Relay Protection Condition Assessment Based On Variable Weight Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation

2014 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)
Relay Protection Condition Assessment Based on

Variable Weight Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation
Zhao Dongmei, Liang Weichen, Zhang Xu
School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
North China Electric Power University
Beijing, China
liangweichenheng@163.com
AbstractFuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) is a common method
for relay protection condition assessment, but its constant
weights are unable to objectively reflect the impact of the
deviation of assessment parameters and the condition
assessment result is not satisfied. Aiming at the deficiency, a
variable weight fuzzy synthetic evaluation (VWFSE) method is
proposed. Variable weight is the main feature of VWFSE. This
paper firstly analyzes the deficiency of FSE. Then, aiming at the
deficiency, VWFSE is proposed. The method calculates the
variable weights combining with fuzzy analytic hierarchy
process (FAHP) and variable weight theory. The weights can
automatically vary to follow the change of assessment
parameters. Fuzzy theory is used to build the membership
functions of each assessment parameter and the fuzzy judgment
result vector is calculated to evaluate the comprehensive
condition of the relay protection system. Compared with FSE,
the condition assessment result of VWFSE is more close to the
actual condition of relay protections. Finally, a practical
example proves the effectiveness of the method.
considerable uncertainty [4], [5]. Traditionally, the judgment

of health and operation condition for relay protections depends
mainly on experts experiences. The method scores the
condition of relay protection systems based on experts scoring
rules. It is not objective enough and lack of theoretical basis.
To deal with the problem, intelligent technologies is been
applied to RPCA. At present, these intelligent technologies
include information fusion [1], support vector machine (SVM)
[6], fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) [7], artificial neural
networks [9], [10] Bayesian network [11] and rough set theory
[12], etc.
An evidential reasoning method is introduced in [1]. The

methodology transfers the condition assessment problem into
a multiple-attribute decision-making solution under an
evidential reasoning framework. It is a novelty and suitable
approach for condition assessment. SVM is also a new method
used in RPCA. SVM takes feature vectors into high dimension
feature space for linear conversion and evaluates the running
Keywordsvariable weight fuzzy synthetic evaluation; fuzzy statement with patter recognition [6]. SVM method depends
synthetic evaluation; variable weight; relay protection condition too much on samples, and a little improper sample would
affect the accuracy of assessment result. A comprehensive
assessment; relay protection.
condition assessment method is built up on the basis of state
diagnosis, risk assessment, apparatus patrol and operation
I.
INTRODUCTION
management information [7]. It combines state assessment and
Relay protections are a major piece of equipment in power risk assessment. FSE is designed to group raw data into
grids and their correct functioning is vital to power grid several different categories according to predetermined quality
operation. Relay protection failures are sometimes result in the criteria. It is a common method for RPCA and is getting more
expansion of blackouts and they are also one of the main and more attention. FSE determines the weights of assessment
causes of power grid failures [1]. As the result, it has great parameters according to fuzzy analytic hierarchy process
significant to closely monitor the online behavior of relay (FAHP), but the constant weights cannot adjust to the change
protections and evaluate their running condition accurately [2], of assessment parameters. Fuzzy judgment result vector
[3]. Relay protection condition assessment (RPCA) evaluates cannot reflect the change of assessment parameters effectively,
the relay protection systems with kinds of data, such as which results in the insensitivity of the assessment result to the
statement monitoring data, historical running data,
change.
experimental data, maintenance data and familial data, which
makes it possible to assess the running condition more
Aiming at the deficiency of FSE, this paper proposes a
accurately. RPCA helps operators control the online running variable weight fuzzy synthetic evaluation (VWFSE) method
condition of relay protections and provides the basis for state for RPCA. The method combines variable weight theory with
maintenance strategy.
FSE, which makes the weights follow the change of
assessment parameters automatically. First, this paper
Due to considerable amount of information on the introduces FSE and analyzed its deficiency. Aiming at the
condition of relay protection systems as well as ambiguity and deficiency, VWFSE is proposed. The method builds the
uncertainty of some factors, the condition assessment has a
Project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
(NSFC) (51377054)
978-1-4799-5238-0/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE
115
hierarchy assessment structure and quantifies the membership

degree of assessment parameters to the set of assessment
states with the membership function. Combined with FAHP
and variable weight theory, the variable weight vector is
confirmed. Calculate the fuzzy judgment result vector with the
suitable fuzzy operator and confirm the assessment result
according to the maximum membership principle. A practical
example proves the effectiveness of VWFSE. Compared with
FSE, the state assessment result of the method is more
accurate.
II.
ANALYSIS OF FUZZY SYNTHETIC EVALUATION
FSE method is used to assist decision-makers to solve

