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Heads of Mission: A Handbook
Heads of Mission: A Handbook
Heads of Mission: A Handbook
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Heads of Mission: A Handbook

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“I consider this work an excellent, comprehensive manual for new and practicing diplomatic officers, and I applaud the authors for their foresight in producing it. This handbook should become essential reading for diplomats as it covers matters that appear simple on the surface but indeed are very critical to the successful execution of one’s job as a diplomat” (Keith Franklin, GCM, former ambassador of Barbados to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, former permanent secretary to the prime minister’s office, and retired cabinet secretary to the government of Barbados, West Indies).

“This handbook for Heads of Mission is well-thought-out, clearly written, very timely, correctly sequenced and will prove to be both practical and useful” (Mervyn I Assam, former high commissioner for the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago to the United Kingdom, former minister of Foreign Affairs, former ambassador extraordinary, and plenipotentiary with responsibility for trade and industry).

“A crash course in diplomacy and the use of its tools! Gives one a practical understanding of the weighty nature of the post of Head of Mission. This handbook not only emphasizes the importance of understanding that this responsibility is full-time but also the importance of the need to prepare adequately for this responsibility. Through the comprehensive way in which the authors have dealt with the diplomatic process, it is a handbook which greatly contributes to ensuring that a Head of Mission is adequately equipped for the leadership role in the delivery of desired national outcomes” (Sonia Johnny, attorney at law, former ambassador of St. Lucia to the United States of America).
LanguageEnglish
PublisherXlibris US
Release dateJul 17, 2018
ISBN9781984540249
Heads of Mission: A Handbook

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    Book preview

    Heads of Mission - Gail P Guy

    Copyright © 2018 by Gail / Dennis / Lenore.

    Library of Congress Control Number:              2018908112

    ISBN:                  Hardcover                     978-1-9845-4026-3

                                Softcover                       978-1-9845-4025-6

                                eBook                            978-1-9845-4024-9

    All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted

    in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,

    without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

    Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Getty Images are models,

    and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.

    Certain stock imagery © Getty Images.

