European emission standards

European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M*), g/km

Tier

Date

CO

THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM

Diesel
Euro 1

July 1992

2.72 (3.16) -

0.97 (1.13) 0.14 (0.18)

Euro 2

January 1996

1.0

0.7

Euro 3

January 2000

0.64

0.50 0.56

0.05

Euro 4

January 2005

0.50

0.25 0.30

0.025

Euro 5

September 2009 0.500

0.180 0.230

0.005

Euro 6 (future) September 2014 0.500

0.080 0.170

0.005

0.08

Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1

July 1992

2.72 (3.16) -

0.97 (1.13) -

Euro 2

January 1996

2.2

0.5

Euro 3

January 2000

2.3

0.20 -

0.15 -

Euro 4

January 2005

1.0

0.10 -

0.08 -

Euro 5

September 2009 1.000

0.100 0.068

0.060 -

0.005**

Euro 6 (future) September 2014 1.000

0.100 0.068

0.060 -

0.005**

* Before Euro 5, passenger vehicles > 2500 kg were type approved as light commercial vehicles N1-I
**
Applies
only
to
vehicles
with
direct
injection
engines
*** A number standard is to be defined as soon as possible and at the latest upon entry into force of Euro 6
Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limits
Emission standards for light commercial vehicles
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305 kg (Category N1-I), g/km
Tier
Diesel
Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 5
Euro 6 (future)

Date

CO

THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM

October 1994
January 1998
January 2000
January 2005
September 2009
September 2014

2.72
1.0
0.64
0.50
0.500
0.500

0.50
0.25
0.180
0.080

0.97
0.7
0.56
0.30
0.230
0.170

0.14
0.08
0.05
0.025
0.005
0.005

Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1
October 1994
Euro 2
January 1998
Euro 3
January 2000
Euro 4
January 2005
Euro 5
September 2009
Euro 6 (future) September 2014

2.72
2.2
2.3
1.0
1.000
1.000

0.20
0.10
0.100
0.100

0.068
0.068

0.15
0.08
0.060
0.060

0.97
0.5
-

0.005*
0.005*

* Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines

European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305 kg 1760 kg (Category N1-II), g/km
Tier
Date
Diesel
Euro 1
October 1994
Euro 2
January 1998
Euro 3
January 2001
Euro 4
January 2006
Euro 5
September 2010
Euro 6 (future) September 2015
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1
October 1994
Euro 2
January 1998
Euro 3
January 2001
Euro 4
January 2006
Euro 5
September 2010
Euro 6 (future) September 2015

CO

THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM

5.17
1.25
0.80
0.63
0.630
0.630

0.65
0.33
0.235
0.105

1.4
1.0
0.72
0.39
0.295
0.195

0.19
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.005
0.005

5.17
4.0
4.17
1.81
1.810
1.810

0.25
0.13
0.130
0.130

0.090
0.090

0.18
0.10
0.075
0.075

1.4
0.6
-

0.005*
0.005*

* Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines

European emission standards for light commercial vehicles >1760 kg max 3500 kg. (Category N1-III &
N2), g/km
Tier

Date

CO THC
Diesel
Euro 1
October 1994 6.9 Euro 2
January 1998
1.5 Euro 3
January 2001
0.95 Euro 4
January 2006
0.74 Euro 5 (future) September 2010 0.740 Euro 6 (future) September 2015 0.740 Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1
October 1994 6.9 Euro 2
January 1998
5.0 Euro 3
January 2001
5.22 0.29
Euro 4
January 2006
2.27 0.16
Euro 5 (future) September 2010 2.270 0.160
Euro 6 (future) September 2015 2.270 0.160
* Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines

NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM

-

0.78
0.39
0.280
0.125

1.7
1.2
0.86
0.46
0.350
0.215

0.25
0.17
0.10
0.06
0.005
0.005

0.108
0.108

0.21
0.11
0.082
0.082

1.7
0.7
-

0.005*
0.005*

EURO I & II
What are Emission Norms?
Emission norms are prescribed CO (Carbon Monoxide), HC (Hydrocarbons) and NOX (Nitrous oxide)
levels set by the government which a vehicle would emit when running on roads. All the manufacturers need
to implement the same for vehicles being manufactured from the date of implementation.
What are Euro Norms?
Euro norms refer to the permissible emission levels from both petrol and Diesel vehicles, which have been
implemented in Europe. However in India, the government has adopted the Euro norms for available fuel
quality and the method of testing. Euro-1 norms in India are known as INDIA 2000 since it will be
implemented from 1/4/2000. The norms equivalent to Euro-2 are called 2005 norms but these have not yet
been specified by the Indian Government.
WHAT ARE THE EURO I AND EURO II NORMS?
The Euro norms require manufacturers to reduce the existing polluting Emission Levels in a more efficient
manner by making certain technical changes in their vehicles.
WHAT ARE THE EMMISION LEVELS OF THE ABOVE NORMS?
EXISTING 1998