problems of conflicting multiple criteria. It is designed to
group raw data into several different categories according to
predetermined quality criteria, which can be normally
described using a set of functions that are designed to reflect
the absence of sharp boundaries between each pair of
adjacent criteria [13], [14].
FSE calculates the weights of assessment parameters with
FAHP. The weights of FSE are constant, which does not vary
according to the change of assessment parameters. Fuzzy
judgment result vector cannot reflect the change of assessment
parameters effectively, which results in the insensitivity of the
assessment result to the change. For RPCA, there are plenty of
assessment parameters and their weights are small. When one
parameter seriously deviates from the normal value, the
condition assessment result may still be normal condition. The
constant weight is unable to accurately reflect the impact of
the deviation of assessment parameters. For the characteristics
of relay protection system, the assessment parameters that
deviate from the normal value should have a bigger weight.
Therefore, the constant weights are unsuitable for RPCA, and
they need improvements.
III.
Besides, the set of assessment states is supposed to be

built to describe the running condition of relay protections. In
this paper, the set is made up of normal condition, caution
condition, abnormal condition and failure condition.
S s1 , s2 , s3 , s4
where s1 denotes the normal condition, s2 , s3 , s4 denote the

caution condition, abnormal condition and failure condition
respectively.
According to different assessment target, build the
hierarchy assessment structure. Typical hierarchy assessment
structure includes physical structure, representative fault
structure and importance structure. A hierarchy assessment
structure diagram is shown in Fig. 1. The structure divides the
relay protection into three sections and each section has its
assessment parameters.
Assessment Parameter
a1
Synthetic
Assessment
Parameter
A
an
b1
Relay
Protection
System
A. Build of Synthetic Evaluation System

In order to accurately evaluate the condition of relay
protections, it is important to select assessment parameters.
Assessment parameters mainly consist of statement
monitoring data, historical running data, experimental data,
maintenance data and familial data. The set of assessment
parameters is built as follows:
Synthetic
Assessment
Parameter
B
b2
bn
c1
Synthetic
Assessment
Parameter
C
VARIABLE WEIGHT FUZZY SYNTHETIC EVALUATION
Considering the characteristics of relay protections, the

weights are supposed to accurately follow the change of
assessment parameters. Aiming at the problem, a VWFSE
method is proposed. The method combines variable weight
theory with FAHP. Variable weight theory keeps the balance
between assessment parameters in the evaluation system. With
VWFSE, the weights can automatically vary to follow the
change of assessment parameters. The parameters that deviate
from the normal value have a bigger weight. Also, single
assessment parameter under failure condition has an
appropriate weight that can effectively affect the system
assessment result.
a2
c2
cn
Figure 1. Hierarchy assessment structure diagram
B. Membership Function
The membership function is the basis of fuzzy theory. It
represents the degree of truth as an extension of valuation. In
VWFSE, the function quantifies the membership degree of
assessment parameters to the set of assessment states. Build
of the membership function need not only the theoretical
basis, but also some experience. In this paper, fuzzy
distribution method is used to confirm the membership
function of each assessment parameter. Typical distribution
consists of triangle distribution, trapezoid distribution and
normal distribution. Normal distribution functions are shown
as follows:
U u1 , u2 , , un
where n is the number of assessment parameters.
116
1, x a
A( x) k ( x a )2
,x a
e
0, x a
A( x)
k ( x a )2
,x a
1 e
1
n
i
(1)
where
A( x) e
k ( x a )2
i 1, 2, , n
(2)
is the weight of assessment parameter. a is the
adjustment parameter and a (n 1) / 2 . jik is the element
where k>0, a, a1 , a2 are confirmed according to the

characteristic of each assessment parameter.
With membership functions, fuzzy relation matrixes
Rnm are formed.
Rnm
1
1 n
jik
2a na k 1
r11 ... ... r1m

rn1 ... ... rnm
of J nn .
2) Variable weights
The dimensions of assessment parameters are different,
and sometimes, some of the parameters are not in the same
order of magnitude. As the result, the normalization of
assessment parameters is necessary.
The normalization equation is as follows:
X i (Ca Ci ) / (Ca C p )
(3)
where n is the number of assessment parameters in one

section, m is the number of assessment states (m=4 in this
paper), rnm is the value of membership function.
where X i is the normalized value. If X i 0 , make X i 0 .
C. Determining Weights
1) Constant weights
The constant weights of assessment parameter are
calculated with FAHP. FAHP derives from fuzzy theory and it
is an improved mathematics method of analytical hierarchy
process (AHP). Fuzzy consistent judgment matrix is the main
different between FAHP and AHP. With FAHP, it is much
easier to satisfy the consistency of judgment matrix. Also, the
consistency criterion is simpler.
optimal value); Ci is the measurement value.
The procedure of calculating the constant weights is as

