CITIES

Relatively large and

permanent settlement,
which have particular
administrative, legal or
historical status based on
local law.
Ex. Makati City, Taguig
City, Caloocan City, San
Juan City
Center of commerce,
population and central
business district
SOCIETY
Group of people relatedto
each other through
persistent relations
Large social groupings
sharing the same
geographical or virtual
territory, subject to same
political authority and
dominant cultural
expectations
Latin word derived from
the noun SOCIUS meaning
comrade, friend, and ally.
Used to:
A bond or
interaction among
parties that are
friendly or at least
civil
Organized group of
persons associated
together for
religious,
benevolent, cultural,
scientific, political
and patriotic
purposes.
METROPOLITAN

An extensive urban area,

often merging of adjacent
urban settlements as they
expand or the built-up
areas surrounding a major
urban center.
Ex. Manila

DISTRICT
A region or an area of land
with certain distinguishing
characteristics,
geographical features,
local culture or livelihood.
Division of territory
Defines portion of a state,
town or city, etc. made for
administrative, electoral
or other purposes such as
the congressional district,
judicial district, land
district and school district
Ex. Intramuros District,
Roxas District
SUBURBS
A smaller area which is
part of the city or large
town but outside the
center
SOCIETAL
Pertaining to larger social
groups or to their
activities, affiliations,
religions, community,
public, collective, etc.
SOCIOLOGY
A scientific study of
society
Studies role of the
institutions in the

development of the
individuals
Great importance in the
solution of ---

URBAN SOCIOLOGY
Sociological study of cities
and their role in the
development of society
Sociological study of the
various statistics among
the population in cities
such as population, geopolitics, economics, etc.
Sociological study of social
life and human interaction
in metropolitan areas
A disciple of sociology
seeking to study the
structures, processes,
changes and problems of
an urban area
A study of process by
which rural areas become
transformed into urban
areas
Refers to the changes in
the proportion of the
populations of nation
living in the urban center
Deals with the study of
societal conditions in the
Philippines, especially in
urban centers where
sociological has influence
in design
URBAN SOCIOLOGIST USES:
Statistical analysis
Observation
Social theory
Interviews
Other methods to study a
range of topics: migration

and demographic trends,

economics, poverty, race,
relations, economics
trends, housing,
settlements, etc.
URBAN AREA
Characterized by higher
population density and
vast human features in
comparison to areas
surrounding it
It may be cities, towns or
conurbations, but the
terms is not commonly
extended to rural
settlements such as
villages and hamlets
RURAL AREAS
Are large and isolated
areas of an open country
with low population
density
Forests, wetlands and
other areas with a low
population density is
otherwise called
URBANIZED AREA
Central city with at least
50, 000 population density
of at least per mile
URBANIZATION
Rural areas become urban
areas
Increase in population
concentration
Changes in social
organization
URBANISM

City life, the typical way of

life of people who live in a
city or town
Study of life in cities and
town
Social and behavioral
response to living in
certain places
Studying how individuals
perceive and navigate the
urban landscape, explores
the presence of time and
history in the urban
environment and how
these external factors
affect people
Study of how inhabitants
of towns and cities
interact with the built
environment

MEGALOPOLIS
Densely populated areas
containing 2 or more cities
and their suburbs

GLOBAL CITY
International trade rather
than domestic trade and
commerce
EXURB
Neighborhood on the edge
of suburbs
EXURBANITIES
Rule affluent, welleducated professionals
who seek to reside in
rustic (rural) setting
EDGE CITY

Offices, dwellings, without

historical downtown core,
along highways, sprawl
and poorly planned
residential that spreads
from the city center

ECOLOGY
Branch of biology dealing
with the relations of
organisms to one another
and to their physical
surroundings
URBAN ECOLOGY
One branch of ecology
that deals with the urban
communities, habitats,
and ecosystems,
organisms and their site
conditions as well as
structure
A multi-disciplinary
approach to improve living
conditions for the human
population in cities,
referring to the ecological
functions of urban
habitats or ecosystems for
people
URBAN FOOTPRINT
Area of land needed to
provide the resources
used and absorb the
wastes produced by a
community that may vary
depending on the
communitys level of
consumption and waste
production
Includes land conversions,
landfills, reclaiming
wetlands, open mines for
quarrying building

materials and
deforestation
URBAN MIGRATION
Settlement of persons or
groups of people in
another country, region
with a change of season to
another place
Seasonal movement of
people, animals, fish and
some mammals
URBANITE
City dweller, somebody
who lives in a city or town
2 Kinds of Society in the Urban
Area:
GEMEINSCHAFT
Involves
intimate,
private and
exclusive
living together
in a single
community
Convey a
particular
intensity of
social
integration
Individual is
socially
immersed as a
segment of a
social unit and
a component
of the whole
(group)
GESSELSCHAFT
Society intended to
signify public life:
world without
intimate ties

