pt. of intersection with a straight line passing through origin, will be parallel.

dy g x, y

dx k x, y
dy
y
f
x
dx

MT1

dy
f m
dx x , y
1

MT2

Q.4

dy
f m .
dx x , y
2
2

Let two curves are given y = f(x) & y = g(x) satisfy the follow two properties
(i) tangents drawn at the pts. of equal absicca intersect on y-axis.
(ii) normals drawn at the point of equal absical intersect on x-axis then find the curves.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

T1 Y f

df
X x
dx

T2 Y g

dg
X x
dx

PAGE # 33

As both passes through A

f xf ' g xg'
N1 Y f

dx
X x
df

N2 Y g

dx
X x
dg

As both passes through B

x f f ' x gg'

...(ii)

f 2 g2 c

f g f g c

...(ii)

f g x f ' g'

from (i)

f g x
d f g
f g

d
f g
dx

dx
x

f g kx

...(iv)

from (iii) & (iv)

kx(f + g) = c
f+g=

c
c
1
kx
x

f g = kx

f=

c
1
kx 1

2
x

g=

1 c1

kx

2 x

Q.5

Let two curves y = f(x) & y = g(x) are given where g(x) =

f x dx

& also tangents drawn at pts. with equal absicca to both

c ur ves

inters ec t

1
0, 4

f
g
x
f'
g'

on

x-axis

f ind

the

As they intersect on x-axis

c urves

if

f (x)

pas s es

through

(0,

1)

&

g(x)

pas s es

through

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

f ' g'

f
g

PAGE # 34

f = kg(x)

f x dx

g(x) =

g(x) = kg(x)

g(x) = f(x)

g'
k
g

n g kx c
g(x) =

ekx c k1 ekx

f(x) =

kk1 ekx

1
0, 4

k1 = 1/4

(0, 1)

1 = k.

f(x) =
g(x) =

Q.6

Let

k=4

e4x
1 4x
e .
4

y1 & y 2

T.P.T. z =

are two solutions of

1 a e

where a is arbitrary constant

dy2
py 2 Q
dx

y 2 y1z
y1

dy
dz
z 1 py1z Q
dx
dx

y1

dz
zQ Q
dx

y1

dz
Q 1 z
dx

dz
Q

dx
z 1 y1
Q

z 1 k e

y = Q(x) & also

y1 dx

dy1
py1 Q
dx

n z 1

dy
p x
dx

y1 dx

dx c

y 2 y1z

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
z=

1 k e

y1 dx .

PAGE # 35