Annotated Source List

Bauer, B. A. (Ed.). (n.d.). Can huperzine A prevent memory loss and improve cognitive function
in people with alzheimer's disease? Retrieved January 3, 2016, from
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/expertanswers/huperzine-a/faq-20058259
In a webpage article printed by the Mayo Clinic, Huperzine A is described as a supplement
derived from the Chinese club moss named Hupierzia serrata. It explains that Huperzine As
ability to restore the levels of neurotransmitters may be why it has been shown to improve
memory and protect nerve cells, and eventually slow the decline caused by Alzheimers disease
and other types of dementia. However, it is cautioned that a lack of studies into its long-term
effects on the brain may reveal a negative side of the drug. It also claims that many participants
in studies of Huperzine A suffered negative side effects like vomiting and nausea. Doctors also
dont recommend the drug because it is not approved by the FDA. Researchers may be weary of
prescribing these medications because of its negative side effects and may need to find an
alternative to Huperzine A.
Cafasso, J. (2016, October 10). All about anticholinergics. In G. Krucik (Ed.), Heathline.
Retrieved October 12, 2016, from http://www.heathline.com/health/anticholinergics
This online medical dictionary defines an anticholinergic medication as one that blocks
acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that delivers signals to control bodily functions. However,
many negative side effects are listed, like dry mouth, constipation, and hallucinations. It is also
suggested that people with heart failure, glaucoma, severe constipation, liver disease, and other
conditions should not take anticholinergic medications. The information provided in this article
are very important to elderly patients since many of the side effects to anticholinergic
medications would be very damaging to their health, especially if compounded with dementia. It
also lists the medications that are commonly anticholinergic which is helpful for patients who
want to avoid such damaging side effects.
Common meds and dementia: How strong is the link? (Interview by K. Doheney) [Transcript].
(2016, May 9). Retrieved October 12, 2016, from WebMD website:
http://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20160509/anticholinergic-drugs-dementia-link?
page=3
This interview asks a lead researcher on one of the studies on the effects of anticholinergic drugs
to explain their results. The researcher said that overall, people who take anticholinergic
medications are four times more likely to develop dementia. People who took the medications in
this study developed the symptoms of dementia within a range of 6 months to 8 years.
Additionally, people who took anticholinergic medications rated as a 2 or 3, caused more
cognitive impairment than those rated a 1. The fact that additional research has been done to see
if stopping the use of this medication also stops the symptoms of dementia, which will be
interesting to look at.

Dublin, S., & Larson, E. B. (2015, June 30). What if youre taking an anticholinergic medication
[Blog post]. Retrieved from Healthy Findings Blog: http://tinyurl.com/gp2jzvc
This blog, written by two doctors, answer questions from the online community about
anticholinergic drugs. The doctors remind readers that there are other factors that can influence a
persons chance of developing dementia other than anticholinergics. The doctors also offer
alternatives, such as reducing intake of caffeine to reduce insomnia, or finding medications with
lower anticholinergic effects for allergies. Patients can understand how harmful anticholinergic
drugs are, raising awareness to the issue in the health community. It also gives them alternatives
to medications that have less harmful effects on the body.
FDA. (2003, May 13). Qualified health claim: Final decision letter - phosphatidylserine and
cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Retrieved December 21, 2016, from U.S. Food &
Drug Administration website:
http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForWomen/FreePublications/ucm072999
.htm
The FDA director of dietary supplements writes a letter published to the FDA website, in which
she responds to two researchers who want to see phosphatidylserine marketed as a drug that can
be taken to prevent dementia. The director claims that there is not significant scientific
agreement that phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of dementia or cognitive dysfunction in
the elderly. However, the science provides very limited and preliminary evidence for qualified
health claims about these relationships. The director also says that this supplement would have
to be labeled with this information so it doesnt mislead consumers. The director also brings up
that taking phosphatidylserine from cows may lead to the spread of viruses. This may cause
doctors and pharmacists to be wary of prescribing such a medication.
Garca-Cobos, R., Frank-Garca, A., Gutirrez-Fernndez, M., & Dez-Tejedor, E. (n.d.).
Citicoline, use in cognitive decline: Vascular and degenerative. Journal of the
Neurological Sciences. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.027
This journal article describes a study conducted by four researchers at the La Paz research
hospital in Madrid Spain. They describe how when citicoline (CDP-choline), an intermediate of
phosphatidylserine, is administered to humans orally, a method utilized in this study, it changes
to choline as is spread through the body where it circulates in elevated amounts for about 6
hours. The researchers also reported that common side effects include gastrointestinal problems,
restlessness, and irritability within the first few days of use. Out of the 2187 patients, only 5% of
them reported to have experienced these side effects while using citicoline. Although the
researchers reported that a larger study must be completed for more conclusive results, they
noticed that higher doses resulted in higher doses. CDP-Cholines use of phosphatidylserine in its
structure may show phoshatidylserines ability to perform well in replacing neurons in the brain.
Gareri, P., Castagna, A., Controneo, A. M., Putignano, S., De Sarro, G., & Bruni, A. C. (2015).
The role of citicoline in cognitive impairment: Pharmacological characteristics, possible

