2015

Career Anna CAT 2015 Geometry

- Concept Notes 1

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Career Anna CAT 2015 Geometry Course

Points- Its the smallest figure possible in Geometry. Its a dimensionless figure.

Straight Line A straight line is the shortest distance between two points.
Intersecting Lines If there are two lines on a plane such that they meet at one
point then they are called Intersecting Lines.
Parallel Lines If there are two lines on a plane such that they do not intersect
each other then they are called Parallel Lines.

Transversal
Transversal is a straight line, which intersects a set of parallel lines. As given in
the figure AB and CD are parallel lines and EF intersects both of them so EF is
the transversal.

Angles related to transversal

As given in the figure there would eight angles when we draw a transversal. The
angles created by the transversal are denoted as 1, 2, 3 . . . 8 for convenience.
These angles are primarily classified into three categories.
A. Vertically Opposite Angles The pair of angles 1 and 3 is called vertically
opposite angles and they are of equal measurements. Similarly we can say (2,
4); (5, 7) and (6, 8) are also pairs of vertically opposite angles.

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B. Corresponding Angles The pair of angles 1 and 5 are called corresponding

angels and they are of equal measurements too. Similarly we can say (2, 6); (3,
7) and (4, 8) are also pairs of corresponding angles.
C. Alternate Angles The pair of angles 1 and 7 are called alternate angels and
they are also of equal measurements. Similarly we can say (2, 8); (3, 5) and (4,
6) are also pairs of corresponding angles.

Classification of Angels
The angles are classified into the following categories1. Acute angle If the value of angle is less than 90 then its called acute angle.
2. Right angle If the value of angle is equals to 90 then its called right angle.
3. Obtuse angle If the value of angle is more than 90 but less than 180 then
its called acute angle.
4. Straight angle If the value of angle is equals to 180 then its called straight
angle.
5. Reflex angle - If the value of angle is more than 180 but less than 360 then
its called right angle.
6. Complete angle If the value of angle is equals to 360 then its called
complete angle.

Triangles
It is the closed two-dimensional geometric figure with three sides. It is also the
polygon with the fewest number of sides possible.
Features of a triangle
a) The sum of any two sides is more than the third side which also means that
the difference of any two sides is less than the third side.
For the following triangle a + b>c, a + c > b and b + c >a.

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b) The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180.

For the above triangle ABC + BCA + CAB =180.
c) The angle opposite to the longest side is the greatest angle and angle
opposite to the shortest side is the smallest angle.
For the given triangle let ABC > BCA > CAB then the length of the sides will
be b>c>a.

Classification of triangles
Triangles are classified based on two parameters.
A. Based on the value of angles and B. Based on the length of the sides.
A. Classification based on angles Based on value of angles triangles are
classified into three categories.
i) Acute angled triangle for this triangle all the angles are less than 90.
ii) Right angled triangle for this triangle one angle is 90.
iii) Obtuse angled triangle for this triangle one angle is more than 90.
B. Classifications based on length of the sides Based on the length of the sides
the triangles are classified into three categories.
i) Equilateral triangle for these triangles the lengths of each side are same.

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Since lengths are same so the angles are also same and they are 60 each.
ii) Isosceles triangle for these triangles length of two sides are same and the
third side is generally regarded as the base. The angles opposite to the sides
having equal lengths are also equal. For the above triangle let us assume ABC
= ACB then we can say b=c.
iii) Scalene triangle for scalene triangles the lengths of no two sides are equal
and hence no two angles are of equal measurements. As we know from the
features of triangles that the angle opposite to the longest side is the greatest
angle and angle opposite to the shortest side is the smallest angle. For the given
triangle if ABC > BCA > CAB then the length of the sides will be b > c > a.

Pythagoras theorem and Pythagorean triplet

From the mathematical expression of the Pythagoras theorem we can infer that
the sum of the squares of two perpendicular sides is equal to the square of the
longest side. The longest side is called hypotenuse. For the following figure
according to Pythagoras theorem we can say AB2 + BC2 = CA2, where ABC =
90. The CA is the hypotenuse.

For the above formula when all of AB, BC and CA are integers then they are
called Pythagorean triplet.
Examples There are infinite number of such triplets possible but (3, 4, 5); (5,
12, 13); (7, 24, 25) and (9, 40, 41) are few common triplets which we need to
remember. Apart from these four we should also remember (8, 15, 17) and (20,
21, 29).
Any triplet which is a multiple of any of these triplets will also follow Pythagoras
theorem. For example, (6, 8, 10) just double of (3, 4, 5) so (6, 8, 10) is also a

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Pythagorean triplet. So simply we can say the ratio should be same.

The relation among AB2, BC2, CA2

As we already discussed for right-angled triangle AB2 + BC2 = CA2 where is CA
is the longest side. Now if CA is the longest side then for an acute-angled
triangles, AB2 + BC2 > CA2 and for an obtuse-angled triangles, AB2 + BC2 < CA2.

Median, altitude, angular bisector and perpendicular bisector

Median For a triangle when we join a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side
then its called median. If D is the midpoint BC then AD is the median. The
median divides the triangle into two triangles of equal area. So, here for the
following figure the area of ABD = area of ADC.

Note For the above triangle instead of BD=DC if we have BD/DC = m/n then,
area of ABD / area of ADC = m/n.
Apollonius Theorem According to this theorem, AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)
when AD is the median.
Altitude For the following figure AD is the perpendicular drawn to BC from A.
Its the altitude of the triangle drawn to BC.

