THOUGHTFUL COOLING

ENGINEERING STUDENT
CERTIFICATE
WORKSHOP
D2.1
Building Physics Part 2

Building Physics 2:
Passive Design

CONTENT
Introduction to Passive Objectives of Passive Design
The Approach to Passive Design
Design
Thermal Loads in
Buildings
Passive Cooling
Systems
Energy Benchmarking

Introduction to Thermal Loads

Techniques to Avoid Heat Absorbed
Using Bioclimatic Charts to Reduce Cooling Loads

Concepts and Case-Studies

Introduction to Various Performance Benchmarks in

Buildings

CONTENT
Introduction to Passive
Design

Thermal Loads in
Buildings

Passive Cooling Systems

Energy Benchmarking

Objectives of Passive Design

The Approach to Passive Design

Introduction to Thermal Loads

Techniques to Avoid Heat Absorbed
Using Bioclimatic Charts to Reduce Cooling Loads

Concepts and Case-Studies

Introduction to Various Performance Benchmarks in Buildings

PASSIVE DESIGN
Passive design is the approach wherein a building responds to the climate and
sun

It reduces the energy demand to achieve comfort conditions within built

spaces

PASSIVE DESIGN APPROACH

Extension of the building envelope is like human skin analogy:
Passive Design is Building Design that adapts to the local Climate

OBJECTIVES OF PASSIVE DESIGN

Reduce demand for cooling

Reduce the energy required for cooling

OBJECTIVES OF PASSIVE DESIGN

Reduce demand for cooling

a)

The need/demand for cooling can be reduced by reducing heat

ingress
Reduce the energy required for cooling

OBJECTIVES OF PASSIVE DESIGN

Reduce demand for cooling

a)

The need/demand for cooling can be reduced by reducing heat

ingress

Reduce the energy required for cooling

a)

Once the demand is reduced, the actual requirement for cooling

will reduce.

b)

This reduced cooling requirement should be met by low energy

cooling technologies so that the overall energy use low.

STEPS FOR PASSIVE DESIGN

Reduce thermal loads

Use passive cooling strategies

Use active systems (efficient and sustainable

cooling technologies)

Renewable

CONTENT
Introduction to Passive
Design
Thermal Loads in
Buildings

Thermal Comfort
Passive Cooling
Systems
Energy Benchmarking

Objectives of Passive Design

The Approach to Passive Design
Introduction to Thermal Loads
Techniques to Avoid Heat Absorbed
Using Bioclimatic Charts to Reduce Cooling
Loads
Introduction to Thermal Comfort
International Thermal Comfort Standards
India-Specific Thermal Comfort Standard
Concepts and Case-Studies
Introduction to Various Performance
Benchmarks in Buildings

THERMAL LOADS IN BUILDINGS

WHAT ARE THERMAL LOADS?

Building (thermal) loads determine the amount of energy required to

heat and/or cool the building

Typical terms of reference are Heating load and Cooling load

More Cooling Loads=

more energy needed to

cool a building

Remember

Goal is to minimize thermal loads

Less thermal loads = Energy efficient design

Units: Watt or Btu

FACTORS IMPACTING COOLING LOADS

Climate

Building design

ENVELOPE

------------------------------------------------------------

Equipment, Lighting, AC

Occupants

INTERNAL

TOTAL BUILDING LOADS =

ENVELOPE LOAD + INTERNAL LOAD

This ultimately
determines the

COOLING LOAD

BUILDING ENVELOPE LOAD

Building Envelope
ROOF
WALLS
SLAB
WINDOWS
OTHER ELEMENTS LIKE
OVERHANGS,
BALCONIES, TERRACE,
ETC

ENVELOPE
LOAD

These building
components
determine the
envelope load

BUILDING INTERNAL LOAD

Building Interior

INTERNAL LOADS
Occupancy
load
+

Equipment/
Plug load

Lighting
load
+

LOADS ADD HEAT TO THE SPACE

Sensible
(Radiant) Heat

Sensible Heat

Occupancy
load

Equipment/
Plug
load

Lighting
load

Latent Heat

LOADS ADD HEAT TO THE SPACE

Building Envelope keeps losing and gaining heat through the heat transfer process