advantages, and doubts for an old drug with new perspectives. Clinical Inventions in
Aging. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S87886
This journal article describes a study conducted by researchers at the Regional Center for
Neurology in Italy in which they determined the efficacy of citicoline being in patients with
vascular dementia. Citicoline was administered both orally and intravenously, however; oral
administration proved to be the best method since it stayed in the system longer. On the other
hand, some studies claimed that citicoline had no effect on the cognitive abilities of an
individual. Doctors may consider changing method of administering citicoline since its more
effective when given orally.
Gupta, S. (2013, September 13). Spotting early on-set dementia. Everyday Health. Retrieved
from http://www.everydayhealth.com/sanjay-gupta/spotting-early-onset-dementia.aspx
This online newsletter from Everyday Health, projects that the amount of people with dementia
in the United States will triple over the next four decades. Risk factors of young people
developing dementia include alcohol and drug use, dementia, and high blood pressure. Although
screening and detection of dementia has improved, many doctors fail to look for the disease in
people who are in their 40s or 50s. Additionally, there is not enough funding to develop better
screening methods to diagnose individuals. Studies conducted at the University of Pennsylvania
and Northwestern University show that dementia can be detected, but is not easily diagnosed.
Research in biomarkers testing is being done to spot biological indicators of Alzheimers,
however; it may not necessarily indicate that an individual has a chance of developing dementia
later in their life. Reveals the scope of individuals dementia is affecting and what needs to be
accomplished in order to prevent others from being diagnosed too late. It also shows potential
ways dementia could be diagnosed.

Hao, Z., Liu, M., Liu, Z., & Lu, D. (2009, April). Huperzine A for vascular dementia. Retrieved
from Cochrane Library database. (Accession No. 10.1002/14651858.CD007365.pub2)
In a periodical, Chinese researchers assessed the efficacy and safety of the acetylcholine
supplement Huperzine A in 14 adults who had vascular dementia. Half of the dementia patients
were administered Huperzine A, while the other half received a placebo, and were observed for 6
months. Researchers reported better quality of life for all the patients who had been taking
Huperzine A, however, behavior and quality of life were not assessed. Researchers concluded
that this meant there wasnt enough information to evaluate the effectiveness of Huperzine A.
Doctors and researhers may be wary of giving medications to dementia patients if there isnt a lot
of information known about the medication. Therefore, further research on Huperzine A is
needed.
Heathline. (2015, October 7). Desloratadine: Side effects, dosage, uses, & more. In M. L. Moody
(Ed.), Drugs. Retrieved October 17, 2016, from http://ww.heathline.com/drugs/

This encyclopedia entry describes Desloratadine to be similar to most anticholinergics, in that it