    Rev. date: 09/17/2018

    Xlibris

    1-888-795-4274

    www.Xlibris.com

    774454

    CONTENTS

    Foreword

    Acknowledgements

    Commentary

    Introduction

    1.     Foreign Missions

    Representational

    Non-Representational

    Permanently Established

    Resident and Non-Resident

    Bilateral

    Multilateral

    Mixed

    Ad Hoc/Special

    2.     Diplomacy

    Concept and Practice

    International Engagement

    Strategic Role of the Foreign Ministry

    Foreign Ministry Collaboration

    Mandate of a Head of Mission

    Staffing at Missions

    Staff Complement

    Absence of the Head of Mission

    3.     Selection of a Head of Mission

    The Candidate Pool

    Agrément

    Letters of Credence

    4.     Preparation for Assuming Office

    Minister of Foreign Affairs

    The Permanent Secretary

    The Chief of Protocol

    Human Resources

    Chargé d’Affaires at Post

    Consular Affairs

    Bilateral/Multilateral Divisions

    Other Relevant Ministries and Departments

    Commercial and Manufacturing Associations

    Predecessors at Post

    Relevant Foreign Diplomatic Representatives

    Ceremonial Calls

    5.     Arrival at Post

    Logistics

    Mission Staff

    Pre-Accreditation

    Mixed Missions

    Accreditation

    Vin d’Honneur/Coupe de Champagne

    6.     Full Assumption of Duties

    Courtesy Calls

    Dean of the Diplomatic Corps

    Other Members of the Diplomatic Corps

    Government Officials

    Civic Officials

    The Media

    Social Media

    Scheduling

    Multilateral Representation

    The Diaspora

    Alliances and Friendships

    The Head of Mission as Team Leader

    7.     Engagement with Multilateral Organisations

    Decision-Making in the Multilateral Setting

    Groupings in Multilateral Fora

    Head of Mission as Leader/Coordinator of the

    Negotiating Team

    Staffing Implications

    Strategies for Effective Representation

    8.     Spouse of the Head of Mission

    Preposting Arrangements

    Arrival at Post

    Household Staff

    The Family

    9.     Consular Posts

    Categories of Posts

    Establishment of Posts

    Functions of a Consular Post

    Selection and Appointment of a Consul General

    Selection and Appointment of Honorary Consuls

    Preparation for Assuming Office

    10.   Visits

    State and Official Visits from the Sending State at Post

    State and Official Visits from Post to the Sending State

    Special Missions

    Special Envoy for the Investiture of a Head of State/Government at Post

    Visit by Head of Mission to Non-Resident Posts

    The First Visit

    Scheduled Visits

    11.   Demise of High Officials

    High Official of the Sending State

    High Officials of the Receiving State

    High Official of a Non-Resident Post

    High Official of a Member State of the Diplomatic Corps

    The Head of Mission at Post

    12.   Extraordinary Events

    Upheaval in the Sending State

    Upheaval in the Receiving State

    Natural Disasters and Pandemics

    Weather

    Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions

    Pandemics

    13.   Tools of Diplomatic Practice

    Communications

    The Diplomatic Pouch/Bag

    Networks

    Culture

    Trade, Business, and Manufacturing Associations

    Visits by Business and Private Enterprises

    Responses to Resource Challenges

    Partnerships

    Spouses

    14.   Mishaps and Missteps

    Foreign Exchange Abuse

    Importation Privileges

    Alcohol Privileges

    Valued Experienced Staff

    The Residence

    Social Proclivities

    Targeting of Diplomats

    Social Ineptitude

    15.   Closure of a Diplomatic Mission

    The Closing Process

    Timetable for Closure

    Mechanics of Closure

    Farewell

    16.   Appendices

    I.        The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961

    II.       The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1863

    III.     New York Convention on Special Missions, 1969

    IV.      Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations

    V.       Template, Letter of Appointment of an Ambassador/High Commissioner

    VI.     Template, Letter of Credence as Ambassador

    VII.   Template, Letter of Recall of Ambassador

    VIII.  Template, Letter of Credence as High Commissioner

    IX.     Template, Letter of Recall of a High Commissioner

    Bibliography

    About The Authors

    Image35312.JPG

    Lennox Fitzroy Ballah (1929–2003).

    Former head of the Foreign Service of Trinidad and Tobago and member of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. His exceptional dedication, professionalism, and expertise inspired and shaped several generations of diplomats, creating a legacy of institutional excellence and effectiveness in the foreign service of a small developing country.

    Photo courtesy of ITLOS (International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea).

    FOREWORD

    For love of their country and of their desire to assist in the maintenance of the highest standards of professionalism by the country’s diplomatic representatives, three retired senior diplomats of our country—namely, former ambassador Dennis Francis; Lenore Dorset, former permanent secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Office of the Prime Minister; and Gail Guy, former chief of protocol—have got together to prepare this handbook for the diplomat who has been appointed as head of mission.

    I must, at the outset, commend the three named parties for this worthy endeavour, the outcome of which should be of great assistance to the diplomat in the execution of his or her duties, subject always to the observance of established protocol, which is defined in Chapter 2 of the handbook.

    Therefore, when Ms Guy asked me to write this foreword, I agreed to do so without hesitation, since as a former noncareer diplomat/head of mission resident in London 2004–2008 and Washington 2008–2010, I often spent considerable time researching some of the very matters and issues described in the handbook, copies of which, on the conclusion of this exercise, should be distributed to all missions and should be updated regularly.

    This simple blueprint is recommended as an essential tool of missions, which, if properly utilised, would contribute to the efficient and effective functioning of missions.

    In conclusion, I am pleased to recommend this contribution from these three distinguished diplomats as an essential reference document in the arsenal of all heads of mission, and I look forward to the publication and distribution of the handbook within a short time.

    Glenda P. Morean Phillip, Attorney-at-Law, SC

    LLM (London, MCIArb)

    Former High Commissioner of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago to the United Kingdom

    and Former Ambassador of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago to the United States

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    There are many colleagues, friends, and family who have contributed to the successful finalisation of this manuscript, and the authors are extremely grateful for all the kindnesses, special favours, and kind considerations extended to them during this process. Aware that adumbrations in this exercise sometimes result in egregious omissions, the authors bravely venture to do just that, hopefully avoiding the pitfalls!