EURO I

EURO II

C.O. (carbon monoxide)(gm/km)

4.34

2.75

2.20

H.C + NO X (gm/km)

1.50

0.97

0.50

(Hydro Carbons & Nitrious Oxides)

WHEN & WHERE ARE THE ABOVE EURO I AND EURO II NORMS GOING TO BE
INTRODUCED?
The above EURO I NORM from 1st JUNE 1999 is applicable only in the NCR (DELHI) as per the Supreme
Court Ruling and the Government Regulations and the EURO II norm will be applicable to NCR from 1st
APRIL 2000 . The EURO I norm will be applicable to Mumbai from January 1, 2000 while the EURO II
norm will be applicable to MUMBAI from 1st APRIL 2000.
WHAT CHANGES DO MANUFACTURERS HAVE TO MAKE IN ORDER TO MAKE EURO
COMPLIANT VEHICLES?
The following changes normally will be made by manufacturers in order to have a EURO I compliant car.
Typically, the following areas would require attention: (a) carburetor retuning (b) secondary air intake (c)
exhaust gas recirculation (d) catalyser capacity increase (e) trimetal coating in the catalyser.
Changes for having a Euro II compliant vehicle require that the carburetor be replaced by an MPFI system
i.e. a Multi-point Fuel Injection System. There are two basic types of engines, spark ignition and
compression ignition engines. In the former, fuel ignition is triggered by an electric spark from a spark plug,
while in the latter, atomized liquid fuel is injected with the help of a fuel pump and a nozzle into a cylinder
full of hot compressed air, which results in ignition taking place. Larger cylinders which need more fuel
require more than one injector, thus resulting in a multi-point fuel injection system.

WHO CERTIFIES THE MANUFACTURER?

The Automobile Research Institute (ARAI), Pune, is an independent third party assessor that issues a third
party authenticity certificate guaranteeing the euro norm compliance by the manufacturer.
EURO-1 & INDIA 2000
What happens to cars currently on the road and their sale?
For vehicles currently running on Indian roads, there will be absolutely no problems or hassles for the
present owners. Neither will it effect the sale of such vehicles after the enforcement of the Euro norms since
a sale would just mean transfer of ownership.
The Euro Norms are in no way connected to the sale of existing cars.
Can modifications be done to meet Euro norms in present cars?
Legally it is not required to convert the car into Euro compliant.
What are the changes made to meet EURO-1 NORM?

Carburettor retuned
Secondary air intake
EGR (Exhaust Gas Circulation)
Doubling the capacity of the Catalyser
Trimetal coating in the Catalyser

What are Euro Norms?

They are the norms for regulating vehicular emissions in Europe. The norms are expressed in terms of the
weight of the pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydro-carbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (Nox) and
particulate matters (PM) emitted per kilometre of vehicular run. These ceilings have been fixed for various
categories of vehicles, for instance, there are particular emission levels for petrol driven and diesel driven
vehicles. The Euro I norms should have been applicable from the year 2000, and Euro II from 2005.
Emission control - why are they needed?
The environment is a major area of concern, today, the world over. The problem has attracted attention in
India too, as is evident from the concern voiced by the public, and the recent Supreme Court judgments.
The air quality has indisputably deteriorated with toxic substances from many sources like industry,
automobiles and refrigeration/air - conditioning equipment, to name a few. All combine to lead the human
race towards environmental disasters like acid rain, photochemical smog, ozone layer depletion and other
ecological imbalances.
Humans are the immediate victims - from headache, dizziness, eye irritation, to brain damage, respiratory
problems, cancer, kidney damage and cardiovascular deaths.
The power that propels automobiles comes from combustion in the combustion chamber. That is where fuel
(hydrocarbons) meets air. Ideally, oxygen in the air converts all the hydrogen in the fuel into water and all
the fuel into carbon dioxide. But, in reality, combustion also produces unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of
nitrogen, carbon monoxide and water.