relieves allergy symptoms. Its most common form is in the over the counter drug, Clarinex.
Some of its most common side effects were dry mouth, muscle pain, sleepiness, and more severe
ones, such as; swelling and shortness of breath. Desloratadine is also known to interact with
other things like grapefruit or alcohol that can prevent it to work correctly in the body. Shows
that desloratadine is somewhat of a better medication, since it doesnt cause confusion as a side
effect that will make a dementia patients situation worse. However, it does have some severe
side effects, like shortness of breath.
Kennedy, J. S. (1992). Drug-induced dysfunction in psychiatry (M. S. Keshavan, Ed.) [PDF].
Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/jnvfcta
This e-book talks about the potency of an anticholinergic drug and the side effects that are
caused by it, including symptoms of dementia. When the level of the drug becomes toxic, the
risk of developing dementia increases. Amantadine, an anti-viral drug is suggested as an
alternative medication to anticholinergic drugs, however; it was proven ineffective in curing the
illness while not having any cognitive side effects. This source provides some alternatives to
anticholinergic drugs that have already been proven effective. This will help narrow down the
possibilities and will also be helpful to people trying to find medications that will lower their
chances of developing dementia.
Marcus, M. B. (2016, April 21). Popular drugs for colds, allergies, sleep linked to dementia
[Newsgroup post]. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/
This news article reveals how ingredients in common medicines for colds, allergies, and sleeping
pills can actually have a side effects that cause dementia. All these medications such as Tylenol
and Benadryl, are anticholinergic, meaning that it blocks neurotransmitters to the brain. As a
result, people are numbed to the sensation of pain, but their nerves and brain matter are being
damaged. Experts suggest more traditional methods of curing colds, allergies, and sleeping
problems and to consult your physician. Reveals a link between anticholinergic drugs and their
effects on the brain when abused by people, suggesting that alternatives should be found.
Masashi, S., Hideyuki, Y., & Satoshi, K. (2009, April). Pharmalogeffects of phosphatidylserine
enzymatically synthesized from soybean lecithin on brain function in rodents. Retrieved
from Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology database. (Accession No.
http://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.42.47)
This periodical found in the Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology details and
experiment in which the researchers tested the effectiveness of phosphatidylserine (SBtPS) on
reducing senile dementia in the brains of rodents. It was compared to the fatty acids in bovine
brain that is used to repair cognitive abilities in human dementia patients. The researchers
hypothesized that the difference in fatty acids of SBtPS would make it less effective, however;
data showed that it was even more effective and may be used to reverse or prevent dementia.

Pharmacists and doctors interested in finding the best medications for preventing the
development of dementia in their patient would use this information to find the best
acetylcholine supplement.
Meschino, J. (n.d.). Nutrition, memory, and dementia: How various nutrients can preserve
memory as you age. Retrieved from Google Scholar database.
This research report written by Dr. James Meschino, the clinical director at the RenaiSante
Institute of Integrative Medicine. In this report, he describes four different supplements that
reproduce acetylcholine necessary for boosting cognitive abilities in those who have diseases
related to dementia. CDP-Choline and phosphatidylserine both come from nerve cell membranes
within the brain. On the other hand, Bacopa Monnieri and Huperzine A are other acetylcholine
supplements that are organic sources found in Asia. At the end of his report, Dr. Meschino
suggests that to prevent dementia, people 55 and older should take these supplements since they
are a demographic at risk of developing dementia. He also says that ginkgo biloba is not a good
choice for a supplement since it causes risk of bleeding disorders. Elderly patients and doctors
who want to prevent the developing dementia would be interested in this looking at these
supplements. Comparing these supplements to determine the best option could be a new
direction for the research topic.
OmedaRx. (2015, March). Safer alternatives to potentially high risk medications in the elderly
[Table]. Retrieved from https://www.asuris.com/documents/10192/286192/
This table categorizes medications that are high-risk for the elderly by their functions and then
lists common medications. Under anticholinergic medications, twelve different medications were
deemed unsafe. The same side effects such as dry mouth, confusion, and constipation were
identified as well. However, antihistamines such as levocetirizine, cetirizine, and desloratadine
were suggested instead. Physicians and family members of patients with dementia would need
this information in order to make more informed decisions about what medications that could be
administered to those with dementia instead of anticholinergics.
Pedata, F., Giovannelli, L., Spignoli, G., Giovannini, M.G., & Pepeu, G. (1985).
Phosphatidylserine increases acetylcholine release from cortical slices in aged rats.
Retrieved from Neurobiology of Aging database. (Accession No.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-4580(85)90013-2)
This periodical details research conducted by Italian scientists. Rats were separated by age; either
they were 24 months old, or 3 months old. Then, the 24-month-old rats were given a tris buffer,
to reduce the fatty acids in their brain. As a result, acetylcholine production was 50% lower than
the 3-month-old rats. For the next 30 days, the 24-month-old rats were now given
phosphatidylserine, however; acetylcholine production was still low. Researchers believe higher
doses will correct this discrepancy with other reports. Doctors and researchers may have to give