Both is to express
the distinction
between life in
small-scale rural
societies and life in
the growing urban
order
CLIMATE CHANGE
Caused by the burning of
fossil fuels to generate
energy
Resulted in an
accumulation of
greenhouse gases causing
a rise in a world
temperatures and
changes in weather
patterns
GLOBAL WARMING
Reduce carbon dioxide
emissions which come
from the 3 main sources
such as productive
industry including power
generation, energy
inefficiency in housing and
industrialized transport,
especially road vehicles
II. SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
CLASSIFICATION OF CITIES
BASED IN LOCAL
GOVERNMENT OF 1991 (R.A.
No. 7160)
1. HIGHLY URBANIZED
CITIES
Cities with a minimum
population of 200, 000
inhabitants, as certified
by NSO
And with latest annual
income of P50M in 1991

constant prices, as
certified by the city
treasurer
Currently, there are 33
highly urbanized cities in
the Philippines, 16 of them
are located in Metro
Manila
2. INDEPENDENT
COMPONENT CITIES
Cities whose charter
( formal written statement
describing the rights and
responsibilities of a
state/citizens) prohibit
their voters from voting
for provincial elective
officials and are
independent of the
province
Ex. Intramuros
3. COMPONENT CITIES
(section/part)
Cities which do not meet
the above requirements
are considered component
cities of the province in
which they are
geographically located
STATUTORY
(CONSTITIONAL/LEGAL)
BASES FOR CLASSIFICATION
OF CITIES BY POPULATION
1. FIRST CLASS
Cities with more than
100, 000 inhabitants
Once a city is in the first
class, it is not
reclassified unless its
population decreases
by 25% from the census

figures that last qualifies

the city as first class.
Ex. Makati City,
Muntinlupa City, Taguig
City

2. SECOND CLASS
Cities with a population
between 20, 001 and
100, 000
Ex. Navotas, Legaspi
Albay, Tanauan Batangas
3. THIRD CLASS
Cities with a
population between
10, 001 to 20, 000
Roxas City Capiz,
Tagbiliran Bohol,
Malolos Bulacan
4. FOURTH CLASS
Cities with not more
than 10, 000
inhabitants
Ex. Iriga Camarines Sur,
Cavite City, Samal Davao
Del Norte
III. FACTORS AFFECTING
URBAN GROWTH
1. POPULATION
Limited space,
unemployment, etc.
Rising population rate
dictate the demand for
development
2. RELIGION AND
CULTURAL FACTORS
People with common
beliefs tend to group
themselves and nestle

among their comfort

zones thus producing a
more specific
community that would
soon grow
3. TECHNOLOGY
Innovations lead to the
moving forward type
of development that
would trigger growth of
a community from
simple village to an
industrialized urban
area
4. AGRICULTURE
Fast changing industry
compromises the
agricultural portion of a
vicinity thus must have
careful planning and
must be moved away
from the city
5. ECONOMY
As cities grow and gaps
in wealth disparity
widen
Economic problems
rise, one issue that can
occur is the separation
of the wealthy and the
poor in urban areas as
a result of unequal
access to economic
opportunities
Resulting in the
creation of slums
(usually characterized
by slack (loose)
economic activity and a
lack of opportunity for
residents

6. TRANSPORTATION
Highly complex
because of the modes
involved, the multitude
of origins and
destinations, and the
amount of variety of
traffic
7. TOURISM
Influx of local and
foreign tourists
Due to rich history and
heritage of any
civilization results to
fast growing urbanism
8. INDUSTRIALIZATION
The industrial
revolution of the period
increased the number
of urban jobs and
encouraged the rural
residents to move to
urban center for work
and improved standard
of living
9. SAFETY AND
SANITATION
Having lots of people
living in close proximity
can lead to the spread
of disease and crime
levels can rise along
with population density
Because of changing
times, utilities are
introduced in a more
urbanized area
10.

GENTRIFICATION
Urban planners usually
seek to offset urban
decay through

gentrification, whereby
wealthier citizens are
urged to buy property
and invest in poorer
neighborhoods
under the
assumption that it
will help improve
conditions for all in
the area
11.
HUMAN FACTORS
AFFECTING URBAN
GROWTH
POLITICAL:
intervention of the
government like RH Bill
ECONOMIC: increase
in cost of commodities,
fuel, etc.
SOCIOLOGICAL:
peace and order,
crimes, drug addiction,
etc.
12.
There are better
basic services as well as
other specialist services
that arent found in rural
areas
13.
HEALTH: another
major factor
14.
URBANIZATION
Occurs naturally from
individual and corporate
efforts to reduce time and
expense in commuting
and transportation
15.
WATER SUPPLY
As an essential for daily
living, sustainable water
supply as limited resource,

alternative developments
in search for new sources
of water. (Water supply is
limited because many
people migrate to urban
areas.)
16.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEM
Pollution as one of major
threats, atmospheric
pollution is also known as
air pollution, potential of
exposure to the radiation,
producing an effect to
every organism
17.
FOOD
PRODUCTION
As the population
increases, the doubt in the
ability of the agriculturists
to meet the demands of
the consumers increses
Food production is limited
because of the growing
population
Quality of soil is not good
enough because of the
expansion in urban areas
18.
URBAN SPRAWL
(spread out/collapse)
Summation of the other
factors mentioned above

