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OttawaWikipedia

Coordinates:4525N7541W

Ottawa
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Ottawa( i /tw/or/tw/Frenchpronunciation:[tawa])isthecapitalcityofCanada.Itstandsonthe
southbankoftheOttawaRiverintheeasternportionofsouthernOntario.OttawabordersGatineau,Quebec
thetwoformthecoreoftheOttawaGatineaucensusmetropolitanarea(CMA)andtheNationalCapital
Region(NCR).[10]The2011censusreportedapopulationof883,391,makingitthefourthlargestcityin
Canadaand1,236,324withintheCMA,makingitthefourthlargestCMAinCanada.TheCityofOttawa
reportedthatthecityhadanestimatedpopulationof960,754asofDecember2015.[11]

Ottawa
City(singletier)
CityofOttawa
Villed'Ottawa

Foundedin1826asBytown,andincorporatedas"Ottawa"in1855,thecityhasevolvedintoapoliticaland
technologicalcentreofCanada.Itsoriginalboundarieswereexpandedthroughnumerousminorannexations
andwereultimatelyreplacedbyanewcityincorporationandmajoramalgamationin2001which
significantlyincreaseditslandarea.Thecityname"Ottawa"waschoseninreferencetotheOttawaRiver
nearby,thenameofwhichisderivedfromtheAlgonquinOdawa,meaning"totrade".[12]
ThecityisthemosteducatedinCanada,[13]andishometoanumberofpostsecondary,research,and
culturalinstitutions,includingtheNationalArtsCentreandtheNationalGallery.Ottawaalsohasthehighest
standardoflivinginthenationandlowunemployment.Itrankedsecondoutof150[14]worldwideinthe
Numbeoqualityoflifeindex20142015,anditcontainsaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.

Contents
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
2.2 Neighbourhoodsandoutlyingcommunities
3 Demographics
4 Economy
5 Culture
5.1 Architecture
5.2 Museumsandperformingarts
5.3 Historicandheritagesites
5.4 Sports
5.4.1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa

Currentprofessionalteams

CentreBlockonParliamentHill,theNationalWar
MemorialindowntownOttawa,theNationalGallery
ofCanada,andtheRideauCanalandChteau
Laurier.

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5.4.1 Currentprofessionalteams
6 Government
7 Transportation
8 Education
9 Media
10 TwintownsSistercities
11 Notablepeople
12 Seealso
13 Footnotes
14 References
14.1 Notes
15 Bibliography
16 Externallinks

Flag

Coatofarms

Nickname(s):"Bytown"[1]
Motto:"AdvanceOttawaEnAvant"
Writteninthetwoofficiallanguages.[2]

History
WiththedrainingoftheChamplainSeaaroundtenthousandyearsagotheOttawaValleybecame
habitable.[15]Theareawasusedforwildedibleharvesting,hunting,fishing,trade,travel,andcampsforover
6500yearsbylocalpopulations.TheOttawarivervalleyhasarchaeologicalsiteswitharrowheads,pottery,
andstonetools.Theareahasthreemajorriversthatmeet,makingitanimportanttradeandtravelareafor
thousandsofyears.[16]TheAlgonquinscalledtheOttawaRiverKichiSibiorKichissippimeaning"Great
River"or"GrandRiver".[17][18][19][20]
tienneBrl,thefirstEuropeantotraveluptheOttawaRiver,passedbyOttawain1610onhiswaytothe
GreatLakes.[18]Threeyearslater,SamueldeChamplainwroteaboutthewaterfallsoftheareaandabouthis
encounterswiththeAlgonquins,whohadbeenusingtheOttawaRiverforcenturies.[21]Theearlyexplorers
andtraderswerelaterfollowedbymanymissionaries.ThefirstmapsoftheareausedthewordOttawato
nametheriver.
PhilemonWright,aNewEnglander,createdthefirstsettlementintheareaon7March1800onthenorth
sideoftheriver,acrossfromOttawainHull.[22][23]He,withfiveotherfamiliesandtwentyfivelabourers,[17]
setabouttocreateanagriculturalcommunity[24]calledWrightsville.WrightpioneeredtheOttawaValley
timbertrade(soontobethearea'smostsignificanteconomicactivity)bytransportingtimberbyriverfrom
theOttawaValleytoQuebecCity.[25]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa

LocationofOttawaintheProvinceofOntario

Ottawa

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Bytown,Ottawa'soriginalname,wasfoundedasacommunityin1826whenhundredsoflandspeculators
wereattractedtothesouthsideoftheriverwhennewsspreadthatBritishauthoritieswereimmediately
constructingthenortherlyendoftheRideauCanalmilitaryprojectatthatlocation.[26][27]Thefollowingyear,
thetownwouldsoonbenamedafterBritishmilitaryengineerColonelJohnBywhowasresponsibleforthe
entireRideauWaterwayconstructionproject.Themilitarypurposeofthecanalwastoprovideasecureroute
betweenMontrealandKingstononLakeOntario,bypassingthestretchoftheSt.LawrenceRiverbordering
thestateofNewYorkthathadlefttheBritishforceseasilyexposedtoAmericanenemyfireduringtheWar
of1812.[28]ColonelBysetupmilitarybarracksonthesiteoftoday'sParliamentHill.Healsolaidoutthe
streetsofthetownandcreatedtwodistinctneighbourhoodsnamed"UpperTown"westofthecanaland
"LowerTown"eastofthecanal.SimilartoitsUpperCanadaandLowerCanadanamesakes,historically
'UpperTown'waspredominantlyEnglishspeakingandProtestantwhereas'LowerTown'waspredominantly
French,IrishandCatholic.[29]Bytown'spopulationgrewto1,000astheRideauCanalwasbeingcompleted
in1832.[30][31]Bytownencounteredsomeimpassionedandviolenttimesinherearlypioneerperiodthat
includedIrishlabourunrestthatattributedtotheShiners'Warfrom1835to1845[32]andpoliticaldissension
thatwasevidentfromthe1849StonyMondayRiot.[33]In1855BytownwasrenamedOttawaand
incorporatedasacity.[34]
OnNewYear'sEve1857,QueenVictoria,asasymbolicandpolitical
gesture,waspresentedwiththeresponsibilityofselectingalocation
forthepermanentcapitaloftheProvinceofCanada.[35]Inreality,
PrimeMinisterJohnA.Macdonaldhadassignedthisselection
processtotheExecutiveBranchoftheGovernment,asprevious
attemptstoarriveataconsensushadendedindeadlock.[36]The
'Queen'schoice'turnedouttobethesmallfrontiertownofOttawafor
twomainreasons:[37]Firstly,Ottawa'sisolatedlocationinaback
countrysurroundedbydenseforestfarfromtheCanadaUSborder
Bytownin1853.MilitaryBarracks
andsituatedonaclifffacewouldmakeitmoredefensiblefrom
onhilltopwasoccupiedby"A"
attack.[38][39]Secondly,Ottawawaslocatedapproximatelymidway
CompanyoftheRoyalCanadianRifle
betweenTorontoandKingston(inCanadaWest)andMontrealand
Regiment,presentlyhometo
QuebecCity(inCanadaEast).Additionally,despiteOttawa'sregional
ParliamentHill.
isolationithadseasonalwatertransportationaccesstoMontrealover
theOttawaRiverandtoKingstonviatheRideauWaterway.By1854
italsohadamodernallseasonBytownandPrescottRailwaythatcarriedpassengers,lumberandsupplies
the82kilometredistancetoPrescottontheSaintLawrenceRiverandbeyond.[17][38]Thesmallsizeofthe
townitwasthoughtwouldmakeitlesspronetorampagingpoliticallymotivatedmobs,ashadhappenedin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa

ShowmapofCanada
ShowmapofOntario
Showall
LocationofOttawainCanada

Coordinates:4525N7541W
Country
Province
Region

Canada
Ontario
NationalCapitalRegion

Established

1826asBytown[3]