higher doses of phosphatidylserine to patients who want to increase their acetylcholine levels.
This may convey some ineffectiveness in phosphatidylserine.
Peterson, D. (2012). Death in a bottle: Risks of anticholinergic drugs [Blog post]. Retrieved from
Wellness Clubs of America: Building Health by Design website:
http://www.drdalepeterson.com/Anticholinergics_996.html
This blog written by Dr. Dale Peterson, who shares his own thoughts on anticholinergic
medications after reviewing one of the recent studies conducted about the subject at the
University of East Anglia in the UK. After explaining how anticholinergics block the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine, Dr. Peterson explains how acetylcholine is a stimulant of body
tissue and is a key factor in learning and memory function in the brain. The doctor also cites
choline and lecithin supplementation, such as ginkgo biloba, has been helpful in preventing or
slowing down the progression of dementia diseases like Alzheimers. Alternative remedies like
ginger for nausea or vitamin B and herbal combinations for sleep problems were suggested as
options for dementia patients as well. Doctors and researchers now can explore another potential
alternative treatments that come from nature since there are very few pharmaceutical options that
they can choose from for dementia patients. The acetylcholine supplementation suggested by Dr.
Peterson would also be a very interesting topic to look into if it can really reverse the condition
caused by dementia.
Qian, Z. M., & Ke, Y. (2014, August). Huperzine A: Is it an effective disease-modifying drug for
alzheimer's disease? Retrieved from U.S. National Library of Medicine database.
(Accession No. 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00216)
In this periodical, two researches explore the acetylcholine supplement, Huperzine A, a newly
licensed drug at the time in China. Once Huperzine A is extracted from a moss found in Asia, it
can be admninistered. It was found that by inhibiting antiacetylcholinerase in the brain, it
actually increases the amount of acetylcholine that can be produced in the brain that can be used
to form neurons. Additionally, meta-analysis revealed that Huperzine A had noncholinergic
properties that could protect existing neurons from from oxidation or other injury in the brain.
Knowing that Huperzine A does not only create neurons needed in the brain, but will also protect
them from injury will be helpful for doctors and pharmacists who want patients to have
medications that will prevent dementia from progressing in the brain.

Risacher, S. L., McDonald, B. C., Tallman, E. F., West, J. D., Farlow, M. R., Unverzagt, F.
W., . . . Saykin, A. J. (2016). Association between anticholinergic medication use and
cognition, brain metabolism, and brain atrophy in cognitively normal older adults
[Abstract]. JAMA Neurology, 73(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0580
The academic journal, JAMA Neurology details the experiment used to find the effects that
anticholinergic drugs have on the brain. Researchers gathered subjects from the Alzheimers
Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the Indiana Memory and Aging Study (IMAS),

who had a mean age of 73.3 years. Some of the participants took at least one medication with
high anticholinergic effects, while others did not. Then, the two groups had their brain matter
tested for cognition, glucose metabolism, and brain atrophy in order to determine the status of
their Alzheimers. The subjects repeated this process after periods of 3, 6, and 12 months. After
conducting these tests, researchers came to the conclusion that the usage of anticholinergic drugs
resulted in an increase in brain atrophy and cognitive decline, and that it should be encouraged to
seek out different treatments. Provided a deeper, clearer understanding of the study mentioned in
the CBS article. It also explains what neuroimaging methods are used to find brain damage.
The role of citicoline in cognitive impairment. (2015, September 3). Retrieved from US National
Library of Medicine database. (Accession No. 10.2147/CIA.S87886)
This periodical details how researchers assessed the effectiveness of the citicoline, or CPDcholine, an acetylcholine supplement. The researchers analyzed different studies, including VITA
and IDEALE. In these studies, the supplement was given both orally and intravenously, and
came from cell membrane in the gut wall and liver. There appeared to be some benefits, such as
the modulation of neuronal death in the brain. However, some studies VITA and IDEALE also
suggest that citicoline will be safe for use. However, when looking at other studies, researchers
found that other studies claimed citicoline not have always produce the desired effect in the
subjects tested. When they looked at the duration of the VITA and IDEALE study compared to
the others, they concluded that the studies that deemed citicoline ineffective were not
administered for an adequate amount of time. Researchers, pharmacists, and physicians may
want to know of the effectiveness of this supplement compared to others before they are
prescribed to patients. More research into the effectiveness of citicoline on acetylcholine
production would have to be done to find a more conclusive result.