Radiation
Radiation

Conduction

Conduction

Buildings try to balance the heat gain through various modes of heat
transfer

Radiation
Conduction
Radiation

Conduction

Quiz

Which of the two buildings are likely to have a higher cooling load?

http://www.owp.com/uploaded-img/1353360300-chandivadi.jpg

http://www.choice-india.com/images/kavuriview.jpg

Quiz

Which of the two buildings are likely to have a higher cooling load?

http://www.owp.com/uploaded-img/1353360300-chandivadi.jpg

http://www.choice-india.com/images/kavuriview.jpg

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Long-wave radiation from the
sun cannot pass through the
glass
Short-wave radiation and visible
light can pass through the glass
Short wave radiation, after
entering the building is
absorbed and re-emitted as
long-wave radiation which
cannot escape the building
This heats up the interior

Good architecture will reduce

thermal loads

Passively designed buildings can reduce thermal

loads upto 50%

PASSIVE STRATEGIES: Consolidation

PASSIVE STRATEGIES
Design

Form and Orientation

Envelope
Low
Conductivity

Passive Cooling
PDEC
Stack Ventilation

Zoning and Space

Planning

Low SHGC

Optimized Openings

High Thermal
Mass / Sunken
Floors

Shading Strategies

Wind Towers

High Solar
Reflective Index
Insulation /
Cavity Walls
Air Tightedness

Earth Air Tunnel

Radiative Cooling
Earth Burm
Construction
Night Purging
Sun Spaces

DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
1)

Form and Orientation

In northern tropical climates, orient building s so that the N-S axis is the longest.
Thermal gain due to solar radiation is minimized and daylight infiltration maximized
Controlling sunlight through louvers/shades is easier on Southern/Northern side

DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
1)

Form and Orientation

Building

In northern tropical climates, orient building s so that the N-S axis is the longest.
Thermal gain due to solar radiation is minimized and daylight infiltration maximized
Controlling sunlight through louvers/shades is easier on Southern/Northern side

DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
1)

Form and Orientation

Reduce exposed surface: minimize

wall & roof area for a given built-up
area eg. square vs. rectangular plan

DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
2) Zoning and Space Planning

Space Planning to Curtail Heat Ingress

Using tools such as

Mahoney's table and Activity
Schedule Charts to
understand usability of each
type of space

DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
3)

Optimised Openings

DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
4)

Shading Strategies

Vertical Fins

DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
4)

Shading Strategies

Exterior Shading

DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
4)

Shading Strategies

Deep set balconies also

provide shading

DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
4)

Shading Strategies

Landscape designs which include

deciduous trees which shade in
summers and allow solar radiation
during winters

DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
4)

Shading Strategies

Landscape is one of the way to

reduce heat gain around the building

ENVELOPE INTERVENTIONS
1)

Reduce heat gain through

glazed areas

Avoid use of large glazed areas such as this

ENVELOPE INTERVENTIONS
1.

Reduce heat gain

through glazed areas

Use Double Glazing, or Low-E Films

ENVELOPE INTERVENTIONS
2)

Thermal Mass / Sunken

Floors

Thermal Mass: in climates with high

diurnal temperature variation (avoid the
use of thermal mass. When diurnal
variation is low and used for rooms at
night; it will detrimentally be affected by
re-radiated stored heat)

ENVELOPE INTERVENTIONS
2)

Insulation / Cavity Walls

ENVELOPE INTERVENTIONS
2)

Insulation /
Cavity Walls

Cavity Wall

Rat Trap Bond

Rat Trap Bond

ENVELOPE INTERVENTIONS
3)

Low Conductivity
Materials
Hollow
Concrete
Blocks

Fly Ash
Bricks

Stabilised
Earth Blocks

ENVELOPE INTERVENTIONS
4) Air Tightening

Air-tightening- Reduces air-leakage

The uncontrolled flow of air through gaps and

cracks in construction.