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Here in the above figure AD is the altitude.

Angular bisector For the following figure AD divides the BAC equally and its
called the angular bisector of BAC. According to angular bisector theorem
AB/BD = AC/CD.

Perpendicular bisector For the following figure XY is perpendicular to BC and it

intersects BC at D, which is the midpoint of BC. XY is called the perpendicular
bisector of side BC.

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Centers of Triangle
Primarily there are four important centers for a triangle.
A. Centroid or centre of gravity Centroid is the intersection point of the three
medians of a triangle. It is denoted by G.

Here in the above figure AD, BE and CF are the medians and their intersection
point is G, which is the center of gravity of centroid.
Here we will have AFG=AGE=BFG=BGD=CDG=CGE and,
AG:GD=BG:GE=CG:GF=2:1.
B. Orthocenter Orthocenter is the intersection point of all the altitudes of a
triangle. It is denoted by O
Here in the figure given bellow AD, BE and CF are the perpendiculars drawn
from A, B and C to BC, CA and AB respectively. Their intersection point is
denoted by O and it is the orthocenter of the ABC.
Here BOC = 180 BAC. Similarly, AOB = 180 ACB and AOC = 180
ABC

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C. Incentre Incentre is the intersection point of all the three angular bisectors. It
is denoted by I.

For the above triangle AD, BE and CF are the angular bisectors of the angles
BAC, ABC and BCA respectively.
Also BIC = 90 + BAC. Similarly AIC = 90 + ABC and AIB = 90 +
ACB
Note - From the point I the distance (say r) of each of the sides of the triangle is
same. So we can draw a circle inside the ABC by taking I as the center and r
as the radius as shown in the figure.
D. Circumcenter The intersection point of all the three perpendicular bisector is
called the circumcenter and it is denoted by S. For the ABC DS, ES and FS
are the perpendicular bisectors of the sides BC, CA and AB respectively meets at
S and this is the circumcenter of the ABC.
Note Here the distances from S to the A, B and C are same so we can draw a
circle circumscribing the ABC and this circle is called circumcircle. The radius of
this circle is caller circumradius and it is denoted by R.

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Position of these centers in the triangles A. For equilateral triangles all these four centers are same.
B. For isosceles triangles all these points are on the median drawn to the base.
C. For right-angled triangle as shown in the following figure the in-center and
centroid are on the median drawn to the hypotenuse. The orthocenter is on the
vertex having the right angle so here B is the orthocenter (O). The circumcenter
is at the midpoint of the hypotenuse so here D is the circumcenter (S).
So for right angled triangle the positions are in the order OIGS.

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Congruency
Two triangles are called to be congruent when they are exactly same in every
respect. There are few conditions to test congruency such as Side-Side-Side,
Side-Angel-Side, Angel-Angle-Side and RHS rules.
Consider the ABC and DEF given bellow
Side-Side-Side For two triangles if the sides are equal to each other then they
are congruent. For ABC and DEF if AB=DE, BC=EF and CA=FD then ABC
and DEF are congruent triangles.
Side-Angel-Side For two triangles if two sides are equal and the included
angels for them also same then they are congruent. For ABC and DEF if
AB=DE, BC=EF and the included angle ABC=DEF then triangles ABC and
DEF are congruent triangles.
Angel-Angle-Side For two triangles if two angles are same (which makes the
third angle automatically same) and corresponding sides are also same in length
then they are congruent. For ABC and DEF if the angles ABC=DEF, and
BCA = EFD then for ABC and DEF to be congruent triangles either it
should be AB=DE or BC=EF or CA=FD.

RHS For two right-angled triangles if hypotenuses are same and one of the
sides are same then they are congruent.

Similarity
Two triangles are called similar when they have two angles common. If two

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angles are same then third angle automatically becomes same.

Similarity is very important with respect to CAT and other MBA entrance exams.
Basic Proportionality Theorem If a line passes through two sides of the triangle
parallel to the third side, then it cuts the sides proportionally. For the following
triangle ABC, EF||BC so according to the theorem EF cuts sides AB and AC
proportionally. Mathematically we can say. AE/EB = AF/FC.
Now here we know for ABC and AEF,
ABC = AEF (corresponding angles) and
ACB=AFE (again corresponding angles)
And EAF is same as BAC
So ABC and AEF should be similar triangles.

Now we know AE/EB = AF/FC or we can also say, AE/AB=AF/FC

Hence for similar triangle we can conclude that corresponding sides would be the
in same ratio.
Note this ratio is not only limited to sides. If for the above figure AE/AB is R
then anything and everything which is one dimensional would be in the same
ratio. For examples, in-radius, corresponding medians, circumradius and
everything will have the same ratio.
And the area (which is two dimensional) would be square of the ratio which is R2.

Area of triangles
There are different formulae to calculate the area of a triangle. Few of them are
applicable for every type of triangles.

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1. Area of a triangle = x base x height (for the ABC, its x a x h)

2. Area is also given by ( a b Sin BCA), which is same as ( b c sin CAB)
and ( c a sin ABC).
3. Area = [s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)] where s is the semi-perimeter and it is (a + b + c)/2
4. 4abc/R where, R= circumradius.
5. Area can be given by, (r s) (where r is the in-radius and s is the semiperimeter)
Special Triangles 6. For equilateral triangle the area = 3/4a2 where, a=side length
7. For isosceles triangle the area = A = b (4a2 b2) (where a is the
measure of two equal sides and b is the third side.

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