Scliebs, R., & Arendt, T. (2006, October). The significance of the cholinergic system in the brain
during aging and in alzheimer's disease. Retrieved from US National Library of Medicine
database. (Accession No. 10.1007/s00702-006-0579-2)
This periodical contains a report about acetylcholine and its link to dementia. The authors
describe the many functions that acetylcholine has in the brain such as cerebral cortical
development, cortical activity, controlling cerebral blood flow and sleep-wake cycle as well as in
modulating cognitive performances and learning and memory processes. The researchers stress
that knowing the function of acetylcholine is important in finding potential acetylcholine
supplements that will pharmacologically solve the problem, which they believe is the best
solution. Helps researchers and physicians to understand the impact of lack of acetylcholine on
many of the brain functions. This makes it more clear to see why drug-induced dementia is so
debilitating.

There is currently insufficient evidence of the effects of Huperzine A for alzheimer's disease
(AD). (n.d.). Retrieved from PubMed Health database. (Accession No.
10.1002/14651858.CD005592.pub2)
In a periodical, a study was conducted on a total 454 patients in which some were given a
placebo pill, while others were given Huperzine A. The cognitive function of patients was
measured once after six weeks, then again at twelve weeks. The cognitive abilities improved
somewhat, but wasnt superior in performance to the placebo, according to researchers. They
described adverse events on patients to be mild and not be seriously damaging. However, the
researchers say that only one of their trials was an adequate so the results may not be significant.
Small improvements in cognitive function may not convince pharmacists or doctors to prescribe
Huperzine A to patients and find alternative options.

The Regents of the University of California. (n.d.). Anticholinergic medications: Frontotemporal

dementia. In Frontotemporal dementia. Retrieved October 5, 2016, from
http://memory.ucsf.edu/ftd/medical/treatment/avoid/multiple
This reference source from the University of California Medical Center explain the side effects
of using anticholinergic drugs such as hallucinations, drowsiness, and cognitive impairment. The
amount of drug given and the persons baseline cognitive abilities are factors when determining
the effects of these drugs on the mind of patients. Additional studies are cited to provide more
information. Gives patients and doctors an insight into what the risks are when taking an
anticholinergic drug when a person already has cognitive problems and reaffirms that alternative
medications must be developed for such people.
Uabundit, N., Wattanathorn, J., Mucimapura, S., & Ingkaninan, K. (2010, January). Cognitive
enhancement and neuroprotective effects of bacopa monnieri in alzheimer's disease
model. Retrieved from Science Direct database. (Accession No.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.056)
This periodical describes an experiment done on rats after they were administered the Bacopa
Monnieri plant, which is shown to have some cognitive benefit. After being administered the
plant for a period of 2 weeks through a feeding needle, the rats had to complete the Morris water
maze test often given to assess memory. Researchers saw that the rats given the supplement
could complete the maze faster. They also saw that cholinergic levels and the production of
neurons went up, proving that Bacopa Monnieri may in fact have cholinergic properties that
produces acetylcholine, despite what other research says. This study helps researchers and
doctors to understand Bacopa Monnieris potential. However, it has results that conflict the
information found in others about its cholinergic properties, so more research is needed.
University of Texas Health Center at Houston. (1997). Acetylcholine neurotransmisson. In J. C.
Waymire (Author), Neuroscience online: An electronic textbook for the neurosciences.
Retrieved November 14, 2016, from http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/chapter11.html

In this online reference page, Jack C. Waymire, Ph.D., explains the role acetylcholine (ACh)
plays in the central nervous system (CNS). Acetylcholine works in the neuromuscular junction,
and sends signals to the motor nerves and skeletal muscle. In the brain, acetylcholine distributes
itself through different pathways to administer a signal. Degeneration of this pathway often leads
to dementia, specifically Alzheimers disease. Damage to the cholinergic receptors become
damaged in the neocortex, which is associated with memory loss. As a result, there is a
significant decrease of acetylcholine concentration in the cerebral cortex of the brain when
dementia begins to occur. Helps researchers and physicians to understand why decrease in the
production of acetylcholine, vital to cognitive function in humans, can ultimately damage the
motor and memory functions that are important to the brain.