V. STIMULUS OF URBAN
GROWTH
STIMULUS

Something that attracts

people to live, settle,
work, put up business
operations
An agent or condition that
unites or rouses people to
action; an incentive

CAUSES OF URBAN
GROWTH:
1. Sudden changes within a
city
2. Cheaper real estate and
housing costs
3. Need for businesses to be
near sources of labor
4. Increase in commercial
lending practices
5. Increase family income
6. Higher property and
business taxes in the cities
have pushed business to
the suburbs where taxes
are generally low
7. Aggravation of chronic
traffic problems in the
traditional central
business districts (CBDs)
EFFECTS OF URBAN
GROWTH:
1. Infrastructure outside the
urban
2. Commute to cities in their
automobiles
3. Increasing dependence on
automobiles
4. Concerns over
environmental issues
5. Disintegration of the social
capital
6. Reduced housing
V. URBANISM: GROWTH OF
CITIES

URBANISM
The characteristics way of
life of a city dweller
Study of physical needs of
urban societies
Character of life in the
cities, urban life,
organization and problems
Movement of the
population to or
concentration of the
population in the cities
NEW URBANISM
Approach to designing
cities, towns,
neighborhoods, although
the term new urbanism
emerged during the late
1980s and early 1990s.
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
1. ACCESSIBILITY
Most things within a 10min walk of home and
work
Pedestrian friendly street
design (buildings are close
to street, porches,
windows and doors)
Tree-lined streets; on the
street parking, hidden
parking lots
Garages in rear lane,
narrow, slow speed streets
2. CONNECTIVITY
Interconnected street grid
network; disperses traffic
and eases walking

A hierarchy of narrow
streets, boulevards and
alleys
High quality pedestrian
network and public realm
(kingdom, empire,
territory) makes walking
pleasurable

3. MIXED-USE AND
DIVERSITY
A mix of shops, offices,
apartments and homes
on site
Mixed-use within
neighborhoods, within
blocks and within
buildings
Diversity of people of
ages, income levels,
cultures and races
4. MIXED HOUSING
Range of types, sizes
and prices in closer
proximity
5. QUALITY
ARCHITECTURE AND
URBAN DESIGN
Emphasis on beauty,
aesthetics, human
comfort and creating
sense of place (genius
loci)
Special placement of
civic uses and sites
within community
Human scale
architecture and
beautiful surroundings
nourished human spirit

6. TRADITIONAL
NEIGHBORHOOD
STRUCTURE
Discernable center and
edge
Public space at center
Importance of quality
public realm; public open
space designed as civic
art
Contains a range of uses
and densities within 10min walk
URBAN ECOLOGY:
CONDITIONS OF CITY
GROWTH
ECOLOGY
Branch of Biology that
deals with the relation and
interaction of organisms
and their environment
URBAN ECOLOGY
In Natural Science, it is
one branch of ecology that
deals with the urban
communities, habitats,
and ecosystems,
organiza--- their site
conditions as well as
structure.
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
OF URBAN ECOLOGY
Identify and understand
the natural systems within
a city
Identify the threats that
face the natural system
within a city
Develop awareness
among citizens that their
city is a part of living

ecosystem with valuable

resources
Achieve greater
sustainability, both for
humanity and the natural
world

DEPARTMENTS
Bureaus, Attached
agencies
COMMISSIONSCivil
Service Commission,
Commission on
Elections
ADMINISTRATIONS
AUTHORITIESPolice,
Military, Mayors,
Senators,
Congressmen,
Environmental/Traffic
enforcers

KEY PLAYERS IN A CITY

LEADING AGENTS:
financial institutions,
which establishes the
conditions for investments
INDUSTRIAL
FIRMSfactories,
manufacturers,
processing centers
DEVELOPERSreal
estates, mid and
high rise buildings/
condominiums
INVESTORS
capitalists,
financiers, publicprivate partners,
manufacturers,
distributors, etc.
COMPANIES
trading, shipping,
recruitment, food
supplying
companies, etc.
INSTITUTIONS
schools, training
centers, churches,
religious sectors,
etc.
GOVERNMENT AGENTS
A representative or
official of a government or
administrative department
of a government
OFFICE OF THE
PRESIDENT