Air leakages need to be reduced - to create

efficient, controllable, comfortable, healthy and
durable buildings

All these strategies are part of passive

building design

Further, a Bioclimatic Chart helps

identify
passive design strategies
that help cool the building

Lets refresh the

psychrometric
processes and
recall the
different air
conditions
around the
comfort zone
on the chart

This is what passive

design is all about..
Applying strategies
appropriate to the
weather conditions..

Observe the rough % of dots inside the comfort zone

Patna
12% comfort
hours
psychrometric

Chennai
2% comfort
hours

Nagpur
14% comfort
hours

Jaipur
15% comfort
hours

This is the classic Givoni and Milnes

Bioclimatic Chart

Givoni and Milnes Bioclimatic Bhart

Thus, this chart integrates architectural strategies with human comfort needs

Givoni and Milnes bioclimatic chart

For example, in the hot and dry areas, evaporative cooling is effective

Givoni and Milnes bioclimatic chart

It is also insightful to know that beyond a certain limit, mechanical air conditioning
systems will have to be relied on

Use the bio climatic chart to identify which passive strategies are
applicable, to move the discomfort hours inside the comfort
zone.

In other words, increase the comfort zone

Here you see the bio climatic chart overlapped on the

psychrometric chart with weather data

For this hot humid climate two strategies are applicable

as per the bio climatic chart as shown below

Between the two, it is evident that natural ventilation is

effective for about 50% of the year whereas thermal mass is
helpful for only about 7%

So passive design strategy for a building in this climate is to

ensure that it is porous to encourage air movement.

It is also evident that high levels of humidity can be effectively

addressed by mechanical conditioning systems
Active conditioning required

It is also evident that high levels of humidity can be effectively

addressed by mechanical conditioning systems
Active conditioning required
This is the expanded
comfort zone after
application of passive
design strategies

Similar exercise for a hot and dry climate shows that

many more passive design strategies are applicable

Similar exercise for a hot and dry climate shows that

many more passive design strategies are applicable

This is the
expanded comfort
zone after
application of
passive design
strategies

Roughly about 20% of

the year, conventional
air conditioning would
be required to address
very high temp
conditions.

Psychrometric process

Passive Design Strategies for various Climatic

Zones

Shade and Orient surfaces for least exposure to Solar

Radiation.

Reduce Conductive heat gain by insulation.

Remove Moisture by

Increased Ventilation
Add Moisture by

Evaporation
Increase Solar Exposure
Reduce Conductive Heat Loss
(Insulate).

Shade and Orient surfaces for least

exposure to Solar Radiation.
Reduce Conductive heat gain.

Strategies for
Hot & Dry Climate

Add Moisture by

Evaporation
Shade and Orient surfaces for least
exposure to Solar Radiation.
Reduce Conductive heat gain.

Strategies for
Warm & Humid Climate
Shade and Orient surfaces for least exposure to Solar
Radiation.

Reduce Conductive heat gain by Insulation.

Remove Moisture by

Increased Ventilation

Strategies for
Moderate Climate

Strategies for
Composite Climate
Shade and Orient surfaces for least exposure to Solar
Radiation.

Reduce Conductive heat gain Insulation.

Remove Moisture by

Increased Ventilation
Add Moisture by

Evaporation
Increase Solar Exposure
Reduce Conductive Heat Loss
(Insulate).

Shade and Orient surfaces for least

exposure to Solar Radiation.
Reduce Conductive heat gain.

Climate Zone

Hot and Dry

Strategy

Techniques

Shade Surfaces

Shading Devices

Add Moisture

Water Bodies

Reduce Conductive Heat Gain

Thick walls, Sunken floor

Reduce Radiative Heat Gain

Orientation N-S longer sides

Shade Surfaces

Shading Devices

Remove Moisture

Fenestration, Create Cross ventilation and

Wind Velocities

Reduce Conductive Heat Gain

Low Thermal Conductivity materials

Reduce Radiative Heat Gain

Orientation N-S longer sides

Shade Surfaces

Shade Fenestrations

Warm and Humid

Differential Conductive heat gain

Moderate

Zoning and Space Planning

Break-out spaces within built spaces:

courtyards for solar radiation during winters,
cross ventilation during summers

Description

Form and Planning

Summer

Compact Planning
Allows mutual shading and suppress heat
Intermediate small Courtyards
ingress due to radiation.
External Verandas
Also compact planning forms high
Low raise building/ Less exposed vertical
thermal mass.
surface area

Winter

Monsoon

Allows mutual shading and suppress heat

ingress due to radiation.
Also compact planning forms high
thermal mass.