US Department of Health and Human Services. (2015, February 3). Use of anticholinergic drugs
linked to higher dementia risk. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from National Institute on
Aging from https://www.nia.nih.gov/research
This government webpage summarizes the research on anticholinergic drugs at the University of
Washington School of Pharmacy. The article suggests that older people are the most susceptible
to developing dementia, especially if they are on various medications. Researchers also
discovered that even after individuals had stopped taking anticholinergic medications for 10
years, they still had symptoms of dementia, usually Alzheimers. Researchers suggest that the
doses of anticholinergic medication being prescribed should be reduced, as there isnt a known
alternative yet. This source adds to the proof of the negative effects anticholinergic medications
have on the brain. Physicians may prescribe different medications to dementia patients after
observing such a strong link between anticholinergics and dementia.
Valenzuela, A., Nieto, S., Sanhueza, J., Morgado, N., Rojas, I., & Zanartu, P. (2010, March).
Supplementing female rats with DHA-lysophosphatidylcholine increases
docosahexaenoic acid and acetylcholine contents in the brain and improves the memory
and learning capabilities of the pups. Retrieved from Academic Repository of the
University of Chile database. (Accession No. 10.3989/gya.053709)
In a periodical, the University of Chile, researchers published a 40-day study conducted on
pregnant female rats, using DHA-lysophosphatidylserine, a type a phosphatidylserine
acetylcholine supplement. The supplement was administered before and during the rats
pregnancy, and when they gave birth, the brains of their pups were analyzed after 60 days. The
amount of acetylcholine produced in the pups increased in the cerebellum and hippocampus, and
they exhibited better memory and learning skills than the control pups. May reveal that
phosphatidylserine may work best when administered as early as possible, even before dementia
can set in. This also reaffirms that phosphatidylserine may be the best acetylcholine supplement.

WebMD. (n.d.). Cetirizine. In Drugs and medications. Retrieved October 26, 2016, from

http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-12065/cetirizine-oral/details
This online encyclopedia provides information about the drug, cetirizine, another antihistamine
that works in the same way levocetirizine does in the body. The side effects are also the same,
but include stomach pain as well. However, cetirizine does not prevent or treat a serious allergic
reaction like hives. So, it is recommended that the patient carries an epinephrine (Epipen) with
them at all times. Out of the three alternative drugs, cetirizine, levocetirizine, and desloratadine;
cetirizine seems to be the least effective because it seems to have no impact in terms of helping
the body. Physicians will recognize, therefore; that it cant be compared to the other alternative
medications.
WebMD. (n.d.). Levocetirizine. In Drugs and medications. Retrieved October 26, 2016, from
http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-148989/levocetirizine-oral/details
This online encyclopedia provides relevant information about the antihistamine levocetirizine
that is used to relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing and itching. Antihistamines work by
blocking the natural substance created when there is an allergic reaction. Common side effects
listed include; drowsiness, dry mouth, cough, and fever. Patients are encouraged to seek medical
attention if they experience the more severe side effects, such as difficulty urinating and
weakness. Combining levocetirizine with other antihistamines and anticholinergic medications
are shown to increase these side effects. When searching for an alternative, physicians can see
that levocetirizine does not cause confusion. In this way, it can be seen as better than
anticholinergics. However, there are some side effects such as difficulty urinating that will still
have a negative effect on dementia patients.

What Is Dementia? (n.d.). Retrieved September 9, 2016, from Alzheimers Association website:
http://www.alz.org/what-is-dementia.asp
This webpage from the Alzheimers Association, defining what dementia is. Dementia is caused
by damage to brain cells. Although doctors are able to tell that you have dementia, it is difficult
for them to determine exactly which type of dementia it is. There is no known cure for dementia,
however; various trial medications and therapies are available to patients. Cardiovascular
problems, physical activity, and diet can affect a persons chances of developing forms of
dementia and must be taken care of to reduce these chances. Provides a clear understanding as to
why dementia occurs in humans and what can be done to reduce its effects.