FAMILIESA basic social

unit consisting of parents
and their children,
considered as group
whether dwelling together.
ON THE BASIS OF
MARRIAGE
o POLYGAMOUS
practice of having
more than one mate
at a time
o POLYANDROUS
customs of having
more than one
husband at the
same time in
societies where this
is legal
o MONOGAMOUS
having only one
partner during a
period of time
(faithful)
ON THE BASIS OF
THE NATURE OF
RESIDENCE
o Family of
MATRILOCAL
RESIDENCE

o Family of
PATRILOCAL
RESIDENCE
o Family of CHANGING
RESIDENCE
ON THE BASIS OF
SIZE AND
STRUCTURE
o NUCLEAR OR
SINGLE UNIT
FAMILY
o JOINT FAMILY
ON THE BASIS OF
NATURE OF
RELATIONS
o CONJUGAL FAMILY
(Related to by
marriage)
o CONSANGUINE
FAMILY (Related
to by blood or
birth)
IV. POSITIVE EFFECTS OF
CITY GROWTH THAT CAUSED
URBAN MIGRATION

MIGRATIONsufficient
supply of electricity in the
urban areas due to more
people and more income
for the distributors like
MERALCO
WATER SUPPLYmore
dams built for people and
dont have to pump wells
just to get water
FOODsufficient supply
due to more factories,
continuous supply of food
from the rural areas
COMMUNICATION
capable of buying a
communication device

such as cellphones,
landlines, internet, ipad,
etc.
TRANSPORTATION
people can choose
whatever transportation
they want to ride in order
for them to be in their
destinationbus, LRT,
MRT, tricycles, FX, etc.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
more available jobs in the
city
EDUCATIONpeople
want to be educated so
that they can get better
jobs, thus triggers the
expansion of schools and
universities
HEALTH CAREpeople
could get free check-ups
or have membership for a
health card or discount
card. Ex. PhilHealth
TOURISMfacilitates an
interaction between
communities and visitors.
If a city has a strong
tourism more jobs will be
available. If tourism
increases, poverty
decreases
SAFETY AND
SANITATIONutilities are
introduced in a more
urbanized area because of
the changing times
URBAN SPRAWLthis is
a summation of the other
factors mentioned above

V. NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
CITY GROWTH

LESS POLLINATION
because of urbanization a
disturbance occurred on
the life of bees. Bee
colonies are decreasing
because of pesticides,
genetically modified crops,
toxins in the environment,
climate change, etc. Bees
are the number one
pollinator in the earth;
without them there will be
no food for us
HEALTH PROBLEM
urbanization caused more
pollination in the natural
environment that caused
health problems not only
to humans but also to
animals
URBAN MIGRATION:
SQUATTERSsome
people cant keep
up with the fast
development in the
city thus, resulting
to unemployment
DRIFTERSbeggars
and mendicants
(under syndicates)
URBAN FOORTPRINT
LANDFILLSmore
waste production
RECLAIMING
WETLANDS
further expansion of
coastal areas
LAND
CONVERSIONS
another method of
expansion wherein
agricultural areas
are converted into
urban areas thus
decreases the food

production for the

whole community
URBAN AREAS
HEAT ISLAND
EFFECT
conversion of space
into an urban
environment that
absorbs and stores it
in large thermal
masses (asphalt)
BURNING FOSSIL
FUELSpeople use
the fuel to make gas
for our cars, to make
electricity for our
own homes, to run
factories and power
plants
FACTORIES
billions of factories
around the world
releasing pollution
URBAN WATER
Lack of water for
irrigation
Water Pollution
Sedimentation

PRECEPTS
A rule of moral conduct
issued by a legally
constituted authority to a
subordinate. It can be a
mandate, teachings, law
dictate or command
Ex. Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000
or R.A. 7279; P.D. 1616
Creating the Intramuros
Administration Clean Air
Act
CONCEPTS

General idea of an
abstract one
Something thought or
imagined
Broad principle affecting
perception and behavior
Basic understanding of
something

URBAN ECOSYTEMS
Are the cities, towns and
urban strips constructed
by humans
Localized group of
interdependent organisms
together with the
environment that they
inhabit and depend on
II. CONCEPTS OF URBAN
ECOLOGY
1. FUNCTIONALISM
CONCEPT
Focuses on the
efficiency of the society
in terms of their
interdependence/functi
on with each other
Efficiency is affected by
space and time in order
to maximize space and
time, units in a society
to group themselves to
become efficient and
effective. Ex. Office
space, crowded
classroom, family
house
Space in an urban
setting is either
Spatial
Limited
Huge