Verandas can be used as living spaces.

Courtyards

Courtyards to be shaded by vegetation or

shading device
Courtyard to be compact
Courts to allow breeze from the
prevailing wind.
They are to house deciduous vegetation
and/ or waterbodies.

Allow cool breeze during hot and dry

periods.

Walls and Roof

To have high thermal mass of 9 to 12 hr

thermal lag. Especially internal walls,
floors Ceilings
External walls can have low thermal
mass with insulations

Thermal mass to curb heat ingress during

The thermal mass helps in retaining heat
day and allow heat during the colder
of the day for uncomfortable clod nights
nights.

Thermal mass does not pose problem.

External verandas have low thermal mass
walls but with high insulation.

Openings/ Windows

External walls with large openings.

Windows oriented towards prevailing
wind in Monsoon.
Window orientation towards the position
of the sun during Winter.
Window shutters with low conductivity.
Smaller multiple windows on internal
walls.

Windows can be kept fully or partially

closed to avoid heat gain through high
solar radiation.
Can be kept open during the night for
night purging.

Allow for cross ventilation during

monsoon.

Shading Devices

Depth of overhangs to allow winter solar

radiation and curb summer solar rays.

Curbs harsh solar radiation with steep solar Allows Solar radiation due to low solar
angles during summer
angles

Intermediate courts allows for solar

radiation to reach internal parts of the
building providing warmth

Openings oriented towards the sun to

allow heat ingress.
Openings/ Windows in prevailing wind
direction can be kept close.

Allow natural ventilation during warm

humid periods.

Curbs harsh solar radiation and rain water

ingress in monsoon.

CASE-STUDY

Bihar Museum, Patna

Bihar Museum, Patna

Bihar Museum, Patna

Bihar Museum, Patna

Bihar Museum, Patna

Bihar Museum, Patna

ASHRAE Std 55 Comfort Model

For conditioned areas

Adaptive Comfort Model

For naturally ventilated areas

Thus various design strategies will have to be combined within the premise of both
comfort models to achieve thermal comfort with reduced systems loads in the
building throughout the year.

Thus, different passive design strategies

are applicable for different climate types

Passive design might not help solve 100%

of the problem,
but it will certainly reduce the demand
for energy consumption

So remember ..

All these strategies do not cool, they

reduce heat gain..
they reduce thermal loads..
they reduce cooling demand..

Once you reduce the cooling demand,

you can use low energy cooling systems
to meet the demand

CONTENT
Introduction to
Passive Design

Objectives of Passive Design

The Approach to Passive Design

Thermal Loads in
Buildings

Introduction to Thermal Loads

Techniques to Avoid Heat Absorbed
Using Bioclimatic Charts to Reduce
Cooling Loads

Passive Cooling
Systems

Concepts and Case-Studies

Energy
Benchmarking

Introduction to Various Performance

Benchmarks in Buildings

Passive cooling systems

Passive Cooling Systems

These transfer heat absorbed by the building to natural
energy sinks, such as the air, water, earth or outer space.
Implementation of these systems in buildings reduces
energy needed for cooling.

Types of Passive Cooling Systems

Cross Ventilation

Evaporative Cooling with Water Bodies

Wind-Tunnel Effect

Passive Downdraught Cooling

Thermal mass + Nocturnal ventilation

Geothermal System

Stack Ventilation

Solar Chimney

Earth Air Tunnel

Earth Berming

Wind Tower / Wind Catcher

Courtyard Effect

Passive Cooling

Passive cooling strategies - important for reducing

energy usage in buildings.

Reduces the demand for mechanical cooling while

maintaining thermal comfort.

Apart from natural ventilation the following factors can

be taken into consideration:

Massing and Orientation for Cooling- Important

design factors - to be adopted in the design phase the building layout and orientation can be optimized for
passive comfort.