First steps to control emission

The first ever step to control emissions was taken in California in 1964, by specifying minimum emission
system control systems on cars on 1966 model cars. In 1970, the US Congress adopted the first major Clean
Air Act and established the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
In the same year, emission control norms were being set up in Europe and Japan. The subsequent two
decades norms became more comprehensive, the implementation procedure got fine -tuned and the
structural framework created.
The current decade has seen these norms being tightened, and also the adoption of a long-term agenda.
Europe introduced the Euro series of norms.
European emission limits in g/kwh
Heavy duty engines : European 13 - mode test
Euro 1
Euro 2
1992
1995
Nox
8
7
CO
4.5
4
HC
1.1
1.1
PM
0.36
0.15

Euro 3
2000
<5
2.5
0.7
< 0.10

Euro 4
2004
<3
1
0.5
< 0.10

Table 1
Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles)
Standard
India 2000

Reference
Euro 1

Bharat Stage II

Euro 2

Bharat Stage III

Euro 3

Date
2000
2001
2003.04
2005.04
2005.04
2010.04
2010.04

Region
Nationwide
NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
NCR*, 10 Cities
Nationwide
NCR*, 10 Cities
Nationwide
NCR*, 10 Cities

Euro 4
Bharat Stage IV
* National Capital Region (Delhi)
Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra
OVERVIEW OF THE FUEL QUALITY IN INDIA
UNLEADED GASOLINE
Introduced in 1995 and 100% in 2000

1% BENZENE CONTENT IN GASOLINE

Introduced in NCT (National Capital Territory) in 2000, Extended to NCR (National Capital Region) &
Mumbai in 2001
0.05 % SULPHUR CONTENT IN GASOLINE
Introduced in NCR In 2000, Extended to Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai in 2001
0.05 % SULPHUR CONTENT IN DIESEL
Introduced in the NCT in 2000 and Extended to NCR, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai in 2001
PRESENT INDIAN FUEL STATUS

Presently, BIS 2000 Specifications for Gasoline and Diesel are followed in India

In the Metro-Cities, Euro-II Equivalent Fuel is supplied. The only difference being the Sulphur
content, which is 500 PPM for both, Gasoline and Diesel in the Metro Cities; and, 1000 PPM for
Gasoline and 2500 PPM for Diesel in the rest of the country
Additionally, Gasoline with Benzene content of 1.0 Vol.-% Max. has been introduced in the NCR of
Delhi and Greater Mumbai
Gasoline with Benzene content of 3.0 Vol.-% Max. has been introduced in Kolkata and Chennai
CNG, LPG, Ethanol Blends are used in Specified Areas

ROAD MAP FOR VEHICULAR EMISSION NORMS IN INDIA

ENTIRE COUNTRY

Bharat Stage II (EQ. TO EU II NORM) Emission Norms for 4-Wheelers to be applicable from
1.4.2005
Bharat Stage III (EQ. TO EU III NORM) Emission Norms for 4-Wheelers to be applicable from
1.4.2010
Bharat Stage II Emission Norms for 2 & 3-Wheelers to be applicable from 1.4.2005
Bharat Stage III Emission Norms for 2 & 3-Wheelers to be applicable preferably from 1.4.2008 and
not later than 1.4.2010

For Cities of Delhi/National Capital Region, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad,
Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra

Bharat Stage-II Emission Norms for 4-Wheelers have already been implemented in the Cities of
Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai in the year 2000 and 2001
Bharat Stage-II Emission Norms for 4-Wheelers was implemented for the cities of Bangalore,
Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Agra, Kanpur, Pune and Surat in the year 2003.
Bharat Stage-III Emission Norms for 4-Wheelers would be implemented from 1.4.2005 for all the 11
Cities mentioned above
Bharat Stage-IV Emission Norms for 4-Wheelers would be implemented from 1.4.2010 for all the 11
Cities mentioned above.
Indian Emission Norms for Petrol Vehicles
Two Wheelers

Year
1991
1996
2000
2005 (BS - II)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