2. CASTE SYSTEM
CONCEPT
Presence of certain
ranking among the
people in the form of
hierarchy (ladder/ chain
of command)
Social Classification
Low Class
Middle Class
Upper Class
3. INTER-URBAN ECOLOGY
Concept is for larger
developed cities to
influence more
developed and
undeveloped cities to
progress.
Cities are linked in a
hierarchal way through
their:
Financial
Political
Commercial
capabilities
Large cities influencing
smaller cities. Shift in
power or influence from
one city to another
depends on the changes
in their:
Communication
Transportation
Decisionmaking/influential units
Re-routing of
transportation routes
Migration of people from
city to another
III. PRECEPTS OF URBAN
ECOLOGY

1. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
Reduction of carbon
footprints (path, track,
way, road, etc.)
Ex. Smoke belching, phase
out of out-modeled
vehicles like FXs and
buses plying along EDSA
Proper waste disposal
3Rs and Composting
Campaign
Tree Planting
2. ENERGY SUFFICIENCY
SOLAR POWERthe
conversion of sunlight into
electricity by the use of
solar planets
BIOGAStypically refers
to a gas produced by
biological breakdown of
organic matter in the
absence of oxygen
ELECTRIC MOTORS
converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy
3. INTERACTION BETWEEN
LIVING AND NONLIVING FACTORS
Having a relationship
between non-living things,
such as sunlight and water
4. ECOLOGICAL CITIES
GREEN BUILDINGSa
structure using process
that is environmentally
responsible and resourceefficient throughout a
buildings life cycle from
sitting to design,
construction, operations,

maintenance, renovation
and demolition
Practice expands and
complements the classical
building design concerns
of economy, utility,
durability and comfort.

5. CULTURE
-LECTURE FOR MIDTERM EXAMSOCIETAL ORGANIZATION
I. Definition of Terms
a. Society as defined as a noun
could be:
Civilization
Culture
Social Order
Humanity
The World
People
Citizens
The Populace
The General Public
b. Societal
Community
Common
Public
Shared
Collective or Group
c. Organization
Association
Institute
Party
Business
Company
Corporation
Establishment
d. Sociology

Branch of science that

deals with the study of life
and culture
Study of human behavior,
its origin, organization,
institution and
development of human
society

e. Socialization
The process of inheriting
and disseminating the
culture, often done as a
call for survival and to
stand the tests of time
Enables us to develop our
human potentials and
learn the ways of thinking,
talking and acting that are
necessary for social living
and are essential for the
individuals survival and
human development
Is a complex, lifelong
process where individuals
develop a self-concept and
prepare for roles, which in
turn shape personality
f. Conformity
Those who acts are
socially, morally and
legally accepted
In compliance with the law
Acts as per mandated on
their beliefs/religion
Is a type of social
influence involving a
change in belief or
behavior in order to fit in
with a group, or simply
means yielding to
group pressures or
majority influence.

Corresponds to what the

society believes as normal
and conventional or
traditional

g. Deviance
Doing an act that is
against conventional
Tends to violate the
culture norms
To break out from what is
right, and do what is
wrong
h. Social Process
Those activities, actions
and operations that
involve the interaction
between people
II. TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION
1. PRIMARY
SOCIALIZATION
Socialization that occurs
when a child learns the
attitudes, values and
actions appropriate to
individuals as members of
a particular culture
2. SECONDARY
SOCIALIZATION
Refers to the process of
learning what is the
appropriate behavior as a
member of a smaller
group within the larger
society
Socialization that is
persistent and
understandable
Takes place outside home
3. ANTICIPATORY
SOCIALIZATION

4.

5.

6.

7.

Socialization that prepares

people for future roles
such as positions,
occupations and social
relationships
Ex. A couple might move
in together before getting
married in order to try out,
or anticipate, what living
together will be like.
RE-SOCIALIZATION
The process of unlearning
old norms, roles and
values, and learning new
ones required in a new
social environment
Refers to the process of
discarding former
behavior patterns and
reflexes, accepting new
ones as part of a transition
in ones life
RECIPROCAL
SOCIALIZATION
When children socialize
with parents like parents
socialize with their
children
A process of give-and-take
ORGANIZATIONAL
SOCIALIZATION
In the process whereby an
employee learns the
knowledge and skills
necessary to assume
his/her organizational role
GROUP SOCIALIZATION
Peer groups have stronger
correlations with
personality development
that parental figures do
Ex. Twin brothers whose
genetic make-up are
identical will differ in
personality because they

have different group of

friends, not necessarily
because their parents
raised them differently
III. REASONS WHY
SOCIALIZATION IS
IMPORTANT
1. SOCIALIZATION
CONVERTS MAN, THE
BIOLOGICAL BEING
INTO MAN, THE SOCIAL
BEING
Man is born social, they
become social by virtue of
the process of
socialization
2. SOCIALIZATION
CONTRIBUTES TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
PERSONALITY
Personality is a product of
society. In the absence of
groups or society, no man
can develop a personality
of his own
But socialization is a
process through which the
personality of the new
born child is shaped and
molded
3. HELPS TO BECOME
DISCIPLE
Socialization is social
learning and is essentially
the learning of rules of
social behavior
Values, ideals, aims and
objectives of life and the
means of attaining them
4. HELPS TO ENACT
DIFFERENT ROLES