Incorporated

1855asCityofOttawa[3]
1January2001

Amalgamated
Government
Mayor
CityCouncil
MPs

JimWatson(OLP)
OttawaCityCouncil

MPPs

ListofMPPs

Area[4][5][6]
City(single
tier)
Urban

2,778.13km2(1,072.9sqmi)

Metro

5,716.00km2(2,206.96sqmi)

Elevation

70m(230ft)

ListofMPs

501.92km2(193.79sqmi)

Population(2011)[4][6]
City(single
883,391(4th)
tier)
Density
316.6/km2(820/sqmi)
Urban
Urbandensity
Metro
Metrodensity

933,596
1,860.1/km2(4,818/sqmi)
1,236,324(4th)

Demonym[7][8]

196.6/km2(509/sqmi)
Ottawan

Timezone

Eastern(EST)(UTC5)
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thepreviousCanadiancapitals.[40]Thegovernmentalreadyownedthelandthatwouldeventuallybecome
ParliamentHillwhichtheythoughtwouldbeanideallocationforbuildingtheParliamentBuildings.Ottawa
wastheonlysettlementofanysubstantialsizethatwasalreadylocateddirectlyontheborderofFrench
populatedformerLowerCanadaandEnglishpopulatedformerUpperCanadathusadditionallymakingthe
selectionanimportantpoliticalcompromise.[41]QueenVictoriamadeher'Queen'schoice'veryquicklyjust
beforewelcomingintheNewYear.

Summer(DST)

EDT(UTC4)

Postalcodespan
Areacode(s)

K0A,K1AK4C[2]
613,343

GDP

US$58.2billion[9]

GDPpercapita

US$44,149[9]

Website

www.ottawa.ca(http://www.otta

Startinginthe1850s,largesawmillsbegantobeerectedby
wa.ca/)
entrepreneursknownaslumberbarons,andthesebecamesomeofthe
largestmillsintheworld.[42]Raillineserectedin1854connectedOttawatoareassouthandtothetranscontinentalrail
networkviaHullandLachute,Quebecin1886.[43]TheoriginalParliamentbuildingswhichincludedtheCentre,Eastand
WestBlockswereconstructedbetween1859and1866intheGothicRevivalstyle.[44]Atthetime,thiswasthelargest
NorthAmericanconstructionprojecteverattemptedandPublicWorksCanadaanditsarchitectswerenotinitiallywell
prepared.TheLibraryofParliamentandParliamentHilllandscapingwouldnotbecompleteduntil1876.[45]By1885
OttawawastheonlycityinCanadawhosedowntownstreetlightswerepoweredentirelybyelectricity.[46]In1889the
Governmentdevelopedanddistributed60'waterleases'(stillcurrentlyinuse)tomainlylocalindustrialistswhichgave
CentreBlockonParliamentHill
thempermissiontogenerateelectricityandoperatehydroelectricgeneratorsatChaudireFalls.[47]Publictransportation
underconstructionin1863
beganin1870withahorsecarsystem,[48]overtakeninthe1890sbyavastelectricstreetcarsystemthatlasteduntil1959.
TheHullOttawafireof1900destroyedtwothirdsofHull,including40percentofitsresidentialbuildingsandmostofits
[49]
largestemployersalongthewaterfront. ThefirealsospreadacrosstheOttawaRiveranddestroyedaboutonefifthofOttawafromtheLebretonFlatssouthto
BoothStreetanddowntoDow'sLake.[50]On1June1912theGrandTrunkRailwayopenedboththeChteauLaurierhotelanditsneighbouringdowntownUnion
Station.[51][52]On3February1916theCentreBlockoftheParliamentbuildingswasdestroyedbyafire.[53]TheHouseofCommonsandSenatewastemporarily
relocatedtothethenrecentlyconstructedVictoriaMemorialMuseum,nowtheCanadianMuseumofNature[54]untilthecompletionofthenewCentreBlockin
1922,thecentrepieceofwhichisadominantGothicrevivalstyledstructureknownasthePeaceTower.[55]Thecurrentlocationofwhatisnowknownas
ConfederationSquarewasaformercommercialdistrictcentrallylocatedinatriangularareadowntownsurroundedbyhistoricallysignificantheritagebuildings
whichincludestheParliamentbuildings.Itwasredevelopedasaceremonialcentrein1938aspartoftheCityBeautifulMovementandbecamethesiteofthe
NationalWarMemorialin1939anddesignatedaNationalHistoricSitein1984.[56]AnewCentralPostOffice(currentlythePrivyCouncilofCanada)was
constructedin1939besidetheWarMemorialbecausetheoriginalpostofficebuildinglocatedontheproposedConfederationSquaregroundshadtobe
demolished.
Ottawa'sformerindustrialappearancewasvastlyalteredbythe1950GreberPlan.FrencharchitectplannerJacquesGreberwashiredbythenPrimeMinister
MackenzieKingtodesignanurbanplanformanagingdevelopmentintheNationalCapitalRegiontomakeitmoreaestheticallypleasingandthusmorebefittinga
locationthatwasthepoliticalcentreofCanada.[57][58]Greber'splanincludedthecreationoftheNationalCapitalGreenbelt,theParkway,theQueenswayhighway
system,therelocationofdowntownUnionStation(nowtheGovernmentConferenceCentre)tothesuburbs,theremovalofthestreetcarsystem,the
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decentralizationofselectedgovernmentoffices,therelocationofindustriesandremovalofsubstandardhousingfromthe
downtownandthecreationoftheRideauCanalandOttawaRiverpathwaystonamejustafewofits
recommendations.[57][59][60]In1958theNationalCapitalCommissionwasestablishedasaCrownCorporationfromthe
passingoftheNationalCapitalActinordertoimplementtheGreberPlanrecommendationswhichitsuccessfully
accomplishedduringthe1960sand1970s.Intheprevious50years,othercommissions,plansandprojectshadtriedand
failedtoimplementplanstoimprovethecapitalsuchasthe1899OttawaImprovementCommission(OIC),TheToddPlan
in1903,TheHoltReportin1915andTheFederalDistrictCommission(FDC)establishedin1927.[61]In1958anewCity
HallopenedonGreenIslandnearRideaufallswhereurbanrenewalhadrecentlytransformedthisformerindustriallocation
intogreenspace.[62]Untilthen,CityHallhadtemporarilybeenlocatedfor27years(19311958)attheTransportation
BuildingadjacenttoUnionStationandnowpartoftheRideauCentre.In2001,OttawaCityHallmovedbackdowntownto
arelativelynewbuilding(1990)on110LaurierAvenueWestthathadbeenthehomeofthenowdefunctRegional
MunicipalityofOttawaCarleton.ThisnewdowntownlocationwasveryclosetoOttawa'sfirst(18491877)andsecond
(18771931)CityHalls.Alsoincludedinthisnewcityhallcomplexwasanadjacent19thcenturyrestoredheritage
buildingformerlyknownastheOttawaNormalSchool.[62]

LookingeastdownRideauStreet.In
view:theUnionStationontheright,
andthe(nowdemolished)Daly
Buildingontheleft,1922.

