SPRAIN

Causes of sprains include:

sharply twisting with force stronger than that of the ligament, inducing joint
movement beyond normal range of motion
concurrent fractures or dislocations.

STRAIN
Causes Possible causes of strain include:

vigorous muscle overuse or overstress, causing the muscle to become

stretched beyond normal capacity, especially when the muscle isn't
adequately stretched before the activity (acute strain)
knife or gunshot wound causing a traumatic rupture (acute strain)
repeated overuse (chronic strain).

KNEE LIGAMENTS
MECHANISM OF INJURY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ACL injuries

Changing direction rapidly

Stopping suddenly
Slowing down while running
Landing from a jump incorrectly
Direct contact or collision, such as a football tackle

POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (PCL)

A direct blow to the front of the knee - such as a bent knee hitting a
dashboard in a car crash, or a fall onto a bent kneein sports
Pulling or stretching the ligament - such as in a twisting or hyperextension
injury
-Simple misstep

Medial Collateral Ligament

can occur from valgus forces being placed across the medial joint line of the
knee. Whereas most injuries to the ACL and PCL are complete tears of the
ligament, injuries to the MCL can be partial or incomplete and are graded
utilizing a I, II, III grading classification of ligament
Mechanism of injury: Valgus force applied to knee with external tibial
rotation; may be noncontact twist or a blow to lateral side of joint.

Lateral Collateral Ligament

infrequent and are usually the result of a traumatic varus force across the
knee. It is not uncommon that more than one ligament or joint capsule and
sometimes the menisci are damaged as the result of a single injury creating
posterolateral instability.
Mechanism of injury: Varus or twisting injury; may be contact or noncontact.
Posterolateral ligaments often injured by hyperextension mechanism,
frequently with blow to anteromedial tibia

patellar tendon

Cause
1-injury : you must get very strong force Falls. Direct impact to the front of the
knee from a fall or other blow is a common cause of tears. Cuts are often associated
with this type of injury
Jumping. The patellar tendon usually tears when the knee is bent and the foot
planted, like when landing from a jumpor jumping up
2-Tendon Weakness
Patellar tendinitis. Inflammation of the patellar tendon, called patellar tendinitis,
weakens the tendon. It may also causesmall tears Patellar tendinitis is most
common in people who participate in activities that require running or jumping.
While it ismore common in runners, it is sometimes referred to as - jumpers knee
Chronic disease. Weakened tendons can also be caused by diseases that disrupt
blood supply.
Chronic diseases whichmay weaken the tendon include
Chronic renal failure
Hyper betalipoproteinemia
Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic lupus erythmatosus - SLE
Diabetes mellitus
Infection
Metabolic disease

Steroid use. Using medications like corticosteroids and anabolic steroids has been
linked to increased muscle and tendon weakness. These medications are typically
avoided in or around the patellar tendon
3-Surgery Previous surgery around the tendon, such as a total knee replacement
or anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, mightput you at greater risk for a tear
Quadriceps Tendon
Cause
1-Injury A quadriceps tear often occurs when there is a heavy load on the leg with
the foot planted and the knee partially bent. Think of an awkward landing from a
jump while playing basketball. The force of the landing is too much for the
tendonand it tearsTears can also be caused by falls, direct force to the front of the
knee, and lacerations -cuts
2-Tendon WeaknessA weakened quadriceps tendon is more likely to tear. Several
things can lead to tendon weakness
Tendinitis. Inflammation of the quadriceps tendon, called quadriceps tendinitis,
weakens the tendon. It may also causesmall tears. Quadriceps tendinitis is most
common in people who run and participate in sports that involve jumping
Chronic disease. Weakened tendons can also be caused by diseases that disrupt
blood supply. Chronic diseases whichmay weaken the tendon includeChronic renal
failureConditions
associated
with
renal
dialysisHyperparathyroidismGoutLeukemiaRheumatoid
arthritisSystemic
lupus
erythematosus - SLEDiabetes mellitusInfectionMetabolic disease
Steroid use. Using corticosteroids has been linked to increased muscle and tendon
weakness
Fluoroquinolones. This special type of antibiotic has been associated with
quadriceps tendon tears
Immobilization. When you are off your feet for a prolonged period of time, the
muscles and tendons supporting yourknees lose strength and flexibility
3-SurgeryAlthough it is rare, quadriceps tears have occurred after a knee surgery
or dislocation