Every individual has to

enact different roles in his
life
Every role is woven
around norms and is
associated with different
attitudes

5. PROVIDES THE
KNOWLEDGE OF SKILLS
Socialization is a way of
training the newborn
individual skills, which are
required to lead a normal
social life
The skills help the
individual to play
economic, professional,
educational, religious and
political roles in his latter
life

6. HELPS TO DEVELOP
RIGHT ASPIRATION IN
LIFE
Ambitions, goals, aim,
target and desires in life
7. CONTRIBUTES TO THE
STABILITY OF THE
SOCIAL ORDER
Every new generation is
trained acceding to the
culture goals, ideals and
expectations of a society
8. HELPS TO REDUCE
SOCIAL DISTANCE
Brings people together if
proper attention is given
to it

9. PROVIDES SCOPE FOR

BUILDING THE BRIGHT
FUTURE
Powerful instruments of
changing the destiny of
mankind
IV. AGENTS OF
SOCIALIZATION/SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
1. FAMILY
Family plays an important
role and has special
responsibility in the
socialization of a child.
Usually the most
influential group in the
childs life
Provides for basic needs
and teaches the children
skills, cultural values and
attitudes about
themselves and others
2. RELIGION
Socialization continue as
the individual joins churchbased organizations or
ministries
3. PEER GROUP
Informal grouping of two
or more members, more
or less of the same age,
same likes and dislikes
Provides the opportunity
to discuss interests not
shared by adults
4. SCHOOL
Is the formal agency
weaning children from
home and introducing
them into the society

Schooling enlarges
childrens socialization to
include people with social
backgrounds different
from their own
Teaches children a wide
range of knowledge and
skills

5. ECONOMIC SYTEMS
Combination of various
agencies, entities which
provides the economic
structure that defines the
social community
Agencies joined by lines of
trade and exchange along
with goods, money, etc.
are continuously flowing
6. LEGAL SYSTEMS
Based on one of three
basic systemsCivil Law,
Common Law and
Religious Law or
combination. Legal system
of each country is shaped
by its unique history and
so incorporates individual
variations
7. PENAL SYSTEMS
8. CORRECTIONAL
SYSTEM
Refers to a network of
agencies that administer a
jurisdictions prisons and
community-based
programs like parole and
probation boards
Variety of functions
typically carried out by
government agencies and

involving punishment,
treatment and supervision
of persons who have been
convicted of crimes
9. LANGUAGE
People learn to socialize
differently depending on
the specific language and
culture in which they live
10.
MASS MEDIA
Means to deliver
impersonal
communications directed
to a vast audience
Television network, broad
sheets and printed
materials
V. PROCESS OF
SOCIALIZATION
Process by which children
and adults learn from
others
A. KINDS OF
SOCIALIZATION
1. NATURAL
SOCIALIZATION
Infants and younger
explore play and discover
the social world around
2. PLANNED
SOCIALIZATION
Other people actions
designed to teach or train
others from infancy
onwards
3. POSITIVE
SOCIALIZATION

Based on pleasurable and

exciting experiences
4. NEGATIVE
SOCIALIZATION
When others used
punishments, harsh
criticisms or anger to try
to teach us a lesson
5. PRIOR SOCIALIZATION
Helps explain a gigantic
chunk of who are at
presentwhat we think
and feel where we plan to
go in life
VI. TYPES OF PEOPLE IN
SOCIETY
1. CONFORMISTSaccept
the goal of their society,
and acts in achieving
them
2. INNOVATORSaccept
the goal but not the
means of achieving them
3. RETREATISTSavoid the
goal, and the topic
4. RITUALISTSreject the
goals, although they
accept the means in
achieving it because of
their fear of
rejection/disapproval
5. REBELSrejects both the
goals and the means
VII. TYPES OF CONFORMITY
1. NORMATIVE
CONFORMITY
Conforming because the
person is scared of being
rejected by the group. Ex.