Fromthe1960suntilthe1980s,theNationalCapitalRegionexperiencedabuildingboom.[63]Thiswasfollowedbylargegrowthinthehightechindustryduring
the1990sand2000s.[64]OttawabecameoneofCanada'slargesthightechcitiesandwasnicknamedSiliconValleyNorth.Bythe1980s,BellNorthernResearch
(laterNortel)employedthousands,andlargefederallyassistedresearchfacilitiessuchastheNationalResearchCouncilcontributedtoaneventualtechnology
boom.TheearlyadoptersledtooffshootcompaniessuchasNewbridgeNetworks,MitelandCorel.
Ottawa'scitylimitshadbeenincreasingovertheyears,butitacquiredthemostterritoryon1January2001,whenitamalgamatedallthemunicipalitiesofthe
RegionalMunicipalityofOttawaCarletonintoonesinglecity.[65]RegionalChairBobChiarelliwaselectedasthenewcity'sfirstmayorinthe2000municipal
election,defeatingGloucestermayorClaudetteCain.Thecity'sgrowthledtostrainsonthepublictransitsystemandtobridges.On15October2001,adiesel
poweredlightrailtransit(LRT)linewasintroducedonanexperimentalbasis.Thisline,knowntodayastheTrilliumLine,wasdubbedtheOTrainandconnected
downtownOttawatothesouthernsuburbsviaCarletonUniversity.ThedecisiontoextendtheOTrain,andtoreplaceitwithanelectriclightrailsystemwasa
majorissueinthe2006municipalelectionswhereChiarelliwasdefeatedbybusinessmanLarryO'Brien.AfterO'Brien'selectiontransitplanswerechangedto
establishaseriesoflightrailstationsfromtheeastsideofthecityintodowntown,andforusingatunnelthroughthedowntowncore.JimWatson,whohadbeen
thelastmayorofOttawapriortoamalgamation,wasreelectedinthe2010election.[66]
InOctober2012,CityCouncilapprovedthefinalLansdowneParkplan,anagreementwiththeOttawaSportsandEntertainmentGroupthatwillseeanew
stadium,increasedgreenspace,andhousingandretailaddedtothesite.[67][68]InDecember2012,CityCouncilvotedunanimouslytomoveforwardwiththe
ConfederationLine,a12.5kmlightrailtransitline,tobefullyoperationalby2018.[69]

Geography
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OttawaissituatedonthesouthbankoftheOttawaRiverandcontainsthemouthsoftheRideauRiverandRideauCanal.[70]
Theolderpartofthecity(includingwhatremainsofBytown)isknownasLowerTown,andoccupiesanareabetweenthe
canalandtherivers.AcrossthecanaltothewestliesCentretownandDowntownOttawa,whichisthecity'sfinancialand
commercialhubandhometotheParliamentofCanadaandnumerousfederalgovernmentdepartmentheadquarters,notably
thePrivyCouncilOffice.On29June2007,theRideauCanal,whichstretches202km(126mi)toKingston,FortHenry
andfourMartellotowersintheKingstonarea,wasrecognizedasaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.[71]
Locatedonamajor,yetmostlydormantfaultline,[72]Ottawaisoccasionallystruckbyearthquakes.Examplesincludea
magnitude5.2earthquakeon1January2000,[73]amagnitude4.5earthquakeon24February2006,[74]amagnitude5.0
earthquakeon23June2010,[75]andamagnitude5.2earthquakeon17May2013.[76]
Ottawasitsattheconfluenceofthreemajorrivers:theOttawaRiver,theGatineauRiverandtheRideauRiver.[77]The
OttawaandGatineauriverswerehistoricallyimportantintheloggingandlumberindustriesandtheRideauaspartofthe
RideauCanalsystemformilitary,commercialand,subsequently,recreationalpurposes.[77]TheRideauCanal(Rideau
Waterway)firstopenedin1832andis202kminlength.ItconnectstheSaintLawrenceRiveronLakeOntarioatKingston
totheOttawaRivernearParliamentHill.ItwasabletobypasstheunnavigablesectionsoftheCataraquiandRideaurivers
Inviewfromlefttoright:Gatineau
andvarioussmalllakesalongthewaterwayduetofloodingtechniquesandtheconstructionof47watertransportlocks.The
theOttawaRiverandDowntown
RideauRivergotitsnamefromearlyFrenchexplorerswhothoughtthatthewaterfallslocatedatthepointwherethe
Ottawa
RideauRiveremptiesintotheOttawaRiverresembleda'curtain'.Hencetheybegannamingthefallsandriver'rideau'
whichistheFrenchequivalentoftheEnglishwordforcurtain.[78][21]DuringpartofthewinterseasontheOttawasectionof
thecanalformstheworld'slargestskatingrink,therebyprovidingbotharecreationalvenueanda7.8kilometres(4.8mi)transportationpathtodowntownforice
skaters(fromCarletonUniversityandDow'sLaketotheRideauCentreandNationalArtsCentre).[79]
AcrosstheOttawaRiver,whichformstheborderbetweenOntarioandQuebec,liesthecityofGatineau,itselftheresultofamalgamationoftheformerQuebec
citiesofHullandAylmertogetherwithGatineau.[80]Althoughformallyandadministrativelyseparatecitiesintwoseparateprovinces,OttawaandGatineau(along
withanumberofnearbymunicipalities)collectivelyconstitutetheNationalCapitalRegion,whichisconsideredasinglemetropolitanarea.Onefederalcrown
corporation,theNationalCapitalCommission,orNCC,hassignificantlandholdingsinbothcities,includingsitesofhistoricalandtouristicimportance.The
NCC,throughitsresponsibilityforplanninganddevelopmentoftheselands,isanimportantcontributortobothcities.Aroundthemainurbanareaisanextensive
greenbelt,administeredbytheNCCforconservationandleisure,andcomprisingmostlyforest,farmlandandmarshland.[81]

Climate
Ottawahasahumidcontinentalclimate(KppenDfb)[82]withfourdistinctseasonsandisbetweenZones5aand5bontheCanadianPlantHardinessScale.[83]
TheaverageJulymaximumtemperatureis26.5C(80F).TheaverageJanuaryminimumtemperatureis14.8C(5.4F)
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SummersarewarmandhumidinOttawa.Onaverage11daysofthethreesummermonthshavetemperaturesexceeding30C
(86F),or37daysifthehumidexisconsidered.Averagerelativehumidityaverages54%intheafternoonand84%bymorning.
Snowandicearedominantduringthewinterseason.OnaverageOttawareceives224centimetres(88in)ofsnowfallannuallybut
maintainsanaverage22centimetres(9in)ofsnowpackthroughoutthethreewintermonths.Anaverage16daysofthethreewinter
monthsexperiencetemperaturesbelow20C(4F),or41daysifthewindchillisconsidered.[84]
Springandfallarevariable,pronetoextremesintemperatureandunpredictableswingsinconditions.Hotdaysabove30C
(86F)haveoccurredasearlyas17April(asin2002)[85]oraslateas22September(asin2007),[86]althoughsucheventsare
unusualandbrief.[84]Annualprecipitationaveragesaround940millimetres(37in).
Ottawaexperiencesabout2,130hoursofaveragesunshineannually(46%ofpossible).WindsinOttawaaregenerallyWesterlies
averaging13km/hbuttendtobeslightlymoredominantduringthewinter.[84]
ThehighesttemperatureeverrecordedinOttawawas37.8C(100F)on4July1913,1August1917and11August1944.[84][87]
Thecoldesttemperatureeverrecordedwas38.9C(38F)on29December1933.[84]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa

Iceskatersonthefrozen
RideauCanal,lookingsouth
fromLaurierAvenueBridge

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ClimatedataforOttawaCDA,19812010normals,extremes1872present[a]
Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

RecordhighC(F)

15.6
(60.1)

12.5
(54.5)

26.7
(80.1)

31.2
(88.2)

35.2
36.7
(95.4) (98.1)

AveragehighC(F)

5.8
(21.6)

3.1
(26.4)

2.4
(36.3)

11.4
(52.5)

19.0
24.1
26.6
(66.2) (75.4) (79.9)

25.4
20.5
(77.7) (68.9)

DailymeanC(F)

10.2
(13.6)

7.9
(17.8)

2.2
(28)

6.5
(43.7)

13.5
18.7
21.2
(56.3) (65.7) (70.2)

AveragelowC(F)

14.4
(6.1)

12.5
(9.5)