follows [8]:
Confirm the importance degree of each assessment
parameters according to the function and the physical
structure characteristics of relay protection systems, as
well as the experts experience.
Based on the above importance degrees and the
0.1~0.9 scaling method (the method is shown in table
I), build the fuzzy consistent judgment matrix J nn .
If X i 1 , make X i 1 ; Ca is the alarm value of the

assessment parameter; C p is the initial value (is also called
Variable weight theory can reflect a balanced evaluation of
the state of each element. To eliminate the deficiency that the
constant weights cannot reflect the change of assessment
parameters, variable weight theory is brought in condition
assessment. The variable weight equation [15] is as follows:
vi
wi n wp
/
xi p 1 x p
(4)
where vi is the variable weight; xi is the normalized value

of the assessment parameter i; n is the number of assessment
parameters; wi is the constant weight.
Balanced function is combined with variable weight
synthetic [15], and the equation is as follows:
n
vi wi xi 1 / wp xp 1
(5)
p 1
where is balanced function, and 0 1 . is the

importance degree of the parameters. When the parameters do
not require a high balance degree, 0.5 ; When the
parameters require a high balance degree, 0.5 ; When
1 , the parameters do not need the modification.
TABLE I. THE ASSESSING STANDARDS OF 0.1~0.9 SCALING METHOD

Value
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1,0.2
0.3,0.4
Description
Two elements are equal
One element is a little more important than another
One element is more important than another
One element is much more important than another
One element is more important than another at huge scale
Vice versa
Modify the fuzzy consistent judgment matrix

meet the consistency restriction.
J nn to
Based on matrix J nn , calculate the weights of all the

assessment parameters using (2).
D. Fuzzy Judgment Result Vector

With the fuzzy relation matrixes and the variable weight
vector, select the suitable fuzzy operator and calculate the
fuzzy judgment result vector B of each hierarchy.
B V Rnm
(6)
117
where
denotes the fuzzy operator.
E. The Procedure of Variable Weight Fuzzy Synthetic

Evaluation
The procedure of VWFSE is as follows:
Select assessment parameters of relay protections and

build
the
set
of
assessment
parameters
U u1 , u2 ,, un .
Form the set of assessment states S s1 , s2 , s3 , s4 .

According to different assessment target, build the
hierarchy assessment structure.
Build the membership function us ( x) using fuzzy

distribution method and form the fuzzy relation matrix
Rnm according to the functions.
Based on the importance degrees of each assessment

parameters and the 0.1~0.9 scaling method, build the
fuzzy consistent judgment matrix J nn .
Based on matrix J nn , calculate the constant weights of

all the assessment parameters using (2) and build the
constant weight vector W w1 , w2 , , wn .
Normalize the measurement value of assessment

parameters with (3).
Based on the normalized values and the constant weights,

calculate the variable weights with (4). Form the variable
weight vector V v1 , v2 , , vn .
Select the suitable fuzzy operator and calculate the fuzzy

judgment result vector B of each hierarchies using (6).
According to the maximum membership principle,

confirm the assessment result.
IV.
CASE STUDY
Based on the data of the reference [8], the assessment

parameters and the hierarchy assessment structure are shown
as Fig. 2.
The hierarchy assessment structure is formed according to
the physical structure of relay protection systems. The
structure consists of relay protection device, secondary circuit
and channel condition, which realizes the system assessment
and module assessment. There are 21 assessment parameters
that mirror the condition of relay protection system. As usual,
the set of assessment states contains normal condition, caution
condition, abnormal condition and failure condition.
Figure 2. The hierarchy assessment structure diagram of assessment

parameters
The test takes CSC-326D relay protection system as

example. The measurement values of assessment parameters
within an assessment period are recorded in table II.
TABLE II.
118
THE MEASUREMENT VALUES OF ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS
Assessment parameters
Environment Temperature
Relative Humidity
Familial Defects
Operating Life
Anti-accident Measure
Relay
Beyond Periodical
protection
Inspection Period
device
Software Fault Condition
Module Fault Condition
Communication
Equipment Fault Condition
Power Supply Operating
Life
Operating Environment
Secondary
Operation Box Familial
circuit
Defects
Value
42
86%
Once and repaired
3 years
All done
Half a year
10 times
Twice
Once
3 years
59
Once and unrepaired
Channel
condition
Circuit Anti-accident
Measure
Circuit Infrared
Temperature
Circuit Fault Condition
Insulation Resistance
Corrosion
Blocking
The Value of Differential
Current
The error rate of Optical
Fiber Channel
The interruption of Optical
Fiber Channel
All done
13 beyond environment
temperature
Twice
0.9M
5%
Twice in cable holes
0.5 times smaller than
normal range
0.5 times smaller than
alarm value
None
According to (2) and (4), the weights of two methods are