If you cannot beat them

join them.
Involves compliance
where a person publicly
accepts the views of a
group but privately rejects
them.
2. INFORMATIONAL
CONFORMITY
Occurs when a person
lacks knowledge and looks
to the group for guidance.
Ex. Group Study
Usually involves
internalization where a
person accepts the views
of the groups and adopts
them as an individual
INTERNALIZATION
publicly changing behavior
to fit in with the group
while privately disagreeing
Differences in opinion
based on law and
jurisprudence
3. INGRATIATIONAL
CONFORMITY
Where a person conforms
to impress or gain
favor/acceptance from
other people
Similar to normative but
motivated by the need for
social rewards
VIII. BIOLOGICAL
EXPLANATION OF DEVIANT
BEHAVIOR
1. Biological theories of
deviance see crime and
deviant behavior as a
form of illness caused
by pathological factors.

Some people are born

criminals who are
biologically different
than non-criminals. These
individuals have a mental
and physical inferiority.
Criminals have an extra Y
chromosome, giving them
an XYY chromosome make
up rather than XY make up
that creates a strong
compulsion within them to
commit crime
Sometimes called the
SUPERMALE

IX. TYPES OF DEVIANCE

1. FORMAL DEVIANCE
violation of formally
enacted laws such as
robbery, theft, rape,
murder, assault and other
criminal offenses.
2. INFORMAL DEVIANCE
violation of informal social
norms, norms that have
been codified into law
such as picking ones
nose, belching loudly (in
some cultures) or standing
too close to another
unnecessarily (again, in
some cultures)
SOCIOLOGICAL
EXPLANATION OF DEVIANT
BEHAVIOR
1. STRUCTURAL STRAIN
THEORY by ROBERT K.
MERTON
Tensions are caused by
gap between cultural
goals and the means

people have available to

achieve these goals
Culture establishes goals
for people in society while
social structure provides
the means for people to
achieve these goals
2. THEORY OF
DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOCIATION
Criminal behavior is
learned through
interactions with other
people. Through this
interactions and
communication, people
learn the value, attitudes,
techniques and motive for
criminal behavior
3. PSYCHOANALYTICAL
THEORY
All humans have natural
drives and urges that are
repressed in the
unconscious. Additionally,
all humans have criminal
tendencies curbed
through the process of
socialization
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
DEVIANT PERSONS
Prostitutes
Call boys/Call girls
Alcoholics
Terrorists
Exhibitionists
Gamblers
Graft and corrupt people
Abortionists
Extortionists
Seller of babies

Smugglers
Kidnappers
Holdupper
Squatter
syndicates/Professional
Squatters
Hard Killers
Drug Addicts
Hard Smokers

TYPES OF SOCIAL PROCESS

1. ASSOCIATIVE PROCESS
Always work for
integration and benefit of
society
Brings progress and
stability in the society
1.1
COOPERATION
when men work together
for common goals
1.2
ASSIMILATION
process where individuals
or groups once dissimilar
behavior become similar
in their interests and
outlook
PROCESS OF
INTERPENETRATION AND
FUSIONpersons or groups
acquire the memories,
sentiments and attitudes of
other persons by sharing
experiences and history are
incorporated with them in a
cultural life
1.3
ACCOMMODATION
describes adjustment of
hostile individuals or
groups where cooperation
and conflict co-exist
2. DISASSOCIATIVE PROCESS

Hinders the progress and

development of society
and always for the
disintegration of society

2.1
COMPETITIONS
AND CONFLICT
COMPETITIONoccurs
whenever there is
insufficient supply of
anything, human beings
desire. Not having as
much of it as they wish
CONFLICTshift in
interest from the objects
of competition to the
competitors like rivalry or
conflict results
INSTITUTIONany structure of
mechanism or social order and
cooperation governing the
behavior of a set of individuals
within a given community
1. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
sociology of family
2. RELIGION AND
RELIGIOUS
INSTITUTIONScivil
religion
3. EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONSschools
(pre-school, primary,
secondary, postsecondary, higher or K-12
4. RESEARCH COMMUNITY
academe, universities,
and research institutes
5. MEDICINEhospitals and
other health care
institutions
6. LAW AND LEGAL
SYSTEMcourts, judges,
legal profession

7. MILITARY OR
PARAMILITARY FORCES
8. POLICE FORCES
9. MASS MEDIA
10.
INDUSTRY
CIVIL SOCIETY OR NGOs
Charitable organizations,
advocacy groups, political
parties, think tanks, virtual
communities
Upper class
Working classblue collar
jobs, white collar jobs,
pink collar jobs
Lower classunemployed
SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
refers to the network of
relationships in a group and how
they interconnect to maintain a
sense of community within a
group
PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR
1. DEVIANCE
2. ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
3. CONFORMITY
4. SOCIALIZATION
THEORIES OF DEVIANCE
1. STRUCTURALFUNCTIONAL THEORY
by EMILE DURKHEIM
stated that there is
nothing abnormal about
deviance
Deviance affirms
cultural values and
norms
Responding to deviance
clarifies moral
boundaries
Deviance encourages
social change