Apertures for Cooling - Window design and

ventilation louver design greatly affects passive cooling
potential.

Cross Ventilation
Concept:

Window
arrangements for
Cross-Ventilation,
Venutri-Effect

Cross Ventilation
Outdoor breezes create air movement through the house interior by the 'push-pull' effect of positive air
pressure on the windward side and negative pressure (suction) on the leeward side.
In order to have a good natural ventilation, openings must be placed at opposite pressure zones.
Also, designers often choose to enhance natural ventilation using tall spaces called stacks in buildings.
With openings near the top of stacks, warm air can escape whereas cooler air enters the building from
openings near the ground.
The windows, play a dominant role in inducing indoor ventilation due to wind forces.

Cross Ventilation
In most homes, exhausting the warm air quickly can be a problem
With the design of high ceilings throughout the breeze zone combined with clerestory windows at the 14
ceiling height on three walls, the rising hot air is allowed to escape which in turn does two things.
Firstly the rising air creates a low pressure zone on the cool mass floor, pulling air along the floor from other
areas of the house as well as any open doors.
Secondly the rising and escaping air creates an interior low pressure that should pull in large volumes or
exterior air from the patio doors.
Depending on the primary wind direction and which doors are opened relative to time of day and shade, we
can create a breeze of cooler incoming air.

Wind-Tunnel Effect
Concept

Increased wind
velocities using Jali,
landscape features,
relative spatial
arrangement of
buildings to create
tunneling effect

Thermal Mass and Nocturnal Ventilation

Concept

Night time cooling of the

thermal mass that gets
heated up in the day time

Heat absorption of the

thermal mass is more
efficient during the day

Stack Ventilation
Natural ventilation strategy

Concept
Works on the principle
of thermal buoyancy
Hot air rises through
the stack drawing the
cool air inducing the
air movement

Solar Chimney
Concept
Glazed or black colored
surface on the stack
increases solar heat gain
and accelerates rise in
temperature in the stack

Earth Air Tunnel

Concept
Sub-surface earth temperatures at
about 3 to 4 meters do not vary
through the year
Earth is a very large heat sink and
can be used to exchange heat
Air intake

Conditioned
air supplied
to buildings

Heat exchange with earth

Earth Air Tunnel

Concept
Daily and annual temperature fluctuations decrease with
the increase in depth below the ground surface.
At a depth of about 4 m below ground, the temperature
inside the earth remains nearly constant round the year and
is nearly equal to the annual average temperature of the
place.
A tunnel in the form of a pipe or otherwise embedded at a
depth of about 4 m below the ground will acquire the same
temperature as the surrounding earth at its surface.
Therefore, the ambient air ventilated through this tunnel
will get cooled in summer and warmed in winter and this
air can be used for cooling in summer and heating in winter.

Earth Air Tunnel

Earth Air Tunnel

This technique has been used in the composite climate of
Gurgaon in RETREAT building.
The living quarters (the south block of RETREAT) are
maintained at comfortable temperatures (approx. 20-30 degree
Celsius) round the year by the earth air tunnel system,
supplemented, whenever required, with a system of absorption
chillers powered by liquefied natural gas during monsoons and
with an air washer during dry summer.
However, the cooler air underground needs to be circulated in
the living space. Each room in the south block has a 'solar
chimney; warm air rises and escapes through the chimney, which
creates an air current for the cooler air from the underground
tunnels to replace the warm air.
Two blowers installed in the tunnels speed up the process.
The same mechanism supplies warm air from the tunnel during
winter.
PASSIVE SPACE CONDITIONING USING EARTH AIR
TUNNEL SYSTEM

Earth Air Tunnel

Limitations
The Strategy works only when soil is available and not hard rock strata.
The wind velocity reduces with increase of loops.
Condensation may occur if the RH% of the ambient air is high. This may result in
water logging in the pipes reducing the effective volume of pipes over the time and
hence its efficiency.
Also moulding my occur due to moisture content
Role of Mechanical and Civil Team
Sizing and Design of Earth air tunnel.
Computing the required wind velocities for the system to work and incorporating
mechanical systems like fans for efficient working of the same.
Material of pipes.
Thinking out of the box: Can this be used as strategy for dehumidification of air?,
Can be used as a pre cooling strategy, reducing loads on mechanical system?