6.8
(19.8)

1.5
(34.7)

8.0
13.3
15.7
(46.4) (55.9) (60.3)

RecordlowC(F)

37.8
(36)

38.3 36.7 20.6

(36.9) (34.1) (5.1)

May

7.2
(19)

Jun

0.0
(32)

Jul

Aug

37.8
(100)

37.8
(100)

3.3
(37.9)

Nov

Dec

Year

23.3
(73.9)

17.2
(63)

37.8
(100)

5.5
(41.9)

2.0
(28.4)

11.4
(52.5)

19.9
15.3
8.4
(67.8) (59.5) (47.1)

2.0
(35.6)

5.6
(21.9)

6.6
(43.9)

14.5
10.1
4.0
(58.1) (50.2) (39.2)

1.5
(29.3)

9.2
(15.4)

1.9
(35.4)

30.6
(23.1)

38.9
(38)

38.9
(38)

1.1
(34)

Sep

Oct

36.7
29.4
(98.1) (84.9)

4.4
(24.1)

12.8
(55)

12.8
(9)

Averageprecipitationmm(inches)

62.9
49.7
57.5
71.1
86.6
92.7
84.4
83.8
92.7
85.9
82.7
69.5
919.5
(2.476) (1.957) (2.264) (2.799) (3.409) (3.65) (3.323) (3.299) (3.65) (3.382) (3.256) (2.736) (36.201)

Averagerainfallmm(inches)

23.0
17.9
28.8
63.2
86.6
92.7
84.4
83.8
92.7
83.1
67.5
31.9
755.5
(0.906) (0.705) (1.134) (2.488) (3.409) (3.65) (3.323) (3.299) (3.65) (3.272) (2.657) (1.256) (29.744)

Averagesnowfallcm(inches)

44.3
34.7
29.1
(17.44) (13.66) (11.46)

7.2
(2.83)

0.0
(0)

0.0
(0)

0.0
(0)

0.0
(0)

0.0
(0)

2.9
(1.14)

16.0
(6.3)

41.3
(16.26)

175.4
(69.06)

Averageprecipitationdays(0.2mm)

16.0

11.7

11.5

13.2

14.5

12.4

11.6

11.2

12.9

14.9

15.2

15.6

160.7

Averagerainydays(0.2mm)

3.7

3.5

5.5

11.5

14.4

12.4

11.6

11.2

12.9

14.6

11.6

5.5

118.3

Averagesnowydays(0.2cm)

14.1

9.7

7.4

2.7

0.08

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.81

5.1

12.2

52.0

Meanmonthlysunshinehours

99.3

131.3

167.1

189.8

229.8

254.2

279.0

249.3

177.6

139.4

84.3

82.6

2,083.7

Percentpossiblesunshine

35.0

44.9

45.3

46.9

49.9

54.3

58.9

57.1

47.1

41.0

29.4

30.3

45.0

Source:EnvironmentCanada[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94]

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ClimatedataforOttawaInternationalAirport,19812010normals,extremes1938present
Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Recordhighhumidex

13.9

15.1

30.0

35.1

41.8

44.0

46.0

47.0

42.5

33.9

26.1

18.4

47.0

RecordhighC(F)

12.9
(55.2)

12.4
(54.3)

27.4
(81.3)

31.1
(88)

35.8
(96.4)

36.1
(97)

36.7
(98.1)

37.8
(100)

35.1
(95.2)

27.8
(82)

23.9
(75)

17.9
(64.2)

37.8
(100)

AveragehighC(F)

5.8
(21.6)

3.4
(25.9)

2.5
(36.5)

11.6
(52.9)

19.0
(66.2)

24.1
(75.4)

26.5
(79.7)

25.3
(77.5)

20.4
(68.7)

12.7
(54.9)

5.4
(41.7)

2.3
(27.9)

11.3
(52.3)

DailymeanC(F)

10.3
(13.5)

8.1
(17.4)

2.3
(27.9)

6.3
(43.3)

13.3
(55.9)

18.5
(65.3)

21.0
(69.8)

19.8
(67.6)

15.0
(59)

8.0
(46.4)

1.5
(34.7)

6.2
(20.8)

6.4
(43.5)

AveragelowC(F)

14.8
(5.4)

12.7
(9.1)

7.0
(19.4)

1.0
(33.8)

7.5
(45.5)

12.9
(55.2)

15.5
(59.9)

14.3
(57.7)

9.6
(49.3)

3.3
(37.9)

2.4
(27.7)

10.1
(13.8)

1.4
(34.5)

RecordlowC(F)

35.6
(32.1)

36.1 30.6
(33) (23.1)

16.7
(1.9)

5.6
(21.9)

0.1
(31.8)

5.0
(41)

2.6
(36.7)

3.0
(26.6)

8.0
(17.6)

21.7 34.4
(7.1) (29.9)

36.1
(33)

Recordlowwindchill

47.8

47.6

26.3

10.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

6.4

13.3

29.5

47.8

Averageprecipitationmm(inches)

42.7

44.6

65.4
54.3
64.4
74.5
80.3
92.8
91.9
85.5
90.1
86.1
81.9
76.4
943.4
(2.575) (2.138) (2.535) (2.933) (3.161) (3.654) (3.618) (3.366) (3.547) (3.39) (3.224) (3.008) (37.142)

Averagerainfallmm(inches)

25.0
18.7
31.1
63.0
80.1
92.8
91.9
85.5
90.1
82.2
64.5
33.5
(0.984) (0.736) (1.224) (2.48) (3.154) (3.654) (3.618) (3.366) (3.547) (3.236) (2.539) (1.319)

758.2
(29.85)

Averagesnowfallcm(inches)

53.9
43.3
38.3
11.3
(21.22) (17.05) (15.08) (4.45)

0.2
(0.08)

0.0
(0)

0.0
(0)

0.0
(0)

0.0
(0)

3.7
(1.46)

20.2
(7.95)

52.5
(20.67)

223.5
(87.99)

Averageprecipitationdays(0.2mm)

16.6

13.1

12.7

12.4

13.4

13.2

11.9

11.0

12.3

14.3

15.2

17.4

163.6

Averagerainydays(0.2mm)

4.4

3.9

6.7

10.9

13.4

13.2

11.9

11.0

12.3

13.7

11.0

6.0

118.4

Averagesnowydays(0.2cm)

16.1

12.1

8.8

3.5

0.17

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.1

6.8

14.7

63.3

Averagerelativehumidity(%)

67.5

61.3

56.6

50.2

49.9

53.1

53.7

55.0

59.1

61.6

68.1

72.2

59.0

Meanmonthlysunshinehours

122.4

114.1

168.5

187.5

210.5

274.0

301.4

231.9

211.5

148.8

92.4

68.8

2,131.7

Percentpossiblesunshine

43.1

39.0

45.7

46.3

45.7

58.6

63.7

53.1

56.1

43.7

32.2

25.2

46.0

Source:EnvironmentCanada[84][95][96][97][98]