    Firstly, to the families who graciously accepted the extended absences from home and the family time sacrificed with researching and drafting, the authors thank you for your patience and forbearance.

    Many thanks to the colleagues who carved the time out of their very busy schedules to read the text, make editorial suggestions, point the authors to the gaps in information, and provide encouragement. This list includes Keith Franklin, formerly of the Foreign Service of Barbados; Sonia Johnny, formerly of the Foreign Service of St Lucia; Terrence Brathwaite, of the Coventry Law School; Glenda Morean Phillip, Mervyn Assam, and Reginald Dumas, formerly of the Foreign Service of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago; Saara Ali Browne, for sharing some of the challenges as the spouse of an ambassador; the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, for permitting the use of the photograph of Judge Lennox F. Ballah; and Ilka Hilton Clarke, for her unstinting assistance in proofreading, formatting, and other general areas.

    The comptroller of the Intellectual Property Office, Trinidad and Tobago, and staff were very gracious and accommodating to the authors. They ensured that the authors were aware of the relevant implications of the various types of arrangements possible with publishers or financiers and, most importantly, the implications of the clauses that required close attention. Immense gratitude to the comptroller and his staff.

    The co-authors extend their appreciation to Gail P. Guy for conceptualising the project. The co-authors are eternally grateful to Dennis Francis for his excellent turn of phrase when they were stuck, even though they sometimes had to curb his enthusiasm. Grammar and syntax were the forte of Lenore S. Dorset, who would ensure that all redundancies were avoided. Gail P. Guy was the sergeant major who kept the group on task. It was easier to keep her happy by meeting deadlines than to earn her ire! The culinary competence of each of the authors made working full days extremely enjoyable and ‘full-filling’!

    The authors have dedicated this work to Lennox F. Ballah, who was a major influence in their lives and especially in their professional development and their love for the ministry where they all had long and fulfilling careers in spite of adversity from time to time.

    Gail P. Guy

    Dennis Francis

    Lenore S. Dorset

    COMMENTARY

    Thirty-seven years ago, and while a mature student reading international relations at a North American university, I once interviewed a career diplomat and visiting speaker who shared his metatheoretical explorations on what he thought was academia’s conventional positivist-inspired approach to the study of diplomacy. During his reconnoitring, I distinctly remember him defining diplomacy as the art of ‘stabbing a man in his back while making him feel that you are doing him a favour’.

    Back then, and amidst the espionage-driven events of US–Russia global competition, I thought this was a rather bleak but convenient interpretation. Today as we witness the historical and contemporary realities (Trumpism, Brexit, etc.) of the international diplomatic landscape—morphed from the imperialism of yesteryear to a born-again version dubbed globalisation—one cannot help but note how much things have changed yet still have remained the same. Accordingly, it has become even more imperative that diplomacy as praxis, with its all-embracing and overarching paradigmatic peculiarities, needs to be revisited by a new generation of interpretive practitioners managing international relations as their country’s representatives abroad to be a valuable vantage point from which to restrategise their reconnoitring of international politics in toto.

    In their germinal publication Heads of Mission: A Handbook, three retired senior Caribbean diplomats have succeeded in cementing the groundwork for accomplishing just that—and quite meritoriously too. The government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago’s former chief of protocol, Ms Gail Guy, and her co-authors, former ambassador Mr Dennis Francis and former permanent secretary (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Office of the Prime Minister) Mrs Lenore Dorset, have filtered the legitimacies and technology of diplomacy, both as an idea and process, through the prism of the defined methodologies that are critical for the thorough development of a resilient cadre of future Generation X and millennial diplomats. Ideally, these must be diplomats who are grounded in an emotionally and culturally intelligent and holistic understanding of the interrelationships between national identity, global unity, human dignity, and peace.