Earth Berming

High Thermal mass

Low surface area exposed to direct solar radiation
Allows for vegetation at roof and wall areas
increasing heat loss through evapotranspiration

Earth Berming
Limitations
Availability of natural contours for construction.
Excavated soil for earth berming may not be adequate.
Role of Civil Team
Structural design for retaining dead weight of soil/ stone on vertical surface.
Water proofing of all wall and roof surfaces.
Anticipate and design against root penetration when it a vegetated earth berm

Wind Tower/ Wind Catcher

Concept
Aids comfort ventilation
Capture the natural breeze
and directs it inside the
buildings
The tower inlet is oriented
towards the prevailing breezes
The air isnt necessary cooled
but its circulation creates a
fan-like condition

Wind Tower/ Wind Catcher

Concept

In a wind tower, the hot air enters the tower

through the openings in the tower, gets cooled, and
thus becomes heavier and sinks down.

The inlet and outlet of rooms induce cool air

movement.

In the presence of wind, air is cooled more

effectively and flows faster down the tower and into
the living area.

After a whole day of air exchanges, the tower

becomes warm in the evenings.

During the night, cooler ambient air comes in

contact with the bottom of the tower through the
rooms.

Wind Tower/ Wind Catcher

Concept

The tower walls absorb heat during daytime and

release it at night, warming the cool night air in the
tower.

Warm air moves up, creating an upward draft, and

draws cool night air through the doors and windows
into the building.

The system works effectively in hot and dry climates

where fluctuations are high.

A wind tower works well for individual units not for

multi-storeyed apartments.

In dense urban areas, the wind tower has to be long

enough to be able to catch enough air.

Also protection from driving rain is difficult.

Courtyard Effect
Due to incident solar radiation in a courtyard, the air gets warmer and rises.
Cool air from the ground level flows through the louvered openings of rooms surrounding a courtyard, thus producing
air flow.
At night, the warm roof surfaces get cooled by convection and radiation.
If this heat exchange reduces roof surface temperature to wet bulb temperature of air, condensation of atmospheric
moisture occurs on the roof and the gain due to condensation limits further cooling.

Courtyard as a moderator of internal climate

Courtyard Effect

If the roof surfaces are sloped towards the internal courtyard, the cooled air sinks into the court and enters the living
space through low-level openings, gets warmed up, and leaves the room through higher-level openings.
However, care should be taken that the courtyard does not receive intense solar radiation, which would lead to
conduction and radiation heat gains into the building.

Evaporative Cooling with Water Bodies

Evaporative cooling lowers indoor air temperature by evaporating water.
It is effective in hot and dry climate where the atmospheric humidity is low.
In evaporative cooling, the sensible heat of air is used to evaporate water, thereby cooling the air, which, in turn, cools
the living space of the building.
Increase in contact between water and air increases the rate of evaporation.
The presence of a water body such as a pond, lake, and sea near the building or a fountain in a courtyard can provide a
cooling effect.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Ground cover
Water sprinkler
Insulated roof
Shading trees
Water trough

A TYPICAL SECTION SHOWING PASSIVE SOLAR FEATURES OF WALMI BUILDING,BHOPAL

Passive Downdraught Cooling

Concept

Similar to wind catcher, but this is a

cooling strategy
Water is sprinkled at the top of the
tower
When air moves through the tower,
the water droplets evaporate picking
up the heat in the air
Cool air falls down and enters the
building

Passive Downdraught Cooling

Role of Mechanical and Civil Team
Work with the Architectural design team in, Sizing of the Down Draft Ducts based
on the cooling load requirement of the space and available climatic data.
Calculate limitations/ efficiency cooling of this systems in a given design and
provide artificial means of cooling for further cooling requirement.
Integration of Passive techniques with Active Techniques
Post Commissioning Inspection for workablity of the systems installed.
Civil team to work with Architectural design team for analyzing the constructability
of the system.
Material Choice/ Design Strategies to avoid undesirables such as Mold Formation,
Leakages etc

Passive Downdraught Cooling

Windward Side

Passive Downdraught Cooling

Passive Downdraught Cooling

Passive Downdraught Cooling

Case Studies
1.

