Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Q
= constant
t
= constant (where 1
A 1
KA
Temperatures q1, q2 are kept in contact with each other, then under steady state,
K1 1 2 K 2 21
K1 2 K 2 1
Junction temperature =
K
ms
v
K
s
m
v
density
KA
Q
1
Here
K = Coefficient of thermal conductivity
A = Area of cross section
= length of conductor
KA
CONVECTION
It is the phenomenon of Heat transfer by the actual displacement of the particles of the
medium in a fluid.
Ex. : Heat Transfer in Liquids & Gases
Convection which results from difference in densities is called natural convection.
Ex: A fluid heated in a container.
If a heated fluid is forced to move by a blower (or) pump then the phenomenon is called
forced convection [induced convection]
Ex: Temperature of human body is kept constant by pumping blood with heart pump. Here
the transfer of heat is by forced convection.
The rate of heat convection from an object is such that
dQ
dt convection
hA
Here
A = Contact area
= Temperature difference between the object and conductive fluid.
h = constant called convection coefficient. It depends on the properties of the fluid such as
density, viscosity, specific heat and thermal conductivity.
RADIATION
Radiation is the phenomenon of transfer of heat without necessity of a material medium. It
is by virtue of electromagnetic waves.
Energy radiated from a body is called Radiant energy.
Rate of emission of radiant energy depends on
i) Nature of surface of the body
ii) Surface area of the body
iii) Temperature of the body and surroundings
Prevosts theory of Heat Exchange
i) Every body emits and absorbs heat radiations at all temperatures except at absolute zero
(273C)
ii) If a body emits more heat energy than what it absorbs from the surroundings, then its
temperature falls.
iii) If a body absorbs more heat energy than what it emits then its temperature rises.
iv) If a body emits & absorbs heat in equal amounts, then it is said to be in Thermal
equilibrium.
v) When the temperatures of body and surroundings are equalized, conduction and
convection stop but the radiation exchange takes place.
Perfect blackbody
i) It is a body which absorbs all the heat radiations incident on it.
ii) On heating, it emits radiations of all possible wavelengths at a given temperature.
iii) The wavelengths of the emitted heat radiations depend only on the temperature but are
independent of the material of the black body.
Ex : Lamp black (96%), platinum black (98%) Ferys and Wiens black bodies are artificial
black bodies. Sun is natural blackbody.
Spectral emissive power
It is the amount of energy radiated by unit surface area per second per unit wavelength
range at a given temperature.
e
Q
At d
1
unit :watt m 1 A 0
Emissive power depends upon Nature of the surface and temperature of the body.
It is maximum for a perfect black body E
surface.
Emissivity or relative emittance (e) :
e=
e
E
e
a
constant
the ratio
e
a
also increases.
Dark lines in solar spectrum are called Fraunhoffer lines. Some wavelengths of white light
from photosphere are absorbed by some elements in chromosphere
On the day of solar eclipse, absorption spectrum is not seen, rather emission spectrum
which is complimentary to earlier absorption spectrum is seen.
Stefans Law:
i) The amount of heat radiated per second from unit surface area of a black body (E) is
proportional to Fourth Power of its absolute temperature (T).
Q
At
Q
At
T4
T4
AT4 watt
Q
= e s AT4 (e lies between 0 & 1)
t
e = Emissivity of the body.
Q = e At s T4
Stefan - Boltzmann Law :
i) If a blackbody at absolute temperature TB is in an enclosure at absolute temperature Ts
then the loss of thermal energy by the body per unit time is
Q
=
t
A (TB4 TS4)
Q
= e
t
(i) The rate of cooling (the rate of fall of temperature) of a hot body is directly proportional to
the difference between mean excess temperature of the body and the temperature of its
surroundings
d
dt
2
s
Here
s
= Temperature of surroundings.
E d
B
T
iii) This law is applicable to shorter wavelengths only (it is based upon classical mechanics)
Rayleigh - Jeans law :
i) Spectral Energy density El
-4
(T)
-4
k T
*****