    Thus, by its very nature, this book of functional international relations tools insists on a certain pedigree for any of its subscribers aspiring to gain active and meaningful membership in the diplomatic fellowship of the twenty-first century, where further legitimising of the imperialistic world order of back-stabbing becomes passé, as per a recipe for progression like a cow’s tail—that is, growing down. The timely research by Ms Guy, Mr Francis, and Mrs Dorset will now form the basis of an impactful and innovative approach to not only enhance the work of those who engage in government-level interactions, such as heads of foreign missions, but to also promote the linkages of education to international relations and foreign policy objectives for ministry officials and education attachés, in addition to civil society leaders and advocates of the Caribbean and beyond. I wholeheartedly recommend this handbook to practitioners as well as graduate students of international relations, law, and diplomacy.

    What a tour de force!

    Terrence Wendell Brathwaite

    Chartered Marketer, MPhil, MA (EU Law), PgDip, BA (Hons), CISM, FCIM, FCMI, FRSA

    and Director, Postgraduate Studies (LLM Law Programmes),

    Coventry Law School, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK

    INTRODUCTION

    Reporting and commentary on foreign affairs, in the academic world, the media, and elsewhere, normally focus on objectives and outcomes and, consequently, on policy effectiveness, its costs, and sustainability. In the context of action by a state to protect and advance its interests in the international system, this approach is not only appropriate but also necessary, especially in these days of emphasis on good governance, of which transparency and public accountability are foundation elements. But even the most carefully formulated foreign policy can falter, or even fail, if it is not delivered in an effective and coordinated manner. Policy must be clear, yes, and coherent. But it must also be thoroughly understood and competently enunciated and executed by those in the field bearing the responsibility to represent and implement it—diplomats.

    How is this done? Are there any pitfalls to be avoided by awareness and skilful navigation? How critical is it to target and win the support of host country individuals, operatives, or audiences who wield influence, locally or nationally? What is the role of the head of mission, who is his or her government’s (and country’s) chief messenger in the host country, and who must at all times actively explain, promote, and if necessary, defend those messages? The head of mission operates at the interface between two authorities, be they two governments (sovereigns) or a government (sovereign) and an international organisation. To a significant degree, therefore, in the normal course of things, the proverbial buck stops with the head of mission, and many heads (and other diplomats too) have lost their posts because of inept policy execution or unwanted public controversy spawned by conduct that damaged their state’s image.

    This excellent handbook is the work of three retired Trinidad and Tobago diplomats, a former head of mission among them. It contributes to filling the gap that exists in understanding what goes into the making of a functional head of mission. By this, I mean someone who is well equipped to assume the continuing heavy responsibility of speaking knowledgeably and persuasively on behalf of his or her government and country abroad. In a real sense, entry into the world of diplomacy is entry into a very distinct society. It has its own rules and norms built up over centuries of international practice, commonly referred to as protocol; its own distinct forms of address; and a stylised way of engaging in formal communication, whether written or unwritten. Uniquely, it is universally governed by international law and behaviour specifically developed for that purpose.

    For all diplomats, especially the head of mission, understanding how that society is structured and how it operates is the first requirement of establishing one’s presence—indeed, one’s legitimacy—because all diplomats, particularly heads of mission, are continually being observed and assessed by the host country or, where applicable, the international organisation. Opinions, positive or negative, are formed on the basis of those observations and assessments. For good or ill, they affect how the diplomat is viewed—thus his or her effectiveness—and his or her country’s reputation.

    Gaining a good understanding, if not mastery, of diplomatic society should therefore be the goal of every head of mission, if only because within that society lie many potential allies and trustworthy sources of valuable insight that can be drawn upon to support the work of the mission. A warning, though: there also lie enemies and detractors, and they too must be identified.

    The documentary record is brimful of reviews and commentaries on the diplomatic stances and achievements of those regarded as the major power brokers in the global arena. Hardly any attention, however, has been devoted to dissecting the mechanics and complexities of diplomacy, and how to overcome them, in and for developing countries generally, and much more so in small developing countries, such as those in the Caribbean. It is important for future learning, and indeed for renewing national confidence, that we begin to record more broadly, for posterity, our own diplomatic experiences and, as small states, our own journey of national self-determination while adhering firmly to the principle that we belong to a community of nations.