French School Damascus, Syria

Night cooling of thermal mass

Natural ventilation

Wind and solar supported chimney

Ground heat exchanger

French School, Damascus, Syria

Climate responsive design
- daylight

French School, Damascus, Syria

French School, Damascus, Syria

Climate concept summer night

French School, Damascus, Syria

Climate concept winter day

French School, Damascus, Syria

French School, Damascus, Syria

French School, Damascus, Syria

Case Studies
2. Police Station, San Diego, California
Thermal chimney performance goals:

Integrate with a whole building natural ventilation system (exterior

windows, interior openings doors, grills, interior windows)

Meet minimum Outdoor Air requirements

Maintain comfort when outdoor air conditions permit

Provide mixed mode HVAC operation

Temperatures, Heat Gains and Energy Consumption - Miramar Police Station, Building 1

EnergyPlus Output

Fuel (kBTU/h)

20 May - 27 May, Hourly

System Fans

Student

Heat Generation (Gas)

3
2
1
0

Heat Balance (kBTU/h)

Temperature (F)

Air Temperature

Radiant Temperature

Operative Temperature

Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature

70
60
50

20

Glazing
External Air

Walls
Ceilings (int)
Floors (int)
Occupancy
Solar Gains Exterior Windows

Ground Floors
Partitions (int)
Zone/Sys Sensible Heating

Roofs
Doors and vents
Zone/Sys Sensible Cooling

Internal Natural vent.

0
-20

Total fresh air (ac/h)

System Energy (kBTU/h)

Zone Heating

3
2
1
0
6

Mech Vent + Nat Vent + Infiltration

4
2
0
21 Tue
May 2002

22 Wed

23 Thu

24 Fri

25 Sat

26 Sun

27 Mon

Time/Date

Shoulder period - Whole Building Results NV maintains 1 to 6 ACH during

occupied periods.

Temperatures, Heat Gains and Energy Consumption - Miramar Police Station, Building 1

EnergyPlus Output

26 Aug - 2 Sep, Hourly

Fuel (kBTU/h)

System Fans

Student

Chiller (Electricity)

40
20
0

Temperature (F)

Air Temperature

Radiant Temperature

Operative Temperature

Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature

90
80
70

System Energy (kBTU/h)

Heat Balance (kBTU/h)

60
20

Glazing
External Air

Walls
Ceilings (int)
Floors (int)
Occupancy
Solar Gains Exterior Windows

Ground Floors
Partitions (int)
Zone/Sys Sensible Heating

Roofs
Doors and vents
Zone/Sys Sensible Cooling

Internal Natural vent.

0
-20
-40
0
-20
-40

Sensible Cooling

Total Cooling

-60
-80

Total fresh air (ac/h)

Mech Vent + Nat Vent + Infiltration

3
2
1
0
27 Tue
Aug 2002

28 Wed

29 Thu

30 Fri

31 Sat

Sep

2 Mon

Time/Date

Summer period - Whole Building Results NV system maintains ACH above

min OA requirements and typically provides 2 ACH.

Airflow Results (7am to 6pm, Mon-Sat)

Zone

1.1
Kitchen
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.8

Summer Period
(Aug 26 Sep 2)

Winter Period
(Jan 7 - 14)

Shoulder Period
(May 20 26)

Max ACH

Max Airspeed (fpm)

Max ACH

Max Airspeed (fpm)

Max ACH

Max Airspeed (fpm)

5.4
9.2
6
33.4
20.1
2.8

77
36
37
60
68
43

7.7
12.7
7.8
25
16.1
5.7

110
50
48
45
54
87

14.5
21.9
18.5
46.5
31.7
6.1

207
87
113
83
107
93

Maximum airspeeds are all acceptable (<160 fpm) for nearly all spaces, so breeze is
mostly imperceptible. Zone 1.1 rises slightly above this limit but should not
negatively impact comfort (still < 300 fpm)