12 - 30
4.50
2.00
1.50

( g / Km.)
Hydro Carbon + NOx
3.60
2.00
1.50

Hydro Carbon
8-12
Three Wheelers

Year
1991
1996
2000
2005 (BS - II)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

12 - 30
6.75
4.00
2.25

( g / Km.)
Hydro Carbon + NOx
5.40
2.00
2.00

Hydro Carbon
8 - 12
Cars

Year

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Hydro Carbon

NOx

( g / Km.)
Hydro Carbon + NOx

1991
14.30 - 27.10
1996
8.68 - 12.40
1998 *
4.34 - 6.20
2000
2.72 - 6.90
BS - II
2.20
BS - III
2.30
* For Catalytic Converter Fitted Vehicles.

2.00 - 2.90
0.20

0.15

Indian Emission Norms for Diesel Vehicles

Diesel Vehicles (GVW Upto 3.5 Tons)
( g / Kwh..)
Engine Dynamometer
Year
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Hydro Carbon (HC)
1992
14.00
3.50
1996
11.20
2.40
2000
4.50
1.10
BS - II
4.00
1.10
OR
( g / km. )
Chassis Dynamometer
Year
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Hydro Carbon (HC)
NOx
1992
17.30 - 32.60
2.70 - 3.70
1996
5.00 - 9.00
2000
2.72 - 6.90
BS - II
1.00 - 1.50
0.50 BS - III
0.64 - 0.95
0.78

( g / km.)
Year
BS - II
BS - III

Cars
Chassis Dynamometer
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Hydro Carbon (HC)
NOx
1.00
0.64
0.50
-

3.00 - 4.36
1.50 - 2.18
0.97 - 1.70
0.50
-

NOx
18.00
14.40
8.00
7.00

PM
0.36 / 0.61 #
0.15

HC + NOx
2.00 - 4.00
0.97 - 1.70
0.70 - 1.20

PM
0.14 - 0.25
0.08 - 0.17

0.56 - 0.86

0.05 - 0.10

HC + NOx
0.70
0.56

PM
0.08
0.05

Diesel Vehicles (GVW > 3.5 Tons) (Engine Dynamometer Test)

( g / Kwh..)
Year
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Hydro Carbon (HC)
NOx
1992
17.30 - 32.60
2.70 3.70
1996
11.20
2.40
14.40
2000
4.50
1.10
8.00
BS - II
4.00
1.10
7.00
BS - III
2.10
0.66
5.0
# For Engines with Power exceeding 85 kw / For Engines with power upto 85 kw.
BS - III - Norms w.e.f. 1st April 2005 in major 11 Cities.

PM
0.36 / 0.61 #
0.15
0.10

FORTHCOMING VEHICLE NORMS

(POINTS 1 THROUGH 5 REFERS TO IDLE EMISSION NORMS)
W.e.f. 1st October 2004, Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission Norms for new generation vehicles
manufactured on or after 1st April 2000 shall confirm to the following values :

Petrol Driven Vehicles, other than 2 & 3 wheelers 0.5% (CO) for closed loop 3 - way catalytic
converter fitted vehicle and 3% for other vehicles.

Petrol driven vehicles 4 - stroke 2 & 3 wheelers fitted with Catalytic Converter the CO limit shall be
3.5%.
Hydro Carbon (HC) standards in case of in use 2 - stroke 2 wheelers shall be 6000 ppm and in case
of 4 - stroke 2 & 3 wheelers 4500 ppm.
Bharat Stage - II compliant and cars fitted with a 3 - way catalytic converter emission level of 750
ppm of HC and for others 1500 ppm.
In case of 2-3 wheelers manufactured prior to 1st Apr 2000 HC limit shall be 9000 ppm.
Mass Emission standards for vehicles operating on CNG shall be the same as are applicable for
gasoline vehicles with the exception that HC shall be replaced by Non- Methane HC where NonMethane HC = 0.3 x HC.
Mass Emission standards for vehicles and operating on LPG shall be the same as are applicable for
gasoline vehicles where HC shall be replaced by Reactive HC, where RHC = 0.5 x HC.
On and from 1st April 2005 mass emission standards (Bharat Stage - II) for 2 & 3 Wheelers shall be
as follows :
Vehicle Category
Two Wheeler
Three Wheeler (P)
Three Wheeler (D)