Neighbourhoodsandoutlyingcommunities
OttawaisboundedontheeastbytheUnitedCountiesofPrescottandRussellbyRenfrewCountyandLanarkCountyinthewestonthesouthbytheUnited
CountiesofLeedsandGrenvilleandtheUnitedCountiesofStormont,DundasandGlengarryandonthenorthbytheRegionalCountyMunicipalityofLes
Collinesdel'OutaouaisandtheCityofGatineau.[99]ModernOttawaismadeupofelevenhistorictownships,tenofwhicharefromCarletonCountyandonefrom
Russell.[100]
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Thecityhasamainurbanareabutmanyotherurban,suburbanandruralareasexistwithinthemoderncity'slimits.[101]
Themainsuburbanareaextendsaconsiderabledistancetotheeast,westandsouthofthecentre,[101]anditincludesthe
formercitiesofGloucester,NepeanandVanier,theformervillageofRockcliffePark(ahighincomeneighbourhoodwhich
isadjacenttothePrimeMinister'sofficialresidenceat24SussexandtheGovernorGeneral'sresidence),andthe
communitiesofBlackburnHamletandOrlans.[102]TheKanatasuburbanareaincludestheformervillageofStittsvilleto
thesouthwest.[102]NepeanisanothermajorsuburbwhichalsoincludesBarrhaven.[102]ThecommunitiesofManotickand
RiversideSoutharelocatedontheothersideoftheRideauRiver,andGreely,southeastofRiversideSouth.[102]Anumber
ofruralcommunities(villagesandhamlets)liebeyondthegreenbeltbutareadministrativelypartoftheOttawa
municipality.[101]SomeofthesecommunitiesareBurrittsRapidsAshtonFallowfieldKarsFitzroyHarbourMunster
CarpNorthGowerMetcalfeConstanceBayandOsgoodeandRichmond.[102]Severaltownsarelocatedwithinthe
federallydefinedNationalCapitalRegionbutoutsidethecityofOttawamunicipalboundaries,[101]theseincludetheurban
communitiesofAlmonte,CarletonPlace,Embrun,Kemptville,Rockland,andRussell.[102]

MapofOttawashowingurbanarea
andhistorictownships

Demographics
In2011,thepopulationsoftheCityofOttawaandtheOttawaGatineaucensusmetropolitanarea(CMA)were883,391and
1,236,324respectively.[103][104]Thecityhadapopulationdensityof316.6personsperkm2in2006,whiletheCMAhada
populationdensityof196.6personsperkm2.[103][104]ItisthesecondlargestcityinOntario,fourthlargestcityinthe
country,andthefourthlargestCMAinthecountry.
Ottawa'smedianageof39.2isbothbelowtheprovincialandnationalaveragesasof2011.[103][105][106]Youthsunder15
yearsofagecomprised16.8%ofthetotalpopulationasof2011,whilethoseofretirementage(65yearsandolder)
comprised13.2%.[103]In2011,femalesmadeup51.5%oftheamalgamatedOttawapopulation.[103]
Distributionmapcompiledfromthe
2001censusshowingpercentageof
individualsthatindicatedFrenchas
theirmothertongue

Between1987and2002,131,816individualsrelocatedtothecity,whichrepresents75%ofthepopulationgrowthforthat
period.[107]Over20percentofthecity'spopulationisforeignborn,withthemostcommonnonCanadiancountriesof
originbeingtheUnitedKingdom(8.8%ofthoseforeignborn),China(8.0%),andLebanon(4.8%).About6.1%of
residentsarenotCanadiancitizens.[108]

Membersofvisibleminoritygroups(nonwhite/European)constitute23.7%,whilethoseofAboriginaloriginmakeup2.1%ofthetotalpopulation.Thelargest
visibleminoritygroupsare:BlackCanadians:5.7%,ChineseCanadians:4.0%,SouthAsians:3.9%,andArabs:3.7%.SmallergroupsincludeLatinAmericans,
SoutheastAsians,Filipinos,andWestAsians.[108]

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Around65%ofOttawaresidentsdescribethemselvesasChristianasof2011,withCatholicsaccountingfor38.5%ofthepopulationandmembersofProtestant
churches25%.NonChristianreligionsarealsoverywellestablishedinOttawa,thelargestbeingIslam(6.7%),Hinduism(1.4%),Buddhism(1.3%),andJudaism
(1.2%).Thosewithnoreligiousaffiliationrepresent22.8%.[108]
Bilingualismbecameofficialpolicyfortheconductofmunicipalbusinessin2002,[109]and37%ofthepopulationcanspeakbothlanguagesasof2006,[110]
makingitthelargestcityinCanadawithbothEnglishandFrenchascoofficiallanguages.[111]ThosethatidentifytheirmothertongueasEnglishconstitute62.4
percent,whilethosewithFrenchastheirmothertonguemakeup14.2percentofthepopulation.Intermsofrespondents'knowledgeofoneorbothofficial
languages,59.9percentand1.5percentofthepopulationhaveknowledgeofEnglishonlyandFrenchonly,respectivelywhile37.2percenthaveknowledgeof
bothofficiallanguages.Anadditional20.4percentofthepopulationlistlanguagesotherthanEnglishandFrenchastheirmothertongue.TheseincludeArabic
(3.2%),Chinese(3.0%),Spanish(1.2%),Italian(1.1%),andmanyothers.[108]

Economy
Ottawa'sprimaryemployersarethePublicServiceofCanadaandthehightechindustry.[107]Thenational
headquartersformanyfederaldepartmentsarelocatedinOttawa.Thecityhasahighstandardoflivingandlow
unemployment.[112][113]MercerranksOttawawiththethirdhighestqualityoflivingofanylargecityinthe
Americas,and16thhighestintheworld.[114]ItisalsoratedthesecondcleanestcityinCanada,andthirdcleanestcity
intheworld.[115]In2012,thecitywasrankedforthethirdconsecutiveyearasthebestcommunityinCanadatolive
inbyMoneySense.[116]
OttawahadthefourthhighestGDPgrowthrateamongmajorCanadiancitiesin2007at2.7%,whichexceededthe
Canadianaverageof2.4%.[117]ItisestimatedthattheNationalCapitalRegionattractsaround7.3milliontourists
annuallywhospendabout1.18billiondollars.[118]

Developedintheearly1950s,Tunney's
Pastureisanareathatisforfederal
governmentbuildings.Mostofthebuildings
areforHealthCanadaandStatisticsCanada.

TheregionofOttawaGatineauhasthethirdhighestincomeofallmajorCanadiancities.[117]Theaveragegross
incomeintheregionamountedto$40,078,anincreaseof4.9%comparedtothepreviousyear.[117]Theannualcostoflivingratein2007grew1.9%.[117]
TheFederalgovernmentisthecity'slargestemployer,employingover110,000individualsfromtheNationalCapitalregion.[119]Ottawaisalsoanimportant
technologycentrein2015,its1800companiesemployapproximately63,400people.[120]Theconcentrationofcompaniesinthisindustryearnedthecitythe
nicknameof"SiliconValleyNorth."[64]Mostofthesecompaniesspecializeintelecommunications,softwaredevelopmentandenvironmentaltechnology.Large
technologycompaniessuchasNortel,Corel,Mitel,Cognos,HalogenSoftware,ShopifyandJDSUniphasewerefoundedinthecity.[121]Ottawaalsohasregional
locationsforNokia,3M,AdobeSystems,BellCanada,IBMandHewlettPackard.[122]Manyofthetelecommunicationsandnewtechnologyarelocatedinthe
westernpartofthecity(formerlyKanata).
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Anothermajoremployeristhehealthsector,whichemploysover18,000
people.[123]FouractivegeneralhospitalsareintheOttawaarea:Queensway
CarletonHospital,TheOttawaHospital,MontfortHospital,andChildren'sHospital
ofEasternOntario.Severalspecializedhospitalfacilitiesarealsopresent,suchas
theUniversityofOttawaHeartInstituteandtheRoyalOttawaMentalHealth
Centre.[124]Nordion,iStatandtheNationalResearchCouncilofCanadaandOHRI
arepartofthegrowinglifesciencesector.[125][126]Business,finance,administration,
TheKanataResearchParkishometo
manycompanies,mostlyhightech
andsalesandserviceoccupationsrankhighamongtypesofoccupations.[110]
ApproximatelytenpercentofOttawa'sGDPisderivedfromfinance,insuranceand
realestatewhereasemploymentisingoodsproducingindustriesisonlyhalfthenationalaverage.[127]TheCityofOttawa
isthesecondlargestemployer[128][129]withover15,000employees.[129][130]

TheChildren'sHospitalofEastern
Ontario(CHEO)isamajorchildren's
hospitalanduniversityteaching
hospitalthatservesEasternOntario
andWesternQuebec.