compared in table III.
TABLE III.
THE WEIGHTS COMPARISON TABLE
FSE
VMFSE
W 0.5,0.3,0.2
V 0.5, 0.3, 0.2
WA 0.4, 0.6
VA 0.4, 0.6
WB 0.65, 0.35
VB 0.65, 0.35
WC 0.467, 0.367, 0.167
VC 0.509, 0.4, 0.091
WA1 0.14, 0.16, 0.26, 0.12
VA1 0.147, 0.502, 0.136, 0.071
0.22, 0.1
0.092, 0.05
WA 2 0.267, 0.4, 0.2, 0.133
VA 2 1, 0, 0, 0
WB1 0.158,0.358,0.292,0.192
VB1 0.195,0.467,0.19, 0.147
WB 2 0.342,0.308,0.208,0.142
VB 2 0.142,0.719,0.052, 0.088
0.471 0.339 0.13 0.06

RA
0.223 0.34 0.177 0.258
0.291 0.333 0.248 0.128

R' A
0
0
1
0
0.372 0.482 0.129 0.017

RB
0.308 0.288 0.23 0.173
0.314 0.531 0.138 0.017

R'B
0.165 0.334 0.357 0.143
0
1 0.5 0.2
RC 1 0
0
0
1 0.94 0.37 0.221
0.5
0.2
0
1
R 'C 0.714 0.75 0.286
0
0.94 0.368 0.221
1
0.323 0.34 0.158 0.179

R 0.35 0.414 0.165 0.072
0.632 0.247 0.098 0.023
0.116 0.133 0.099 0.651

R ' 0.262 0.462 0.214 0.061
0.493 0.356 0.139 0.011
The third hierarchy fuzzy relation matrixes (such as

RA1 and R ' A1 ) of two method are the same. The second
hierarchy matrixes and the first hierarchy matrixes are
different, because the weights vary. With the variable weights,
the condition assessment system follows the state of relay
protection tightly and flexibly.
The fuzzy judgment result vector with FSE is
B 0.393 0.344 0.148 0.116 . According to maximum
membership principle, the relay protection system is in normal
condition.
With
VWFSE,
the
vector
is
'
,
which
means
the
system
B 0.235 0.276 0.142 0.346
is in failure condition. In table II, the software breaks down 10
times. The software is crucial for computer relaying. If the
software gets 10 faults within an assessment period, the
system cant work any longer and needs maintenance. So, the
system is in failure condition and the condition assessment of
VWFSE is more accurate.
Based on the weights and the membership functions, the

fuzzy relation matrixes of FSE and VWFSE are shown in table
IV.
The example above is a relative extreme example. Other

examples also prove that the assessment of VWFSE is more
accurate than FSEs.
V.
CONCLUSION
FSE
VWFSE
1
0.395 0.132
0.802
0.45
0.9
1
0.55
1
0.287 0.007
0
RA1
1
0.111
0
0.688
1
0.368 0.018
0
0.5
0
0
1
1
0.395 0.132
0.802
0.45
0.9
1
0.55
1
0.287 0.007
0
R ' A1
1
0.111
0
0.688
1
0.368 0.018
0
0.5
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0.57 0.779 0.105
0
RA 2
0.018 0.368
1
0.632
1
0.20369
0
0.816
0
0
1
0
0.57 0.779 0.105
0
R ' A2
0.018 0.368
1
0.632
1
0.20369
0
0.816
This paper proposes a VWFSE method to assess the

running condition of relay protections. Compared with FSE,
VWFSE is a more suitable method for RPCA and the
assessment result is more accurate. The variable weights are
the main feature of VWFSE. The constant weights cannot vary
according to the change of assessment parameters. To solve
the problem, the variable weight is introduced based on
variable weight equation. Variable weights make the
parameters that deviate from the normal value have a bigger
effect on the whole system, which make VWFSE method can
objectively and accurately reflect the real condition of relay
protections. The practical example proves the effectiveness of
VWFSE and the practical assessment result is satisfied.
1
0.822 0.088
0.209
0.287
1
0.007
0
RB1
1
0.449 0.086
0
0.8
0.3 0.071
1
1
0.822 0.088
0.209
0.287
1
0.007
0
R B1
1
0.449 0.086
0
0.8
0.3 0.071
1
In the following research, the assessment parameters

would contain the operating mode and running condition of
power grids. It is possible to make a further improve on the
accuracy of the condition assessment.
0.939 0.57 0.047 0.061

0.25 0.833
1
0.667
RB 2
1
0
0
0
1
0.895
0.135 0.939
0.939 0.57 0.047 0.061

0.25 0.833
1
0.667
R'B2
1
0
0
0
1
0.895
0.135 0.939
TABLE IV.
FUZZY RELATION MATRIX TABLE
'
119
[9]
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2014 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)