    Considering the range and complexities of the issues confronting the world in the twenty-first century, it is not surprising that several scholars and analysts foresee an increasing need for diplomacy to resolve or, at the very least, to temper these problems that evidence has shown to be well beyond the competence of a single state or group of states to comprehensively address. Evidence of these problems abounds: difficulties over climate change, confrontations among Gulf States, the issue of North Korea, and so on. By extension, therefore, we can anticipate a corresponding increase in demand for diplomats, for despite the ubiquitous instant messaging technology that permits direct contact for a quick reaction at the highest levels, it is they who will have to carry the message forward, provide substantive feedback, and be called upon to explain, promote, and where necessary, defend policies. It is thus not in the interest of the state that their overseas missions, especially the heads of mission, are in any way handicapped. In this regard, a constant flow of information between headquarters and missions is indispensable.

    This handbook discusses the means by which heads of mission can be empowered to carry out their mandates successfully. It is both relevant and timely in also affording the general population (who fund official activities abroad) some insight into the real nature of diplomatic life by raising the veil on the requirements for, and dynamics of, effective representation abroad—an often misunderstood activity due, in large part, to the public perception of it as glitzy and elitist.

    I commend the authors of this handbook on taking the initiative in preparing this most valuable addition to the literature of foreign affairs, written from the perspective of practitioners from a small developing country but important for all to read, digest, and where applicable, practise.

    J. R. P. Dumas

    Bacolet, Tobago

    Former Ambassador of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

    and Former Permanent Secretary and Head of the Public Service of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

    CHAPTER ONE

    Foreign Missions

    Mission is the generic term for all authorised foreign ventures involving officials of a sending state¹ in diplomatic intercourse in a receiving state.² Authorised, in this sense, refers either to direct legal rights as outlined in the Constitution or indirectly as devolved to the executive/cabinet. Classes of missions include representational/non-representational, resident/non-resident, bilateral/multilateral/mixed, and ad hoc/special missions. These various categories are governed by the terms and conditions outlined in three important international treaties, i.e. the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961³ the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963⁴ and the New York Convention on Special Missions, 1969.⁵

    Representational

    Representational missions are called embassies, headed by ambassadors, or high commissions, headed by high commissioners. The latter is the convention when the exchange occurs between Commonwealth member states. Heads of mission of the sending state are accredited to the receiving state and are empowered to represent and commit the government of the sending state to the receiving state on any issue. This special authority enjoyed only by the ambassador/high commissioner is referred to as extraordinary and plenipotentiary and is empowered by the letter of credence. Any mission accredited from one head of state to another is thereby classified as a representational mission and thus constitutes the conduit for diplomatic intercourse between them. These officials represent the sending state to the government of the receiving state and are empowered to negotiate on behalf of the sending state. A core responsibility is to observe and regularly report on conditions and developments there and to protect and promote the interests of the sending state, including those of its nationals, both individual and corporate.

    A permanent mission to an intergovernmental organisation is established at the seat of the organisation and is a particular type of representational mission. The head of the mission is called the ambassador and permanent representative or the permanent delegate to the intergovernmental organisation. Since these organisations are not sovereign states, there is no requirement for agrement. In such cases, the prime minister signs the credentials which are addressed to the secretary general/director general of the organisation notifying the identity of the appointee.

    Non-Representational

    All other government offices of the sending state located in the receiving state are deemed to be non-representational missions. All such offices fall under the general direction of the accredited head of mission in the receiving state. The heads of these offices can only commit the government if credentials specific to the particular situation are issued from capital to permit them to do so. These offices include consular posts (consulates general, honorary consulates, trade offices, tourism offices, etc.). The rules governing the functioning of these officials are contained in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963.

    Permanently Established

    As the name suggests, these are offices of the sending state (representational and non-representational) that are established in the receiving state. The international rules governing this type of mission are contained in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Vienna, 1961 and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963. Notwithstanding the many rules in these Conventions governing officials and their functioning, reciprocity has served as a most effective sanction against non-compliance. In the most egregious instances of noncompliance, the last resort available is to declare the individual persona non grata, with a short profile for final departure.