TheNationalDefenceHeadquarterslocatedinOttawaisthemaincommandcentrefortheCanadianArmedForcesand
hoststheDepartmentofNationalDefence.[131]TheOttawaareaincludesCFSLeitrim,CFBUplands,andtheformerCFBRockcliffe.Duringthesummer,thecity
hoststheCeremonialGuard,whichperformsfunctionssuchastheChangingtheGuard.[132]
In2006,Ottawaexperiencedanincreaseof40,000jobsover2001withafiveyearaveragegrowththatwasrelativeslowerthaninthelate1990s.[117]Whilethe
numberofemployeesinthefederalgovernmentstagnated,thehightechnologyindustrygrewby2.4%.TheoverallgrowthofjobsinOttawaGatineauwas1.3%
comparedtothepreviousyear,downtosixthplaceamongCanada'slargestcities.[117]TheunemploymentrateinOttawaGatineauwas5.2%(onlyinOttawa:
5.1%),[133]whichwasbelowthenationalaverageof6.0%.[117]TheeconomicdownturnresultedinanincreaseintheunemploymentratebetweenApril2008and
April2009from4.7to6.3%.Intheprovince,however,thisrateincreasedoverthesameperiodfrom6.4to9.1%.[134]

Culture
TraditionallytheByWardMarket(inLowerTown),ParliamentHillandtheGoldenTriangle(bothinCentretownDowntown)havebeenthefocalpointsofthe
culturalscenesinOttawa.[135]ModernthoroughfaressuchasWellingtonStreet,RideauStreet,SussexDrive,ElginStreet,BankStreet,SomersetStreet,Preston
StreetandSparksStreetarehometomanyboutiques,museums,theatres,galleries,landmarksandmemorialsinadditiontoeatingestablishments,cafes,barsand
nightclubs.[136]
OttawahostsavarietyofannualseasonalactivitiessuchasWinterlude,thelargestfestivalinCanada,[137]andCanadaDaycelebrationsonParliamentHilland
surroundingdowntownarea,aswellasBluesfest,CanadianTulipFestival,OttawaDragonBoatFestival,OttawaInternationalJazzFestival,FringeFestivaland
FolkMusicFestival,thathavegrowntobecomesomeofthelargestfestivalsoftheirkindintheworld.[138][139]In2010,Ottawa'sFestivalindustryreceivedthe
IFEA"WorldFestivalandEventCityAward"forthecategoryofNorthAmericancitieswithapopulationbetween500,000and1,000,000.[140]
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AsCanada'scapital,OttawahasplayedhosttoanumberofsignificantculturaleventsinCanadianhistory,includingthe
firstvisitofthereigningCanadiansovereignKingGeorgeVI,withhisconsort,QueenElizabethtohisparliament,on
19May1939.[141]VEDaywasmarkedwithalargecelebrationon8May1945,[142]thefirstraisingofthecountry'snew
nationalflagtookplaceon15February1965,[143]andthecentennialofConfederationwascelebratedon1July1967.[144]
ElizabethIIwasinOttawaon17April1982,toissuearoyalproclamationoftheenactmentoftheConstitutionAct.[145]In
1983,PrinceCharlesandDianaPrincessofWalescametoOttawaforastatedinnerhostedbythenPrimeMinisterPierre
Trudeau.[146]In2011,OttawawasselectedasthefirstcitytoreceivePrinceWilliam,DukeofCambridge,andCatherine,
DuchessofCambridgeduringtheirtourofCanada.

Architecture
Influencedbygovernmentstructures,muchofthecity'sarchitecturetendstobeformalisticandfunctional.However,the
cityisalsomarkedbyRomanticandPicturesquestylesofarchitecturesuchastheParliamentBuildings'gothicrevival
architecture.[147]Ottawa'sdomesticarchitectureisdominatedbysinglefamilyhomes,butalsoincludessmallernumbersof
semidetached,rowhouses,andapartmentbuildings.Mostdomesticbuildingsarecladinbrick,withsmallnumbers
coveredinwoodorstone.
TheskylinehasbeencontrolledbybuildingheightrestrictionsoriginallyimplementedtokeepParliamentHillandthe
PeaceTowerat92.2metres(302ft)visiblefrommostpartsofthecity.[148]Today,severalbuildingsareslightlytallerthan
thePeaceTower,withthetallestlocatedonAlbertStreetbeingthe29storeyPlacedeVille(TowerC)at112metres
(367ft).[149]FederalbuildingsintheNationalCapitalRegionaremanagedbyPublicWorksCanada,whilemostofthe
federallandintheregionismanagedbytheNationalCapitalCommissionitscontrolofmuchundevelopedlandgivesthe
NCCagreatdealofinfluenceoverthecity'sdevelopment.[150]

Museumsandperformingarts

Atroupeofperformersin
ConfederationParkduringthe2014
Winterludecelebrations

ElginStreetindowntownOttawa,
lookingnorthwardstowardsthe
ParliamentBuildingsfromQueen
Street

Amongstthecity'snationalmuseumsandgalleriesistheNationalGalleryofCanadadesignedbyfamousarchitectMosheSafdie,itisapermanenthometothe
Mamansculpture.[152]TheCanadianWarMuseumhousesover3.75millionartifactsandwasmovedtoanexpandedfacilityin2005.[153]TheCanadianMuseum
ofNaturewasbuiltin1905,andunderwentamajorrenovationbetween2004and2010.[154]AcrosstheOttawariverinGatineauisthemostvisitedmuseumin
Canada,theCanadianMuseumofHistory.[155]DesignedbyCanadianAboriginalarchitectDouglasCardinal,thecurvingshapedcomplex,builtatacostof340
millionUSD,alsohousestheCanadianChildren'sMuseum,theCanadianPostalMuseumanda3DIMAXtheatre.[156]
ThecityisalsohometotheCanadaAgricultureMuseum,theCanadaAviationandSpaceMuseum,theCanadaScienceandTechnologyMuseum,BillingsEstate
Museum,BytownMuseum,CanadianMuseumofContemporaryPhotography,CanadianSkiMuseum,CurrencyMuseum,andthePortraitGalleryofCanada.[157]
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TheOttawaLittleTheatre,originallycalledtheOttawaDramaLeagueatitsinceptionin1913,isthelongestrunning
communitytheatrecompanyinOttawa.[158]Since1969,OttawahasbeenthehomeoftheNationalArtsCentre,amajor
performingartsvenuethathousesfourstagesandishometotheNationalArtsCentreOrchestra,theOttawaSymphony
OrchestraandOperaLyraOttawa.[159]Establishedin1975,theGreatCanadianTheatreCompanyspecializesinthe
productionofCanadianplaysatalocallevel.[160]

Historicandheritagesites
TheRideauCanalistheoldestcontinuouslyoperatedcanalsysteminNorth
America,andin2007,itwasregisteredasaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.[161]In
addition,24otherNationalHistoricSitesofCanadaareinOttawa,including:the
CentralChambers,theCentralExperimentalFarm,theChteauLaurier,
GalleryofCanada[151]
ConfederationSquare,theformerOttawaTeachers'College,LangevinBlock,
LaurierHouseandtheParliamentBuildings.Manyotherpropertiesofculturalvalue
havebeendesignatedashaving"heritageelements"bytheCityofOttawaunderPartIVoftheOntarioHeritageAct.[162]
TheMamansculpturebyLouise
Bourgeois,a9.144mor30ftbronze
castofaspiderlocatedattheNational

