LITHOSTRUCTURAL MAPPING OF

KUFRI, JHALAR,
CHAMNAKI, SURRAKHI, KHURA AND NAUSHEHRA AREA,
CENTRAL SALT RANGE, DISTRICT KHUSHAB PUNJAB
PAKISTAN WITH SPECIAL EMPASIS ON SEISMIC RISK
ASSESSMENT OF ISLAMABAD AREA ON THE BASIS OF H/V
SPECTRAL RATIO AND RESONANCE FREQUENCY.

Submitted By:
Muhammad Ubaid Umar,
BGLF10MO21.
BS Geology
Session 2010-2014

DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA, SARGODHA-PAKISTAN

LITHOSTRUCTURAL MAPPING OF
KUFRI, JHALAR, CHAMNAKI,
SURRAKHI, KHURA AND NAUSHEHRA AREA, CENTRAL SALT RANGE,
DISTRICT KHUSHAB PUNJAB PAKISTAN WITH SPECIAL EMPASIS ON
SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF ISLAMABAD AREA ON THE BASIS OF H/V
SPECTRAL RATIO AND RESONANCE FREQUENCY.

Submitted By:
Muhammad Ubaid Umar,
BGLF10M021.

Supervisor:
Mr. Muhammad Kashif

Co-supervisor:
Mr. S.M Talha Qadri

A thesis submitted to University of Sargodha in the partial fulfillment

for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Geology.

DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA,

SARGODHA- PAKISTAN.

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

The project thesis entitled Litho structural Mapping of lithostructural mapping

of Kufri, Jhalar, Chamnaki, Surrakhi, Khura and Naushehra area, Central
Salt Range, District Khushab Punjab Pakistan And Seismic Risk Assessment
of Islamabad Area On The Basis Of H/V Spectral Ratio And Resonance
Frequency by Muhammad Ubaid Umar is hereby submitted for the defense of
the degree of B.S. Applied Geology (4 years), session 2010-14, Department of Earth
Sciences, the University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.

Mr. Muhammad Kashif

Supervisor/ Assistant Professor.

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
This thesis by Muhammad Ubaid Umar is hereby approved for the submission to
the University of Sargodha, Sargodha in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Science in Geology.

Chairman:

Associate Professor:

Prof.Dr. Khalid Mahmood

Assistant Professor:

Mr.Zahid Naveed

Assistant Professor:

Mr.Muhammad Kashif

Assistant Professor:
Mr.M FahadullahMr. Abdul Hannan

Lecturer:
Mr. S.M. Talha Qadri

Mr. Saif Ur Rehman

Lecturer:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I bow my head before Almighty Allah in gratitude for enabling
me to cope with this challenge and to his last Prophet Hazrat Muhammad
(P.B.U.H).
I take this opportunity to thank Chairman, Department of Earth Sciences
Prof.Dr.Khalid Mehmood for arranging the field programme and other
possible facilities.
The fieldwork was conducted under the supervision of Assistant
Prof.Muhammad Kashif, and I am very grateful to my supervisors for their
help and encouragement given to me. I am thankful to my teachers like
Assistant Prof.Saif ur Rrehman, Assistant Prof.Fahadullah Khan, Associate
Prof.Mr.Zahid Naveed, Lecturer Mr.Talha Qadri, Mr.Saeed Hassan and Mam
Mehreen. I would specially like to express my indebtedness to all Geology
Department staff.
I am especially thankful to my Parents and Brothers namely Wajid Ali
Raza, Hamid Ali Raza, Haji Sajid Ali Raza and Muzahir Ali Raza who
encouraged and supported me throughout my study periods and my life. I
extremely pay my regards to my Dad and Mom who pray for my success
day and night.
I must pay regards to Mr Talha Qadri for their cooperation for providing us
software programs for Seismic Data Interpretation.
I am also thankful to all my hostel fellows namely Sikandar Abbas
Bangash, Aamir Raza Bangash, Javid Bangash Haqparast, Sabir Ali Turi,
Imtiaz Ali Turi, Irshad Hussain Arzo, Imdad Hussain, Syed Irshad Hussain
for their nice company during my hostel life.
I will miss one of my best friend Mr.Irfan Ali Turi from Biological Sciences
Department who Died on the 1st day of Ramazan 2014 due to kidney
failure. Always Miss u Irfan Turi.
And Finally, I dedicate this thesis work to my Late Grandmother. May Her
soul Rest in Peace.

Muhammad
Ubaid Umar

ABSTRACT

Tectonically, the study area lies in Southern part of the Sub-Himalaya and in the
Central part of the Salt Range. Salt Range is the surface expression of decollement thrust in
which basement rocks are not involved.The purpose of our field work was a comprehensive
study of Geology and related structural aspects of Kufri, Jhalar, Chamnaki, Surrakhi,
Khura and Naushehra area, Central Salt Range, District Khushab Punjab Pakistan in
the Central Salt Range Pakistan. The objective of our field tour work was to understand the
Stratigraphy, Structure Geology and Mapping techniques. It includes Litho structural
Mapping at scale of 1:10,000. Oldest rock unit, exposed in the study area is Kussak
Formation of Cambrian and the youngest one is Kalabagh Conglomerate of Pleictocene age.
The structural study reveals that the study area contains normal faults, thrust faults and back
thrust as well as it comprises of several anticlines, synclines and domes.

The study for Seismic Risk Assessment of Islamabad Area by

using H/V Fourier Spectral Ratios and Resonant Frequencies of
Sediments Lying on the Bed Rock. 10 sites have been covered in the
study area to estimate the thickness of soft soil on the bed rock by using
H/V Fourier spectral ratios and resonant frequencies of soft sediments
lying on the bedrock. The H/V curve shows a peak in amplification at the
fundamental frequency of the subsurface-that is when the resonance
occurs. Characteristic site period Ts, which is dependent on shear wave
velocity and soil thickness is also calculated for each site of study area. It
is helpful in providing the time period of vibration at which the most
significant amplification can occur.