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BiomdicaL,2013;33:402-10
Espinosa E, Velasco H
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v33i3.785
Biomdica 2013;33:402-10
ARTCULO ORIGINAL
402
Biomdica 2013;33:402-10
accounted for 36.4% of this disability in which perinatal hypoxia is the most frequent cause. Genetic
causes accounted for 23.8% of the etiology. Finally, 23.8% continued to have no specific diagnosis.
Conclusions: Perinatal hypoxia is the most common cause of cognitive impairment in our population.
Early treatment of comorbidities of premature infants can impact the bottom line by decreasing motor
and cognitive impairment in these patients. Patients with genetic etiology are the second cause. The
proportion of undiagnosed patients could decrease if patient access to genetic studies were better and
if these studies were covered by the social security regime in our country, regardless of affiliation.
Key words: Intellectual disability/etiology, anoxia, genetics.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v33i3.785
Biomdica 2013;33:402-10
Antecedentes
Prenatal
Infecciones en tero1
Teratgenos2
Prematuridad (<36 semanas)
Perinatal
Hipoxia 3
Ictericia (kernicterus)4
Hemorragia intraventricular (III-IV)
Hipotiroidismo congnito5
Posnatal
Infeccin del sistema nervioso6
Trauma craneoenceflico
(moderado o grave)
Antecedentes familiares
Consanguinidad 7
Retardo mental familiar7
Abortos previos
n
7
2
62
81
4
26
7
6
3
4
41
17
%
2,9
0,8
25,9
33,8
1,6
10,8
2,9
2,5
1,2
1,6
17,1
7,1
Biomdica 2013;33:402-10
Anomalas menores
2
(ms de dos)
S
No
n (%)
n (%)
Gentica
51 (89,5)
Ambiental
54 (62,1)
Multifactorial
6 (60)
Sin diagnstico
38 (66,7)
etiolgico especfico
Sin estudios
19 (67,7)
Total
168 (70,3)
6 (10,5)
33 (37,9)
4 (40)
19 (32,1)
13,806
9 (32,1)
71 (29,7)
0,008
Cuadro 3. Caractersticas clnicas y exmenes paraclnicos asociados con la gravedad del retardo mental
Hallazgos concomitantes
Retardo
mental
leve
n (%)
Retardo
mental
moderado
n (%)
Retardo
mental
grave
n (%)
Retardo
mental
profundo
n (%)
Anomalas menores
S
65 (69,1) 64 (71,1) 22 (68,7)
17 (73,9)
0,27
No
29 (30,8) 26 (28,8) 10 (31,2)
6 (26)
Anomalas mayores
S
5 (5,3) 10 (11,2)
3 (9,3)
0
2,75
No
89 (94,6) 80 (88,8) 29 (90,6)
23 (100)
Anomalas craneales
Microcefalia
25 (26,5) 27 (30 ) 20 (62,5)
19 (82,6)
34,458
Macrocefalia
7 (7,4) 6 (6,6)
1 (3,2)
0
Craneosinostosis
1 (1,06) 0
0
0
Sin hallazgos*
61 (64,9) 57 (63,4) 11 (34,3)
4 (17,4)
Epilepsia
S
29 (31,8) 27 (30) 23 (71,8)
22 (95,6)
31,176
No
65 (69,2) 63 (70)
9 (28,2)
1 (4,4)
Trastorno espectro autista
S
1 (1,06) 8 (8,8)
6 (18,7)
1 (4,3)
13,113
No
93 (98,9) 82 (91,1) 26 (81,2)
22 (95,6)
Hallazgos en resonancia magntica cerebral
Normal
59 (62,7) 44 (48,8) 3 (9,3) 2 (8,6)
49,546
Anormal
29 (30,8) 40 (44,4) 26 (81,2) 21 (91,3)
p 0,96
p 0,4
p 0,0001
p 0,0001
p 0,004
p 0,0001
405
Biomdica 2013;33:402-10
Cuadro 4. Exmenes paraclnicos practicados para apoyo y confirmacin del diagnstico etiolgico
Exmenes paraclnicos
Resonancia magntica cerebral
Cariotipo
Estudio X frgil (citogentica o mutacin)
Hibridacin fluorescente in situ (FISH)
Microarreglos - hibridacin genmica comparativa
Otros de gentica molecular
Estudios para errores innatos del metabolismo
406
224 93,7
105 44
2 0,8
8 3,3
0 0
2 0,8
35 14,6
Hallazgo normal
n
%
108
82
2
5
-
1
29
Hallazgo anormal
n
%
48,2
116 51,7
78,1
23 21,9
100
62,5
3 37,5
-
-
-
50
1 50
82,8
6 17,1
Biomdica 2013;33:402-10
Confirmada
n
Cromosmicas
26
Numricas
23
Estructurales
3
Monognicas
8
Autosmicas
8
Ligadas a X
0
Total
34 (59,6%)a
Sin confirmar
(fenotipo)
Subtotal
n (%)
2 28 (49,1)a
0
2
21b 29 (50,9)a
20
1
23 (40,4 %)a
57 (100)a
n
57
57
28
28
23
7
7
6
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
239
%
23,9
23,8
11,7
11,7
9,62
2,92
2,92
2,51
2,1
1,7
1,25
1,2
1,2
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,4
0,41
99
407
Biomdica 2013;33:402-10
Biomdica 2013;33:402-10
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