Sports
SportinOttawahasahistorydatingbacktothe19thcentury.Ottawaiscurrentlyhometofourprofessionalsportsteams.
TheOttawaSenatorsareaprofessionalicehockeyteamplayingintheNationalHockeyLeague.TheSenatorsplaytheir
homegamesattheCanadianTireCentre.[163]TheOttawaRedblacksareaprofessionalCanadianFootballteamplayingin
theCanadianFootballLeague.[164]ProfessionalsoccerclubOttawaFuryFCplayintheNorthAmericanSoccerLeague,
theseconddivisioninNorthAmericanprosoccerafterMajorLeagueSoccer.BothOttawaFuryFCandtheOttawa
RedblacksplaytheirhomegamesatTDPlaceStadium.TheOttawaChampionsplayprofessionalbaseballintheCanAm
LeagueatRaymondChabotGrantThorntonPark,followingthedepartureoftheLynxInternationalLeaguefranchise.
SeveralnonprofessionalteamsalsoplayinOttawa,includingtheOttawa67'sjunioricehockeyteam.[165]
CollegiateteamsinvarioussportscompeteinCanadianInteruniversitySport.TheCarletonRavensarenationallyrankedin
basketball,[166]andtheOttawaGeeGeesarenationallyrankedinfootballandbasketball.AlgonquinCollegehasalsowon
numerousnationalchampionships.Thecityishometoanassortmentofamateurorganizedteamsportssuchassoccer,
basketball,baseball,curling,rowing,hurlingandhorseracing.[167]Casualrecreationalactivities,suchasskating,cycling,
hiking,sailing,golfing,skiingandfishing/icefishingarealsopopular.[167]

TheLangevinBlock,hometothe
PrimeMinister'sOfficeand
designatedaNationalHistoricSiteof
Canada

TheCanadianTireCentreisthehome
arenaoftheNationalHockey
League'sOttawaSenators.

Currentprofessionalteams
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Professional
Team

League

Sport

Venue

Established

Championships

OttawaSenators

NationalHockeyLeague(NHL)

Ice
hockey

CanadianTireCentre

1990

0[nb1]

OttawaRedblacks

CanadianFootballLeague(CFL)

Football

TDPlaceStadium

2010

OttawaFuryFC

UnitedSoccerLeague(USL)

Soccer

TDPlaceStadium

2011

RaymondChabotGrant
ThorntonPark

2014

OttawaChampions

CanadianAmericanAssociationofProfessionalBaseball
Baseball
(CanAm)

Government

OttawaabovetheOttawaRiverinMay,lefttorightAlexandraBridgeNationalGalleryofCanadaBywardMarketFairmontChteauLaurierRideau
CanalLocksParliamentHillwithLibraryofParliamentandPeaceTowerDowntownOttawatowersSupremeCourtofCanada
TheCityofOttawaisasingletiermunicipality,meaningitisinitselfacensusdivisionandhasnocountyorregionalmunicipalitygovernmentaboveit.[168]Asa
singletiermunicipality,Ottawahasresponsibilityforallmunicipalservices,includingfire,emergencymedicalservices,police,parks,roads,sidewalks,public
transit,drinkingwater,stormwater,sanitarysewageandsolidwaste.Ottawaisgovernedbythe24memberOttawaCityCouncilconsistingof23councillorseach
representingonewardandthemayor,currentlyJimWatson,[169]electedinacitywidevote.
AlongwithbeingthecapitalofCanada,Ottawaispoliticallydiverseinlocalpolitics.MostofthecityhastraditionallysupportedtheLiberalParty.[170]Perhaps
thesafestareasfortheLiberalsaretheonesdominatedbyFrancophones,especiallyinVanierandcentralGloucester.[170]CentralOttawaisusuallymoreleft
leaning,andtheNewDemocraticPartyhavewonridingsthere.SomeofOttawa'ssuburbsareswingareas,notablycentralNepeanand,despiteitsfrancophone
population,Orlans.[170]ThesouthernandwesternpartsoftheoldcityofOttawaaregenerallymoderateandswingtotheConservativeParty.[170]Thefartherone
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goesoutsidethecitycentreliketoKanataandBarrhavenandruralareas,thevoterstendtobeincreasinglyconservative,
bothfiscallyandsocially.[170]ThisisespeciallytrueintheformerTownshipsofWestCarleton,Goulbourn,Rideauand
Osgoode,whicharemoreinlinewiththeconservativeareasinthesurroundingcounties.[170]However,notallruralareas
supporttheConservativeParty.RuralpartsoftheformertownshipofCumberland,withalargenumberofFrancophones,
traditionallysupporttheLiberalParty,thoughtheirsupporthasrecentlyweakened.[170]
Atpresent,Ottawaishostto130embassies.[171]Afurther49countriesaccredittheirembassiesandmissionsintheUnited
StatestoCanada.[171]
OttawaCityHallbuiltasthe
headquartersoftheformerRegional
MunicipalityofOttawaCarleton

Transportation

OttawaisservedbyanumberofairlinesthatflyintotheOttawaMacdonaldCartier
InternationalAirport,aswellastwomainregionalairportsGatineauOttawa
ExecutiveAirport,andOttawa/CarpAirport.[172]ThecityisalsoservedbyintercitypassengerrailserviceattheOttawa
TrainStationbyViaRail,locatedneartheAltaVistaneighbourhood,andintercitybusserviceoperatingoutoftheOttawa
BusCentralStation.[172]
ThepublictransitsystemisoperatedbyOCTranspo,adepartmentofthecity.[173]Anintegratedhubandspokesystemof
servicesisavailableconsistingof:regularbusestravellingonfixedroutesinmixedtraffic,typicalofmosturbantransit
systems[173]abusrapidtransit(BRT)systemwhichisahighfrequencybusserviceoperatingonthetransitway(anetwork
ofmostlygradeseparateddedicatedbuslaneswithintheirownrightofway)andhavingfullstationswithPark&Ride
facilities,furthersupportedbyonroadreservedbuslanesandprioritytrafficsignalcontrolsalightrailtransit(LRT)
systemknownastheOTrainoperatingononenorthsouthroute(theTrilliumLine)[173]andadoortodoorbusservicefor
thedisabledknownasParaTranspo.[173]BothOCTranspoandtheQuebecbasedSocitdetransportdel'Outaouais(STO)
operatebusservicesbetweenOttawaandGatineau.

AnAlstomCoradiaLINToftheO
Train(TrilliumLine),Ottawa'slight
railtrainservicingaportionof
Ottawa'spublictransitsystem

ConstructionisunderwayontheConfederationLine,a12.5kilometre(7.8mi)lightrailtransitline(LRT),whichincludes
a2.5kilometre(1.6mi)tunnelthroughthedowntownareafeaturingthreeundergroundstations.Theproject(http://www.li
gneconfederationline.ca/)brokegroundin2013,withoperationscheduledtostartin2018.[174]Afurther30kilometersand19stationswillbebuiltby2023,
referredtoastheStage2(http://www.stage2lrt.ca/)plan.[175]