Pollutants in g / km
CO
HC + NOx
CO
HC + NOx
CO
HC + NOx
PM

TA = COP Norms
1.50
1.50
2.25
2.00
1.00
0.85
0.10

TA = COP (DF)
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.10
1.00
1.20

1) As per Central Motor Vehicles Amendment Rule, 2004 Notification dated 21st January 2004, the
"Mass Emission Standards (Bharat Stage III)" for 11 major cities will be as under for Four Wheeled
Vehicles manufactured on and from 1st April 2005. :
a) Motor Cars with seating capacity of and upto 6 persons (including driver) and GVW not exceeding
2500 Kg.
Vehicles with
Gasoline
Diesel Engine

Limit Values for Type Approval (TA) as well as COP (g/km)

CO
HC
NOx
HC + NOx
PM
2.30
0.20
0.15
----0.64
--0.50
0.56
0.05

b) Four Wheeler Passenger Vehicles with GVW equal to or less than 3500 Kg. and designed to
carry more than 6 persons (including driver) or maximum mass of which exceeds 2500 Kg.
c) Four Wheeled Vehicles (other than Passenger Vehicles) with GVW equal to or less than 3500 Kg.
shall conform to the following norms.

Vehicles with
Class

Ref. mass
(rw) kg.

Limit Values for Type Approval (TA) as well as COP (g/km)

CO

HC

NOx

HC + NOx

PM

Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Diesel

rw < 1305

2.30

0.64

0.20

---

0.15

0.50

---

0.56

0.05

II

rw 1305 1760

4.17

0.80

0.25

---

0.18

0.65

---

0.72

0.07

III rw > 1760

5.22

0.95

0.29

---

0.21

0.78

---

0.86

0.10

d) Diesel Vehicles with GVW exceeding 3500 Kg. shall conform to the following norms.
Limit Values for Type Approval (TA) as well as COP (g/km)
Engine Steady State Cycle (ESC) test
CO (g/kWh)
HC (g/kWh)
NOx (g/kWh)
2.10

0.66

5.0

Engine Load Response (ELR) test

PM (g/kWh)
Smoke (m 1) #
0.10 / 0.13 *

0.80

Note :
* For engines having swept volume of less than 0.75 litre per cylinder and a rated power speed of
more than 3000 rpm.
# For diesel engines only.
2) As per Notification dated 10th February 2004, on and after 1st October 2004, every motor vehicle
operating on Petrol / CNG / LPG shall comply with the Idling Emission Standards for CO and HC as given
in the table below :
S. No.

Vehicle Type

CO %

* HC (n - hexane
equivalent) ppm

2 & 3 wheelers (2 / 4 stroke)

(vehicles manufactured before 31st Mar 2000)

4.5

9000

2 & 3 wheelers (2 stroke)

(vehicles manufactured after 31st Mar 2000)

3.5

6000

2 & 3 wheelers (4 stroke)

(vehicles manufactured after 31st Mar 2000)

3.5

4500

Bharat Stage II Compliant 4 wheelers.

0.5

750

4 Wheelers other than Bharat Stage II Compliant.

3.0

1500

Euro norms:
The Euro norms are meant for regulating vehicular emissions in Europe. The norms are expressed in terms
of the weight of pollutants such as carbon monoxide(CO), hydrocarbon(HC), oxides of nitrogen(NOx) and
particulate matter emitted per kilometer of vehicular run with load. These ceilings have been fixed for
various categories of vehicles .For instance, there are emission levels for petrol-driven and diesel-driven
vehicles based on the capacity of the engines. The pollution measurement under engine idling conditions
without application of load on the vehicles does not reflect the exact quantum of various pollution emitted
by the engines in reality. In any internal combustion engines, as the speed or acceleration is increased, the
time allowed for combustion of the fuel is varied than the idling condition. This variation is different in a
carburetor engine and in a fuel injection petrol or diesel engine. In a carburetor engine, the CO will be
maximum at idling speed. In a diesel engine, the smoke will be maximum upon sudden acceleration. The
Euro norms adopt certain specified driving cycles related with time Vs speed. During these cycles of
operation of the engine, the mass of each exhaust gas component is evaluated. The mass is computed from
the measured concentrations of each pollutants in the known exhaust gas volume. Exhaust gas is generated
when the vehicle is operated on a chassis dynamometer according to certain standard driving cycles which
simulate driving conditions in urban traffic.