Sizing the thermal chimney

CONTENT
Introduction to Passive
Design

Objectives of Passive Design

The Approach to Passive Design

Thermal Loads in
Buildings

Introduction to Thermal Loads

Techniques to Avoid Heat Absorbed
Using Bioclimatic Charts to Reduce Cooling Loads

Thermal Comfort

Introduction to Thermal Comfort

International Thermal Comfort Standards
India-Specific Thermal Comfort Standard

Passive Cooling
Systems

Concepts and Case-Studies

Energy Benchmarking

Introduction to Various Performance Benchmarks in

Buildings

Energy Benchmarking

Performance Benchmarks

Energy Conservation Building Code [ECBC]

Bureau of Energy Efficiency BEE energy benchmark

Green building rating criteria

LEED

GRIHA

ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code

1. Building Envelope
2. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)
3. Lighting
4. Service Water Heating
5. Electrical Power
ECBC defines the Mandatory and Prescriptive compliances to guide projects to
reduce their EPI (Energy Performance Index kWh/sqm/year)

ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code

1. Building Envelope
U-values climate zone wise for roof, wall and glazing
SHGC (solar heat gain co-efficient) or SC (shading coefficient) climate zone wise
for glazing /fenestration governs the design of shading devices and glass selection
Cool Roof high SRI or Green roof
Guideline's for WWR (Window to Wall Ratio), SRR (Skylight to Roof Ratio)

Focus is on reduction of heat gains (or heat loss) in buildings to reduce the
cooling load (or heating load) DEMAND REDUCTION

ECBC Energy Conservation Building Codes

2. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)
Natural Ventilation as per NBC of India
Adaptive Comfort acceptable thermal conditions in naturally conditioned space
Minimum Equipment efficiencies in Air conditioning systems
Controls on HVAC is conserve energy
Insulation for ducting and piping to reduce losses
System Balancing
Efficiencies and guidelines for cooling towers, condensers
ECMs such as Economizers, Heat Recovery, Variable Frequency Drives etc

Focus is on the reduction of operational energy consumption in Air

conditioning.

BEE Star Rating for Office Buildings

Star Rating for commercial buildings : 1 to 5 star rating

office buildings, hotels, hospitals, retail malls, and IT Parks

Energy Performance Index (EPI) of such spaces in India ranges

2
from 200 to 400 kWh/m /year whereas similar buildings in
2
developed nations have an EPI of less than 150 kWh/m /year.
COMPOSITE CLIMATE
EPI(Kwh/m2/year)

Star Label

More than 50 % air conditioned built up area

EPI(Kwh/m2/year)

Star Label

Less than 50 % air conditioned built up area

190-165

1 Star

80-70

1 Star

165-140

2 Star

70-60

2 Star

140-115

3 Star

60-50

3 Star

115-90

4 Star

50-40

4 Star

Below 90

5 Star

Below 40

5 Star

High performance buildings

Green Building
Performance Metrics

PROJECT

AVANI RIVERSIDE MALL

GODREJ BHAWAN RETROFIT

CII-Sohrabji Godrej-GBC

WIPRO SDB1

EPI [kWh/m2/yr]

185.62

134.5

84

72

GFA

6,00,000 sft

41,158 sft

19,999sft

1,00,000 sq ft

LOCATION

Howrah

South Mumbai

Hyderabad

Kochi

Saving WRT AHSRAE baseline

59%

12.3%

55%

25%

High performance buildings

PROJECT

AVANI RIVERSIDE MALL

GODREJ BHAWAN RETROFIT

CII-Sohrabji Godrej-GBC

WIPRO SDB1

EPI [kWh/m2/yr]

185.62

134.5

84

72

GFA

6,00,000 sft

41,158 sft

19,999sft

1,00,000 sq ft

LOCATION

Howrah

South Mumbai

Hyderabad

Kochi

RATING

5 Star/IGBC Platinum

5 Star/LEED Gold

LEED Platinum/5 Star

LEED Gold/5 Star

Saving WRT AHSRAE baseline

59%

12.3%

55%

25%