Thecityisservedbytwofreewaycorridors.TheprimarycorridoriseastwestandconsistsofprovincialHighway417(designatedasTheQueensway)and
OttawaCarletonRegionalRoad174(formerlyProvincialHighway17)anorthsouthcorridor,Highway416(designatedasVeterans'MemorialHighway),
connectsOttawatotherestofthe400SeriesHighwaynetworkinOntarioatthe401.Highway417isalsotheOttawaportionoftheTransCanadaHighway.The
cityalsohasseveralscenicparkways(promenades),suchasColonelByDrive,QueenElizabethDriveway,theSirJohnA.MacdonaldParkway,Rockcliffe
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ParkwayandtheAviationParkwayandhasafreewayconnectiontoAutoroute5andAutoroute50,inGatineau.In2006,
theNationalCapitalCommissioncompletedaestheticenhancementstoConfederationBoulevard,aceremonialrouteof
existingroadslinkingkeyattractionsonbothsidesoftheOttawaRiver.[176]
Numerouspavedmultiusetrailswindtheirwaythroughmuchofthecity,includingalongtheOttawaRiver,RideauRiver,
andRideauCanal.Thesepathwaysareusedfortransportation,tourism,andrecreation.Becausemoststreetseitherhave
widecurblanesorbicyclelanes,cyclingisapopularmodeoftransportationintheregionthroughouttheyear.[177]Asof31
December2015,900kmofcyclingfacilitiesarefoundinOttawa,including435kmofmultiusepathways,8kmofcycle
tracks,200kmofonroadbicyclelanesand257kmofpavedshoulders.[178]204kmofnewcyclingfacilitieswereadded
between2011and2014.[178]Adowntownstreetthatisrestrictedtopedestriansonly,SparksStreetwasturnedintoa
pedestrianmallin1966.[179]On10July2011Ottawasawitsfirstdedicated,segregatedbikelanesinthedowntowncore.
Thelaneisseparatedfromcartrafficbyalowconcretebarrierwithmanygapstoallowforloadingandunloadingof
peopleandgoods.Ottawa'scyclingadvocacygroup,CitizensforSafeCycling,hasbeenactivelypromotingsafercycling
infrastructureinthecommunitysince1984.[180]Thecitywasdesignatedasa"Gold"BicycleFriendlyCommunityin2013
bySharetheRoadCyclingCoalition,thefirstcityinOntariotoreceivethisdesignation.[181]OnSundays(since1960)and
selectedholidaysandeventsadditionalavenuesandstreetsarereservedforpedestrianand/orbicycleusesonly.[182]InMay
2011,TheNCCintroducedtheBixiBikerentalprogram.[183]

BicycleCommutersinDowntown
Ottawa(LaurierAvenueWestinfront
ofCityHall)

Education
OttawaisknownasoneofthemosteducatedcitiesinCanada,withoverhalfthepopulationhavinggraduatedfromcollege
and/oruniversity.[184]Ottawahasthehighestpercapitaconcentrationofengineers,scientists,andresidentswithPhDsin
Canada.[185]
Thecityhastwomainpublicuniversities:
TheUniversityofOttawa(originallynamedthe"CollegeofBytown")wasthefirstpostsecondaryinstitution
establishedinthecityin1848.TheuniversitywouldeventuallyexpandtobecomethelargestEnglishFrench
bilingualuniversityintheworld.[186]ItisalsoamemberoftheU15,agroupofhighlyrespectedresearchintensive
universitiesinCanada.[187]Theuniversity'scampusislocatedintheSandyHillneighbourhood,justadjacenttothe
city'sdowntowncore.
CarletonUniversitywasfoundedin1942tomeettheneedsofreturningWorldWarIIveteransandlaterbecame
Ontario'sfirstprivate,nondenominationalcollege.Overtime,Carletonwouldmakethetransitiontothepublic
universitythatitistoday.Inrecentyears,Carletonhasbecomerankedhighlyamongcomprehensiveuniversitiesin
Canada.[188]Theuniversity'scampussitsbetweenOldOttawaSouthandDow'sLake.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa

TabaretHallattheUniversityof
Ottawa,foundedin1848asthe
CollegeofBytown

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OttawaalsohastwomainpubliccollegesAlgonquinCollegeandLaCitcollgiale.ItalsohastwoCatholicuniversitiesDominicanUniversityCollegeand
SaintPaulUniversity.Othercollegesanduniversitiesinnearbyareas(namely,theneighbouringcityofGatineau)includetheUniversityofQuebecenOutaouais,
Cgepdel'Outaouais,andHeritageCollege.
FourmainpublicschoolboardsexistinOttawa:English,EnglishCatholic,French,andFrenchCatholic.TheEnglishlanguageOttawaCarletonDistrictSchool
Board(OCDSB)isthelargestboardwith147schools,[189]followedbytheEnglishCatholicOttawaCatholicSchoolBoardwith85schools.[190]ThetwoFrench
languageboardsaretheFrenchCatholicConseildescolescatholiquesduCentreEstwith49schools,[191]andtheFrenchConseildescolespubliquesdel'Estde
l'Ontariowith37schools.[192]Ottawaalsohasnumerousprivateschoolswhicharenotpartofaboard.
TheOttawaPublicLibrarywascreatedin1906aspartofthefamedCarnegielibrarysystem.[193]Thelibrarysystemhad2.3millionitemsasof2008.[194]

Media
ThreemaindailylocalnewspapersareprintedinOttawa:twoEnglishnewspapers,theOttawaCitizenestablishedastheBytownPacketin1845andtheOttawa
Sun,with900,197and274,628weeklycirculationrespectively,andoneFrenchnewspaper,LeDroit.[195]Anotherfreecommuterdailypaper,MetroOttawawas
addedinthe2000s.Severalweeklyandmonthlycommunitypapersarealsopublished,includingtheKitchissippiTimes.AwiderangeofCanadiantelevision
broadcastnetworksandsystems,andanextensivenumberofradiostations,arebroadcastinbothEnglishandFrench.
Inadditiontothemarket'slocalmediaservices,Ottawaishometoseveralnationalmediaoperations,includingCPAC(Canada'snationallegislaturebroadcaster)
andtheparliamentarybureaustaffofvirtuallyallofCanada'smajornewsgatheringorganizationsintelevision,radioandprint.Thecityisalsohometothehead
officeoftheCanadianBroadcastingCorporation,althoughitisnottheprimaryproductionlocationofmostCBCradioortelevisionprogramming.

TwintownsSistercities
Ottawaistwinnedwith:
Beijing,China[196]
Cairo,Egypt[197]and
Catania,Italy.[198]

Notablepeople
Seealso
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa

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Listofnationalcapitals
ListofhospitalsinOttawa
ListofOttawabuildings
ListofOttawachurches

ListofOttawamosques
ListofOttawasynagogues
ListofpeoplefromOttawa
ListoffrancophonecommunitiesinOntario

Footnotes
1.NHLMediaGuide2010.TheoriginalSenators(alsoknownastheOttawaHockeyClub)organizationwonelevenStanleyCups,notthecurrentorganizationfoundedin1990.
NeithertheNHLortheSenatorsclaimthecurrentSenatorstobeacontinuationoftheoriginalorganizationorfranchise.Theawards,statisticsandchampionshipsofbotheras
arekeptseparateandtheNHLfranchisefoundingdateofthecurrentSenatorsisin1991.

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Notes
a.ExtremehighandlowtemperaturesinthetablebelowarefromOttawa(March1872toOctober1889)andOttawaCDA(November1889topresent).

Bibliography
Brault,Lucien(1946)."OttawaOldandNew".OttawaHistoricalInformationInstitute.OCLC2947504.
Hale,James(2011).Frommer'sOttawa.JohnWileyandSons.ISBN9780470681589.
Keshen,JeffStOnge,Nicole(2001).Ottawamakingacapital.UniversityofOttawaPress.ISBN9780776605210.
Lee,David(2006).Lumberkings&shantymen:loggingandlumberingintheOttawaValley.JamesLorimer&Company.ISBN9781550289220.
Legget,Robert(1986).RideauWaterway.UniversityofTorontoPress.ISBN0802065910.
Martin,Carol(1997).Ottawa:acolourguide.FormacPublishingCompany.ISBN9780887803963.
Mika,NickMika,Helma(1982).Bytown:TheEarlyDaysofOttawa.MikaPublishingCompany.ISBN0919303609.
Taylor,JohnH.(1986).Ottawa:AnIllustratedHistory.J.Lorimer.ISBN9780888629814.
VandeWetering,Marion(1997).AnOttawaalbum:glimpsesofthewaywewere.DundurnPressLtd.ISBN9780888821959.
Woods,ShirleyE.Jr.(1980).Ottawa:TheCapitalofCanada.DoubledayCanada.ISBN0385147228.

Externallinks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa

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