FORMULAE

Bending Capacity: (Tension Reinforced Beams) ( 0.9 )

M n As f y d ;
2

As f y
0.85 f c'b

Bending Reinforcement Ratios:

Rn

Mu

bd 2

0.9

0.85 f c'
2 Rn

1 1

f
0.85 f c'
y

min

200
fy

max 0.634 b (Grade 60 steel)

b 0.851
Where:

f c'
fy

87
87 f y

0.85

f'

1 1.05 0.5 c
4000 psi f c' 8000 psi
1000

0.65
f c' 8000 psi

Crack Control Reinforcement:

As = 0.0018bh

Shear Capacity:

Vn Vc Vs

( 0.75 )

Concrete Shear Capacity One Way or Beam Shear:

Vc 2 f c' bw d

f c' 4000 psi

FORMULAE
Concrete Shear Capacity Two Way or Punching Shear:
Vc is smaller of the following:

4
Vc 2

f c' bo d 4 f c' bo d
;

Vc s 2
bo

ratio of long side to short side; bo - critical perimeter

f c' bo d
s 40 (interior column), 30 (edge column), 20 (corner column)

Steel Shear Capacity:

Vs

Av f yt d
s

8 f c' bw d

(If inequality is violated increase beam size)

Shear Reinforcement:

Av Vu Vc

s
f yt d

Stirrup Spacing limitations:

s max

d
'
2 V s 4 f c bw d

Vs 4 f c' bw d
4

Retaining wall formulae

Active & Passive Pressure Coefficients

ka

1 sin
1 sin

and

kp

1 sin
1 sin

Base pressures:

qtoe

B MR Mo
6e
Fv 1 6e
e
q heel

2
B and
B
B ; where
Fv
;

 Fv - total gravity load; M R

- total restoring moment;

M o - total overturning

moment

FORMULAE
Column Axial Capacity (Negligible Moments)
Spiral Columns

Pn 0.85 0.85 f c' Ag Ast f y Ast

Tied Columns

Pn 0.8 0.85 f c' Ag Ast f y Ast

where; 0.75

where; 0.65

Spiral Reinforcement
Minimum required

Ag
f'
s 0.45
1 c
Ac
fy
Where Ac area bound by spiral

Actual provided

4a s Dc d b
sDc2

Where: Dc diameter bound by spiral; db diameter of spiral bar; as area of spiral ba

Reinforcement Tables

The

University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 9 of 10
April 2010 Final Examinations
Course Code STCO220B

Bending Moments in Continuous Equal Span Beams

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 10 of 10
April 2010 Final Examinations
Course Code STCO220B