    Resident and Non-Resident

    By convention, accredited heads of mission are normally resident in the administrative capital of the receiving state. Such heads of mission may also be accredited to other states or international organisations outside of their primary post and, in relation to those responsibilities, are referred to as non-resident ambassadors. He or she may be accredited to many other capitals in the vicinity. The mission and ambassador/high commissioner are described as having multiple accreditations. The head of mission is referred to as the non-resident ambassador/high commissioner of the sending state to the state where he or she is not resident. For example, the high commissioner for the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, resident in Kingston, Jamaica, is also accredited as non-resident ambassador to Haiti and non-resident ambassador to the Dominican Republic. He or she is also ambassador and permanent representative to the International Seabed Authority, located in Kingston, thereby making the appointment a multiple accreditation and a mixed mission.

    Bilateral

    An ambassador accredited to the head of state of a country is operating a bilateral mission—that is, between the sending state and the receiving state. An ambassador with multiple accreditations is still deemed to be operating a bilateral mission with each of the states of accreditation.

    Multilateral

    A head of mission is accredited as ambassador and permanent representative or principal delegate of the state to the intergovernmental organisation—as for example the United Nations Organization. In the case of the United Nations in New York, Geneva, and Vienna, there is a permanent representative of the sending state to the particular United Nations Organization. Generally, the permanent representative is not accredited to the state where the particular organisation is located, although there are exceptions to this practice. The permanent mission is a multilateral mission since its principal focus is the multidimensional negotiations which take place among all sovereign member states represented in the organisation.

    Intergovernmental organisations are focused on complex global issues, the resolution of which requires the involvement and cooperation of all sovereign states, such as climate change, global terrorism, HIV/AIDS and other pandemic diseases, human rights, and intellectual property rights.

    Mixed

    An ambassador accredited bilaterally may also be accredited to an intergovernmental organisation which is headquartered in that capital. For example, the high commissioner for the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in London is also accredited as permanent representative to the International Maritime Organization. Many of the Caribbean ambassadors to the United States of America are also accredited as permanent representatives to the Organization of American States; and the embassy of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in Belgium is also accredited to the Organization of African, Caribbean, and Pacific States, headquartered in Brussels, and to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, which is headquartered in Germany. These missions are referred to as mixed missions.

    Ad Hoc/Special

    Any official delegation sent abroad temporarily by its government to conduct the business of the state is an ad hoc mission.⁶ The international rules governing this type of mission are contained in the Convention on Special Missions, New York, 1969.⁷ The rules for ad hoc missions differ from those for permanent missions because of the difference in both the function and the nature of the two missions. Ad hoc missions are temporary and usually deal with a specific task. These missions are sent with the prior consent of the receiving state in writing, and their functions must be mutually agreed. Matters to be negotiated may be either technical or political. The composition of the delegation must be notified to the receiving state.

    In the context of highly sensitive and crucial issues, special emissaries/envoys are sent by a head of state/head of government to represent the interests of that government to another government by way of representation at ceremonials or conveying specific information or clarification possibly leading to the resolution of an outstanding problem. The use of a special envoy of the head of state (in those countries where the head of state and head of government are the same) or of the head of government by a sending state is one such example of an ad hoc mission.

    An accredited head of mission may be instructed by his capital to convey a written or oral message, in person, to the receiving state on any matter deemed to be especially important and/or sensitive. Where the communication is by way of letter from capital to the head of state/government of the receiving state, such communication is delivered by the hand of the head of mission to the minister of foreign affairs. Where the message to be delivered does not take the form of a letter signed by the head of state/government and does not mandate delivery by the head of mission, a request is made for an early and urgent appointment with the foreign ministry. The official of the mission designated to deliver the message, armed with notes, discusses in detail the issue forming the basis of the instruction and leaves a document (aide-memoire/nonpaper) outlining the salient points of the discussion. This visit to the foreign ministry is referred to as a démarche.

    CHAPTER TWO

    Diplomacy

    Diplomacy refers to both the content and the process of relations between and among states.Protocol is the term applied to the rules governing the process by which the objectives at missions are achieved. In the previous chapter, the various categories of missions were outlined.

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