He identified 4 specific
functions that deviance
fulfills:
Affirmation of
cultural norms and
values
Clarification of right
and wrong
Unification of others
in society
Promoting social
change
2. CONTROL THEORY
Describes deviance as the
result of a deficiency in
these social bonds
4 CATEGORIES IN
SOCIAL BONDS:
ATTACHMENT
affection and respect
for friends/family, care
about their welfare and
feelings to act in a
responsible way
COMMITMENTthe
more the person has
invested in his/her
education, career and
homes, the more
he/she wants to
conform so as to
protect what he/she
has worked so hard to
obtain
INVOLVEMENTa
person who is busy
with participation in
culturally and
governmentally
approved activities has
no time for deviant
actions
BELIEFif a person
firmly believes that
deviant actions are

wrong, they are less

likely to engage in
them. Religion can be a
force to prevent
deviation
3. STRUCTURAL STRAIN
THEORY by ROBERT K.
MERTONs
DEVIANCE TYPOLOGY
INSTITUTIONALISED
MEANS
ACCEPT
REJECT
Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
New Meansrebellion
CULTURAL GOALS
ACCEPT
REJECT
Conformity
Retreatism
Innovation
Ritualism
4. LABELLING THEORY by
FRANK TANNENBAUM &
HOWARD S. BECKER
Deviance is not a quality
of the act the person
commits rather, a
consequence of the
application by others of
rules and sanctions to an
offender
Deviant is one to whom
the label has successfully
been applied: deviant
behavior is behavior that
people so label

Behavior only becomes

deviant or criminal if
defined and interfered as
such by specific people in
specific situation.

X. CAUSES OF SOCIAL
DEVIATION
Lack of socialization
Ridged (wavy, uneven)
Unpopular social laws
Cultural invasion
Disoriented family
Lack of parental guidance
WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF
URBAN SOCIOLOGY?
1. Social Science has been
faulted for its tendency to
be late in recognizing
important new trends and
patterns. Urban
sociologists should be
sensitive to the critics
observation, given the fact
that change tends to
originate in cities
ISSUES:
Global Warming
Climate Change
Ecological Waste
Management
Housing & Resettlements
Urban Growth and
Development
Socio-Economic Issues
An interesting
question to consider
is whether that this
is best explained
from the culturalist
or the structuralist
perspective-

changing trends and

patterns
2. Urban Conflicts and Crisis
lay person and
sociologist alike are
assailed or attacked
violently by regularly news
of violence. The episodes
of violence range from
popular protests that are
quelled by police or armed
forces to sectarian warfare
and others of revolution to
terrorism
Urban arena provides a
natural stage for
demonstration and
insurgencies
3. Area of environmental
ecology has also been
neglected by urban
sociologists
Urban agglomerations
(gathering rocks of
volcanic origin made up of
fine fragments cemented
together in a fine matrix)
produce that is pumped
into the air, soil, rivers,
lakes and seas
Ex. Barges along the Pasig
River, berthing activities,
chemical pollution and
other sorts of garbage
URBAN SYSTEMS: VALUES
AND BEHAVIOR
I.
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
URBAN SYSTEM
Any network of towns and
cities, and their
hinterlands, which can be
seen as a system since, it
depends on the

movements of labor,
goods and services, ideas
and capital through the
network
Are open (the exchanges
with their environment for
instance, the introduction
of technical or social
innovation
Contain dominant
components of social
institutions, culture,
behavior and the built
environment
VALUES
Are those things that
really matter to each of
us. The ideas and beliefs
we hold as special
Specifies a relationship
between a person and a
goal
BEHAVIOR
The way in which an
individual behave or acts.
The way an individual
conducts himself/herself
The way an individual acts
towards people, society or
objects. It can either be
good or bad, normal or
abnormal according to
society norms
The range of actions and
mannerisms made by
organisms, or artificial
entities in conjunction with
their environment
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Refers to the range of
behaviors exhibited by
humans and which are
influenced by:
Culture
Attitudes

Emotions
Authority
Rapport
Hypnosis
Values
Ethics
Persuasion
Coercion and/or
genetics
FILIPINO VALUE
SYSTEM OR FILIPINO
VALUES
Refers to the set of values
or the value system that a
majority of the Filipino
have historically held
important in their lives
PHILIPPINE VALUE
SYSTEM
Consistent ideologies
Moral Codes
Ethical practices
Etiquette
Cultural and personal
values that are promoted
by their society

Upbringing
Religion
5. ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Disruptive acts
characterized by covert
and overt hostility and
intentional aggression
towards others
II.

KINDS OF BEHAVIOR

1. LOGICAL/ RATIONAL
Based on choice
Seeing the choices
available and making a
rational decision about
how to act
2. LEARNED
Learn how to act based on
our observation of other
human beings
Primarily we learn from
our parents or other adults
we observed